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2014-09-25 Thu

#1977. Ѳˤܿν (1) [contact][language_change][causation][linguistic_area][invisible_hand]

˸ؤΥϥɥ֥åꡤDrinka ˤܿɤܿؤҲ𤷤ΰյĥȤŪǽ񤫤줿ʸϤǤꡤͽ̤Ѳˤ볰ŪװνĴƤΡ褯ͤƤȤݤ
Drinka ϡܿؤʬǿʱƶϤ Thomason and Kaufman μĥˤ褽褤ʤ顤ܿξ̤ͻˤäƺǽפΥѥ᡼ϡɤθŪǤϤʤܿμ̤Ǥ롥ޤMilroy Mufwene μĥ˱äơѲüԸĿʹ֤ܿüȯ줬ƱΤعޤäƤ椯ΤǤȤΩȤ롥ˡ̾θѲ⡤ (linguistic_area) ⡤ԥ䥯쥪ˤߤ㤷Ѳ⡤ᥫ˥ƱǤȸƤꡤѲˤܿϰ̤˿Ƥ礭Ĥդ줿ΤǤȼĥ롥Τ褦Ωϡ¾ Normalfall "[contact . . . viewed as] potentially present in some way in virtually every given case of language change" ȰѤƤ뤳Ȥʬ롥
Drinka ͤηѤ褦

In conclusion, contact has emerged in recent studies as a more essential element in triggering linguistic innovation than had previously been assumed. Contact provides the context for change, in making features of one variety accessible to speakers of another. Bilingual or bidialectal speakers with access to the social values of features in both systems serve as a link between the two, a conduit of innovation from one variety to another. When close cultural contact among speakers of different varieties persists over long periods, linguistic areas can result, reflecting the ebb and flow of influence of one culture upon another. When speakers of mutually unintelligible languages encounter one another in the context of social symmetry, such as for purposes of trade, contact varieties such as pidgins may result; in contexts of social asymmetry, such as slavery, on the other hand, creoles are a more frequent result, reflecting the adjustments which are made as the contact variety becomes the native language of its users. As Mufwene points out, however, the same principles of change appear to be in operation in contact varieties as in other varieties---it is in the transmission of language and linguistic features from one individual to another, through the impetus of sociolinguistic pressure, where change occurs, and these principles will operate whether the transmission is occurring within or across the boundaries of a variety, as long as sufficient social motivation exists. (342--43)


ºݤΤȤ伫ȤѲˤäƸܿν򤷤ФмĥƤΤǡڤˤ Drinka ΰոˤϻǤ롥ä Drinka Keller (invisible_hand) ؤθڤʤɡȤ¿

. . . self-interested individuals incorporate new features into their repertoire in order to align themselves with other individuals and groups, with the unforeseen result that the innovation moves across the population, speaker by speaker. (341)


ϢơѲˤŪŪװʲε⻲ͤˤ줿

#443. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ ([2010-07-14-1])
#1582. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (2) ([2013-08-26-1])
#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1])

ƶϤ礭 Thomason and Kaufman θܿˤĤƤϡʲ򻲾ȡ

#1779. ܿ٤ȼͽ¬ɸ ([2014-03-11-1])
#1780. ܿȼѤμ١ ([2014-03-12-1])
#1781. ܿ෿ ([2014-03-13-1])

Drinka, Bridget. "Language Contact." Chapter 18 of Continuum Companion to Historical Linguistics. Ed. Silvia Luraghi and Vit Bubenik. London: Continuum, 2010. 325--45.
Keller, Rudi. On Language Change: The Invisible Hand in Language. Trans. Brigitte Nerlich. London and New York: Routledge, 1994.

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