Ϣ but ܤƤ롥ñ͡ˡˤĤơKruisinga (II. 2, pp. 431--33) 5ˤ錄Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥Ȥ櫓ط̾ŪˡˤƳˡΰ夲Ƥ롥
1509. But can be used in simple sentences, also as a coordinating conjunction, and as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a clause.
In simple sentences the conjunction but is not easily to be distinguished from adverbs; it may express:
(1) 'only', as in She is but a child.
(2) 'except', as in They are all wrong but he. See also 974f.
(3) 'than', after comparatives and similar words, as in There remains no more but to thank you for your courteous attention; It is nothing else but laziness.
1510. As a conjunction connecting sentences but may express a restriction of a preceding coordinate statement, as in You were right but you should not have said anything about it.
As a subordinating conjunction but may introduce:
(1) attributive clauses defining a noun in a negative sentence; the antecedent noun has the function of the subject of the clause.
- Not a paper reaches us from Russia but contains an account of some new educational enterprise. (Times Ed. S. 29/5, '19.)
- Few readers but will be astonished to find that the field should be so rich and wide. (Times Lit. 25/1, '18.)
- There are few thinking people but realize the great war as the death-agony of an old order, the birth-travail of a new. (Times Lit. 10/9, '15.)
- Colburn ... was too clever to need a magazine; not a living publisher but would have to yield to him in the gentle art of puffing. (ib. 20/4, '17.)
(2) adverb and object clauses. These two kinds are here grouped together because a distinction is necessarily arbitrary and meaningless. The leading clause is always negative just as in the preceding case.
- Justice was never done but someone complained.
- Who knows but he may hear of it?
1511. When the negative noun that may be said to be defined by a but-clause is not the subject of the subordinate clause, the attributive character of the clause is so little marked that it may be interpreted as an adverb clause (a). The same can be said of attributive clauses when the noun is referred to by a personal pronoun as a subject of the clause (b).
a. Scarcely a week passes but the association is consulted by private landowners or by public authorities.
b. There was never a Samson so strong but he met his Delilah. (Hobbes, Emotions I ch. 4.)
1512. The subordinating character of but is sometimes emphasized by adding that; see 1492. It occurs:
(1) in the sense of except that; compare 1509, 2.
- Each would have done the same by the other but that they lacked the courage.
(2) in a sense very similar to that of 1511.
- He is not such a fool but that he can see that.
- I do not think it possible but that some will agree with me.
1513. A less frequent group-conjunction is but what.
- Not a mood of his but what found a ready sympathiser in Margaret; not a wish of his that she did not strive to forecast, and to fulfil. (Gaskell, North and South ch. 41 p. 364)
- Not a soul in the auditorium or on the stage but what lived consummately during these minutes. (Bennett, Leonora ch. 6.)
- Therefore we seldom took a walk together but what we were stoned by boys in the street. (Davies, Super-Tramp ch. 21 p. 181.)
Τ褦 but ¿ͤˡӤ丶ϤΤˡˤƤŪʸ̮ѤƤΤħŪȤ뤬̤ˤС̤ħФΤưפǤϤʤ
Kruisinga, E A Handbook of Present-Day English. 4 vols. Groningen, Noordhoff, 1909--11.

ǯī㡼ɶˤơѸˤΥֺ¤˰٤٤dz֤Ƥޤǯ٤ΥΥȥ˾äȤԻĤʱñǤ1˭ˤȴߤñ夲رѸ츻ŵʸҡˤ俷رѸ츻ϥɥ֥åʸҡˤʤɤʸȤʤ顤Ѹˤ̥Ϥޤ
726ڡˤβϡƴνȤʤޤǽ but ܤͽǤBUTbut ιֺ¤90ʬĤΤǤ礦ޤäۤޤbut ˤޤĤϡ90ʬǤϸ꤭ʤۤ˭ǤϤȥ꤬ʤۤɤǤ
but εȯã
but ¿͡ˡ³졤°³졤ֻ졤졤̾졤ư
"only" ̣ but ˡȯãᤰ
but θ
but
but ˤޤĤθѡʤ˴ؤ
but ħŤȤϲ
but ¾³Ȥ
but ֤פȤȤä礦ʤɡΤʤǤޤΤޤʵˡҰ˹ͤƤߤޤ
ַϡɶǤ̼֤˲ä饤֤ǽǤޤ2ָθƨۿ⤴ѤǤޤԹΤ褤ˡǻäйǤֺ¤ξܺ١ߤīΥڡɤͤΥȥꤪԤƤޤ
ʰʲ嵭2025/07/23(Wed)
ֺܹ¤ͽˤĤƤ heldio ˤ#1515. 726īֺ --- but ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤȤƤäƤޤҤ⤪İ
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
but ϿñΤʤǤ⡤Ȥ櫓¿ʻǤ͡ˡ֤դ¿Ǥ롥رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å but ιܤȡޤƬ˼Τ褦ˤ롥
ܡˤĤǤʤСˡİʳˡĤƤϡˤۤ
رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤Ǥϳƹܤ˥åԡͿƤ뤬but դƤΤϡ֤֡פȡ֡İʳˡפפǤ롥
츻ȤƤϸűѸƬ be- utan "out" Ȥ߹碌ȹͤ졤about Ȥط롥űѸ줫餹Ǥ¿ͤʰ̣ˡŸƤꡤȯãνΤǤϤʤΤ褦ʤΤäȿ¬롥
ޤΩ鼨褦ˡʪŪˡ֡ʡĤΡ˳¦ˡפȤ̣졦ֻä줬ֻŪΰ˳ĥ֡İʳˡפȤ̣ǻȤ褦ˤʤäʢեˡޤֻˡˤơ̾Ǥʤ that ³褦ˤʤꡤ֡ĤȤ֡γ¦ǤϡĤǤʤСפȤ̣ɽ褦ˤʤäߺǤפ³ȤƤˡʡ֤סˤϡΡ֡ĤǤʤСפĥȯŸˡȹͤ롥ʤ, but ³ˡϸűѸǤǧ뤬Ѹ줫ȤˡǤ롥űѸǤ ac Ȥ줬Ūʵܤ³ä֤ۤΡפȤˡϡǶޤ ѸʹߤǧƤʤäȤ⤢ꡤnothing but ...ʡİʳβʪǤʤĤ˲ʤˤΤ褦ɽˤξάϤޤäȹͤƤǶϸűѸǤ⤳ˡǧƤ뤳Ȥ顤ɬ⤽Τ褦ȯãǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥
ȯãϩˤСѸǺǤ̤ˡǤ³Ρ֤פϡճȸ夫ȯãäȤˤʤ롥ۤñˤ⡤ǤϹԤʤˤƤ롥
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ

ܲꥹȥեСʡɡˡرѸưʬ༭ŵ١ʸҡ2025ǯ (Kenkyusha's Thesaurus of English Phrasal Verbs) ꤷѥѥɤǤޤƱԤˤرѸưʸ㼭ŵ: ֻ졦ʬʸԡ2002ǯˤ˲ɮä줿ܤǤư (phrasal_verb) ΡּŵפǤϤΤǤ˭٤ʸįĤĺǽ餫ɤǤʤ̣ǤɤꤷƤ˶ưؽȤ٤ΤǤ
äȤäƤɤǤ⤤ʤäˤȤäƤϡŵ⿷Ȥǡʸ̤˿θ̣äƤޤŬڤ˥ӥ塼뤿ˤϡٻȤǡμŵѤƤΤۤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפĤĤ⡤ޤ϶äƤȻפäǤζäܤפĤޤޤ˲վƤߤޤ
ưʬμ缴ưǤϤʤ졦ֻɽ蘆˥ѡƥ (particle) ֤Ƥ롥
ܶᡦ塦ˬסֲ֤סʬΥΩפʤ33Ρ֥ơޡפߤƤ롥ŪΥơޤǤޤȤ夲뤳ȤǤȤȼΤäݥȡ
ưΤȤѥɤ߲䤹Ǽʤɡλ¡ʤ̤꤬ߤ롥
ܼʥơ̡ˡѡƥ-оȺѡƥ̱оȺʤɡŵʣΰѰդƤ롥
˭٤˵ƤʸϡⲻɤʤΤФꡥ
֤ޤ (p. 5) Ƭˡܼŵ϶ư켭ŵǤ뤬ˡʸ§˴ŤƤ롥Τᡤ¤ӻˤƤˡʼŵȤʤäƤפȽҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸưΤˡƤΤ˥ˡԤޤ줿ŵȤۤʤ͵ΰ
СʡɡꥹȥեرѸưʬ༭ŵ١ҡ2025ǯ
pos Υ夤ĤεǡʻȤϲƤؼŵ˵äơʻˤĤƤInternational Encyclopedia of Linguistics pp. 250--51 ꡤ8ʤ PARTS OF SPEECH ιȤ˰Ѥ褦
PARTS OF SPEECH. Languages may vary significantly in the number and type of distinct classes, or parts of speech, into which their lexicons are divisible. However, all languages make a distinction between open and closed lexical classes, although there may be relatively few of the latter in languages favoring morphologically complex words. Open classes are those whose membership is in principle unlimited, and may differ from speaker to speaker. Closed classes are those which contain a fixed, usually small number of words, and which are essentially the same for all speakers.
ʻϤˡޤäֳ줿饹 (open class) ȡĤ饹 (closed class) 礭2ʬƤ롥2ʬˡŪǤ뤳Ȥ⤫롥
The open lexical classes are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Not all these classes are found in all languages; and it is not always clear whether two sets of words, having some shared and some unshared properties, should be identified as belonging to distinct open classes, or to subclasses of a single class. Criteria for determining which open classes are distinguished in a given language are syntactic and/or morphological, but the names used to identify the classes are generally based on semantic criteria.
ֳ줿饹פˤĤƤϤޤ롥ˤ뤬̾졤ư졤ƻ졤줬˰̣Ūʴˤ̤Ȥ
The noun/verb distinction is apparently universal. Although the existence of this distinction in certain languages has been questioned, close scrutiny of the facts has invariably shown clear, if sometimes subtle, grammatical differences between two major classes of words, one of which has typically noun-like semantics (e.g. denoting persons, places, or things), the other typically verb-like semantics (e.g. denoting actions, processes, or states).
Ȥ櫓̾ư2ĤʻˤĤƤϡۤŪ˶̤ȤäƤ褤
Nouns most commonly function as arguments or heads of arguments, but they may also function as predicates, either with or without a copula such as English be. Categories for which nouns are often morphologically or syntactically specified include case, number, gender, and definiteness.
̾ŵŪʵǽͭƤҲ𤵤롥
Verbs most commonly function as predicates, but in some languages may also occur as arguments. Categories for which they are often specified include tense, aspect, mood, voice, and positive/negative polarity.
ˡưŵŪʵǽͭƤˤĤơ
Adjectives are usually identified grammatically as modifiers of nouns, but also commonly occur as predicates. Semantically, they often denote attributes. A characteristic specification is for positive, comparative, or superlative degree. Some languages do not have a distinct class of adjectives, but instead express all typically adjectival meanings with nouns and/or verbs. Other languages have a small, closed class that may be identified as adjectives --- commonly including a few words denoting size, color, age, and value --- while nouns and/or verbs are used to express the remainder of adjectival meanings.
