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gvs - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-01-07 Wed

#2081. ¸ˤ첻ܤʬ [phonology][gvs][vowel][diphthong][meosl][drift][teleology]

#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1]) ȡ#2080. /sp/, /st/, /sk/ Ҳð ([2015-01-06-1]) ǰѡȤƬ (Ikegashira) ϡ"A Dependency Approach to Great Vowel Shift" ꤹʸǡ¸ (dependency phonology; DP) Ȥߤ첻 (gvs) ʬϤƤ롥ϰ¸ˤĤƤ̵ΤʬϤˤ첻ܤޤ᤿ѸμפʲѲˤϰӤ򸫤ȤǤȵƤꡤؿäΤʸɤǤߤƤꡤǿͤˤ񤷤äݤ߹᤿Ȼפ
¸ΩӤʬϤˤȡ첻ܤβѲϡӤƲṽ¤ڤ ("lightening") ǺѤȤ¸ˤַڤפϹ٤ŪǤˤŪΤ뤳ȤϤǤʤݥȤ첻ܤƲѲӤäƤꡤäưӤƵҤ뤳ȤǤȤĥǤ롥Τ褦ʼĥʤ뤫ˤϡή (drift) ѲŪ (teleology) Ȥ̵طǤϤʤºݡIkegashira (42) ϱѸˤˤӤ "lightening" ή˸ڤǤ롥줫顤첻ܤƲѲƱĥƤ롥

GVS is a change which is caused by that 'drift' (or tendency) of English to make the total weight of words lighter. To make all the 'long' vowels lighter, the phonological element |a| is made less powerful either by lowered (sic) to the the dependent position from the governing position or by deletion. In the cases of the vowels where there is no |a|, [i:] and [u:], the only way to make them lighter is to change the 'middle weight' phonological elements [i] and [u] with the lightest one |ə|. / . . . . As a result of lightening, the vowels have been raised or made into diphthongs. The problem of the starting point of this change thus has no meaning. It was 'simultaneous'. It is quite natural to suppose that GVS occurred at the same time as a result of the long and continuous 'trend' of English to lighten words in some way.


ŪˤϡʣŪʲѲӤǤΤϳΤ̥ϤǤ롥Ʊ褦ư顤Ritt Ρ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ⡤drift ȤŤؾäΤȻפѤʵȤơӤŪȳ첻ѲƱȤɤΤ褦ľܤ˷ӤĤΤ첻ܤӤ "lightening" ܻؤƤȤ줿ȤƤ⡤ϳƲѲƱ˵äȤưŪ˴ްդΤ夲 (push chain) Ǥ夲 (drag chain) ǤʤȤ̣Ǥϡ#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ ([2013-03-01-1]) Ȥ̤ΥХХȸäƤ褵ŪȤƤ٤
ʤƱ¸ʬϤˤС첻ܤΩѸγĹ (meosl) ϡϤû첻γơ˲ |a| ղä줿ΤȤưӤƵҤȤ (Ikegashira 35) ̥ϤȲƳǧǤǤ롥

Ikegashira (Kadota), Atsuko. "A Dependency Approach to Great Vowel Shift." Ľظʸ22桤2007ǯ31--43ǡ

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2015-01-01 Thu

#2075. 첻첻Ĺû [gvs][vowel][spelling]

ǯޤƤǤȤޤ2015ǯǤǯѸˤ˴ؤĹҲ𤷤ƤޤΤǡɤꤤޤ
ǯǽȤơѸؽԸˡ첻첻Ĺûб˴ؤ夲롥Ѹγ첻ˤϡ줾ĹײȡûײȸƤФȯбƤ롥

Vowel letter"Short" vowel"Long" vowel
<a>[æ][eɪ]
<e>[ɛ][iː]
<i>, <y>[ɪ][aɪ]
<o>[ɑ/ɔ][oʊ]
<u>[ʌ][juː]

ñΤʤ˸첻ϡŵŪˤ϶̵ͭ䲻ṽ¤¾ξ˱ûĹޤ뤬ε§ʣ㳰¿Ȥ顤ѸؽԤϤζ̤ġ˽뤳ȤԤ롥ˤ첻Ĺб뤬ܼʤɤĤ첻ѤʤΤȯû˲롤ȤäȤϱѸäˤ̤˸롥Ѹ첻ûĹζ̤ϡѸŪˤ첻ܤݤγʹκȤʤΤĹûΩ򼨤ԹΤ褤ڥ󤲤ȤʤȡƳȤˤϻפ⤫ФʤǡĤ̤Ĺûθؤڥ󤷤Ƥ̾ (86--88) 򻲾Ȥơŵʲ˼ƥܼ˴ؤΥڥǤ롥

SuffixLongShort
-alcrimecriminal
gradegradual
nationnational
naturenatural
riteritual
-(at)ivederivederivative
evokeevocative
provokeprovocative
-icathleteathletic
coneconic
lyrelyric
metremetric
microscopemicroscopic
mimemimic
satiresatiric
tonetonic
volcanovolcanic
statestatic
-ityaudaciousaudacity
brevebrevity
divinedivinity
extremeextremity
obsceneobscenity
rapaciousrapacity
sanesanity
sereneserenity
sublimesublimity
vivaciousvivacity


ǰʤ㳰⾯ʤʤ-ic ˤĤơbase basic Ĺġscene Ф scenic ĹǤûǤġƱͤˡphonic cyclic Ĺû⤢ꤦ롥ޤ -(at)ive ˤĤ create/creative ϤĹɤߤ-ity ˤĤ obese/obesity 첻Ĺɤࡥ
-al ˴ؤƤϡeducation/educational, erosion/erosional, motion/motional, occasion/occasional, operation/operational, region/regional, relation/relational, sensation/sensational ʤɡषĹûθؤ򼨤ʤ¿
ǽŪˤϸġ˰ŵʤФʤʤΤֵ§䷹ʤɤʤΤɤϸġ˰ŵפȡֵ§䷹Ϥ뤬㳰⤢뤫ġ˰ŵפȤ礤˰㤦ȤȻפԤϸؤΩӤηäǤ롥

̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-23-1] [2018-05-05-1]

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2014-12-09 Tue

#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ [phonetics][vowel][meosl][homorganic_lengthening][gvs][diphthong][timeline][drift][compensatory_lengthening][shocc]

ޥλ夫űѸ졤ѸФƶѸ˻ޤǤαѸ첻ˤ򤶤äȤޤȤ᤿ߤȻפäΤǡפʼŪŪѲޤȤƤߤʲɽϡGörlach (48--49) 첻μ̤˴ؤѲάǯɽɥå󥰤ΤǤ롥

PeriodQuantityQuality
RuleExamplesRuleExamples
WGmc--OE  ai > ā, au > ēa, ā > ǣ/ē, a > æstān, ēage, dǣd, dæg cf. Ge Stein, Auge, Tat, Tag
7--9th c.compensatory lengthening*sehan > sēon "see", mearh, gen. mēares "mare"  
9--10th c.lengthening of before esp. [-ld, -mb, -nd]fēld, gōld, wāmb, fīnd, but ealdrum  
shortening before double (long) consonantswĭsdom, clæ̆nsian, cĭdde, mĕtton  
shortening in the first syllable of trisyllabic wordshăligdæg, hæ̆ringas, wĭtega  
OE--MEshortening in unstressed syllableswisdŏm, stigrăpmonophthongization of all OE diphthongsOE dēad, heard, frēond, heorte, giefan > ME [dɛːd, hard, frœːnd, hœrtə, jivən]
12th c.  [ɣ > w] and vocalization of [w] and [j]; emergence of new diphthongsOE dagas, boga, dæg, weg > ME [dauəs, bouə, dai, wei]
  southern rounding of [aː > ɔː]OE hāl(ig) > ME hool(y) [ɔː]
12--14th c.  unrounding of œ(ː), y(ː) progressing from east to westME [frɛːnd, hertə, miːs, fillen]
13th c.lengthening in open syllables of bisyllabic wordsnāme, nōse, mēte (week, door)  
15th c. GVS and 16--17th century consequences    
esp. 15--16th c.shortening in monosyllabic wordsdead, death, deaf, hot, cloth, flood, good  
18th c.lengthening before voiceless fricatives and [r]glass, bath, car, servant, before  


ΤȤƼѲ̤ѲʤûĹηäƤꡤѸ첻˿̤򷫤֤Ƥʬ롥ġѲϤδطˤΤ⤢뤬̤ȤƤʤäΤǤꡤŪˤϳơΩȤϤޤǤʤǤ⡤βѲΤȤƤȤ館褦Ȥߤ⤢뤳ȤŦƤ㤨С#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Görlach, Manfred. The Linguistic History of English. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997.

