Ф줿⤷ǤռȤϤޤǤڥǤϸƬ <n> <m> ΰ㤤ǤȯϤ줾 /ˈneɪʧə/ /məˈʧʊə/ Ȥʤ礭ۤʤäƤޤŪʥڥǤʤȯۤʤȤȤϡξԤ11бƤ櫓ǤϤʤʣʴطͭƤ뤳ȤξںǤ
ξñϤ줾ƥ nātūra ܼˤ mātūrus ʻˤˤΤܤޤƥʳǤϡξñ˴ؤƥڥȯŪʴطˤꡤѸΤ褦ʰۤʤϤߤޤǤȤ餬ѸȤƱѸäƤˡ郎ޤ
ƥ nātūra ϡťե nature ФơѸ13Ⱦ natur(e) ȤƱѸäƤޤѸäƤϡťե /naːˈtyːr/ 2˶ȯƤޤȯͼѸ첽Ƥ뤳ȤˤʤޤȯαѸ첽Ȥϡ绨ĤˤС1֤褦ˤʤꡤ֤ʤʤä2벻岽ûؤޤˤ /naːˈtyːr/ /ˈnaːtyːr/ Ȥʤꡤ˶Ѹˤ첻 (gvs) ޤतĤβѲФƸ /ˈneɪʧə/ ˤޤȯŸΤǤ
ƥ mātūrus ϡ15ȾФľܱѸ mature ȤƼѤޤѸǤȯ /maːˈtyːr/ ˶ᤤΤäȻפޤȤñˤĤƤϡθ nature ǤϵäȯͼαѸ첽ʤ֤ưʤäΤǤη̡֤ʤ1ϼޤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤѸ /məˈʧʊə/ ȯ˻äΤǤ
Ĥޤꡤnature mature ʬϡѸ˼Ѥ줿ȯͼαѸ첽äʤääΤǤǤϡʤ nature ǤϱѸ첽ꡤmature ǤϵʤäΤǤ礦ϴñˤޤȤƤϡᤤ˼Ѥ줿ǤФۤɡߤޤǤ˱Ѹ첽Τ˽ʬʻ֤ݤƤꡤºݤ˱Ѹ첽Ƥǽ⤤ȤȤϤޤnature 13Ⱦmature 15ȾФμѤǤ顤λֺطƤǽϤޤޤѻѸ˶ŤжŤۤɡƥե줫μѸϡȯͼΤޤޤˤȤɤޤ뷹ȤΤƤޤ
ƥ졦եζ§ (Romance Stress Rule; rsr) ȱѸζ§ (Germanic Stress Rule; gsr) ȤϿδطǤꡤ餬Ѹˤƶ礷Ȥ˲뤫ȤˤĤƤϡ#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1]) #200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥϤ ([2009-11-13-1])
ѸˤϡŪ첻 (Great Vowel Shift; gvs) Ȥ̤ˡѸζŪʸݤȤƤ "Modern English Vowel Shift Rule (alterations)" ȤΤ롥ԤϡѸڥˤߤ벻ŪѰۤ˴ؤ붦Ūʵ§Ǥ롥Chomsky and Halle üȯθθ÷ǤⰷƤȥԥåȤСΤ褦ʥڥ첻˴ؤƸؤߤ롥various ? variety, comedy ? comedian, study ? studious, harmony ? harmonious; divine ? divinity, serene ? serenity, sane ? sanity, reduce ? reduction, fool ? folly, profound ? profundity (McMahon 342) .
McMahon ϡζŪʵ§Ŭ (Optimality Theory; ot) ʬϤԸŦʤ顤ƱϱΧ (prosody) ΤˤĹƤ뤬첻ؤΤ褦ʬ˴ؤˤŬѤˤΤǤϤʤƤ롥ξϡ̤ˤƱֲפˤȤϤºݤˤΩ⤤ΤǤϤʤȤMcMahon (357) ϡΩκʤ鼡Τ褦Ƥ롥
. . . we must recognise prosodic and melodic phonology as two different systems, and in fact there are many different strands of evidence pointing in that direction. For instance, prosodic phonology shows clearer connections with emotion, with gesture, and with aspects of call systems in other primates. Prosodic and segmental phonology behave very differently in cases of language disorder and breakdown, with some children who are seriously language-impaired finding considerable compensatory strength in prosody, for instance. Prosodic phonology is also acquired early, and there is evidence that the brain lateralisation of prosody and melody is different too, with more involvement of the right hemisphere in prosody, and strong left hemisphere localisation for segmentals. If prosody phonology and segmental phonology are actually two very different systems, which have evolved differently, are processed differently, are acquired differently, and interact with different systems (as with the paralinguistic uses of prosody, for instance), then there is no need for us to expect a single theory to deal with both.
θϡOT Ūʰ˴ؤˤȤɤޤ餺ؤˤ벻ΰ֤ŤˤĤƤƹͤ¥ΤȤʤ
Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row, 1968.
McMahon, April. "Who's Afraid of the Vowel Shift Rule?" Language Sciences (Issues in English Phonology) 29 (2007): 341--59.