³ƷƻŵŪʵǽ롥ˤäƤϷƻȤΤˤ⤿ʤΤ⤢롥
Adverbs, often a less than homogeneous class, may be identified grammatically as modifiers of constituents other than nouns, e.g. verbs, adjectives, or sentences. Their semantics typically varies with what they modify. As modifiers of verbs they may denote manner (e.g. slowly); of adjectives, degree (extremely); and of sentences, attitude (unfortunately). Many languages have no open class of adverbs, and express adverbial meanings with nouns, verbs, adjectivesr, in some heavily affixing languages, affixes.
줬ŪޤȤޤΤʤʻȤƾҲ𤵤롥̾ʳȤợ¿ͤǤ롥
Some commonly attested closed classes are articles, auxiliaries, clitics, copulas, interjections, negators, particles, politeness markers, prepositions and postpositions, pro-forms, and quantifiers. A survey of these and other closed classes, as well as a detailed account of open classes, is given by Schachter 1985.
ǸˡĤ饹פñ˿롥
Ū˱Ѹ١ʻȤʤäƤ봶Ϥ뤬䤹Ǥ롥ιμɮԤǤꡤǸ˸ڤ⤢ Schachter ˤܳŪʻͤ褦
Frawley, William J., ed. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003.
Schachter, Paul. "Parts-of-Speech Systems." Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Vol. 1. Clause Structure. Ed. Timothy Shopen. p. 3?61. Cambridge and New York: CUP, 1985. 3--61.
ϡε#5634. eager-to-please ʸθŤȽư첽η ([2024-09-27-1]) ǿʤä⤦1Ĥιʸeasy-to-please ʸˤĤơŪħͤƤߤޤ
Fischer et al. (171--72) ˤСeasy-to-please ʸˤ (voice) ˴ؤפ꤬ĤޤȤޤ
The easy-to-please construction has undergone a number of changes. From around 1400, two slightly more complex variants of the construction are found. One has a stranded preposition in the subordinate clause, as in (28a). The other has a passive infinitive (28b).
(28) aþei fond hit good and esy to dele wiþ also
'They found it good and easy to deal with as well.' (Curson(Trin-C)16557)
bthe excercise and vce [= 'use'] of suche ... visible signes [...] is good and profitable to be had at certein whilis [= 'times'] (Pecock,Represser,Ch.XX)
(28a) Ϥޤ˸ easy-to-please ʸǤ(28b) ʬ to be had Τ褦˼ư֤ȤʤäƤʬդɬפǤΰ㤤ϲʤΤǤ礦ˤĤơѸ˰ĤƶŪ˲⤷ޤ礦 He is easy to please. ˤơʸμ he ȤƸư please ̣Ūʴطϡ"he is pleased" 뤤 "someone pleases him" ȤȤˤʤޤԤȤСǽư֤ǤϤʤư֤βȤʤޤȤƸư켫Τϼư֤ɸӤӤƤʤˡȵǽ˿㤤ƤޤäƤޤ֤δߤȡ嵭 (28a) (28b) ΤۤŬäƤ褦˻פޤɤʤΤǤ礦
Fischer et al. (172) ǤϡΤ褦˵³ޤ
The development in (28b) is reminiscent of that in the modal passive . . . , and some degree of mutual influence seems likely. Curiously, however, passive marking eventually became obligatory in the modal passive, but not so in the easy-to-please construction, where formal passives never became systematic and sometimes even disappeared again, as shown by the now-ungrammatical example in (29a). Fischer (1991: 175ff) suggests that formally passive infinitives tend to occur with easy-type adjectives when the relation between adjective and infinitive rather than between adjective and subjective is stressed (cf. 29a). In such cases, an adverb rather than an adjective is also often found, as in (29b).
(29) a when once an act of dishonesty and shame has been deliberately committed, the will having been turned to evil, is difficult to be reclaimed (1839, COHA)
b Jack Rapley is not easily to be knocked off his feet (1819, Fischer ibid.)
From this, one might speculate that passive forms failed to fully establish themselves in this context because the meaning the construction conveys is not always purely passive. As (30) illustrates, the subject of many easy-to-please constructions combines both patient-like and agent-like qualities. While the subject undergoes the action, its intrinsic qualities also contribute to how that action unfolds. The construction could therefore be analysed as marking middle voice.
(30) more experienced opponents ... can sometimes be tricky to play against. (BNC)
easy-to-please ʸư֤Ȥʴط夬äƤ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Fischer, Olga. "The Rise of the Passive Infinitive in English". Historical English Syntax. Ed. D. Kastovsky. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991. 141--88.
