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Ȥް (implicature) ˤ͡ʤΤ롥Ǥ褯ΤƤΤ Grice ήŪް (conversational implicature) ΰ֤Ťϡ¾μδްդȤδطˤɬפ롥͡ʼδްդϡLevinson ˵ä (45) ʲΤ褦Ƥ롥

ޤȯ (utterance) ϡ̣Ū˲ᤵʸ̤ΰ̣ (what is said) ȡŪ˲ᤵް (implicature) Ȥʬ롥ްդϡ礭Ūް (conventional implicature) Ȥʳʬ롥Grice ʹߡŪްդ̵ͭˤĤƤϵ뤬but Τܤΰ̣ʤɤŪްդŵȤ롥John is rich but he is modest. Ȥʸˤ but and ֤Ƥ⡤̿οϱƶʤbut and ȤǤʸΰ̣ľŪ餫˰ۤʤ롥Grice ϡbut λѤˤäܤΰ̣ϡbut ȤƤäƤʵ沽Ƥ˴ŪްդˤΤȹͤĴθ§ (cooperative principle) äθ (maxims of conversation) ͳʤޤ줿ްդǤ
ˡŪްդβˡͭ̾ʲŪް (conversational implicature) ֤Ť뤬¤ǤޤΤƤʤŪް (non-conversational implicature) ʤΤ롥ϡGrice ζĴθ§Ȳäθफϳ뤬¾ǧθ ("Be polite" ǤȤ"aesthetic, social, or moral in character" ʤɤħĤΡˤˤްդΤȤǤ롥
ơŪްդβˤϡβñȯü첽줿Ūް (particularlized conversational implicature) ȡ깭ˤ˴ѻ̲줿Ūް (generalized conversational implicature) ̤롥㤨СطޤǺʤ I'm very happy to have married you. ȸȤʤ뤬ʷ뺧10ǯΤˤǤȤʤʤϡˤäδްդޤȤ̣ǡ̲줿ΤǤϤʤü첽줿ŪްդǤ롥I ate some of the apples on the table. ʤɤοɽޤʸˤŵŪˡ̲줿Ūްդѻ롥ʸϡŪˤϥơ֥ˤ뤹٤ƤΥ٤ˤȯ뤳ȤǤ롥ξ硤ȤϤ鷺Ȥ̯ʴΤϡ"some" Ȥˤ "all" ǤϤʤϤȤ̲줿Ūްդ뤫Ǥ롥Τ褦ʿɽ˴ؤ̲줿Ūްդϡä˼ٴް (scalar implicature) ȸƤФ롥
嵭Τ褦˰֤ŤŪްդˤϡ7Ĥζ̣Ȥ롥
(1) äǽ (cancellability) 㤨СI ate some of the apples on the table. ľˡIn fact, I ate all of them. դäơҤμٴްդǤäȤǤ롥
(2) ȯƤʬΥԲǽ (non-detachability) ƥȤ0ä Jack ФơYou are a genius. Ȥʤ뤬Ʊʸ̮Ǥ¤ˤ You must win a Nobel prize. ʤɤʸǤϤȤʤ롥
(3) ǽ (calculability) ŪްդϿǤ뤫顤֤֤ۤŬѤ롥ƱǤСβƱϤǤ롥
(4) (non-conventionality) Ūްդϡ˴Ū˥ɤƤΤǤϤʤޤǿˤäƳΤǤ롥
(5) ãǽ (reinforceability) The soup is warm. ϼٴްդˤ "not hot" ްդ뤬θդä The soup is warm, not hot. ȤƤĹϴʤްդƤ夫ºݤȯäˤäƼȤƤΤǤ롥
(6) (universality) ۤơ餯ŪǤ롥
(7) 경Բǽ (not fully determinable) ˤޤްդʤΤǡդꤹ뤳ȤϤǤʤžɽʤɡİԤǤʤüԤǤްդꤹ뤳ȤǤʤ⤢ꤦ롥
йֲäˤסظ١翮סԡˡˡīҽŹ2012ǯ33--52ǡ
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