ѸǤϡ¾ưŪȤƼꤦưȤơư̾줬롥¾ưˤäƤϡɤ餫դʤΤ⤢СξդΡޤξդ뤬̣ߤ˰ۤʤΤʤɡޤޤǤ롥ˤĤ33դǷǼĤ˼䤬줿ѸؤǤưʸηʸȤ͡˸椵Ƥ褦ŪˤϤɤʤΤޤϢʸʤɤɤȤʤΤǡľʤȤޤʬʤ̡ʲΤ褦ʲǤʤä
ưŪȤȤ뤫ư̾Ȥ뤫ȤǤ͡ѸǤϡָ̤ư̾ϲָȸ뤳Ȥޤɬ⤭줤ˤǤʤ褦ǤŪˤϤ䤹ʤ椹٤פȻפޤѸǤ⤹ǤˡġưˤäƤŪˤȤ뤫ηꡤΤȤƤΤۤ¿ä褦Ǥܤ̤ĴǤŪˤϡŪΥפˤĤ߾줷ꡤ¾ؾ괹ȤФư⤢äΤǤϤʤȻפޤߤ⤽Τ褦ѲκȤ뤫⤷ޤŪʴưʬषʬξΩäŪɤäƤɬפꤽǤΤФȤǤޤĴ٤Ȼפޤ
ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ椯ϤȤơѸξޤȤƤޤϡQuirk et al. (16.38--40) ȤơŪȤ뤳ȤΤǤựƤȤ˶ʬʤ롥Ƭ * դƤưϡư̾뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ޤƹԤǥߥθˤưϡ̾ŪֻפΤǤ롥
[ư졡]
(i) *dread, *hate, *like, *loathe, *love, *prefer; long [for], ache [for], aim [for], aspire [to], burn [for], burst [for], (not) care [for], clamour [for], itch [for], yearn [for]
(ii) *begin, *cease, *commence, *continue, *start;
(iii) *forget, *remember, *regret; *bother [about], condescend [to], *delight [in], *hesitate [about]
(iv) *choose, hope, *intend, *mean, *need, *plan, *propose, *want, wish;
(v) deign, *disdain, *help, *scorn, *venture
(vi) ask, beg, decline, demand, offer, promise, refuse, swear, undertake, vow; agree [to/on/about], consent [to]
(vii) affect, claim, *profess; pretend [to]
(viii) *afford, *attempt, contrive, endeavour, fail, learn, manage, neglect, omit, *try; strive [for], seek [for]
(ix) *arrange [for], *decide [on], *resolve [on], *prepare [for], *serve [for]
ˡư̾ư롥Ƭ * դƤưϡ뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥(vi) ֻȼư졤(v) ϶ư졤(vi) ֻȼưǤ롥
[ư̾ư졡
(i) (can't) bear, begrudge, detest, dislike, *dread, *enjoy, (not) fancy, *hate, *like, *loathe, *love, (not) mind, miss, *regret, relish, resent, (can't) stand
(ii) *cease, *commence, *continue, quit, resume, *start, stop
(iii) admit, avoid, confess, consider, deny, deserve, discourage, envisage, escape, *forget, (can't) help, imagine, involve, justify, *need, permit, *propose, recall, recommend, *remember, repent, require, risk, save, *try, *want
(iv) bank on, count on, decide on, delight in, play at, resort to, see about, shrink from
(v) break off, give up, leave off, put off, take up
(vi) do away with, get around to, go in for, look forward to
Τߤ˽äư̾ΤưˤĤơΰ̣ŪʺˤĤƿ줿
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
219դǷǼĤˡɸ˴ؤ뵿䤬줿ǼľƤ١ˤƵȤƤޤȤƤʲάˤ
Ѹˤ to (to-infinitive) ȸ (bare infinitive) 2ब뤬ŪˤϤ褽ʪǤ롥θŤΤϸΤۤǤꡤϱѸΤߤʤ餺ǤϹ롥ȤäƤ褤űѸǤŵŪưθ촴 -(i)an դ֤פȸƤФƤꡤ줬ѸƱͤˡȤƻưγưŪθ֡ӽưθ֤ѤƤθűѸδŪƯϡư̾첽뤳ȡĤޤ̾Ūˡפäθ塤Ѹˤοʿˤ -(i)an 졤촴ΤΤη֤ؼ̤ƤޤäΤǡߤǤϡָפȸƤľ褦ˤʤäư졤γư졤ưθ֤֤ȤƤεǽϡΤޤߤޤǰѤ줿
to פΤۤϡűѸֻ to ˡҤͿʤ˶ޤ -anne Ȥķ֡ϰ̾ȤäƤ褤ΤʤΤǡ̾줵ʤ˶ޤˤ³Τǡ㤨 to ganne ȤСֹԤȤ˸ơפĤޤֹԤˡפۤɤäĤޤꡤűѸǤϡǤŪˡפ to ɽ蘆ƤΤǤ롥ŪˤϡϤͿʸޤΤ˿ʿüɡto + ưθפȤ夯ȤˤʤäǽˤĤƤСto ѸѸˤƤ˳ĥűѸΡŪˡפΤߤʤ餺μϰϤǤä̾Ūˡפؤ¾νεǽȯãƤä
ȯ to 줬ȯθɤĤɤۤƤ椯ȤˤѤºݤˤѸʹߤξԤμϰϤ褤ξܺ٤ʣǤꡤɤǤѲǽʡɤפξФи줿줾μϰϤٷꤹޤǤˡĹλ夬äΤǤ롥㤨Сư make ˡǤСǽư֤ˤƤϸȤ뤬ư֤Ǥ to ȤȤΤⶦŪˤ̯ʸݤˤߤ뤬2μϰ褤η̡Τ褦ʤϤʬۤˤʤäƤޤäȤȤǤ롥ºݡŤѸǤ make ǽư֤Ǥ⸶¤ to ѤƤդλˤĤƤϡ#970. Money makes the mare to go ([2011-12-23-1])#978. Money makes the mare to go (2) ([2011-12-31-1])#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) ʤɤȤ줿
ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.