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2014-07-12 Sat

#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ [standardisation][spelling][orthography][chancery_standard][me_dialect][geolinguistics][gvs][spelling_pronunciation_gap][gh]

ѸˤǤϡ񤭸դɸಽδäϡ14Ⱦ15ˤƤΥɥۤ줿ȹͤƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#306. Samuels Ѹȯã񤭤Ȥɸ4ס ([2010-02-27-1])#929. Ѹ󥰥ɸδפȤʤäͳ ([2011-11-12-1])#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩäơ ([2012-09-06-1])#1245. ʣŪβȤƤν񤭤ȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
λθ塤ѸˤưѤƳȯŸȤ⡤ֻɸಽή˴ŪʱƶڤܤȹͤƤ롥#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1]) #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1]) #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡǶϤΰոФưФƤ뤬ʤȤѸ˾Υߥ󥰤ȤƤϡѤоλֻɸಽˤ䤫˿ʤǤȤϤ褽ŤʤäƤ롥
Ѹ줫ѸˤƤΤλˡäդǤѲ¿äƤ (Great Vowel Shift; [2009-11-18-1]) ɮƬˡ#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1]) ǵ󤲤褦ʼλҲξüʹԤƤäդѲƤˤ⤫餺񤭸դɸಽ򼨤ƤȤȤϡ˾ȸ虜򤨤ʤǡḽѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) Ƥޤä
Τ褦ήؤơѸֻɸಽϡ˾塤ʥߥ󥰤ƤޤäȤ롥Ѳդ®ȤֺϡʬŪˤϡȤֺбƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤΰ̣ǤϤˤƤ뤳ȤϡˤǤȤȤǤ⤢Τ⤷ʤΤСѸˤˤֻɸಽϡδä14--15ۤ줿Ȥ¤ǤʤȤ°ɥϤۤ줿Ȥ¤ˤطƤ롥Horobin (84--85) ŦƤ褦ˡƱ椷ƤäݼŪäΥɥֻɸಽδפ˿줿Ȥΰ̣礭
㤨СǤϡ<gh> ʤɤֻɽ蘆Ƥ /ç, x/ ϤǤ̵ȤʤäƤꡤ"knight" <nit>, "doughter" <datter> ʤɤ֤ƤǤϤλҲϤޤƤ餺ä <gh> ֻ¸졤ḽɸŪֻ <knight>, <doughter> Τʤ˸경뤳Ȥˤʤä /ç, x/ ξüȤѲϸؤڤΤǡɡɸŪֻ <nit> Ȥʤ뤫 <knight> Ȥʤ뤫κϡֺǤȤȤǤȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ɸಽ <wh> ֻˤĤƤƱȤ롥ĤǤǤ /h/ ƤݼŪʥɥȯˤƤ /h/ ݤƤˡɸŪֻΤʤˤ <h> ȤƸ경뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäŪɾСȯˤĤƤϿŪŪʤΤ¿ɸδפȤʤꡤֻˤĤƤݼŪŪʤΤ¿ɸδפȤʤäȤϢơѸθѲΡ̤ءפȾŤˤĤơ#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1]) ӡ#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
ʤ /x/ ˴ؤơǤ /f/ ؤȯŸdough ʴˤб duff ʥաʴθǤץǥ󥰡ˤؼѤ줿㤬ʡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) ⻲ȡˡΤ褦ȯֻȤδط̩Ǥ㤬ä¿äʤСḽɸŪֻäľʤΤˤʤäȤϤꡤѸֻɸಽˤϡ֤Ǥʤ֤⺮äƤ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2014-05-02 Fri

#1831. ե٥åȤλҲʸ̾ [alphabet][consonant][latin][etruscan][phonetics][gvs]

εǡޥ󡦥ե٥åȤΤĤʸ̾ΤˤĤˤʺε#1830. Y ̾Ρ ([2014-05-01-1]) ȡˤ򻲾ȡˡġʸˤĤƸ٤ȤϤ뤬ϻҲ˴ؤ濴äʤ᤿ʲ (83--85) ˰͵򤹤롥
ѸΥե٥å26ʸΤ첻 <a, e, i, o, u> 21ҲǤ롥Ҳ̾ΤϤĤ㳰λҲβ [iː] ³륰롼 (Class I) ȡ[ɛ] Ԥ륰롼 (Class II) Ȥʬ롥

Class I: <b, c, d, g, p, t, v, z>
Class II<f, l, m, n, s, x>

ʬۤ򤹤ˤϡŪʲȤ櫓ҲˤĤƤϥƥʤʸˤ̤äƥȥꥢˤβռɬפ롥Class I κǽ6ϥƥ [b, k, d, g, p, t] б롥줾˸³Ĺ첻 [iː] ϡ[eː] 첻ܤˤꡤ夲Ф̤Ǥ롥Class II λҲϥƥη³뤤ʣҲ [f, l, m, n, s, ks] б롥Class I <v> <z> ǤϤʤ໤餯 [ɛv], [ɛz] ȸƤǤޤȡб̵Ҳ <f> [ɛf], <s> [ɛs] ȯ̤ĤˤʤȤͳäΤǤϤʤ
ĴŪ Class I II ʬۤ褦ȤȡΤ褦ˤʤ桤p. 84ˡ

ҲʸˤĤơ³ˤ e Ԥˤ e ³ݤϡIsaac Taylor 褦ˡŪį뤳ȤǤ褦㤨Сfe ef Ȥ䤵eb be Ȥ䤵Ϸ³ȯݤˤȯﴱϴˤĺ줺©ϳ졤äơҲʹ첻̵ռ˺롥ˤꡤfe ã˼ºݾ ef 롥ȿơξˤĺϴǤꡤƳԤʤռŪϤʤ첻롥ˤꡤb e Ԥ뤳Ȥ餫ϤɬפȤ뤬b ϡe ˸³뤳Ȥʤȯ뤳ȤϤǤʤСֺǾϤˡ§ ('law of least effort') 첻³Ԥ˸³뤳Ȥ׵᤹롥ơξ硤Ǥưפ첻Ū e Ǥ롥


̣ǤϤ롥Ϣơ#1141. ʤ mama papa ʤΤ (2) ([2012-06-11-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
<j> ̾ [ʤeɪ] ˤĤƤϡ#1828. j ʸȲбˤĤƺˬ ([2014-04-29-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤɤʤ <k> ̾ [keɪ] ˤʤäΤȤ뤬[keɪ] ΤϤʤ첻ȼäƤΤϡ#1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1]) Ǽ褦ˡȥꥢƥˤ [k] ɽ³첻˱ <c>, <k>, <qu> δ֤ѰۤƤȤƶƤ롥[i, e] ʤ첻³Ȥˤ <c> Ф졤[a] 첻³Ȥˤ <k> Ф졤[u, o] ʤɸ첻³Ȥˤ <q> Ф줿ηϱѸޤ᤿νˤ¿쾯ʤѤƤꡤѸγʸθƾΤˤŪȿǤƤ롥ʤ<c> = [siː] ϥƥ <c> = [keː] ȯŸ<k> = [keɪ] ϥƥ <k> = [kaː] ȯŸ<q> = [kjuː] ϥƥ <q> = [kuː] ȯŸ첻֤ˤ [k] > [s] βȯãˤĤƤϡƥ줫ťե󥹸ФƱѸ⤽αƶä[kj] > [tj] > [ʧ] > [ʦ] > [s] ηϩ򤿤ɤä
Ǹ <r> ̾ [ɑː] (AmE [ɑr]) ˤĤơ[r] Ϸ³Ȥ Class II °ƤꡤƥǤϾʤȤ4ʹߤ [ɛr] Τ褦ɤޤƤѸ [er] > [ar] Ѳ sterre > star, ferre > far ʤ¿θΤȼäơʸɤߤ [ar] ؤѲʴϢơ#179. person parson ([2009-10-23-1]) ȡ#186. clerk cleric ([2009-10-30-1]) 򻲾ȡˡθ塤18ޤǤ [ar] > [ær] > [æːr] > [ɑː] ȵ§Ѳơߤ˻桤pp. 157--58ˡ

סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ

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2014-05-01 Thu

#1830. Y ̾ [y][alphabet][grapheme][i-mutation][pronunciation][gvs][ormulum]

#1825. ޻ <F> εȯŸ ([2014-04-26-1]) εǿ줿褦ˡ޻ <F>, <U>, <V>, <W>, <Y> Ϥ٤ƥࡦե٥åȤ wāu ˵ĻʸǤ롥ƥ줫޻Ѹޤ᤿¿θǤϡ<y> Ϥ줬ɽ魯椨 <i> ȷӤĤ뤳Ȥ¿षŪˤ <u> ȱ郎<Y> <U> ᤷʸǤ뤳Ȥϡꥷե٥åȤ20 upsilon ʸʸԤǤ뤳Ȥ⸫Ƽ뤳ȤǤ뤷űѸ <u> = /u/ 饦Ȳ߿첻 /y/ ɽ魯Τ <y> äƤȤΤ롥űѸǤϡ/y/ α߿ /i/ Ȥʤäᡤ<y> Ϥष <i> ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤä
<Y> <U> ζᤵ򴶤⤦1ĤϡY ̾ΤΤʤ˱Ƥ뤫⤷ʤѸ Y [waɪ] ȸƤФͳˤĤϤʤJespersen ˤС <Y> λ <U> β <I> äǤȤȴط롥[uiː] [wiː] Ȥʤꡤ첻ܤˤ [waɪ] ѲȤ桤pp. 183--84ˡ
OED ˤȡʸȯˤĤƤκǽθڤϡ1200ǯ˽񤫤줿 Ormulum l. 4320 ˤ IESOYS 5ʸܤξ˸ ƿı Ǥ롥1513ǯˤϡG. Douglas Virgil Æneid vii. Prol. 120 ˡ"Palamedes byrdis crouping in the sky, Fleand on randoune schapin lik ane Y." Ȥߤ롥ޤ16ȾˤϡΤʵҤߤ롥

1573 J. Baret Aluearie, Y hath bene taken for a greeke vowel among our latin Grammarians a great while, which me thinke if we marke well we shall finde to be rather a diphthong: for it appeareth to be compounded of u and i, which both spelled togither soundeth as we write Wy.
1580 W. Bullokar Bk. Amendm. Orthogr. 8 The olde name of :y: (which is wy).


ϢơH ̾ΤˤĤƤϡ#488. ȯɤ򼨤ΰ ([2010-08-28-1]) J ̾ΤˤĤƤϡ#1828. j ʸȲбˤĤƺˬ ([2014-04-29-1]) Z ̾ΤˤĤƤϡ#964. z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1]) ӡ#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ

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2014-04-17 Thu

#1816. drift ˬ [drift][gvs][germanic][synthesis_to_analysis][language_change][speed_of_change][unidirectionality][causation][functionalism]

Millar (111--13) ѸˤˤŤƿꡤdrift ʶήˤˬƤܥ֥δϢ뵭ϡcat:drift 򻲾ȡˡ
Sapir ξ drift ϡѸʤѸȤ1ˤˤѲΰؤΤä drift γǰϳĥ졤Ϣʣθ˶̤ƤߤѲĬήؤ褦ˤʤäˤäơѸ drift в졤ޥˤߤ drifts ӡȤ櫓 drifts ®٤ӤȤ褦ˤʤäMillar (112) ⡤ΥޥȤ顤Ѹˤˤ drift ˬƤ롥

A number of scholars . . . take Sapir's ideas further, suggesting that drift can be employed to explain why related languages continue to act in a similar manner after they have ceased to be part of a dialect continuum. Thus it is striking . . . that a very similar series of sound changes --- the Great Vowel Shift --- took place in almost all West Germanic varieties in the late medieval and early modern periods. While some of the details of these changes differ from language to language, the general tendency for lower vowels to rise and high vowels to diphthongise is found in a range of languages --- English, Dutch and German --- where immediate influence along a geographical continuum is unlikely. Some linguists would suggest that there was a 'weakness' in these languages which was inherited from the ancestral variety and which, at the right point, was triggered by societal forces --- in this case, the rise of a lower middle class as a major economic and eventually political force in urbanising societies.


񤤤Ƥ Millar ȤǸʸμ "Some linguists" Τʤ1ͤǤ롥Samuels ήεǽŪʴˡҲŪװͤ碌ơѸ drift θġθѲθõȤΩSapir drift = "mystical" ȤȤ館ऱǤ¤Ū褦ȤΩǤ⤢롥⤳Ω˻ǤꡤȤ櫓ҲŪװ "trigger" ǽ˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ롥Ϣơ#927. ޥζޤοء ([2011-11-10-1]) #1224. Ѹ졤ǥޡ졤եꥫ󥹸˶̤Ƥߤܿθ̡ ([2012-09-02-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ޥӤȤˤĤƤϡMillar (113) ϡdrift οʹԤ٤ϼŪ˼ޤͿƤ롥ʲ˾Ѥޤ򼨤ʤä˰Ϥޤ줿ϡŤʳǤθɽ魯ˡ

Drift in the Germanic Languages


οޤϡ#191. űѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹϸߤˤɤ줯餤ۤʤ뤫 ([2009-11-04-1]) Ǽ Lass ˤ륲ޥΡָŤ (archaism) οľ̤ηɽ路ΤȤǤ롥ξ硤drift οʹ٤ȸŪʡ֥󤵡פδطˤȤɤߤˤʤ롥
οޤǤϡEnglish Afrikaans ANALYTIC ζˤ˰֤Ƥ뤬 DRIFT λȤȤ̣櫓ǤϤʤѸǤ⡤DRIFT η³򴶤ѲϿʹǤ롥

Millar, Robert McColl. English Historical Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-05-02-1] [2020-05-01-1]

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2013-08-25 Sun

#1581. Optimality Theory Ρϡ [ot][gvs][language_change][causation][methodology]

#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ ([2013-03-01-1]) ǡ첻 (gvs) Ŭ (OT) ˤäƤ˵ҤǤ뤫⤷ǤλΰݤϡOT 첻ܤɤΤ褦ˤƵäΤȤ򵭽Ҥ뤳ȤդʤäȤͿƤʤȤΤä#1577. ѲηŪȵǽŪ ([2013-08-21-1]) Ǹ褦ˡOT Τ褦ʷŪʥץϡǤϤʤҤ褯ΤؤλʤΤǤϤʤ
OT ǤϸѲ "reranking of constraints" ȤȤ館뤬 reranking ѲθʤΤ̤ʤΤȤߤ OT why Ǥꡤ̤Ȥߤ how 򵭽ҤǤ롥ƱոMcMahon (93) ϸԤȤߤƤ롥

It would seem . . . that reranking is descriptive at best, fortuitous at worst, and post hoc either way, so long as the constraint set is in principle unrestricted, and the reranking itself depends on external factors, whether phonetic, functional, or sociolinguistic.