ϱѸ줿Ҳ𤷤ޤɸϤϤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ΰĶƤꡤ٤ʱѸ˥ƥ饷äƤƽ뵿Ȼפޤ
ޤŪ¤Ȥơ١ٿ once twice -ce ϸűѸñ°ʸ -es ̤ޤŪˤŪ°ʤŵȤʤޤηˤĤƤϡ#84. once, twice, thrice ([2009-07-20-1]) ȡ#4081. once twice -ce Ȥϲ (2) ([2020-06-29-1]) ˤޤ
once θҲűѸ°ʤ -esʸѸνͭʤ 's ˤ˵ĤΤǤСonce ȯϸ one's /wʌnz/ ƱˤʤꤽʤΤǤºݤˤϸҲ̵ /wʌns/ ȤʤޤϤɤȤȤ٤ʵǤ
ѤʵˤĤƤϡ˵2Ĥ hellog #4081. once twice -ce Ȥϲ (2) ([2020-06-29-1]) θȾǤ⾯ƤޤʬѤȡΤñ
ѸǤ ones, twies, thrise ʤɤ s ֤Τ̤ǤꡤȯȤƤ2ä14ޤǤñᲽ s ȯͭäȼäơ̵Τɽ綠Ȥᤫ16ʹߤ <s> ä <ce> ֻǵ뤳ȤŪˤʤä
ǸȤƤ뤳Ȥϡ once, twice, thrice ϡεδ°ʤȷӤĤΤΡ餯ѸˤϤǤˤȯۤ˺졤one + -es ȤƤϡʾʤȤΤˤϡʬϤʤ褦ˤʤꡤΤ1Ĥθ촴ǤȰռ˻äΤȤȤǤޤѸˤ -es 첻岽üñΤ1ȤʤäȤˤꡤ1Ĥθ촴ȤƤΰռޤޤʤäȻפޤ餳³ѸˤϡϤ۵ -<(e)s> ֤ΤϤդ路ʤƱʬޤǸ촴ΰǤȤ¥ -<ce> ȤֻؤȺؤ줿ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ǹ˸Ҳ̵ͭˤĤƿޤűѸ줫ѸˤơȤƲᤵ줿 -(e)s /(ə)s/ Τ褦̵ҲƤޤȤѸˤơζ /s/ /z/ ؤͭޤʤˤĤƤϡ#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) ȡˡˤꡤǤϡʸŪʻˤꡤͭԤ˸¤äƤȤʤޤ˽ͭʸ -'s /z/ ȯ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤ
once तϡΰŪʲѲή,ɤʤä褦ʤΤǤϡˤҤ٤褦ˡᤤʳ顤θǤϤʤ촴ΰȤǧ褦ˤʤäƤȡޤñ줬1˽̤ޤäƤȤطƤȻפޤ
Ѹηƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤԵ§ʤΤĤ롥good -- better -- best bad -- worse --worst ʤɤ佼ˡ (suppletion) ΤΤƤ뤬ϸűѸˤ¸ߤषűѸǤϸ¿Ե§ӵ顦Ǿ餬äSweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (19--20) ꡤդ٤Τ롥
Ρi-mutation ޤƻӵ顦Ǿ顡
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "old" | eald | ieldra | ieldest |
| "young" | ġeong | ġingra | ġingest |
| "long" | lang | lengra | lengest |
| "strong" | strang | strengra | strengest |
| "high" | hēah | hīerra | hīehst |
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "good" | gōd | betera, betra | betst |
| sēlra | sēlest | ||
| "bad" | yfel | wiersa | wier(re)st |
| "great" | miċel | māra | mǣst |
| "little" | lȳtel | lǣssa | lǣst |
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "formerly" | (ǣr) | ǣrra | ǣrest |
| "far" | (feorr) | fierra | fierrest |
| "before" | (fore) | forma, fyrmest, fyr(e)st | |
| "near" | (nēah) | nēarra | nīehst |
| "outside" | (ūte) | ūterra | ūt(e)mest |
| ȳterra | ȳt(e)mest |
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "well" | wel | bet | bet(e)st |
| sēl | sēlest | ||
| "badly" | yfle | wiers | wier(re)st |
| "much" | micle | mā | mǣst |
| "little" | lȳt | lǣs | lǣst |
ε#5063. ֻ̾ʳʸ뤷ָֻפˤʤ ([2023-03-08-1]) Ǽ夲ֻ notwithstanding ~ˤ⤫餺פˤĤơ⤦겼Ƥߤֻ (preposition) ǤʤŪθ֤뤳Ȥ⤢ȤѤnotwithstanding + NP NP + notwithstanding ʸơƤߤ褦
Notwithstanding some members' objections, I think we must go ahead with the plan.
Notwithstanding his love of luxury, his house was simple inside.
They started notwithstanding the bad weather.
His relations with colleagues, differences of opinion notwithstanding, were unfailingly friendly.
Injuries notwithstanding, he won the semi-final match.
She is an intolerable person, her excellent work notwithstanding.
̣ȤƤϡin spite of despite ѶŪǶȿФްդΤФnotwithstanding Ͼ㳲뤳Ȥż٤Ǽ夤ޤʼĥäġ
Ȥ Notwithstanding, the problem is a significant one. Τ褦ñΤѤۤ³Ȥ I went notwithstanding (that) he told me not to. Τ褦ʻȤ⤢롥
OED ˤȡñ1400ǯ˽ФΥޥťե non obstant뤤ϸŵʹߤΥƥ non obstante ΤʤȤ롥פˡʬΩʬ칽ʸȤơ֡㳲Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤפۤɤ̣ɽʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ֻȤȤΩȤаޤǤ롥ֻŪϡͳȤƤϤȤʬ칽ʸμ뤿ˡ֤뤳Ȥ⤢Ȥ櫓
ֻΤۤ졤³ȤƤˡ餫鸽Ƥ롥ĤƤߤ褦
c1400 Bk. to Mother (Bodl.) 113 (MED) And ȝut notwiþstondinge al þis..religiouse men and wommen trauelen..to make hem semliche to cursed proude folk.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos vi. 23 This notwystondyng, alwaye they be in awayte.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 5474 Not-wiþstondynge þat he trouþe ment, ȝit for a worde he to exile went.
?a1425 tr. Catherine of Siena Orcherd of Syon (Harl.) (1966) 22 (MED) Which synne worþily askide and disceruede a peyne þat schulde haue noon eende, notwiþstondynge þe deede of synne had eende.
1425 Rolls of Parl. IV. 274/1 Which proves notwithstondyng, yat hie and myghti Prince my Lord of Glouc'..and your oyer Lordes..will not take upon hem declaration for my said place.