#3552. 첻ܤ5Ĥ ([2019-01-17-1]) 첻 (gvs) ˤޤĤפۤˤϢ꤬ѤƤ롥ε#3553. 첻ܤγƲѲǯ ([2019-01-18-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡ첻շǤȤξȾʬ첻ʹ첻ˤѲŪᤤǯƤ뤬Ⱦʬ첻첻ˤǤϿǯ1ۤɤ٤Ƥ롥ΤȤϢŪʿܤꤹΤǤСĻ֤ƤΤϼ֤Τ礭ˤϡ1Ĥ礭ʿܤȤߤΤǤϤʤ2ġʰʾˤξʿܤΩȲ᤹ۤ褤ΤǤϤʤ1Ĥܤȼĥ뤿ˤΤɤΤ餤λ˼ޤäƤФ褤Τ50ǯۤɤʤOKǡ100ǯǤϥʤΤҴŪʴϤʤξȾʬȲȾʬϢ롦ʬΥ첻ܤξ岼פȸƤǤ
⤦1ġ첻ܤκפȸƤ٤꤬롥Ū첻ܤǤϡ¦첻첻ˤȱ¦첻ʸ첻ˤʿŪ˾夲2첻ФȤˤʤäƤꡤоϤʤȤƤ롥¦ѲɬŪ˱¦Ѳʤ뤤ϤεաˤȤȤä˲Ū˻ٻ櫓ǤϤʤؤˤʤʡ#1405. ̤첻 ([2013-03-02-1]) ȡˡǤʤȸʤСоȤƤ褤ȹͤ뺬ߤ뤤ŪĹ첻ξ夲ή (drift) ѸˡʤʤϸˡˤˤϤȤȤǤʤСϤꤽξڵߤ
Krug ϡ־岼פȡֺפȤɽϻȤ鷺Ȥξ˸ڤʤ顤첻ܤ͡ΩϡѲλ¤˴ؤ븫Ȥϡ˴ؤ븫ȸڤ롥Ω⡤켫ΤǤȤäƤȤ⤤ʤȤȤ
In terms of the classic musical chairs analogy, we might ask: how long may it take for a chair (or a gap in the system) to be filled to still qualify as one and the same game? For those theorists who allow a gap of up to 150 years . . . the whole series of changes . . . can be interpreted as forming a unitary Great vowel Shift --- even though . . . it would seem preferable to speak of one shift in the back and one in the front since the two are not interrelated. For those who require lockstep or a maximum time gap of 50 years, however, it will be two smaller shifts (affecting the upper half of the ME vowel inventory) followed by another small chain shift raising ME /aː/ and /ɛː/ in the first half of the 17th century plus an individual, but roughly contemporaneous change from ME /ɔː/ to [oː]. Both of these positions are legitimate and neither one is inherently superior from an analytic point of view.
Krug, Manfred. "The Great Vowel Shift." Chapter 14 of The History of English. 4th vol. Early Modern English. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 241--66.
ε#3552. 첻ܤ5Ĥ ([2019-01-17-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡ첻 (gvs) ˤ꤬͡ΩϤäƤ롥5Τ٤Ƥ줹뺬Ū䤤ϡνդ餷ʤ˴ŤΤȤʸŪǤ롥ֻʬϤλ˱ơĹ첻2첻βѲΥߥ˴ؤԴ֤ǰۤʤäƤޤȤȤˤʤ꤫ͤʤ줬첻ܸκʤΤǤ롥
ʸѤˤꡤƲѲǯˤĤƤ٤λ¤ʬäƤƤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥ֻʳˤ⡤εӱδӱμؼԤˤ뵭Ҥʤɤⲻ˹Ƥ礹Ф٤μ֤⤫Ӿ夬äƤΤǤ롥Krug (249) ϡפԸޤȤǡ첻ܤγѲǯޤʲˡ"Dating the changes of Middle English long vowels" ꤵ줿οޤƸ褦
| Middle English | c.1500 | c.1600 | c.1700 | Modern English | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c.1300 | (RP) | ||||||||
| (I) | iː | > | ɪi | > | əɪ | > | aɪ | ≈ | aɪ |
| (II) | uː | > | ʊu | > | əʊ | > | aʊ | ≈ | aʊ |
| (III) | eː | > | iː | ≈ | iː | ||||
| (IV) | oː | > | uː | ≈ | uː | ||||
| (V) | ɛː | > | e̞ː | > | eː | > | iː | ≈ | iː |
| (VI) | ɔː | > | oː | > | oʊ > əʊ | ||||
| (VII) | aː | > | æː > ɛː | > | eː | > | eɪ |
첻 (gvs) θϡJespersen 1909ǯˤѸƳư衤110ǯδ֡Ѹˤ䲻θԤ̥λƤĹˤΤʤǤ⡤40ǯۤɤϡѲˡפǤΤơֿܡפǤΤȤܼŪܤޤäƤβ GVS ͡¦̤Ƥä˽פ5ˤޤȤȤLass Stockwell and Minkova Ȥ Krug (242--43) ꡤ5
(i) Inception: where in the vowel space did the series of change begin?
(ii) Order: what is the chronology of individual and overlapping changes?
(iii) Structural coherence: are we dealing with interdependent changes forming a unitary overarching change or with local and independent changes?
(iv) Mergers: is the assumption of non-merger, i.e. preservation of phonemic contrasts, viable for language change in general and met in the specific changes of the GVS?
(v) Dialects: how do we deal with dialects which did not undergo the same changes as southern English or in which the changes proceeded in a different order?
5ˤĤǫƤΤMcMahon Ǥ롥McMahon ϡġФñФȤϤǤʤȤʤ⡤Ρ첻ܡפθƾΤʤΤǤϤʤȷƤ롥
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
Krug, Manfred. "The Great Vowel Shift." Chapter 14 of The History of English. 4th vol. Early Modern English. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 241--66.
Lass, Roger. "Rules, Metarules and the Shape of the Great Vowel Shift". English Phonology and Phonological Theory: Synchronic and Diachronic Studies. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1976. 51--102.
Stockwell, Robert and Donka Minkova. "The English Vowel Shift: Problems of Coherence and Explanation." Luick Revisited. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky, Gero Bauer, and Jacek Fisiak. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1988. 355--94.