OT ʤ˸¤餺ŪˤμԤϡ餬ԤʤäƤ뤳ȤϸǤϤʤҤǤȤǧɬפǤȤλŦ (McMahon 94--95) ˤƱդƶޤäͿƤʤȤȤĥĤϤʤŤ˰Сषդ

. . . explanation of change, in its truest sense, may be beyond OT, and indeed any other formal linguistic theory. The cause of the model is not served if its practitioners continue, nonetheless, to claim that they are providing explanations. Lass notes that we tend

to talk about 'explanations' when we mean 'models' or 'metaphors', and to claim that we have shown 'why X happened' when what we have really done is linked X up in a 'network' with Y, Z, etc., and thus created a more or less plausible and imaginatively pleasing picture of 'how' (ceteris paribus) X could happen'. This is all really relatively harmless . . .; at least it is if we can bring ourselves to see clearly what we actually do, and avoid terminological subterfuge and defensive pretence. (1980 [On Explaining Language Change]: 157--8)


ѲθˤϡȲҤȤξɬפǤ롥͡ˡȤ߹碌ʤ¤ѲϸǤʤʾ塤ѶŪˡƿŤѤƤ椯ȤοΤ褦˻פ

McMahon, April. "Optimality Theory and the Great Vowel Shift." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 82--96.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-08-20-1] [2020-01-10-1]

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2013-03-19 Tue

#1422. 첻ܤϤ錄2첻ä [gvs][phonetics][vowel][diphthong][uniformitarian_principle]

(Great Vowel Shift; see [2009-11-18-1]) ϤȤѸΤĤ첻ܤ˶̤뷹롥tense Ĺ첻첻շγ¦˰֤Τ "outer ring / peripheral vowels" ȤƤФˤϾ徺lax Ĺ첻¦ʤΤ "inner ring / non-peripheral vowels ȤƤФˤϲߤȤΤ Labov (1994: 234) ŦƤ뷹蹥 Stockwell and Minkova Ϥ˿øΩƤ
Stockwell and Minkova ˤС첻ܤǷŪʤΤϡLabov Τ褦Ĺ첻 tense vs lax, inner ring vs outer ring, peripheral vs non-peripheral ȤΩǤϤʤ2첻 in-gliding (centering) vs out-gliding ȤΩǤ롥ǡin-gliding (centering) 2첻Ȥϡ2Ǥ첻ŵŪ [ə]ˤȤʤ [ɪə ɛə æə ʊə ɔə ɑə] Τ褦ʤΤؤout-gliding 2첻Ȥϡ2Ǥ첻ŵŪ [i u]ˤȤʤ [ey ay ɔy] Τ褦ʤΤؤStockwell and Minkova ϡѸνѼǸ߿ʹΤĤ첻 (the New York City Shift, the Northern American Cities Shift, the Popular London and Cockney Shift, the Southern States Shift) Ĵin-gliding 2첻Ͼ徺out-gliding 2첻ϲߤ뷹ȷ (97)

In order for an analysis of a historical English shift to be supported by the evidence of modern English chain shifts, it appears, from the above Modern English dialect evidence and the on-going shifts, that:

a. nuclei which move upward have centering glides, and
b. nuclei which move downward have homorganic out-glides, front with front vowels and back with back vowels.


դΤϡLabov Ĺ첻οܤˤĤƸäƤΤФơStockwell and Minkova 2첻οܤˤĤƸäƤ뤳ȤǤ롥15ʹߡ󥰥ɤǤͭ̾첻ܤεפФС̾ϤȤʤ벻ȤƤĹ첻ȤƤ롥Stockwell and Minkova ϡUniformitarian Principle ưˤ礤˽Фʤ顤߿ʹ2첻ܤη˴դߡ첻ܤϤĹ첻ǤϤʤ2첻äΤǤϤʤȡä褦 revisionist Ƥ򡤤ꤲˡꤲʤǤƤΤǤ롥"no one has proved that the shifting nuclei were long pure vowels, and indeed the very fact of their shifting suggests that they were not" (97).
⤷錄2첻ˤΤ褦ʷˤΤȤСϤʤʤΤMinkova and Stockwell (98--99) ϡ"perceptual optimization" ȤưŤƤ (98--99)

Assuming that the ultimate target of a centering diphthong is a point maximally distanced from the out-glide end-points, i.e. the -y and -w of the peripheral diphthongs, namely some kind of low central [a] or [ɑ], we can argue that the reason that in-gliding diphthongs raise the first element is perceptual optimization: [æə] is worse than [ɛə] which is worse than [ɪə]. In the back, [ɒə] is worse than [ɔə] which is worse than [ɔ̝ə] which is worse than [ʊə]. Put another way, Labov has the motivations for chain-shifting in English (and indeed throughout Germanic) backwards: it is not that peripheral vowels rise, because there is no phonetic motivation for that claim to be true; rather, it is that the elements of in-gliding diphthongs distance themselves from each other for optimal perception, which raises the first element.


ϡ#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ ([2013-03-01-1]) ˤơƱԤȤƾҲ𤷤 "(1) Nucleus-glide dissimilation"

Labov, William. Principles of Linguistic Change: Internal Factors. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994.
Stockwell, Robert and Donka Minkova. "Explanations of Sound Change: Contradictions between Dialect Data and Theories of Chain Shifting." Leeds Studies in English ns 30 (1999): 83--102.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-07-29-1]

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2013-03-02 Sat

#1405. ̤ [gvs][scottish_english][scots][weakly_tied][social_network][sociolinguistics][phonetics][functionalism][hypercorrection]

ε#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ ([2013-03-01-1]) ǵפ֤ Great Vowel Shift 夲̤δؿ GVS ˤĤƺƹͤ褦 Smith (Chapter 6) ɤľGVS äƤϡ줬͡ˤ줷ѲǤϤʤ⤷ʤȤǽǰƬ֤ƤȤɬפȲǧˤĤƤϡ#495. Ǥʤ첻ܡ ([2010-09-04-1]) ǵƻפ٤̤첻ܤˤĤƿƤ
Ѹˤˤơ첻ܡפ̾ΤƤΤϡɥ濴Ȥ륤󥰥ǵäɸѸˤη̤ȿǤƤ롤ϢĹ첻ѲǤ롥֥ƥγǡ褽Ӥˤ褽Ӥ褦Ĺ첻ѲäƤ롥ǤŪ褯ΤƤΤåȥɤǵä첻ܤǤ롥ǤĹ첻Τߤ˾夲2첻졤б첻ǤϲѲƤʤäơout ϥåȥǤ [uːt] ΤޤޤǤ롥ʹߡ󥰥첻ܤ "Southern Shift"åȥ첻ܤ "Northern Shift" ȸƤǶ̤ʲ޻ȡˡ

The Southern Shift
The Northern Shift

Southern Shift Northern Shift ϡѲ첻ηϤ㤷ƤΤǤ뤫顤̤ۤʤäƤ첻ܤСξܤȤ̤纹ϤʤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥ǤϡȸˤĤƤϤɤξܤδ֤ˡϢŪѲʹԤ丶ˤĤơ餫Ŧ뤳ȤϤǤΤꤷʤͳϤĤ⤢롥Smith (153) ϡƤΤ "mechanical developments consequent on change elsewhere in the system" ȤޤΤߤǤꡤ"no reference to southern 'influence' is needed to account for the development in the north, and the similarity between Northern and Southern Shifts seems essentially coincidental" ȡξܤδϢڤΤƤ롥

[I]s the Great Vowel Shift (singular) a unitary phenomenon? It would seem that the triggering and implementation of the Shift differed in different parts of the country. It was not some sudden, massive movement but rather a series of very small, individual choices which interacted diachronically, diatopically and sociolinguistically, resulting in at least two distinct sets of phonological realignments. The term Great Vowel Shift remains a useful label but, as has been pointed out by, among others, Roger Lass (1988: 396), only in the same way as 'Industrial Revolution' is a helpful shorthand method of referring to how a series of minor technological advances ultimately brought about a major cultural change. (153)