ʤֻΤȤȤʤư withstand Ƭ with ϡ̤Ρ~Ȥäˡפΰ̣ǤϤʤŤ~йơפۤɤΰ̣ɽ路Ƥ롥
Ѹˤϡư (verb) Ⱦ (particle) Ȥ߹碌ʤư (phrasal_verb) ¿¸ߤƤ롥Ȥ櫓ѽФŪŪʰ̣ĤΤ¿칽¤¿ͤʷ뤿ᡤФбѸؽξɤȤʤ롥
㤨 run up Ȥ߹碌ɽͤƤߤ褦Ūˤ4ĤΥѥ˶ʬ롥
(1) A girl ran up. ֤뾯äƤ
ran up ΤȤ1Ĥμư롥
(2) The spider ran up the wall. ֤ΥɤФäƤä
ư ran ֻ up the wall Ȥ߹碌Ǥ롥
(3) The soldier ran up a flag. ֤ʼΤϴǤ
ran up Ȥ߹碌ˤ1Ĥ¾ưŪ롥ξ硤 up ̾Ū a flag ΰ֤ϥС֥ǡThe soldier ran a flag up. θǽŪ줬 it Τ褦̾ξˤϡष The soldier ran it up. θΤߤƤ롥
(4) Would you mind running me up the road? ƻϩޤǼ֤˾褻ƤäƤޤ
¾ư run ֻ up the road Ȥ߹碌Ǥ롥
run up Ȥ߹碌Τߤ˸ꤷƤ⡤Τ褦4Ĥηǧ롥¾ư¾ξȤ߹碌ΤθСȤƤ8ĤηꡤʣȤʤ롥
Cowie, A. P. and R Mackin, comps. Oxford Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Oxford: OUP, 1993.
Ĥߤγȡ֥鹽ʸפȯͤˤĤƵˤʤäΤȤϡĴ٤Ƥߤͤ͡⤷͡äƤ⤽֥鹽ʸפȤϡˤܤαѸ춵ʼѸȳˤͭ jargon ݤʳưϰ̤ΤʤȻפäƤΤƳΤϺƣϺ Practical English Grammar (1898--99) 餷ƣܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ p. 112 ˼Τ褦ˤäʸ̮碌ưѤ롥
ĤŤƻˤƤ⡤Ȥߤ§Ƨ줿ǡ˴ޤޤɽΰ̣Ż뤵줿㤨Сפɽ certain some, any ΰ㤤Τۤ(a) few (a) little ˡˤ every, each, all, ever, always, since, ago, often, either, nearly, almost, still, same ʤɤˡ椵뤫Dz⤵줿ΤǤ롥
廊ơ㤨зƻ other ˡϢươ'one after the other' 'one after another' ʤɤɽҲ𤵤줿Ȥ˾ħ褦ˡġɽ˴Ϣ륤ǥ乽ʸ̤ηϲ뤳Ȥˤʤäη̡ΤˤȤäƤʤ߿ 'would rather A than B' 'no / not more /less than' Ϥᡤ'A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.', 'He saves what little money he earns.' Ȥä֤ʸƳ줿
ܤαʸˡˤ˻ȵ鹽ʸоǤ롥
ΤֹʸפȤäƤߤȡƤζ˶äŵ٤1ĤιʸȤܤ˸ΤǡƶϤ礭ΤֱѸεʸˡפȤǰ18ɤμڤʪ켫Τ绨ĤŪǤ롥ƣϺήΡ֥ǥפȤ֤ήȡߥΤ褦˺٤졤ġζŪʡֹʸפȤʤäƽФƤ롥ޤǶŪñ̤Ȥޤʤ¤ꡤѸȤʤؽԤˤȤäơֵʸˡפʤɤޤȤ˳ؤ֤ȤϤǤʤܿͳؽԤοäƺƣϺ꼰ΡֹʸפκǤͭ̾ʤΤ1ġ줬֥鹽ʸפʤΤǤϤʤ
ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ no εɤȸ "never" ˶ᤤ no Ȥ yes/no no ̤꤬褵εʸǼȤꡤ̤λȤ⤢롥
㤨 Their way of life is no different from ours. I am no good at tennis. Τ褦ʡηƻ줬ŪѤˡꤹ no Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥ϤƴŪǤꡤɤʽҷƻꤹݤˤ no Ѥ櫓ǤϤʤ
ŵŪȤƤ no ϡƻӵΤ¿no better, no longer, no more ʤɤ㤫顤Ǥϼ¼Ūʰ̣ȤƤ as good, as short, as little ƱȤʤפǤ롥
no Ȥ no one, no problem, no way Τ褦˷ƻȤѤ礬ꡤषƻӵȷӤĤȤƤ no ηǤˤĤƤϡƥϥäȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤǤʤääƵŤΤϡthe ȤƷƻʴŪʸ줬ϤƻӵȥåȤǡ֤ʬפΰ̣ŪѤ뤳ȤȤʿԴطǤ롥ܤϡ#811. the + ӵ + for/because ([2011-07-17-1])#812. The sooner the better ([2011-07-18-1]) Ȥ줿
ΤȤ˵ŤƤ줿ΤϡQuirk et al. (10.58) ΤûȤǤ롥
Except for a few fixed phrases (no good, no different), the adverb no modifies adjectives only when they are comparatives (by inflection or by periphrasis): no worse, no tastier, no better behaved, no more awkward, no less intelligent. (Compare the positive with the: He is the worse for it.)