McMahon, April. "Restructuring Renaissance English." The Oxford History of English. Ed. Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford: OUP, 147--77.
첻ŪħȤƲѤƤȤѸˤ֤ȡΤ褦ʷѻ롥űѸǤϼȤƲ̤κĹûˤѤ졤ѸʹߤǤϼȤƲκʶĥдˡˤѤ褦ˤʤäȤѲ (67) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
θϱѸΥꥺ¤˵Τȹͤ롥ĤޤꡤꥺפȤѸϡƱӤۤƱ٤Ĺˤɬפ뤿ᡤĹꥺĴȤƽפ̤Τ첻ŪħϲʶĥдˡˤĹϥꥺĴΤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
Ѹˤˤơ̤κȲκϡۤʤŪѤ褦ѲƤȤǤ롥ʲ˴ѡΧ˴ѤǤꡤŪ (typology) Ω줫鸡ڲǽʲǤ⤢롥ޤդߤСꥺǤϤʤʤ뤤ϥ⡼ꥺפȤܸΤ褦ʸǤϡΤ褦ʲ̤ȲȯŸ˴ؤ뷹ϤۤɸФʤȤȤͽ¬롥Ѹβ˵Ҥ˱ƶڤܤǤ뤳ȤϤѸζŪʲεҤȯɽʤɤˤϢǡɷŪʵϢơ#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1]) ⻲ȡ
3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ
ε ([2018-07-28-1]) ˰³첻 (gvs) ꡥMinkova and Stockwell ϡGVS ȾΤƤ븽ݤ1ĤβǤϤʤ3ĤʬʤʣŪʥץȤߤƤ롥Minkova and Stockwell (34) ˤ GVS οޤϰʲ̤p. 60 οޤȤ䤹뤿˾Ѥäˡ

Minkova and Stockwell ϡ (Upper Half) ǼΤߤʰ̣ǤϢ (Chain Shifts) ǤꡤʤǼʬͻ (Mergers) βȤƶ̤Ƥ롥 ޤ¦κ٤Ǽ (Diaphones) ϳѼˤ۲Ѳɽ路ƤꡤGVS ȤΩ Center Drift Ȥ̤ѲȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤΤ Chain Shifts, Mergers, Center Drift ȤΩ3ʬ鹽Ƥꡤ褷1ĤβǤϤʤȼĥƤΤǤ롥
ơβǯޤޤǡChain Shifts 1550ǯޤǤˤϽäƤΤФơMergers 18ޤǷѵŪ˵äƤꡤCenter Drift ϸǤϰѼ³ƤȤ
Ѹ첻˾κǤ첻ܤäƤϡǯǤ⤳Τ褦˿ƤƤ롥ŪǶ¾ƤȤƤϡʲ⻲ȡ
#495. Ǥʤ첻ܡ ([2010-09-04-1])
#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ첻 ([2013-03-01-1])
#1405. ̤첻 ([2013-03-02-1])
#1422. 첻ܤϤ錄2첻ä ([2013-03-19-1])
#2081. ¸ˤ첻ܤʬϡ ([2015-01-07-1])
Minkova, Donka and Robert Stockwell. "Phonology: Segmental Histories." A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 29--42.
3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ
첻 (gvs) Ѹ첻˾塤ȾΤΤϡϢŪʿܤǤȤꤵƤΤΡ첻շΤɤϤޤäˤĤưոʬƤ뤿Ǥ롥徺2첻βɤϤޤꡤˤɤΤʬʤСpush chain drag chain ˤǯǤϡ첻ܡפ1ĤϢŪʿܤȤߤʤȤϤǤʣѲνΤˤʤȤΩԤ⾯ʤʤ (58--59) ϡ첻ܤγȳϻˤĤơˤƧޤƼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥
GVS ѲƱ˵ä櫓ǤϤʤʤѲ (eː iː, oː uː, iː əɪ, uː əʊ) ϲʤѲ٤ʤ1400ǯ˻Ϥޤ1550ǯޤǤˤϴλƤȹͤ롥ʤѲˤĤƤϡ줫ǯ٤ƳϤ졤1700ǯ溢ޤѲβ³ƤȤ롥ʤΤ첻첻ȶ첻ξ徺Τ줫˵äˤĤƤϡոʬ졤Jespersen (1909) ϡޤ첻첻ϤǤη٤ʲζ첻夲줿ȼĥ夲Ϣ (drag-chain theory) Ȥ¾ȥꥢ Karl Luick (1865--1935) Ϥ (1914--1940) ˤơJespersen Ȥϵդˡ첻ξ徺˵ꡤ/iː/, /uː/ ΰ֤ޤǹ줿ᡤ/iː/, /uː/ Ͽ첻Ȥͻ뤿ᡤФ˲夲첻Ȥ夲Ϣ (push-chain theory) ȾΤ롥夲Ϣ˴ؤơ첻֤κDzʡʤ첻ϢŪ夲ĥԤʤ餺뤬GVS ˴ؤ¤ϡҤξʤȲʤλŪ줫ߤơDzʤϢܤϤޤäȹͤΤ̵Ǥ롥ޤGVS γϻˤĤƤոʬƤꡤǯǤ13ˤޤ̤餻뤳ȤǤʤѲϤۤƱ˻ϤޤäȤԤ⤤ (Stenbrenden 2010, 2016 ʤɡˡ
GVS ϡʤȲʤ˴ؤ뾯ʤȤ2Ĥΰۤʤ벻ѲʤäƤȹͤ褵Ǥ롥˾ʤβ˲ʤβϤ졤֤äƤߤΤȤƲեȤ褦˸Ȥ櫓ʤˤĤư夲ʤΤ夲ʤΤȤˤ夬ĤƤʤ
εǡƶϤΤ Minkova and Stockwell ǯ GVS βƤߤ
3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1909.