Smith ϡƿܤθˤĤƤϢȤϤʤȤ̤ȼŸƤ롥phonological space γǰѤ첻ηΰϤ˴ؤͻꤦ첻ηϤ෿Ūͻͥåȥ˴Ťּ夤嫤ǷФ줿 ("weakly tied") ƱΤ޲ȤʤäҲŪ accommodation hyperadaptation εʤɡˡʻ̤οܤڤäƤ椯
Smith ϡηϤ򤪤˹θƤʤɤɾеǽŪǤ뤳ȤϳΤŪˤϥХХΰȹͤƤ褤

Smith, Jeremy J. Sound Change and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-01-19-1] [2018-07-29-1]

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2013-03-01 Fri

#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ [gvs][vowel][ot][phonology][phonetics][diphthong][merger][language_change]

ؤʬˤơ1990ǯ Optimality Theory ʺŬˤоȯŸλȸƤ٤뤫⤷ʤ1993ǯ Prince and Smolensky ˤƤȯɽư衤ܤӤƤä˲䱤ΧʬǤαѤʤǤꡤ̻ؤΩ줫Ѳ븶ȤƴԤ󤻤Ƥ롥OT ϡʸˡդ줿ʣˤäƵҤǤȹͤ롥طФƳƼ󤬥󥯽ŬѤ졤̤ȤɽطϤ뤳ȤꤷƤ롥
OT δϡѲ뤤ʸˡѲȤΥդؤ (reranking of constraints) Ǥȸ뤳ȤǤĤθǤϱѸˤˤפʲѲǤ (Great Vowel Shift; see [2009-11-18-1]) ؤѤƤ롥McMahon GVS ؤαѸ󤷤ƤΤǡ򸫤Ƥߤ褦ʲǤϡMcMahon ȤƤŵνϾά롥
ǯŪΩ줫顤GVS ϽΤ褦ŪѲǤϤʤ̤ѲޤȤ߹蘆äΤˤʤȤФƤƤ[2010-09-04-1]ε#495. Ǥʤ첻ܡפ򻲾ȡˡ䤬Ƥ֤ȤΥХХǤ롥ΥХХ򾧤˯ Stockwell and Minkova Ǥꡤ GVS Ȥ٥뼫Τݱʤ˴Ƥޤ٥ǤɾƤ롥Minkova ʤɤϡΥ٥ϱѸˤѸȤƤǤϤʤػˤѸȤƤդ路ȡ긷 GVS ɽ魯ġβѲλ¤ΤΤΤȤʤ餬ǧƤꡤǽѲϹ첻2첻ǤȹͤƤǤϡJespersen ʤɤθȰפ롥
Lass GVS Ȥ٥ΰյΤȤǧƤ롥GVS γˤĤƤϡ첻ι첻ϤޤäȤ Luick Dobson θƤƤꡤ첻շξȾʬ˴ؤϢѲˤĤƤϹ¤ŪߤδͿꤷƤ롥СȾʬˤĤƤΤߥХХѤƤȤȤˤʤ롥
McMahon ϡΤ褦طʤˡMiglio (1998) Miglio and Moré ˤ OT Ѥ GVS ʬϤ⤹롥ŪŦ塤McMahon Ǥ褯 OT ζߤƤɾ Minkova and Stockwell ʬϤҲ𤹤롥Minkova and Stockwell ϡѸĹ첻ο񤤤Ť4Ĥװ󤲡줾 OT ˤ˳Ƥ

(a) HEAR CLEAR: Diphthong optimization in perceptual terms
(b) *EFFORT: Diphthong optimization in articulatory terms
(c) MINIMAL DISTANCE: Optimal spacing of adjacent entities --- merger avoidance
(d) IDENT IO (CONTRAST): Vowel mergers and input-output faithfulness

(a) (b) ϲ˴ؤǡԤ2첻ٻԤĹ첻ٻȤȿġ(c) (d) ϲηϤ˴ؤǡԤϲǤͻ򤱤ءԤϲΩݻغѤ롥ʤMinkova and Stockwell ϲˤȤŤ (a) (b) ΤߤѲΰ⡤ѲȤѤǤȹͤƤ롥ϡOT δܤ˲ΤΤȤܼ˴ؤȴϢ롥
Minkova and Stockwell ϡ4ΰۤʤ֤ǤȤ߹碌ˤꡤ4Ĥΰۤʤ벻Ȥ롥

(1) Nucleus-glide dissimilation: IDENT IO (CONTRAST) >> HEAR CLEAR >> MINIMAL DISTANCE >> *EFFORT
(2) Nucleus-glide assimilation: IDENT IO (CONTRAST) >> *EFFORT >> MINIMAL DISTANCE >> HEAR CLEAR
(3) Chain Shift: IDENT IO (CONTRAST), MINIMAL DISTANCE >> HEAR CLEAR, *EFFORT
(4) Merger: *EFFORT >> IDENT IO (CONTRAST), MINIMAL DISTANCE >> HEAR CLEAR

GVS (3) 1Ǥ롥Ѹˤˤ͡ʲѲäƤ뤬OT ˤСƻΰۤʤȤ߹碌ȽˤȤȤˤʤ롥OT ˤ GVS β餫ˤ줿Τ褯狼ʤȤΤľʤȤǤ롥GVS ˤĤƿ1ĤεˡääȤʾˡΤ

Prince, Alan and Paul Smolensky. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Ms, Rutgers U and U of Colorado at Boulder, 1993.
McMahon, April. "Change for the Better? Optimality Theory versus History." Chapter 1 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 4--23.

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2013-02-27 Wed

#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ [drift][causation][language_change][vowel][diphthong][consonant][degemination][phoneme][phonetics][gvs][meosl][functionalism][isochrony][functional_load][homorganic_lengthening]

#1231. drift ѲѤΰѤ4 ([2012-09-09-1]) εǡRitt ʸ˿줿ʸǤɸ˷Ǥ꤬ͻ뤬ɮԤ٤ϤƹŪǵǽŪǤ롥
Ritt ϡѸ Homorganic Lengthening, Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL), Great Vowel Shift ϤȤĹ첻2첻ޤϢưƤ첻̤Ωβʤɡ첻ˤޤĤѲ첻ζ (strengthening of vowels) Ȱ礷ФơҲ̤ΩβáҲ첻ҲξüʤɤμλҲˤޤĤѲֻҲμ岽 (weakening of consonants) Ȱ礷ľǯˤ錄Ѹ첻ˤ첻ζȻҲμ岽ħŤȤʤ顤طʤˤ븶Ū褦ȻߤΤ褦ŪĬήϤФ drift ήˤȤƸڤ졤˸ؤˤƤθưϤϺ1ĤȤʤäƤ뤬Ritt ϰճʤȤ˲򸫤Ȥ롥ϡѸĹդƤ "rhythmic isochrony" "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" (224) Ǥ롥
ΤƤ褦ˡѸˤ "rhythmic isochrony" 롥褽ȼ夤Ȥߤ˸뱤 (foot stress) γơ褽ƱĹäȯȤˤꡤ¿β᤬ޤޤ뱤ӤǤϳƲ᤯ûȯ졤դ˲ʤӤǤϳƲϤäĹȯ롥ˡѸˤ "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" Ȥ֤֤˴ؤ붯¤ꡤϼۤΤ˼ĥɬפ롥ơ2Ĥθ§ˤꡤ֤ƱǤǤŪʰ֤ˤäĹѤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤĹûΩ˵ǽȤϸ¤ʤ֤Ȥʤ롥ä˱ѸλҲǤǤĹûΩεǽô (functional load) ϤȤ礭ʤäΤǡΩϽѸ˾üʻҲμ岽ˡ첻ǤǤĹûΩϵǽô̤礭ä˾ü뤳ȤϤʤषΩݻ礹ؤȿʲû첻Ĺ첻κΤˤ뤿ˡԤд˲Ԥĥ˸Ԥ2첻ȯãơԤȤν̤ޤä2Ĥθ§ȡüȯ첻ζפϡߤ˻٤礤ǤʥѥȤʤäƤä줬ɸФ Ritt εǽŪʲǤ롥
ѤˤĤޤޤ줿褦ʴ롥¿ε䤬⤫Ǥ롥⤽ѸǤϤʤ rhythmic isochrony ۤɤޤǤ˶ǤʤΤ¾θˤ롤뤤ۤ drift ӤȤˡƱ褦ѤΤǤεǽô̤ŪǤϤʤ¾Ū˷פˡϤΤ٥ŽƤ褦첻Ѳ̤λǤϤʤˤˡˤΤϤʤ
Ritt εϤष¿䤤Ƥ֤褦˻פ뤬οΰյϡ˿줿褦ˡdrift Ū褦ȤȤˤΤȻפϤ礤ŪˤʤΤεǡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. "How to Weaken one's Consonants, Strengthen one's Vowels and Remain English at the Same Time." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 213--31.

