hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 ڡ / page 2 (3)

syllable - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2019-06-29 Sat

#3715. ṽ¤ Rhyme Ȥñ̤ǧ뺬 [syllable][phonetics][phonology][terminology]

#1563. ṽ¤ ([2013-08-07-1]) 褦ˡŪˤϱѸβṽ¤Ȥơֱʬ칽¤ (right-branching structure) ꤹ뤳Ȥ¿޼ŪɽСʲΤ褦ˤޤ (syllable = ) ƬҲ (onset) ȱ (rhyme) ʬ졤Ԥ˳ (nucleus) Ҳ (coda) ʬ빽¤Ǥ롥

Right-Branching Structure of Syllable

ȤǡʤΤ褦ʹ¤ꤹΤŪ˹ԹʤΤεǤ¿ (66) ˽äơءδ⤦Ū˺򼨤
Ѹ첻ˤϡǽʳ첻Բǽ޻첻2ब̤롥§Ȥơ¾ξ郎ƱǤС޻첻Ⳬ첻ΤۤĹȯ롥ޤ첻˴ؤƤϡҲ³ʤ˺ǤĹͭҲ³Ȥ̵Ҳ³ȤȤ첻ĹûʤäƤŪñǼС첻û bit < bid, beet < bead < bee ¤٤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
λ¤ҲμܤƸС̵ҲͭҲĹȯȤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤ̵ҲŪĹȯäƤ뤫顤Ԥ첻Ϥʬûȯ졤դͭҲŪûȯäƤ뤫顤Ԥ첻ϤʬĹȯȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
Τ褦˹ͤȡˤ첻ҲĹ˴ؤŪŪʴطˤȤ롥ƱͤδطƬҲȳˤδ֤ˤϳǧʤȤ顤Τ褦ʹ¤ꤹΤȤ˻ΤǤ롥
ȤƱѸαʸˤŪʵȤƵӱ (rhyme) ¸ߤ뤳Ȥϡ켫ΤǤϾι¤ꤹ붯ϤʺȤϤʤʤƱ¤Ǥ뤳Ȥ˵ڤˤϤʤ

4ϡᡦϢϢ³ ԡˡزءīоȸإ꡼ 2īҽŹ2012ǯ64--83ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-28-1] [2020-02-12-1]

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2019-04-19 Fri

#3644. Ѹ stress-timed ʸűѸ syllable-timed ʸ졩 [prosody][phonology][stress][vowel][typology][syllable][poetry]

#1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ stress-timed ʥꥺࡤܸ syllable-timed (or mora-timed) ʥꥺĸȤ롥Ԥ϶ֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǡԤϲʥ⡼ˤֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǤ롥Ѹ˶٤θǤХɥĸ stress-timed ǡե󥹸䥹ڥ syllable-timed Ǥ롥
Τ褦˶Ū෿δϽ򤤤줫Υꥺफ˿ʬ뤬̻ŪˤߤȳƸΥꥺѤäΤ뤤ѲƤΤ
Ѹ˴ؤƤС븫ϳΤѲƤȤ롥Ѹ stress-timed ꥺδפˤΤۣ첻 /ə/ ¸ߤǤ롥ΤΤʲȲ̤첻ȡ夯ûȯۣ첻Ȥ¸Ƥ뤿ˡԤˤȤΧñ̤Ū˷֤뤳ȤˤʤΤűѸǤۣ첻¸ߤʤäΤǡstress-timed ꥺΩפ夫äȤˤʤ롥űѸϤष syllable-timed ꥺ˶ᤫäȤ⤤ΤǤ롥Cable (23--24) εʹ

To begin with, Old English did not have reduced vowels. The extensive system of inflectional endings depended on the full values of the short vowels, especially [ɑ], [ɛ], [u], and [ɔ]; and in polysyllabic words these and other short vowels were not reduced to schwa. The surprising effect is that in its lack of reduced vowels Old English can be said to have similarities with the phonological structure of a syllable-based language like Spanish. In this respect, both Old English and Spanish differ from Late Middle English and Modern English. Consequently, Old English can be hypothesized to have more of the suprasegmental structure of syllable-based languages---that is, the impression of syllable-timing---despite our thinking of Old English as thoroughly Germanic and heavily stressed.