Luick, Karl. Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache. 2 vols. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1914--40.
Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. The Chronology and Regional Spread of Long-Vowel Changes in English, c. 1150--1500. Diss. U of Oslo, Oslo, 2010.
Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.
ʪؤϼؤǤϡಽ (index fossil) ȸƤФΤ롥㤨лβФĤСޤؤǤ뤳Ȥ狼뤷ʥȤǤ塤ӮǤпʤɤȹͤƤ褤¸֤ûŪʬۤ͡ʼѴ䤫¿ФŪħ狼䤹ΤФ롥
#3162. Ű ([2017-12-23-1]) оݤȤʤΡŪʹͻоݤȤʤΤǤС伨Ȥͤ褽ѤΤǤϤʤȻפˤѤƤߤ뤳ȤˤޤפĤΤϡλ˻벻ѲؤǤ롥벻ħȿǤƤ뤫ݤˤꡤθ줬˸줿ΤǯʤΤʤΤȽ륱ʤʤ
㤨Сskill, skin, skirt ʤ첻֤ <sk> = /sk/ ѸñϡűѸʹߤ˸ťΥɸ줫Ѥ줿Ǥǽ礭ѸǤ첻֤Ǥϡ/sk/ ϸ /ʃ/ = <sh> ȤʤΤ§äǤ롥Ĥޤꡤshine, ship, shirt ϡ餯űѸǤŪ˿ꤵcf. #1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1])#2944. ship, skiff, skip(per) ([2017-05-19-1])ˡ
첻 (gvs) θ̵̤ͭ⡤Ʊ褦̤design, divine, polite ʤɤ2첻Ȥʤ餯15ˤ˼Ѥ줿ȹͤ뤬Ʊե줫μѸǤ machine, police, unique ʤɤĹ첻Ȥܸ˱ѸäƤŪ˿Ǥcf. #2523. 첻ܤϡȯֻЪΥκθ (3) ([2016-03-24-1])ˡ
Фξۤɤ٤ϴԤǤʤΤΡ嵭θ췲ǯ˥ҥȤͿƤּáפȸƤ֤ȤǤΤǤϤʤ
Prins (267--68) αѸ첻˳κǸˡѲˤĤƤͤĤƤ롥äȤȤ٤ΤʤΤ¤ˤ줿ƤʸϤ첻 (gvs) ƤꡤβѲȤʤäƤ롥Ū¤Ūװˤ벻Ѳ⤢뤳ȤǧĤġŪװϼҲŪʤΤǤȳˤƤ롥ͤΰǤϤ뤬Ȥ櫓̣ɤͤΤʬȴФ
Though it may be difficult to account for a given change, it is possible to account for the possibility of change as such. Language is a social phenomenon and apart from the psychological causes operative in linguistic phenomena, it is obvious that social causes must have been largely responsible for or instrumental in sound-changes like the Great Vowel Shift in English, to which I shall confine my attention. The fundamental condition which makes sound-changes of this kind possible is the fact that phonemes are not always realized in the same manner by all people and in all circumstances, but that there are generally several allophones. If the phoneme had the unalterable rigidity of the signals, say, of the Morse code, evolution in language would be impossible. Since this is not the case and a certain latitude in the phonetic realization of phonemes is found, a certain allophone in a certain number of words may become the normal phonetic realization, which may then spread to other words and subsequently to all words containing that phoneme. Hence after a lapse of time the phoneme /i:/ may come to be realized as [əɪ] and later as [aɪ] and this may even --- though not necessarily --- affect the organically related back-vowel /u:/, which will then be realized as [əʊ], subsequently [ɑʊ]. Similarly the phoneme /e:/ may come to be realized as [i:], and the corresponding back-vowel /o:/ may --- but need not necessarily --- come to be realized as [u:].
This drift, then, to diphthongization of the high vowels can also be observed in Present Day English, though there is no evidence of the tendency to raise the mid-vowels /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ in PDE. Why the drift or tendency takes that particular direction is difficult to say, but that the change is socially conditioned is obvious. Such a tendency is often held in check or prevented by a strong formal tradition as observed in schools or universities or influential educated sections of the population, but when such traditions are weakened owing to social upheavals like domestic wars or internal migration or the mixing of population groups or the rise into power of other classes, such tendencies may spread and what was at one time a vulgar, regional or dialectal pronunciation may become the standard. This would also account for the fact that though linguistic change is a continuous process, there are periods when it is definitely accelerated. These will be found to coalesce with periods of social change, when standards of pronunciation break down. The result is a so-called independent sound-change. These few remarks must suffice here. A full discussion of the problem would require a book in itself.
203ȾȤŪᤤʳǡҲŪʴ鲻ѲȤ館ƤȤ˶äҲŪѤȼ춦ƱΤɤθήˤꡤͭϤʲηϡˤƬƤȤʥߥåªϡǤˤȤɤޤ餺˲Ǥ餢롥
Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.