no the ʿŪʤΤλϤꤽǤʤä
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ42ƤޤֱѸӵ顦ǾϤʤ¿ͤʤΤꤷơѸӵ顦ǾηˤˤĤƤäƤޤ
ѸޤǤܸȰۤʤꡤƻӵ (comparative degree) Ǿ (superlative degree) ȤäֵפʸˡƥޤӡǾγǰʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ƤΤǤΤѸǤӤ˴ؤˡ乽ʸ͡ȯãƤޤ
ܤƤ⡤㤨ӵ -er դΡmore ֤Ρbetter worse Τ褦佼ˡ (suppletion) ʤΤʤɡब˭٤Ǥ
Τ褦ˡֵפˤĤƤϱѸˡѸŪ¿Ȥ⤢ꡤhellog ¾Ǥ⤷ФдϢ˿ƤޤʲϤ˴ؿäؤΤᵭǤ깭ɤߤ comparison εɤ
hellog
#3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1])
#3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1])
#3844. ӵ4ˡ ([2019-11-05-1])
#4616. ƻθӵ̣ ([2021-12-16-1])
#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])
#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])
#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])
#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])
#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1])
#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-29-1])
#4442. 2ηƻӵ -er more ([2021-06-25-1])
#4495. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ6֤ʤƻӵˤ -er more Ρס ([2021-08-17-1])
heldio & hellog-radio ʢ heldio ȡ
hellog-radio #46. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ
heldio #97. unhappyӵ -er ĤΤȿ§
ϥݥŪʵǿ̣ʤƤߤޤǤ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) δʤΤǡǤ夲뼡Ǥ
2ۤMondȤ䥵ȤˤơѸˤ˴ϢΤ˲ȤȤԤʤäƤޤǶμȤơζ̣䤤Ƥޤ
ʤˤȤդˤ
äȤۤɶ
³Ƥ롥ʡ
Ȥ2Ĥΰ̣ޤԤΰ̣ǼѤƤݤǤѸ¾θˤ⼺ĤḤ̂ñϤΤǤ礦
ϡޤ˸źθŪʰ̣ѲΥѥ˴ؤǤո (intensifier) ϡȤ줹ȶդ긺äƤΤʤΤǡ˶դɽ魯ɽ˵ΤǤʶոΥϡȤΤǤŵ1ĤŪʴפǤݤޤˤ줷Ȥۥ顼ѸϡɤƤĴˤʤ䤹ΤǤ͡ϡʤ10äۤɹͤʬȻפޤδ10³顤äȻޤ͡
嵭μơʴDzޤ
ȤƤȶǤ⤷Ŧ꤬Ȥޤ֤פ2Ĥΰ̣ȤΤϡ줾ߤ餫Ǥ͡㤨С֤ܤĤפȤСֶפΰ̣Ȥ狼ޤ֤͡פȤС³줿פΰ̣Ȥ狼ޤ2Ĥΰ̣ä̤ʤСֶפϴμࡦ˴ؤ̣ǡ³줿פʪ١̤˴ؤ̣ȤȤˤʤޤŪˤԤԤƤΤǡ̤ؤΰ̣ѲȸäƤƤ褤Ȼפޤ
Ρּ̤ؤΰ̣ѲפȤΤϡʤŪʤ褦ǤȤ櫓ֶסˤס֤ҤɤפȤäŪʴγФɽ魯ƻ졦ϡФдμΤΤ⡤δ٤οӤܤ졤̤Ȥñʤ붯Ĵɽˤʤ겼ȤȤ褯ѥΤ褦Ǥ
ܸΡֶͥסˤס֤ҤɤפΤ褦㤫ʬ̤ꡤʸ̤Ūʼΰ̣Dz᤹ȡष̷⤹褦ɽ⤢ޤ͡Ǥ̤ΰ̣ˤʤ겼äƤȤȤȻפޤ
Ѹ줫㤬Ǥޤterrible/terribly θ촴 terror ֶݡפƱǤΡֶפΰ̣ǻȤ뤳ȤϾʤǤ (ex. a terrible weapon ֶ) ष٤η㤷ȤζĴȤ in a terrible hurry ˵ޤǡפΤ褦˻ȤȤΤۤ¿Ǥ̤ؤΰ̣Ѳ⤦1ĤǤ͡
ۤˤ amazingly, awfully, desperately, dreadfully, horribly, marvellously, sorelyʤɴ˵ϡĴˤʤ겼㤬¿褦Ǥ
äȤꡤθǤϡμŪʰ̣ϴˤʤäƤޤۤȤɤξ硤Ūʰ̣ǶĴȤѤ˻äΤȻפޤ
θǤ⡤¹ŪʸݤȤΤϡؤǤ꤬͡Ȥޤ
ϢơѸ˴ؤǤϤޤɮԤˤε
ԤϳؤӤδܤȻפޤ褯褯䤦ۤŪǤ⤦1֤ǿǯ٤ϤޤޤȤ櫓Τʤǡ䤦ˡפƤ
ո˴ؤƤϡʲε intensifier ⤴Ȥ
#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])
#1220. Ѹˤ붯γ ([2012-08-29-1])
#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])
#2190. μޤäո ([2015-04-26-1])
#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1])
ε#4641. ΥǥեȤν --- ֡֡տ ([2022-01-10-1]) ǡѸ¤ӽˤĤƼ夲Ȥ櫓褯Ȼפֶ֡פȡֻ֡פ¤ӽϡǥեȤǤϤνĤޤ֤ɤǤġפǤ롥ܸǤϡ֤Ĥɤǡפ̤ʤΤǡȿФνȤȤˤʤ롥
ǤϡŤѸǤϤɤäΤѸȰۤʤꡤűѸǤϡ˸¤ʤ˸礬ŪͳäȤ𤬤äΤȤΥǥեȤθˤƶƤΤ˴ؤơűѸʬۤˤĤ York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose ѤĴ Chrambach ʸɤǤߤ͡ʥѥꤷ¿ҲϤߤƤ롥
ȤƤϡѸΡ֤ɤǤġפȤȿФΡʤĤޤܸΡˡ֤ĤɤǡפȤȤΤ褦ηϡűѸγƻ˴ؤƻٻ졤ƥȤǤƥȤǤƱͤ˳ǧ졤ˤطʤȤΤȤ (Chrambach 52)
ǤϡʤűѸǤϡ֤ĤɤǡפäΤʸǤϡ֤ʤפޤǤƧ߹ǤʤʬۤˤĤ餫ˤʤäȤϤ褦ʬۤˤ REALIZATION FORM OBLIGATORINESS 2ĤװѤƤȤŪˤСֻפ뤤ϡղûʸפȤĤʤ꤬뤳Ȥȡ줬֤ĤɤǡפνȤƸ뤳ȤȤŦƤ (Chrambach 52--53)
űѸΥѥΥǡ˴ŤפȤʸǡưפ˲᤹뤳ȤϤǤʤΤ⤷ηȤȡѸϸűѸŪʡ֤Ĥɤǡץפ顤ѸŪʡ֤ɤǤġץפ˥եȤƤȤˤʤ롥ϤʤʤΤѸѸǤνϤɤäΤˤĤơ̸Ūˡ뤤Ω줫鲿Τ̣䤤Ǥ롥
Chrambach, Susanne. "The Order of Adverbials of Time and Place in Old English." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 39--59.