Cable ϡűѸ줬 syllable-timed ʸȸäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ١ΥꥺǤ⤢뤷١Τ⤢ȤơŪʥꥺȹͤƤ롥³ʸϤѤƤ

These deductions and hypotheses from theoretical and experimental phonology are supported in the most recent studies of the meter of Old English poems. Beowulf has never been thought of as a poem in syllabic meter. Yet the most coherent way to imagine Old English meter is as a precisely measured mix of "accentual" elements (as the meter has traditionally been understood), "syllabic" elements (which may seem more appropriate for French verse), and "quantitative" elements (which are most familiar in Greek and Latin). (Cable 24)


Cable, Thomas. "Restoring Rhythm." Chapter 3 of Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language: Pedagogy in Practice. Introduction. Ed. Mary Heyes and Allison Burkette. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 21--28.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-11-1] [2021-07-23-1]

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2015-12-26 Sat

#2434. ƻѲޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ [adjective][ilame][syllable][pronunciation][prosody][language_change][final_e][speed_of_change][schedule_of_language_change][language_change][metrical_phonology][eurhythmy][inflection]

ѸˤǤϡ̾졤ư졤ƻΤ褦ʼ礿ʻˤơ޸ -e ؿʿˤüƤäȤаޤ롥-e ξü®٤ (cf speed_of_change, schedule_of_language_change) ˤĤƤϡʻ֤Ǻä̾ưζ޸ˤƤϾüŪᤫäƻˤüϤä٤Chaucer ɽѸǤ⽽ʬݤƤ (Minkova 312) ϡʤƻѲޤ -e ٤ޤǾü񹳤ΤˤĤƹͤ
Minkova ηꤷƤСäñηƻμѲޤˤ -e ϡݻ䤹ΧưŤäȤȤǤ롥㤨Сthe goode man Τ褦ʡ괧ܷƻ̾פȤ칽¤ˤƤϡñƻ˶޸ -e դȤˤäơ嶯嶯ιΧ (eurhythmy) ݤ䤹Ĥޤꡤ֤ȱΧ׵᤬פˡŪ -e ŪפȤ줿Τȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
դ٤2Ĥ롥1ĤϡűѸѸŪ׵ᤵƤ -e eurhythmy ݤĤ٤üȤ줿ȤΤǤꡤ-e eurhythmy 򤢤餿˳٤ŪˤʤĶ줿櫓ǤϤʤȤȤeurhythmy θ̤ϡѶŪȤöŪʸ̤ȤȤˤʤ롥
2ܤˡ-e ݻȤ eurhythmy θ̤Ĺ³15--16ʹߤˤϷ̤ȤƸüζϤĬή˶ʤäȤ¤롥λ¤ϡeurhythmy Ф뵿ǰ뤫⤷ʤeurhythmy θ̤켫ΤˤäϤ򶯤᤿᤿ꤷȤϡʬˤ뤳Ȥeurhythmy ϡŪ˱ѸȤηϤ˹夯ѤƤװǤǧƤ褤ηǺѤƤ¾νװȤδطˤŪ˵ǽƤȲ᤹٤Ǥ롥äơ15--16˷ƻޤ -e ṳ̈Ȥ "dysrhythmy" ȤƤ⡤ eurhythmy ưŤ¾νװκϤäΤȹͤФ褯λ˴ؤ eurhythmy ⼫ΤѤɬפϤʤMinkova (322--23) ϡƻ޸ -e ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . the claim laid on rules of eurhythmy in English can be weakened and ultimately overruled by other factors such as the expansion of segmental phonological rules of final schwa deletion, a process which depends on and is augmented by the weak metrical position of the deletable syllable. The 15th century reversal of the strength of the eurhythmy rules relative to other rules is not surprising. Extremely powerful morphological analogy within the adjectives, analogy with the demorphologization of the -e in the other word classes, as well as sweeping changes in the syntactic structure of the language led to what may appear to be a tendency to 'dysrhythmy' in the prosodic organization of some adjectival phrases in Modern English. . . . The entire history of schwa is, indeed, the result of a complex interaction of factors, and this is only an instance of the varying force of application of these factors.