[2016-10-01-1], [2016-10-11-1], [2016-10-31-1]³4ơޤǤεǡ15ޤǤˡChaucer ʤɤɽ볬λ¹äƤȹͤ첻η (System I)ɤǹԤʤƤη (System II)East Anglia ʤɤˤߤη (System III) 3बɥˤƺäƤSystem II System III üԤϡAlexander Gil ˤơ "Mopsae" "Easterners" ȸƤФƤ롥
ηϤ1650ǯޤǤȼȯŸ뤲ɤǤϤȤ櫓Ťΰҿ System I ȡΤ System II 2郎Ԥʤ褦ˤʤäƤ
System I:
ME /eː/ > EModE /iː/, e.g. meed
ME /ɛː/ > EModE /eː/, e.g. mead
ME /aː/, /ai/ > EModE /ɛː/, e.g. made, maid
System II:
ME /eː/ > EModE /i:/, e.g. meed
ME /ɛː/, /aː/, /ai/ > EModE /eː/, e.g. mead, made, maid
Ȥ18ˤʤȡޤ̤2ηϤ礹褦ˤʤäƤ1ĤϡSystem I ɤȴưҿΤ褦ʰ֤ŤȤ¸³Ƥ System II Ǥꡤ⤦1ĤϤϤŤǹԤʤƤ System III Ǥ롥System III ϡ[2016-10-31-1]εǽҤ٤褦ˡɥǤ System I Ȥ̤ܿưʲΤ褦Ѳ뤲Ƥ
System III:
ME /eː/, /ɛː/ > ModE /iː/, e.g. meed, mead
ME /aː, aɪ/ > ModE /eː/, e.g. made, maid
System III ϸŤηϤǤϤ뤬18ޤǤưҿϤƤꡤ̣ǿηϤǤ⤢äơθ塤 System III ޤޤͥȤʤꡤˤޤ³Ū RP δפȤʤäƤäSystem III ͥȤʤäΤϡSystem II ٤Ʊ۵ (homonymic_clash) εʤޤȤŪʥåȤˤϤäSmith (110) ϡSystem III II ǻܿϥɥƤۤˤʤˤ⡤װȤƤ롥
. . . System III's success in London is not solely due to intralinguistic functional reasons but also to extralinguistic social factors peculiar to the capital. System II and System III could only come into contact in a major urban centre, such as London; in more rural areas, the opportunity for the two systems to compete would have been much rarer and thus it would have been (and is) possible for the older System II to have been retained longer. The coexistence of System II and System III in one place, London, meant that it was possible for Londoners to choose between them.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.
#2714. 첻ܤμҲŪͻ ([2016-10-01-1])#2724. 첻ܤμҲŪͻ (2) ([2016-10-11-1]) ³3ơ2Ƥε ([2016-10-11-1]) ǡSystem II 첻ηϤäƤȤ¿üԤҤ System I ΤۤزŬ (hyperadaptation) Ȥ첻 (gvs) ΰȤʤäȤҲ𤷤Smith (106--07) ˤȡ⤦1 GVS ΰȤʤä첻ηϤäüԽĤȤϡ"Easterners" ȸƤФ롤餯 East Anglia пȤο͡Ǥ롥
East Anglia Ǥϡ14Ⱦ15ˤƥɥǿʹԤϤ첻ܤܤäƤطʤȤơűѸ Saxon ǣ Ф Anglia Ǥ ē äƤȡ/d, t, n, s, l, r/ ֤Ǿ夲 (raising) ФƤȤʤɤäοܤη̤ȤơEast Anglia 첻ηϤϡ3ʳι⤵5ĤĹ첻 /iː, uː, eː, oː, aː/ ȤʤäƤ
ơ Easterners 15ȾȾФˤԻԲοʤɥذܽɥѸ졤ä˸Ҥ System I üԤܿȤˡ⤦1ĤβŬ줿3ʳ East Anglia ηϤ˺٤ʳʬ줿 System I ܿȤԤϸԤΰҿĴ˰ơΤȤĴ֤Ĵ뤳ȤˤʤäŪˤϡEasterners System I [æː] ʬ /eː/ γФƸԤȤȯƱͤ [eː̝] /iː/ γФơΤ褦ȯ3ʳ⤿ʤ Easterners ˤȤäơѸ /eː/ ĸ /ɛː/ ĸζ̤ϤĤʤäΤǡɤ /iː/ ȤγФ졤ȯ뤳Ȥˤʤä褽ƱȤ첻ˤⵯä
System III Ȥ٤ Easterners Τ첻ηϤϡ¤ϡ18ޤǤϤư̲ɸѸ meed, mead, maid, made ʤɤ˸Ϣ첻Ρԡ˶̤߽ФΤȤʤäǤ⡤Ѹ첻˾塤礭ôä첻ηϤäȤ
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.
#2714. 첻ܤμҲŪͻ ([2016-10-01-1]) ˰³첻 (gvs) ȤβҲŪʴ褦ȤߤˤĤƹͤ롥εǤ1ĤθŪ˾Ҳ𤷤٤äȤˤäꤵ첻ʬۤطѸѼϼ㴳ۤʤäƤ롥ϡSmith (101--06) ˽äơ⤦1ĤμҲŪƤߤ褦
Smith ϡChaucer λޤǤ˥ɥǤ2Ĥΰۤʤ첻ηϤ¸ƤȲꤷƤSmith (102) βޤȡˡSystem I ϡChaucer ɽس°͡ΤäƤηϤǤꡤ5ʳʣҲŪʰҿäƤȹͤ롥* դ줿Ĺ첻ϡбû첻Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ФƼ㴳֤ʤĹǤ롥System II ϡʳ¿ΥüԤäƤηϤǤꡤ4ʳäꤵƤ롥
| System I | System II | |||||||||||||||||
| iː | > | ɪi | uː | > | ʊu | iː | > | əɪ | uː | > | əʊ | |||||||
| eː | > | eː̝ | oː | > | oː̝ | eː | > | iː | oː | > | uː | |||||||
| ɛː̝* | ɔː̝* | ɛː | > | eː | ɔː | > | oː | |||||||||||
| ɛː | ɔː | aː* | > | ɛː, eː | ||||||||||||||
| aː* | > | æː | ||||||||||||||||
첻 (gvs) ˤƻϤޤꡤʹԤϡĹ餯ǮоݤȤʤäƤǯϡҲؤΩ줫鲻Ѳ椹ҲѤϤΤ褦Ǥ롥ΤϹäƤ뤬Gramley (134) αѸ˳ûƤΤǡѤ褦
A second socially more plausible scenario attributes initiation of the shift to the fact that London English originally had four long front vowels . . . . The lower classes in London were merging meat /ɛː/ and meet /eː/ into the higher vowel /eː/. The socially higher standing may then have raised their /eː/ toward /iː/ and their /oː/ toward /uː/, possibly following the model of French, which was also raising these vowels. But in any case the effect was to set themselves off from the lower orders . . . . In addition, newcomers in London such as the East Anglian cloth-traders migrating to London in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries had only three long front vowels: they did not distinguish /ɛː/ and /eː/. In their move to accommodate to London speech they would have raised and differentiated their mid-vowel, making London /ɛː/ into /eː/ and London /eː/ into /iː/ . . . .