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2013-01-01 Tue

#1345. read -- read -- read γ [verb][conjugation][phonetics][spelling][gvs][homonymic_clash][degemination][sobokunagimon]

ޤƤǤȤޤ̦ǯǤǯ hellog ꤤޤ
ǯǽεϡ󤻤줿μˤĤơread βȯʤ /rɛd/ ʤΤѸˤδɤΤ
ɸѸ read γѤϡֻѤȯǤ /riːd/ -- /rɛd/ -- /rɛd/ Ȥʤ롥ΤˡδԵ§ζˤߤΤ褦˸롥ŪˤߤС§Ūȸڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤΡȤäԵ§ζˤߤȤʤȯ˴ؤƤ㤬뤷ֻˤĤƤ⤢٤Ϳ롥
ȯֻ̡˹ͤƤޤϡȯ顥ư read θűѸ West-Saxon ˤ rǣdan Ǥꡤ촴ˤĹ첻ޤޤƤAnglian Kentish Ǥϡ첻 ē ɽ蘆⤤֤첻äˤűѸˤĹ첻ޤޤƤȤפǤ롥ơưϥޥĸʳǤ϶ѲVII°ƤűѸޤǤˤϼѲƤꡤWest-Saxon Ǥϲ rǣddeʬ gerǣd(e)d ڤƤ롥ǡ촴 d d ȤʣƤ뤳ȤݥȤǤ롥ȤΤϡѸˤơνŻҲľĹ첻ûȤѲǤ³æŻҲˡơѸǤϡ촴첻β /æ/, /ɛ/, /a/ ʤ첻δ֤ɤƤ줪Ӹ߷θ촴ǤĹ첻Ӳʬθ촴Ǥû첻Ȥʬۤ줿Ĺ첻ϸϤȤʤꡤɸѸ /iː/ ؤϢʤꡤû첻 /ɛ/ ؤϢʤä
첻бֻϤɤΤ褦ȯŸƤѸ˸줿 <ea> ֻϡȸ߷θ촴첻 /ɛː/ бƤȹͤ롥û첻Ȳʬθ촴첻ɽ魯֤ȤƤ <e> դ꤬Ǥդ路äΤ<red> Ǥϡ֡פɽ魯Ʊ֤۵ȾͤƤޤ줬ä餫̲뤳ȤϤʤä "homographic clash" ȤǤƤ֤٤ϡOED "read, v." θ츻ͿƤΤǤ롥

The present-day spelling of the past tense and past participle forms is analogous to the present tense; the spelling red for past tense and past participle is found only in isolated instances in the modern period and was perhaps avoided because it coincided with the standard spelling of RED adj.


"homographic clash" 1ĤβǽȤƤϹθ̤ͤƻ褦㤬Τޤ/ɛ/ = <ea> бΤΤ bread, dead, head, lead (n.), spread, stead, thread ʤɤ˸졤ɬ⵩ǤϤʤ
˽Ҥ٤Ƥ OED εҤ绨ĤˤޤȤ᤿ΤɸѸȯֻδط夯ޤǤˡʤ餫ˤ뤳ȡˤʣǤ롥MED ΰ֤ΰͤС䤳Ǥ
ʤlead (v.) read Ʊͤˤ򤿤ɤäֻȯ̩ܤʴطݤ³ɸѸǤ lead -- led -- led ؤ夤Ƥ롥ޤѸǤ eat spread ⸽߷Ĺ첻û첻ä (Dobson 503) ΤǡλޤǤȯȯã read ʿԤäȤˤʤ롥

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.

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2012-11-14 Wed

#1297. does, done [phonetics][gvs][vowel][pronunciation][map][dialect][centralisation][trish][centralisation]

do /duː/ α߿Ĺ첻Фơdoes /dʌz/, done /dʌn/ ߿û첻򼨤ΤϤʤ
do Ȥζ޷ѸǤϤĹ첻 /oː/ äƤȹͤ뤬줬첻ܤˤ /uː/ ؤѲdo ǤϤĹ첻ݤ줿޸ΤĤ does, doest, doth, done Ǥû/uː/ ȤȤ /u/ Ԥʤûȯ/u/ > [ʌ] Ѳ岽ˤ˹ήߤ /dʌz, dʌst, dʌθ, dʌn/ Ϥ줿 do СŪʲѲήϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) Ǽ夲 blood, flood ƱȤȤˤʤ롥ۤˤϡOE mōste > PDE must, OE ōþer > PDE other, OE mōdor > PDE mother, OE brōþor > PDE brother, OE mōnandæg > PDE Monday ʤɤ첻ѲƱͤǤ롥nothing, none 첻ꡥ
岽17Ȥ롥Jespersen ˤ뵭ҤѤ褦

The change /u/ > [ʌ], by which /u/ was perhaps first unrounded into the high-back-wide vowel and then lowered, must have taken place in the 17th c. (11.61)

The change /u/ > [ʌ] affects . . . all short /u/s existing in the 17th c. . . . (11.64)


岽βˤĤƤϡJespersen μĥʿ԰ưľưǤϤʤľưʿ԰ưäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢p. 300ˡ
岽 The Wash ¦ʥ󥰥ˤǤǤϸߤǤŪȯȤ /ʊ/ ʹ, p. 299) ʲ Chambers and Trudgill (128) θѸϿޤǤ褦some ˤ߿첻 [ʊ] ¤ǼƤ롥ʤ chaff ˤû첻 [a] ¤򼨤

Chambers and Trudgill's Map of Centralisation of /u/

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Chambers, J. K. and Peter Trudgill. Dialectology. Cambridge: CUP, 1980.

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2012-11-06 Tue

#1289. magic <e> [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][phonetics][orthography][meosl][gvs][silent_letter][final_e][diacritical_mark]