Ѹˤˤƻ޸ˤĤƤϡ#532. Chaucer ηƻζޡ ([2010-10-11-1])#688. ѸηƻηϤοʿ ([2011-03-16-1]) ۤilame (= Inflectional Levelling of Adjectives in Middle English) γƵ򻲾ȡ
ʤ伫Ȥ⤳ˤĤʸ2ܤۤɽ񤤤Ƥޤ[1] Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Levelling of Adjectival Inflection in Early Middle English: A Diachronic and Dialectal Study with the LAEME Corpus." Journal of the Institute of Cultural Science 73 (2012): 255--73. [2] Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Decreasing Relevance of Number, Case, and Definiteness to Adjectival Inflection in Early Middle English: A Diachronic and Dialectal Study with the LAEME Corpus."إ硼įơ٥硼20ǯǰʸԡˡǡ2014ǯ273--99ǡˡ

Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." ''Papers from the 5th International

Referrer (Inside): [2015-12-28-1] [2015-12-27-1]

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2015-06-07 Sun

#2232. High Vowel Deletion [high_vowel_deletion][phonetics][vowel][syllable][inflection][morphology][sound_change]

ɸβˤĤơ#1674. Ѳȶ޸οʿˤĤƤŪͻ ([2013-11-26-1])#2017. foot ʣϤʤ feet (2) ([2014-11-04-1])#2225. hear -- heard -- heard ([2015-05-31-1]) ǿƤϤ⤦ܤβϡi-mutation ˡ餯űѸ (pre-OE) θȤ벻ѲǤꡤűѸβ礭ʱƶڤܤLass (98) üŪˤСHVD (High Vowel Deletion) ϰʲΤ褦ˤޤȤ롥

The fates of short high */i, u/ in weak positions are largely determined by the weight of the preceding strong syllable. In outline, they deleted after a heavy syllable, but remained after a light one, in the case of */i/ usually lowering to /e/ at a later stage.


촴᤬Ťrhyme 3⡼ʾ夫ʤ˾ˡ³夤ι첻 (/i/, /u/) üȤǤ롥Ԥ촴᤬ŤˤϡǤΤȤƽŤΤ顤˹첻³;פ˽Ť櫓ˤϤʤȲᤷƤ褤ơ촴ηڽŤˤꡤ³첻̵ͭڤؤ륱뤳ȤȤʤäLass (99--100) 򻲹ͤˡűѸ줫󤲤褦HVD Ѥ֤ǼƤ롥

Syllable weightpre-OEOE
heavy*ðα:ð-idǣd 'deed'
heavy*wurm-iwyrm 'worm'
light*win-iwin-e 'friend'
heavy*flo:ð-uflōd 'flood'
heavy*xαnð-uhand 'hand'
light*sun-usun-u 'son'
heavy*xæur-i-ðæhīer-de 'heard'
light*nær-i-ðæner-e-de 'saved'


űѸηǤϡʲζޤˤ HVD θ̤ѻ (Lass 100)

(i) a-stem neuter nom/acc sg: light scip-u 'ships' vs. heavy word 'word(s)', bān 'bone(s)'.
(ii) ō-stem feminine nom sg: light gief-u 'gift' vs. heavy lār 'learning'.
(iii) i-stem nom sg: light win-e 'friend' vs. heavy cwēn 'queen'
(iv) u-stem nom sg: light sun-u 'son' vs. heavy hand 'hand'.
(v) Neuter/feminine strong adjective declension: light sum 'a certain', fem nom sg, neut nom/acc sg sum-u vs. heavy gōd 'good', fem nom sg gōd.
(vi) Thematic weak verb preterites . . . .


ΤѸˤޤ HVD θ̤³¸ƤϤ鷺Ǥ롥ʬ heard ʣ sheep ˲餫Ե§򴶤ȤǤϤĤƤ HVD αƶŪˤΤäƤΤǤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2014-12-12 Fri

#2055. 첻פȤƾ [vowel][comparative_linguistics][family_tree][terminology][metrical_phonology][syllable]