űѸ줫Ѹˤơ̾ʸư̾-ing ȸʬ -inde (or -ende or -ande) ŪͻŪʺФȤϡε#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1]) Dz⤷ȤǤ롥ŪˡѸʹߡ-ing Ȥͣη֤ư̾줪Ӹʬξǽ̤ƤȤˤʤä
Ѹˤơ嵭 -ing -inde ˲ä -en(ne) ⲻŪʺ˻ͿƤΤǤϤʤȤ롥θϤ夤첻ȼ夤ɡħŤ졤ʬ -inde d æ뷹äꤹ (cf. #2121. Ѹˤˤ /t/ æ ([2015-02-16-1])) Τˤ٤Ƥ /-ən/ ۤɤ˼̤Ƥޤäǽ롥Mustanoja (569--70) ϡθκˤޤؤˤĤơʤҤ٤Ƥ롥
One has to take into consideration . . . certain phonological and morphological processes which seem to have brought about a confusion between the verbal noun, the present participle, and the infinitive. . . . [T]he present participle occasionally ends in -en instead of -end, as in he saȝ þe roke And þe brinfires stinken smoke (Gen. & Ex. 1164), probably also in þat heo heora wil-daȝes wælden weoren (Lawman A 1799), and the inflected infinitive may end in -ende, as in to flende (Lawman B, to fleonne, A) and suffraunce may aswagend hem (Patience 3; cf. also Purity 1291). In the North and N Midlands, in the 15th century even in the South, -ng may occur as -n (e.g., drynkyn for drynkyng, Norfolk Gilds). Cf. also unknowen for unknowyng (Deonise 5, MS Kk) and, conversely, I am moche beholdyng [for beholden] unto hym (Malory MD 86).
While admitting that the examples here given are uneven with regard to their chronology and dialectal distribution, it is difficult to believe that this confusion of forms did not bring the noun in -ing into close connection with the present participle and the infinitive and thus promote its use as the gerund.
ϤޤϲŪʼ岽ȤʾäΤ⤷ʤ줬Ūͻ߽Ф쵡ǽξͶȯȤʥꥪΤǤСޤ˸첻μ岽ޤοƤӡSVOؤθȤѸ˾ΥʥߥåѲ⤦1ĤλȤʤ롥ѲˤƤϡΤ褦ˡְưפȤ롥
Mustanoja εƤǤϿʤ嵭ɾˤϡƱͻäȽɬפ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
[2011-12-23-1]ε#970. Money makes the mare to go.פǼ夲ˤĤơĴ٤ƤߤOED ǤΤθʤѼˤν1659ǯΤΤǡǤ the grey mare ʰӤλϡˤŪȤʤäƤ롥
1659 Howell Lex., Prov. 6/2 Money makes the grey Mare to go.
the grey mare ϴŪˡ֤ŷ (the wife who rules her husband) ̣켫Ȥ̤θ the grey mare is the better horse ʽ˼פߤˤΰȤʤäƤ롥ϡְӤϤϡפȸĥʤζ餱ơӤλϤ蘆줿ˤθλ˴Ťȸ롥θνϡOED Ǥ16ΤȤǤ롥
ơSimpson αѸŵˤȡMoney . . . variation ȤƤϡ1500ǯ鸫롥Ĥޤꡤθȯۤ䶵ϡɸηʸڤ⤺äѸȤΤƤȤˤʤ롥
a a1500 in R. L. Greene Early English Carols (1935) 262 In the heyweyes ther joly palfreys Yt [money] makyght to . . praunce.1573 J. SANFORDE Garden of Pleasure 105v Money makes the horsse to goe.1670 J. RAY English Proverbs 122 It's money makes the mare to go.1857 KINGSLEY Two Years Ago p. xvi. I'm making the mare go here . . without the money too, sometimes. I'm steward now.1930 L. MEYNELL Mystery at Newton Ferry xiii. 'Tis money makes the mare go. . . They're all afteer it, every one of them.1978' Countryman Spring 183 Weardale farmer's advice to daughter about to reject proposal of marriage from a wealthy tradesman: 'Never cock your snoop at money, my lass, 'cos it's money that makes the mare to go'.