ѸѸˤơɥιس4ʳ첻ηϤäƤسǤϤ줬3ʳ첻ηϤ˺Ƥسϡ餯եιĴ뤳ȤˤꡤسΡäȯʤ٤ۤʤȯ褦Ȥ3ʳ첻ηϤäƤȡꥢΰܽԤ̤˥ɥήȡϼҲŪʾ徺ָ顤سäʬŪ˿褦Ȥ4ʳǤĴߡ줬ȤʤäơɥѸ줬Ū1ʳ夬Ȥ̤Ȥʤä
ۤʤҲĤäۤʤѼ郎ɥȤϤܿĴ֤ΥȿܤȤʣʼҲŪưŤˤꡤ줿ȤʥꥪǤ롥ȰۤʤꡤμҲŪΤᡤ˼ҲˤϤϤݤ뤫Ȥ礭ʲ꤬ĤƲ롥ǯ͡Ԥθٻ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥Fennell (160--61) 䡤˾ܤ Smith 2γϤ⻲Ȥ줿
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Smith, Jeremy J. Sound Change and the History of English. Oxford: OUP, 2007.
Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.
첻 (gvs) 䥰ˡ§ (grimms_law) ɽ벻ν۴ĥե (circular shift, chain shift) ˤ͡Ū롥Samuels ϡ첻ܤϡϵŪ ("mechanical") ѲȤƻϤޤäʳǵǽŪ ("functional") ʺѤƯƲηϤȤƤΥХ줿ϢβǤȤߤƤ롥ŪѲȤϡŪˤС㡦첻ˤĤƤϡĴ줿ʶĥˤΰ۲줿ȤȤǤꡤ첻ˤĤƤϡ줿дˤ2첻Ūʰ۲줿ȤȤǤ롥ơ첻ϡϤΤ褦˵Ū۲餯ΩƺΤäʳˤʤäơηϤΰݻ褦Ȥ뵡ǽŪʰϤ˲ƺǽŪʬۤȤͤ
Circular shifts of vowels are thus detailed examples of homeostatic regulation. The earliest changes are mechanical . . . ; the later changes are functional, and are brought about by the favouring of those variants that will redress the imbalance caused by the mechanical changes. In this respect circular shift differs considerably from merger and split. Merger is redressed by split only in the most general and approximate fashion, since the original functional yields are not preserved; but in circular shift, the combination of functional and mechanical factors ensures that adequate distinctions are maintained. To that extent at least, the phonological system possesses some degree of autonomy. (Samuels 42)
Samuels εαǤ롥۴ĥեȤǽŪΩ줫鲻Ǥʬȵۼ (split and merger) βȤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤäƤ뤫Ŧʤ顤Ԥ벻ηϤμΧǫƤ롥Τ褦 Samuels Ω줬ǽŪФäƤȤθˤʤӤ䤹ΤäϤޤǵŪװǤ Samuels ƤõƤϢơ#2585. ѲưΤϷǽ ([2016-05-25-1]) ȡ
Samuels, M. L. Linguistic Evolution with Special Reference to English. London: CUP, 1972.
#775. 첻ܤϡȯֻЪΥκθ ([2011-06-11-1])#2438. 첻ܤϡȯֻЪΥκθ (2) ([2015-12-30-1])#2439. 첻ܤαѸ첻˾ΰյ ([2015-12-31-1]) ǡ첻 (gvs) ɾˤĤ첻ܤȯֻЪΥ߽ФװΤʤǤä˽ǹϤʱƶڤܤװȿƤ뤬̤ƤɾϤɤޤʤΤ
Sato ϡ3ʤѸ춵ʽ New Crown English Series ñ924ȴФ˴ޤޤ첻ˤĤơֻȯδط첻ܤˤäƤɤٱƶƤ뤫Ĵ٤Ūˤϡȯֻδط̩äűѸѸˤȯӤʤ顤ξԤδط첻ܤˤäñ줬ढΤ
Sato ϡѸ줫첻ѲФƶḽѸˤޤ³첻ѲΥפˤäơʲΤ褦9θ췲̤Ƥ롥(i) /iː/ > /ai/; (ii) /uː/ > /au/; (iii) /eː/ > /iː/; (iv) /oː/ > /uː/; (v) /ɛː/ > /eː/ > /iː/; (vi) /ɔː/ > /ou/; (vii) /ɑː/ > /ei/; (viii) new /ɔː/; (ix) new /ɑː/ (i) (vii) ޤǤϡ̤ˤ첻ܤϤȽϤɽƤ뤬(viii) (ix) ˤĤƤ첻ܤλ̤ΥȯĹ첻Ǥꡤ첻ܤȤδطϤޤǴŪʰ̣ˤƤǤ뤳ȤդǤϡSato (20) οͤ
| Members | (Exceptions) | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group (i) | 70 | (11) | 81 |
| (ii) | 26 | (19) | 45 |
| (iii) | 40 | (1) | 41 |
| (iv) | 16 | (34) | 50 |
| (v) | 28 | (25) | 53 |
| (vi) | 40 | (30) | 70 |
| (vii) | 39 | (6) | 45 |
| (viii) | 71 | -- | 71 |
| (ix) | 47 | -- | 47 |
| Total | 377 | 126 | 503 |
ε#2438. 첻ܤϡȯֻЪΥκθ (2) ([2015-12-30-1]) ǡ첻ܤαѸֻˤˤյˤĤƹͻκɾߤǤϡ첻ܤαѸ첻˾ΰյϲ첻ܤϡʤ1Ū˲ѲǤ뤫顤δΰյɾǽפǤ롥
Ѥ Brinton and Arnovick (313) 첻ܤβ˾ΰյˤĤƾܤΤƤ롥
[The Great Vowel Shift] eliminated the distinction between long and short vowels that had characterized both the Old and Middle English phonological systems. The long vowels were replaced by either diphthongs or tense vowels, which contrasted with the lax short vowels. Thus, the vowel system underwent a significant change from one based on distinctions of quantity (e.g. OE god 'deity' vs gōd ('good') to one based on distinctions of quality. While modern English does have long and short vowels (e.g. sea vs ceased), this distinction is now merely an allophonic difference, completely predictable by the voicing qualities or number of consonants that follow the vowel.