ɸϡѸǤФм夲Ǥ롥ղø (adjunct) ȸƤФ礬ϢȤɤΤ褦ʽ֤ΤQuirk et al. (8.87) "Relative positions of adjuncts" ˤƳ⤷ƤƤΤǡݡѤ
In the relevant sections, we have given indications of the norms of position in respect of each class of adjunct. We turn now to consider the positions of adjunct classes in respect of each other. Two general principles can be stated, applying to relative order whether within a class or between classes:
(i) The relative order, especially of sentence adjuncts, can be changed to suit the demands of information focus . . . .
(ii) Shorter adjuncts tend to precede longer ones, and in practice this often means that adverbs precede noun phrases, which precede prepositional phrases, which precede nonfinite clauses, which precede finite clauses.
Subject to these general principles, where adjuncts cluster in E [= end] position, the normal order is:
respect --- process --- space --- time --- contingency
It would be highly unusual to find all such five at E (or indeed all such five in the same clause), but for the purposes of exemplification we might offer the improbable and stylistically objectional (sic). . .:
John was working on his hobby [respect] with the new shears [process] in the rose garden [place] for the whole of his day off [time] to complete the season's pruning [contingency].
The same point could be made more acceptably (but at greater length) by forming a series of sentences, each with any two of these adjuncts.
Adjuncts that can occur at I (= initial) are usually those that either have relatively little information value in the context (eg in reflecting what can be taken for granted) or are relatively inclusive or 'scene-setting' in their semantic role (eg an adjunct of time). Thus:
That whole morning, he devoted himself to his roses.
Not only is the adjunct at I one of time, but the anaphoric that indicates that the period concerned has already been mentioned. It is unusual to have more than one adjunct at I except where one is realized by a pro-form (especially then), but they would tend to be in the reverse order to that observed at E. In practice, this usually means:
space --- time orprocess --- time
For example:
In America [A1], after the election [A2], trade began to improve.
Slowly [A1] during this period [A2] people were becoming more prosperous.
Ȥ櫓֤Ȼ֤ˤĤƤϸѸǤϤνǡʤ֤ɤǤġפν֤Τ̤Ǥ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ܸǤ֤̾ĤɤǡפȤʤΤǡȿФȤȤˤʤ롥
ˤĤƱѸˤδδؿϡΤ餳νäΤȤǤ롥⤷Ȥˡɤä褦ʤΤǤ롥εǡ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε#4629. Shakespeare 2ӵ顦Ǿ ([2021-12-29-1]) ǡѸεʸˡǤϵƤʤ2ӵ顦Ǿ餬 Shakespeare ˤäƻȤƤ
Ȥϰۤʤ륿פǤ more, most ֤뱪ѤȤ Shakespeare Ǥ -er, -est դѤƤ䡤εդλѻ롥ˤϡǤӵǾˤʤʤŪפʰ̣ķƻ졦줬Shakespeare ǤϤθ¤ǤϤʤäȤ⤢롥 Shakespeare ˤ400ǯλ뤳ȤͤСΤ褦ʰ̣ŪѲäȤƤä٤ȤǤϤʤ
Shakespeare ȸθˡǰۤʤΤ Crystal and Crystal (88--90) 褦
[ ѸǤϱˡShakespeare Ǥ϶ˡ ]
| Modern comparative | Shakespearian comparative | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------- |
| more honest | honester | Cor IV.v.50 |
| more horrid | horrider | Cym IV.ii.331 |
| more loath | loather | 2H6 III.ii.355 |
| more often | oftener | MM IV.ii.48 |
| more quickly | quicklier | AW I.i.122 |
| more perfect | perfecter | Cor II.i.76 |
| more wayward | waywarder | AY IV.i.150 |
| Modern superlative | Shakespearian superlative | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------- |
| most ancient | ancient'st | WT Iv.i10 |
| most certain | certain'st | TNK V.iv.21 |
| most civil | civilest | 2H6 IV.vii.56 |
| most condemned | contemned'st | KL II.ii.141 |
| most covert | covert'st | R3 III.v.33 |
| most daring | daring'st | H8 II.iv.215 |
| most deformed | deformed'st | Sonn 113.10 |
| most easily | easil'est | Cym IV.ii.206 |
| most exact | exactest | Tim II.ii.161 |
| most extreme | extremest | KL V.iii.134 |
| most faithful | faithfull'st | TN V.i.112 |
| most foul-mouthed | foul mouthed'st | 2H4 II.iv.70 |
| most honest | honestest | AW III.v.73 |
| most loathsome | loathsomest | TC II.i.28 |
| most lying | lyingest | 2H6 II.i.124 |
| most maidenly | maidenliest | KL I.ii.131 |
| most pained | pained'st | Per IV.vi.161 |
| most perfect | perfectest | Mac I.v.2 |
| most ragged | ragged'st | 2H4 I.i.151 |
| most rascally | rascalliest | 1H4 I.ii.80 |
| most sovereign | sovereignest | 1H4 I.iii.56 |