嵭ˤϸ줬ѤƤ۷ߤ뤬¤ϡǤפʼǤ to åƤ롥
mare θ츻ˤĤƤϡűѸǤ m(i)ere ̤ꡤ mearh "horse" νǤ롥θűѸ mearh Ʊ Gmc *marχjōn, IE *marko- ؤ̤롥Ȥȡפ̣Ƥ marshal ʻᴱˤ⤳θ캬ͳ褹롥
Simpson, J. A., ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. Oxford: OUP, 1982.
ε#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) Ƭǿ줿Ʊʸΰ̣ӤӤƤƤȤȤˤĤƹͤ
Leech et al. (190) ϡʸ help λŦƤ롥
(19) He made important contributions to a number of periodicals such as Il Leonardo, Regno, La Voce, Lacerba and L'Anima which helped establish the respectability of anti-socialist, anti-liberal and ultra-nationalist ideas in pre-war Italy. [F-LOB J40]
(20) The right person may just happen to come along, or it may be necessary to take certain steps to help this happen. [BNC B3G]
ˤƤ⡤ֽפȤ prototypical ʰ̣Ȥϡֹ롤ǽȤפȤ˶ᤤ̣ ("weak causation") ǧ롥λζϡ2ܤʸǤ "enable such a thing to happen" "make such a thing happen" ŪʶǤϤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ (190)
Mair (121--26) ϡhelp λỤ̄ȯʸˡ (grammaticalisation) βȤƤ롥help ֽפȤŪʰ̣ʸˡŪʵǽȸƤǤ٤ֻפΰ̣ĤĤ뤳ȡưǤ뤫Τ褦ľ˸빽ʸƤƤ뤳ȡϡư줬ư첽Ƥ椯ʸˡβˤۤʤʤ[2009-07-01-1]ε#64. ˡưʤ³ȡפȹ碌ƹͤǤ롥
Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith. Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.
Mair, Christian. Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics'' 6 (2002): 105--31.
ε#970. Money makes the mare to go. ([2011-12-23-1]) ǡư make ˸³ to ˤĤĴ٤ϸѸǻŪʰ̣ӤӻϤƤȤ help 줬³빽ʸ夲
help + Ū + פιʸˤĤƤϡѸˤη֤ to 줫鸶ذܹԤĤĤȤơ¿δϢ椬롥20Ⱦаʹߡ줬äƤȸ뤬¤ΤȤ help ȹ¤ʤεϤʤŤޤ̤롥
ޤOED Ƥߤ褦"help", v. B.5. ǡhelp ³빽ʸˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ūΰ̣μˤȼʤ礬 5.a.ȼ礬 5.b. ǰƤꡤ to λѤ̤λѤǤᤤ㤬16˸롥Τ褦ä
In this and b the infinitive has normally to, which however from 16th c. is often omitted: this is now a common colloq. form.
OED ǤѸ˸λѤϤʤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤƤ褦ɤ
ȤMustanoja (532) ˤСѸ줫ϳΤˤ롥
. . . the subject of the infinitive, originally a dative, is no doubt looked upon as an accusative in ME. The infinitive usually takes to, but not invariably: --- mine friende þe ic halp to sweriȝen (Vices & V 9); --- alle þat halpe hym to erie, to selle or to sowe (PPl. B vii 6); --- to helpe him to werreye (Ch. CT A Kn. 1484); --- Rymenhild help me winne (Horn 991); --- somme hulpen erie his half acre (PPl. B vi 118); --- I wol thee helpe hem carie (Ch. CT C Pard. 954). Chaucer has four cases of help with the plain infinitive and seventeen with the infinitive with to or for to. The two instances found in the Book of London English (non-literary prose of Chaucer's time) are followed by an infinitive with to (for to): --- Þe wheche dede paien diverse sommes of monye for to helpe to destruye Þe weres yn Tempse (151); --- [dyverse percelles paied] to ij wemen for her travayle yn helpynge to make clene Þe halle (174).
ǡMED äƤߤȡ"helpen (v.)" 1. (b) ˤ⾯㤬ä
ϡιʸѸˤޤ̤뤳ȤޤǤϤ狼äʹߤƱʸȯãˤĤƤϡѥѤ Mair θä pp. 121--26ˤܤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Mair, Christian. Three Changing Patterns of Verb Complementation in Late Modern English: A Real-Time Study Based on Matching Text Corpora." English Language and Linguistics'' 6 (2002): 105--31.