ѸˤμȤʤɤ (Great Vowel Shift) 򰷤ȡΤ褦ʼ䤬󤻤뤳Ȥ롥name lake ʤɤ <a> 첻ܤˤ /eɪ/ ȤʤäȤʬä <e> ȯʤΤϤʤ
ϡ "magic <e>" ȸƤФˡľ뤹롥"magic <e>" ˤĤƤϡ#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) (4) Ǽ夲ǤŵŪˤ <첻ܻҲe> ֻϢ³ˤƺǽ첻Ĺ첻פȯ졤<e> ΤΤ̵ȤʤȤ§Ǥ롥㤨Сtake, mete, side, rose, cube ˤƤ줾1첻ϡ/æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, /ʌ/ Τ褦ʡû첻פǤϤʤ/eɪ/, /iː/, /aɪ/, /oʊ/, /juː/ Τ褦ʡĹ첻פȯ롥
嵭 "magic <e>" ħϡ첻βĹΰ㤤ɸΤˡλҲۤȤˤ <e> ̵ͭʤ <e> Τ̵ˤȤ츫ԼʼʤѤƤˤ롥̾ȯۤǤС첻ΤΤѲꡤȯʹ (diacritical mark) դꤹΤʥե󥹸ΥɥĸΥ饦ȤʤɤˡʤѸǤϡۻ <e> ˤפȤŪʡ꤯ɤ첻򼨤褦ˤʤäƤΤ
¤ϡֻ§ϡǽ餫餳Τ褦˲꤯ɤä櫓ǤϤʤȤȤϤҤͤʤɤʤäΤǤꡤ<e> ۻǤϤʤȤۣ첻 /ə/ ǤϤä첻ȤƤβݻƤΤǤ롥䤤ŪˤϡʤȤűѸˤޤ̤ʤФʤʤ#1284. û첻ܻҲξˤϻҲŤͤ -ing ղäȤֻ§ ([2012-11-01-1]) ƱͤˡϴñǤϤʤʲάߤ褦
űѸǤϸ˸첻Ϥ줾촰ʲݤäƤꡤб첻ɽƤѸˤơ첻ϼۣ첻 /ə/ ؤȿʿƤäοʿ첻бʸȤƤϡ <e> ѤƤοʿ˰³ʿ첻æȤѲ /ə/ ˾äƤäֻȤƤϸ <e> ݤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
ơ /ə/ ̵ͭϲŪˤϺ٤ʤȤΤ褦˻פ뤬ṽ¤δǤ롥Ȥơ"name" ɽ魯űѸ nama /nama/ "take" ɽ魯ư niman 1 nam /nam/ ͤ褦ξԤΰ㤤ϸ첻̵ͭΤߤǤϤ뤬βȯãͤȡ줬ŷϤۤɤΰ㤤߽Фnama ϸ첻ʿʳޤǤϡ2αޤäƤꡤ촴ɽ魯1 na 첻ǽ볫Ǥ롥Ȥ첻æȡθ1ȤʤꡤҲ m ǽIJȤʤ롥nam Ϥδ椺äIJ1ΤޤޤǤ롥ΤޤޤǤϡξϲŪͻ礷ƤޤΤ褦ºݤˤϤʤʤäȤΤ⡤ӡѸˤ Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL) ȤѲƤǤ롥ˤäƤʹԤζ礬ۤʤäƤŪˤäơβѲˤ곫첻Ĺ
嵭νѸʹߤΰϢβѲˤꡤűѸ nama /nama/ ϼΤ褦ȯã뤲ޤ첻οʿˤ /namə/ ؤѲˡMEOSL ˤ /naːmə/ ءƸ첻æˤ /naːm/ ؤѲߤδϢˤĤƤϽ⤢ˡơ줬θ˳Ϥ첻ܤϤȤʤꡤѸ /nɛːm/ ƸѸ /neɪm/ Ϥ뤳ȤȤʤä
ʾޤȤСѸ <e> 첻űѸˤ¸ߤ餳Ѹ MEOSL ѤƸ촴첻ĹΤǤꡤĹ餳첻ܤؤǤΤǤ롥̤θ򤹤СѸֻǸ <e> ȤȤϡҲޤäȤˤ첻첻ܤФȤڵʤΤǤ롥"magic <e>" ϡβ꤯ɤϤ뤬Ĺˤδ֤ʣƤֻȯδط򶦻ŪˡȤƸˡȤ

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2012-08-07 Tue

#1198. ic I [phonetics][personal_pronoun][gvs][compensatory_lengthening]

űѸ1;ñ̾ ic ϡɤΤ褦ʷаޤǸѸ I ؤȯŸΤʽŪȤƤϡѸǸҲ /ʧ/ æĤä첻Ĺ첻줬Ѹ첻ܤФ /aɪ/ ȤʤäȤ롥ŪˤϤǤ褤ʤҲæΤʤ첻ĹΤȤϻĤ롥üȤȼĹ (compensatory_lengthening) Ȥǽ⤫֤⤷ʤ;̾ŵŪˤߤ붯ȼθؤȤƹͤΤ褵
ǽ̤ˤ뤳Ȥ;̾ˤ϶ȼζ̤ȯã䤹㤨СɸѸˤ;̾ζΩȤơ them Ф 'hem ʤξԤľŪʸ츻طˤϤʤˡƱ you Ф ye ʤɤ󤲤롥ɸܤܤС;̾ˤʤƻؼ̾Ǥ˶ΩϤ餳˸뤷Ūˤ¿ǧ (Yokota 9--11) ե󥹸1;ñ̾ me ФơĴ moi ̤ѤΤݤ
η˾Ȥ餻Сic I ȯãϡҲæȡ³ĹǤŤϡҲæˤȤƵǽƤ /i/ 顤Ĺˤäƶ줿 /iː/ ȯã줬ɸಽŤۤϤΤǤϤʤҲ /ʧ/ æϡ¤櫓ǤϤʤŪʲѲ̾ΤȤŤ褦Ȥ뤳ȤϤǤʤषǽζξΩȤۤϤ롥
Yokota (8) ϡBrook 򻲾Ȥʤ鼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

As we know, variation of stress has greatly influenced the development of pronouns. Strongly-stressed and lightly-stressed forms coexist for a time with only one form eventually becoming generally accepted by the majority of people. This general acceptance, however, does not lead to permanent fixation. Minor forms can at anytime gain popularity, a process that is repeated in history. For instance, the regular ME development of the OE first person singular ic was ich. Along with this strongly stressed ich, all dialects of ME has the lightly stressed i /i/ (later written I). When ich disappeared, i started to be used in all positions, developing a strong-stressed pronunciation /i:/ for the stressed positions. From this lengthened /i:/, through the Great Vowel Shift, the present-day pronunciation /ai/ was created (Brook 1965: 104).


Yokota, Yumi. "Some Thoughts on the Origin of They, Them and Their."س쳰ʸ١ʹδس쳰ʸԡˡ205--13ǡ

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2012-06-27 Wed

#1157. Welsh ˤߤ벻Ѳ˭٤ [phonetics][causation][i-mutation][suffix][germanic][dialect][grimms_law][gvs][compensatory_lengthening]

Ȥʤɤǡˡ§ (Grimm's Law; [2009-08-08-1]) (Great Vowel Shift; [2009-11-18-1]) ʤɤηŪʤȤߤ˲Ѳ⤹ȡʤΤ褦ѲΤȤѤʵ䤬¿󤻤롥ѲθˤĤƤϽȤΰոΩƤꡤϤäꤷȤϸʤΤǤ롥ѸǤܸǤ⡤¾ΤǤ⡤üԤεդ̤ȤDzѲϸߤäȿʹǤ롥ޥˤѸˤ˸¤äƤ⡤¿βѲŪ뤤ʸŪǧƤꡤˡ§첻ܤϡȤ櫓̾ǤϤ뤬¿Τ2Ĥˤʤäơˡ§ˤĤƤΡ֤ʤפ䤦ΤǤСƱ褦̵βѲΡ֤ʤפʤФʤʤʤ롥ѲθϤȤƤ⡤ѲŪǤꡤ˭٤Ǥ뤫ȤȤϵαƤɬפ롥
㤨СѸ Welsh ȯ򡤥ޥĸκƷŪˤʣβѲȤʤФʤʤФ꤫ޥĸ줫űѸ West-Saxon ɸǤ Wīelisc ˤɤ夯ޤǤˤ⡤5ĤβѲͿƤΤǤ (Hamer 34--35) ޥĸȤƤϡ캬 *walh ˷ƻ *-isk ղä *walhisk ƷƤбѸ -ish ˤĤƤϡ[2009-09-07-1]ε#133. ƻĤ -ish γηϩפ򻲾ȡˡ

Proto-Germanic *walhisk to West-Saxon wielsc

οޤǤ "raising", "breaking", "sk > sc", "i-mutation", "loss of h and compensatory lengthening" 줾βѲդ줿̾ΤǤ롥ˡ§ʤɤĤ̾դƤʤ줾줬Ωɤ1ĤβѲǤ롥
äϤǽʤűѸ West-Saxon ɸ Wīelisc ˤɤ夤θѸʹߤˤʤäߤɸ Welsh ϢʤΤϡ West-Saxon ǤϤʤAnglian Kentish Ǥ롥űѸ Anglia Ǥϡbreaking 餺ष1첻 æ a ز󵢤줬 i-mutation ˤƤ æ ؾ夬ꡤѸǤϤȯŸ e, a ʤɤΰ۷Ω16ʹߤϡe 첻ǸǤޤꡤߤ Welsh ŪʸȤ夷
2첻 i ξüˤĤƤϡűѸ˻Ϥޤä餷i ̵ͭɤѸˤ㤷ä褦MED Welsh (adj.) 򻲾ȡˡʤFrench Ƭ -ish 첻ξά줿֤Ƥ[2009-10-09-1]ε#165. ̱²ƻ i-mutationפ򻲾ȡˡޤ̾ Wallace, Wallis Welsh Ū۷Ǥ롥
Τ褦ˡΤˤȯŪˤϡ¿βѲפɤȤɬפȤʤ롥ȤơѸ father ĸɤΤ褦˲ŪȯŸƤ򼨤[2010-08-20-1]ε#480. father ͥˡ§פ⻲ȡ