| most unhopeful | unhopefullest | MA II.i.349 |
| most welcome | welcomest | 1H6 II.ii.56 |
| most wholesome | wholesom'st | MM IV.ii.70 |
| Modern comparative | Shakespearian comparative | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------- |
| greater | more great | 1H4 IV.i77 |
| longer | more long | Cor V.ii.63 |
| nearer | more near | AW I.iii.102 |
| Modern word | Shakespearian comparison | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------- |
| chief | chiefest | 1H6 I.i.177 |
| due | duer | 2H4 III.ii.296 |
| just | justest | AC II.i.2 |
| less | lesser | R2 II.i.95 |
| like | liker | KJ II.i.126 |
| little | littlest [cf. smallest] | Ham III.ii.181 |
| rather | ratherest | LL IV.ii.18 |
| very | veriest | 1H4 II.ii.23 |
| worse | worser [cf. less bad] | Ham III.iv.158 |
ܥ֥ΰʲεǽƤShakespeare most unkindest cut of all (JC III.ii.184) Τ褦ʡεʸˡǤ˳ʤȤ2źǾʤ2ӵ (double_comparative)ˤѤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ºݤˤϡShakespeare Τ褦ɽȤ櫓Ѥ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤäƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])
ǤϡShakespeare ¾ΤɤΤ褦2ӵ顦ǾȤäΤCrystal and Crystal (88) ɽŪƤƤΤǡƸ
[ Double comparatives ]
more better (MND III.i.18)
more bigger-looked (TNK I.i.215)
more braver (Tem I.ii.440)
more corrupter (KL II.ii.100)
more fairer (E3 II.i.25)
more headier (KL II.iv.105)
more hotter (AW IV.v.38)
more kinder (Tim IV.i.36)
more mightier (MM V.i.235)
more nearer (Ham II.i.11)
more nimbler (E3 II.ii.178)
more proudlier (Cor IV.vii.8)
more rawer (Ham V.ii.122)
more richer (Ham III.ii.313)
more safer (Oth I.iii.223)
more softer (TC II.ii.11)
more sounder (AY III.ii.58)
more wider (Oth I.iii.107)
more worse (KL II.ii.146)
more worthier (AY III.iii.54)
less happier (R2 II.i.49)
[ Double superlatives ]
most boldest (JC III.i.121)
most bravest (Cym IV.ii.319)
most coldest (Cym II.iii.2)
most despiteful'st (TC IV.i.33)
most heaviest (TG IV.ii.136)
most poorest (KL II.iii.7)
most stillest (2H4 III.ii.184)
most unkindest (JC III.ii.184)
most worst (WT III.ii.177)
Τʤ more nearer λϤ⤷츻֤Сޤ3ӵ (triple comparative) Ǥ롥#209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]) ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)near ϤȤӵäɤ
Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary & Language Companion. London: Penguin, 2002.
NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ9ΥƥȤȯȤʤޤϢܤƤֱѸΥܥʵפ6Ȥʤޤϡ֤ʤƻӵˤ -er more ΡפǤ

Ѥʵ֤ȤäƤ褤Ǥ͡ûƻʤ -erĹƻʤ more Ȥ褦˳ФƤ¿ȻפޤäûĹȤΤǤ§Ȥ1Ǥ -er3Ǥ more Ǥ褤Ȥơ2ϤɤʤΤʹȤʤʤǤ͡Ʊ2Ǥ early, happy -er Ǥafraid, famous more ޤϢܵǤϡդʣʻޤơʤ٤פŪƤߤޤɤɤ
֤ȤȤǡܥ֥Ǥ͡ʷǼ夲ƤޤϢܵŪƤޤޤޤɤ
#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-29-1])
#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])
#4442. 2ηƻӵ -er more ([2021-06-25-1])
#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])
#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])
#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])
#456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])
ƻ졦 (comparison) ϡܥ֥Ǥ͡˰äƤѸǤΤ˷ΤĤƤʤӵ餬 -er ʶӡˤ more ʶӡˤȤŪطʤˤĤƤϡ#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])#2347. Ӥȯãˤե졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])#3703.رѸ춵٤Ϣ4֤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤס ([2019-06-17-1])#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-29-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
ûˤ -er ĤĹˤ more ֤ȤΤ§Ǥ롥û⤢Ĺ⤢2ˤĤƤϡɤ줬㤷Ƥ줤꼰ǤʤºݡʸˡäƤߤȡñ줴ȤˤɤӵηΤ̤ʤΤˤĤƵҤ̯˰ۤʤΤǤ롥ϡҤȤޤ LGSWE 7.7.2 Ȥơ2ηƻˤĤƹͤƤߤ
2ηƻ줬ӵηѤ뤫ϡβŪ礭¸뤳ȤΤƤ롥-y ǽΤˤĤƤϡ-er ̤Τ褦ȡ
angry, bloody, busy, crazy, dirty, easy, empty, funny, gloomy, happy, healthy, heavy, hungry, lengthy, lucky, nasty, pretty, ready, sexy, silly, tidy, tiny
-y ǽƻȤȤǤС餫ƬĤ3ˤʤäƤ⡤ӵ -er Ȥ뷹 (ex. unhappier) Ѹˤδϡ250ǯۤˤϾۤʤäƤ餷Ȥܤͤ (cf. #3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1]))
-ly ǽƻɤ줬㤷褦ǡ㤨 early ӵ earlier ̤likely ˤĤƤ more likely Τ̤ۤǤ롥ۤɤȤƤϡ
costly, deadly, friendly, lively, lonely, lovely, lowly, ugly
ʤɤ롥ƱɤΤȤơʲΤ褦˼岻ǽ2ηƻƤ
mellow, narrow, shallow, yellow; bitter, clever, slender, tender; able, cruel, feeble, gentle, humble, little, noble, simple, subtle; sever, sincere; secure, obscure
ξηɤƤȤȤϡ¾ؤȾ괹ʤǤȤȡĤޤѲκǤ뤳Ȥʳξڤ櫓ǤϤʤʤȤ˼롥ξζ硦ʻ¸Ϥ줳1000ǯۤ³Ƥ櫓ޤ˷ʤ
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
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