첻ܤȤơѸ첻ηϤ̤˴ŤΤ˴ŤΤؤƤ뤲ȤλŦϡŪĽפƶǤ롥緶ˤСҲγ̿ž褦ѿȤ֤ǤϤʤ첻̤ζ̤Ż뤹ܸΤ褦ʸüԤˤȤäơѸβγؽϰפʤ첻ܤǤΰüȤȤˤʤ롥ܸüԤˤȤäƤϡ첻ܰ첻ηϤΤۤߤ䤹ä˰㤤ʤ
벻Ѳθβ˾˰֤ŤŪɾȤߤϡޤǤԤƤ㤨С첻Ѳ˴ؤƤϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])#2081. ¸ˤ첻ܤʬϡ ([2015-01-07-1]) ƤȤǤ롥
Τ褦Ūɾ켫Τϡä˸ؤˤƲ̣ΤʤΤΤ褦ɾطʤˤϡή (drift) Ū (teleology) ȤäѲѤε̣⸫줹롥첻ܤ̤ơ˵ (historiography) ȤĤߤˤĤƺƹͤ뵡Ȥʤä
2015ǯ hellog ɡ꤬Ȥޤ2016ǯꤤޤ
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
첻 (gvs) ˤĤƤϡѸˤdzؤ֤٤ֻǤꡤܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥ첻ܤαѸ˾ΰյϲ1ĤˤϡѸ첻˾塤絬ϤηŪ˵äѲǤȤɾϤ˲äơѸˤȯֻЪΥμװȤƤȤ館븫夷Ƥ褦˻פܵǤϡ#775. 첻ܤϡȯֻЪΥκθ ([2011-06-11-1]) ˰³ֻηϤؤξȤ첻ܤɾ٤פʱѸ˳ʤɤ餳˴ؤսȴФ
It will be noticed that the Great Vowel Shift is responsible for the unorthodox use of the vowel symbols in English spelling. The spelling of English had become fixed in a general way before the shift and therefore did not change when the quality of the long vowels changed. Consequently our vowel symbols no longer correspond to the sounds they once represented in English and still represent in the other modern languages. (Baugh and Cable 197)
. . . the Great Vowel Shift further confused English spelling. In Old and Middle English, the spellings of stressed vowels in English correspond reasonably well to their pronunciations. The arrival of the printing press in England in the late fifteenth century standardized spelling and fixed orthography to late Middle English conventions. When the long vowels shifted in the subsequent centuries, the spelling system did not change to record the new pronunciations. The spelling currently used for stressed vowels, then, is the spelling appropriate for the unshifted vowels. We no longer have a close correspondence between the spelling and the sounds. (Brinton and Arnovick 313)
It is a particular irony that, at the same time as printing was being introduced, the vowel sounds of London speech were undergoing the greatest change in their history. If printing had come a century later, or the Great Vowel Shift . . . a century earlier, the present-day spelling system would be vastly more regular than it has turned out to be. As it is, the spelling of thousands of words now reflects the pronunciation of vowels as they were in Chaucer's time. (Crystal 274)
The Great Vowel Shift radically altered most of the English long vowel system, and although spelling had been pretty much fixed by Johnson's time, more recent phases of the Great Vowel Shift have rendered the spelling system of English less phonetic in character. (Fennell 158)
The spelling of vowel sounds was disrupted in the period 1500--1700 by the most dramatic sound change in the history of English, what is now known as the Great Vowel Shift. . . . The change had far-reaching consequences for the spelling system too, as traditional spellings began to represent new sounds. . . . So where Middle English had a more straightforward system whereby a letter represented long and short values of a single vowel sound, this pattern was disrupted and replaced with a much less predictable system. (Horobin 158--59)