Hamer, R. F. S. Old English Sound Changes for Beginners. Oxford: Blackwell, 1967.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-02-14-1] [2013-08-12-1]

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2011-06-11 Sat

#775. 첻ܤϡȯֻЪΥκθ [gvs][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

ѸȯֻбطŪ11礭æƤ¤ˤĤƤϡspelling_pronunciation_gap νˤƤξŪطʤˤĤƤ[2009-06-28-2]ε֤ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯ΤפǽҤ٤Ȥ櫓 ( Great Vowel Shift; see [2009-11-18-1] ) ֻȯ԰פ⤿餷θǤȡ¿αѸ˳ǼĥƤ롥
μĥοΰ̣򤹤ˤϡ⤦ͤʤФʤʤȤΤϡ㤨 name ȯ /nɑːm/ /neɪm/ GVS ľܤνϤ /nɛːm/ ˤѲȤȼΤȯֻЪΥ߽ФȤϹͤʤ[2009-11-19-1], [2009-11-20-1], [2011-05-13-1]εʤɤǸ褦 GVS ˤ㳰ϤΤΡ§ȤƶΤĹ첻ФưΧƯǤȤСȯֻδطѲΧäϤǤ롥<a> /ɑː/ ؤб򼺤ä /eɪ/ ؤб櫓ǤꡤϰӤƤ<a> = /eɪ/ οطӤƼƤʾ塤ä԰פϤʤȤǤ롥GVS ȯֻЪΥ⤿餷θȤߤʤƤ褤Τ
Ǥ٤礫ɤ̤ȤơǤȹͤͳϤ롥ˡGVS Ĺ첻Τߤ˺ѤȤפɬפ롥û첻ɽ魯 <a> ֻ /a/ ʸˤ /æ/ ˤβбޤޤäѸνηϤľܤ첻ĹûɸΤǤϤʤΰ̣ǤϸűѸ <a> 1ʸʤȤĹû첻2бƤ櫓ǡǤۤ11δطƤŪˤ첻ĹûۤɤκǤСЪΥפȸƤ֤ۤɤοȤϤʤʤ줬Ĺ첻Τߤ˺Ѥ GVS ˤꡤѸǤ <a> û첻ȤƤ /æ/ ˡĹ첻ȤƤ /eɪ/ б뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäϤñʲĹûǤϤʤ<a> Ȥ1ʸΰۤʤ2б뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ롥ΰ̣ǡGVS ϳΤˡָפȸƤ٤
ˡGVS ˤ <a> 첻Ȥ /eɪ/ б褦ˤʤȡ̤ /eɪ/ бֻʤȤ߹碌ˤȤδ֤νʣ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥aim say ʤɤ <ai> <ay> ϸѸǤŵŪ /eɪ/ ؤбֻ <a> ⻲ƤȤʤȡۤ11ɤǤϤʤǤ⡤GVS Ǥΰüǧ롥
GVS ȯֻЪΥθǤȤĥϷ̤ȤƤϼ뤬ľŪʸȤϡǵ褦ˤŪʸȤ٤

Referrer (Inside): [2016-03-24-1] [2015-12-30-1]

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2011-05-13 Fri

#746. Amen ȯü [royal_wedding][pronunciation][gvs]

ε[2011-05-12-1]ˡWilliam & Catherine marriage vows ΥץȤǺܤꥹȶε᤯Ȥ Amen ǤꡤǤⲿ٤ Amen ȾƤ뤬θȯˤĤ23Ȥ٤Ȥ롥

(1) Ѹˤ Amen ȯˤ2ब̤롥1Ĥ첻 /eɪˈmɛn/ ⤦1ĤĹ첻 /ɑːˈmɛn/ Ǥ롥Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ˤȡBrE ǤϡץƥȤδ֤ǤĹ첻̤ǡȥåδ֤󽡶ʾ ( ex. Amen Corner ) Ǥ첻ޤȤAmE ǤŪˤ첻̤ΤˤƤĹ첻ѤȤFowler's Modern English Usage ǤϰʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

I was brought up to pronounce the word /ˌɑːˈmen/ and was puzzled to hear others saying /ˌeɪˈmen/. Speakers are probably equally divided in the matter.


(2) 嵭Ĺ첻첻κϡ ([2009-11-18-1]) ŬѤ̵ͭ˵롥ȯĹ첻ä̾βȯãˤ첻ܤФ첻Ϥäºݤ첻ȯ첻ܤ򤹤ȴĹ첻ȯĤä첻ܤ򤹤ȴΤϡŤ褷Ȥ뽡Ūʸ̮λȤŪʸ̮ѤΤȤüʸ
(3) ŵϼǰ1첻ɡ첻ȯ뤳ȤȤ³2ҲɡʤΤĴͼƱ (assimilation) Ƥȹͤ롥ޤλ첻ɡ뤳Ȥ̾Ǥ롥Ǥ⡤Amen λȤüʴĶüȯ߽ФƤȹͤ롥

Amen θ츻ϡHebrew ΡֳΤʤˡˡ¡ʤˡˡפ̣ǡƱդɽ魯줢뤤ϴȤѤƤ줬Greek, Latin ꡤ˼ޤ줿ѸؤϤǤ˸űѸ˼ѤƤ뤬űѸǤ Amen Sōþlice "soothly, verily" Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿Amen.

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-06-11-1] [2011-05-20-1]

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2010-11-27 Sat

#579. aisle --- ʤֻȯ [etymology][gvs][spelling_pronunciation_gap][etymological_respelling][johnson][sobokunagimon]

Ե֤ϩ¦ʤΤȤ aisle seat ȤäĹΥԵǤ window seat ȥΩ䤹ʪߤ䤹ʤɤͳǡϤäѤ aisle seat ɤǤ롥ʤ aisle Ϥֻ̯ȯʤΤȤդȻפäĴ٤ƤߤȡʤʤˤФƤ褦OED εҤɤǤȡʣƺ𤹤ۤɤ
ȯ鸫Ƥߤ褦츻ϥƥ āla פ /aː/ 첻äƤťե󥹸Ǥ e(e)le 1ʾ夬ä첻򼨤η֤14˱ѸäƤ15ϡθΡ¦ϭסʶƲ濴ʬΥۤ줿¦ϭˤθ ile פϢۤ졤/iː/ βĤ˻롥줬첻ܤϤȤʤꡤߤȯ /aɪl/ ˤɤĤƥ /ā/ 鸽Ѹ /aɪ/ ޤ夬򹭤ưƤȤˤʤ롥ȤƤ[2010-07-25-1]ǿ줿 friar ʤɤ롥
ֻϤäʣǤ롥ƥ <ala>ťե󥹸 <e(e)la>Ѹ <ele>, <ile> ޤǤϾǸ18ˡ­ˡʸ˴Ť etymological respelling <s> Ƥ isle island ( see [2009-11-05-1], [2009-08-21-1] ) ˤʤ餤θ isle ֤褦ˤʤ롥³ƥե󥹸ȯãƤֻ <aile> ˤƶ졤ߤ <aisle> ߤֻϡisle aile ιλҤȤȤˤʤ롥
Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) aile ֻȼĥƤ뤬Ǥ˸ߤֻ̯夷ĤĤä褦Ǥ롥

Thus the word is written by Addison, but perhaps improperly; since it seems deducible only from either aile, a wing, or allie, a path; and is therefore to be written aile.

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