ɸʸϡ֤ϡʤ֤Ȥ˻Ϥ⤫ʡϹΤ⼡ˡפȤǤ롥m ƬƤۤ츫ʸˡŪˤߤ to 뤳Ȥˤ궯Υꥺ (trochee) ¸ƤꡤΧŪˤϴʸ
ɸѸεʸˡǤϡ make to 줬Ϣʤ뤳ȤϵƤʤŤѸǤϲǽäȤɽˤƲŪ˻¸Ǥ롥 make to 줬ǽäȤϡѸǤư֤Ǥ He was made to wait for some time. Τ褦 to פ뤳ȤȴϢ롥ĤƤϸ to ⤢䤬ԤͥȤʤꡤԤϼư֤Ȥꤵ줿ĶĤΤߤȤʤä줬make ˤˤγάǤ롥
ѸǤ make ˤĤơMustanoja (533) Ȥ褦
. . . both forms of the infinitive occur with this causative verb: --- heo makede him sunegen on hire (Ancr. 24); --- she maketh men mysdo many score tymes (PPl. B iii 122); --- þe veond hit makede me to don (Ancr. 136); --- alwey the nye slye Maketh the ferre leeve to be looth (Ch. CT A Mil. 3393). In the Book of London English 1384--1425, make is accompanied by the plain infinitive in three cases and by the infinitive with to in five.
MED "māken (v. (1))" Ǥϡ15. (b) make äƤ뤬¿įȡto λѤ̤ˤߤ롥OED Ǥϡ"make", v.1 53.a. to Ȥι¤53.b. Ȥι¤ҤƤ롥Ѹǽ㤬롥
ϢˤĤưѸ˵äƤѲˡhelp to ǤʤȼޤäƤƤȤݤ롥help Ǥư֤ǤϤޤ to 줬ͥΤ褦Ǥꡤ make ˤʿԤƤ褦ˤߤ̣
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ε[2009-12-03-1]Ǥ supper 夲եư줬̾ȤƱѸäƤаޤҤ٤Ʊ褦Ĥꥹȥåפ supper Ọ̇̄ŪˤϢ dinner 夲
dinner ϥե dîner μѤǡѸǤνФ1300ǯǤ롥ե dîner ϡȤפȤưǤꡤη֤Ǥ̾ŪˡˤפȤ̣̾Ȥʤ롥Ѹؤϡη֤Ọ̇̄ǼѤ줿ե줫 -(e)r dine Ʊ˱ѸäƤϡȤפȤưǤ롥̤ˡեưϤΤ褦 -(e)r DZѸäƤƤꡤdine ϤŵǤ롥
ʤߤ˥եǤϡͼפ dîner뿩īפ déjeuner ȤԤϤΤޤޤη֤Ọ̇̄DZѸˤ18äƤꡤϤ뿩īȤפȤưͳ褹롥ơϷ֤㤨̤Ʊ츻ͤŸ ( doublet ) δطˤ롥츻ϥƥ *disjējūnāre ȤƺƷƤꡤɽƬ dis- ȡֶäݤΡפ̣ jējūnus ʤǤ롥ϡֶʢǿפǤꡤѸ breakfast Ϥ ( loan translation or calque ) ǤϤʤȤƤ롥
soup supper ϸ츻Ūˤ˴طƤ롤ʹȶä⤷ʤ֤٤ȡ⤢ʤȤƤΤǤϤʤ
θϱĸ̤ꡤseep ֤߽Фסsip ֤סsop ֿסsoak ֿסsuck ֵۤסsup ֤פʤɡϢΡֱΤοСפɽط롥soup supper ϥե줫ѸäѸǤνϤ줾1653ǯ1250ǯǤꡤֺ롥եǤϸŤ sope soper ̾ưδطǤꡤ츻ŪŪʴطϰäեפΤǤͼϥפ̤äȤ졤Υͥˤ֥ספͼפؤỌ̇̄ȯŸȤ
եǤϡ-(e)r ưɽϼθФˤʤꡤưɽ֤ǤƱˡѸ̾ŪˡǤ狼Ȥꡤư̾첽Ưġäơťե soper ϡ֥פळȡͼȤ뤳ȡפʤͼפ̣ȤƸСto eat ֿ٤뤳ȡפȤ̾Ūˡ줬 to դܸ˼Ѥ졤֥ȥȡפȤơֿפ̣褦ˤʤäФ褤
Τ褦ˡ-(e)r ĥեư줬̾ȤƱѸ˼Ѥ줿¾ȤƤϡcesser, detainer, dinner, merger, misnomer, remainder, surrender ʤɤ롥
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