Over the last 500 years or so the relationship between sound and spelling has been further obscured in all varieties of English by changes in the long vowels which have come to be known as the Great Vowel Shift . . . . (Knowles 83)
The Great Vowel Shift (GVS) is the name given to a number of important and related pronunciation changes which affected these long vowels during the 15th, 16th and perhaps early 17th centuries and which resulted both in the differences between the sound-spelling correspondences of the continental European languages and those of Modern English . . . (e.g. French dame /dam/, English dame; French lime /lim/, English lime) and in the differences in pronunciation of the stressed vowels of pairs of words such as divine/divinity and serene/serenity, and also ultimately, though not directly, in (i) Modern English words such as meet and meat being alike in sound, and (ii) the difference in pronunciation of the OO of food, good and blood, etc. (Upward and Davidson 176--77)
٤ƤԤ첻ܤֻηϤؤαƶǧƤ뤷ʤˤϤαƶ礭ĴԤ⤢롥#775. 첻ܤϡȯֻЪΥκθ ([2011-06-11-1]) Ǥ⼨褦ˡֺθפȤߤʤƤ褤ɤϵǤ롥Ǹ Upward and Davidson ΰѤŪΤ˻ŦƤȤꡤ첻ܤϡθ¾μβѲȼȤơȯֻκƤɾΤͣμȤȤư櫓ˤϤʤ褦˻פ롥Ѹ˳ˤơ첻ܤŪֻκȵȤưƤطʤˤϡ<a> = /a/ Τ褦ʥƥ첻Ȥ첻б "orthodox" ȤΤʸηϴѤ礭ͿƤˤ衤첻ܤʬƤȾͤƤ롥ŪˤϤäȤͤ⤷ʤŪˤɾȽۤɰĤǤϤʤʤѶŪɤĤɾͳ⡤ʤˡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Knowles, Gerry. A Cultural History of the English Language. London: Arnold, 1997.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
eye ˤĤơʣŪ¿#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1]) Ǽθϡȯ˴ؤƤŪʣʲФƤƤ롥ϡeye βѲˤάҤ褦
űѸθȥǤϡθ <eage> ֤줿ȯȤƤϡ[æːɑɣe] Τ褦ˡĹ2첻 [g] ³û첻³äޤűѸ˸Ƭ2첻경 [æːɣe] Ȥʤäˤ첻Ͼ夲βФơѸˤ [eːɣe] Ȥؤȯã
ͭ˴ꡤޤꡤ˸첻ۣ沽 /eːjə/ Ϥ줿λҲȾ첻ǽŪˤϹ첻 [ɪ] ȤʤäǡԤ첻 [e] Ϥ [ɪ] ͻ礷ơʤ夲Фơ[iː] Ȥʤ˻롥ۣ첻ṳ̈ȤƸѸˤϸΤȤ [iː] Ȥȯ褦ˤʤä
ϡѸ I [iː] ʤɤθȤȤ˻Ĥˤࡥ⤤Ĺ첻 [iː] ϡ첻 (gvs) Ф2첻ޤ [əɪ] ء [aɪ] ؤȯãɸѼʳǤϡʳȯãߤޤäꡤۤʤäȯã뤲Τ⤢ɸѼǤϰʾĹФƤʲȯãˤޤȤƼ
| /æːɑɣe/ |
| /æːɣe/ |
| /eːɣe/ |
| /eːjə/ |
| /eɪə/ |
| /iːə/ |
| /iː/ |
| /əɪ/ |
| /aɪ/ |
#435. <oa> ֤ε ([2010-07-06-1]) ǽҤ٤ΤȤϰۤʤ <oa> ֻεҲ𤹤롥boat, foam, goal ʤɤ˸2첻бֻ <oa> νϡиΤ夷ΤŪˤŪ٤ѸΤȤǤ롥ѸʹߤֻɸಽˤϡۤȤɤξоݤˤʤ졤뤳Ȥ¿ˤʤΤ <oa> ˴ؤƤϾ˫Ƥ褤𤬤롥
Ѹˤơ㤨 boot boat 첻ȯۤʤꡤäбֻۤʤȤΤΤ褦˻פ뤬¸줿ΤϡѸ˸Ԥñ֤Τ <oa> Ѥ줿ΤȤäȤΤϡѸǤϡξñ첻Ʊͤ˰ۤʤäƤΤΡκֻۤȿǤƤʤäŪˤСboot, boat бѸη֤ǤϡȯϤ줾 [boːt], [bɔːt] ǤꡤĹ첻ۤʤäƤ2ĤĹ첻ϲ٥ǤۤʤäƤΤǡ֤ʬ뤳ȤäƤ褵ʤΤºݤˤϤ <bote> ʤɤ֤Τ̤Ǥꡤֻζ̤ä˰ӤƤʤäθ˸¤餺Ѹ [oː], [ɔː] 2ĤĹ첻ϡ <o>, <oo>, <o .. e> ʤɤɽ뤳ȤǤа۲Ʊ֤ȤʤäƤ
Ѹδ֤ϡǤ礭ʤäѸѸˤ첻 (gvs) Ϥޤȡ[oː], [ɔː] κۤ [uː], [oː] (> [oʊ]) κۤؤȥեȤ첻ܤθǤϲκäȤäƤ褯ֻζ̤ĤΤ˾ޤȤռΤۤ첻ˤ <oo> Ƥۤ첻ˤ <oa> ʤ뤤 <o .. e>ˤƤȤޤ졤夷ۤʤǤۤʤȯʤΤۤʤֻɽȤξǤ褦䤯ޤ줿Ȥˤʤ롥
֥륷 (74) ˤС<oa> Ȥ϶餯 <ea> ˤʤäƺ졤12?13˽иפ֤θ <oa> ϾǤפ줬嵭Τ褦첻ܤϤޤ15褷θ夹뤳ȤˤʤäƤϾäƺƤӸȤ <oa> δ̯ʿϡб첻ɽ <ea> ˤȤ⡤Τ̵طǤϤʤΤ⤷ʤ<ea> ˤĤƤϡ#436. <ea> ֤ε ([2010-07-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
른塦֥륷ˡ 忡 СⲬ ͥˡرѸˡˤȸ١ݽǡ1999ǯ
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