#1537. פˤޤĤ3Ĥ ([2013-07-12-1]) #1926. ܸܿ͡üԡ ([2014-08-05-1]) ǡפȤѸˤĤƤ줳ȹ̤ͤ˸ʳءˤΥǥˤϡפ褯ФפפϤȤꡤӸؤǤϽηŪʴطס̼סֻפɽ뤳Ȥ¿ʤפ©ҡפַפǤϤʤΤȹͤȡطɽ魯ޤǤࡦޤʻࡦޤˤδطŻ뤵뤫Ȼפ롥ˤƤϡ˽ΥڥҤޤȤϤʤСñסʤȤȤƤϥ襦ݥݤʤɤɽֻñסˤǤ롥˴ϢƤϡ#807. ޤʪޤ ([2011-07-13-1])#1578. ϲȤƤ ([2013-08-22-1])#1579. ָϿʪǤפȡ ([2013-08-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
פ졦̼פˤĤƤϾΤ褦ʤȤͤƤꡤΥǥˤֽϡ˵ŤƤȤdz⤦1Ĥζ̣ŦƤ줿ɸ˷Ǥ첻פȤѸǤ롥äΤǡʤۤɤȴΤˡʤ㲻פǤϤʤ첻פʤΤĴ٤Ƥߤ
Ѹǡ첻פ vowelФֻҲפ consonant Ǥ롥αѸѸθ츻ˤϡäȤҤȤǰϴޤޤƤʤԤϥƥ vōcālem ͭΡˤ̤ꡤ캬 vōx ˤǤ롥Ԥϡƥ consonans Ĵ¤롤˶ˤ̤ꡤ켫Τϥꥷ súmphōnonʡ첻ȡϤȤȯΡˤΤʤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤä˿ƻҤȤϴͿƤʤ¾θϻäǤ롥
Ȥȡ첻סֻҲפȤƾΤϡܸȼΤΤ餷ȤȤˤʤ롥ܹ缭ŵ٤ˤȡ֤ܤפˤϡ첻ۤȡ챤ۤιब̡ˤꡤ줾켡Τ褦ˤ롥

첻ۡɴϢġ1870--71ˡӰʸ consonants ʻҲ˵ڤ vowel 첻ˤ濫ס1899ˡҵӸޡ㲻첻ζ̵˰Ԥˤơ¶񤭤ϡƱλ¿̾ľ˰ʤס1909ˡҿӡֶ줷֤ˡŤıջ줬첻ĹΤǡ

챤֤ۡܤ첻ˡפƱʸŵ1874ˡӰ졦ֺ޽Τθ޻ȱҡסʸŵ1897ˡʸɧӻԤȯϡӤԤΡؤ٤˻¹ԤȯϡӤԤΡؤ٤˻ơˡǷ챤źؤơ챤ŤʤȯΤǡסΤ1903ˡҾǯ¥͡ P(H)TKRS λҲ Unaccented 챤˽ϤơP(H)TKS ʤƤϤ륷֥ΩĻϡ


ǡ첻ۤιʸȤƿƤ㲻פȤѸܤϡȤλҲΰ̣ǻȤƤ롥ǤϡƱŵǡ㲻ۡʤդˤιƤߤ롥

֤ʻҲˡפƱʸŵ̵1897ˡʸɧӰ켷ֱѤ Consonant 򡤻Ҳϡ㲻ʥեˤʤ뤢ϡʤס첻ء1902ˡʿȡӰ͡㲻ϡ¶βξ夫̤СȤʤ롥ͭ㲻̵㲻


ؤäƤˤϡconsonant ȤơֻҲפȤȤˡ㲻פȤԤƤ褦פФΤϡפʤΤֻҡסʡ̼ˤʤΤȤФơǽŪˤϡֻҡפǼޤäȤȤΤ褦Ǥֻҡפ̤ʬʤؤΥǥˤơ׸Ƥ褦ˤ⸫뤫顤̼פǤǽ⤤ʡˡ
ˡܤȤʤۡʤܡˤȤϲƱŵĴ٤Ƥߤȡ

(2)Ƥȡ٤Ȥäꡥ䡤ϡ칻졤á(3)ʪȤȤʤΡ졤졿첻췿콸ġ


Ȥ롥ǡ첻סʤʤۤɡֻפȤѸ⤢äˤϡʪȤȤʤΡפΰդΡפȤƵ󤲤Ƥ롥
ǻפ⤫֤ΤϡΧˤ벻ṽ¤εҤߺǤ⹭ƳƤ벻ṽ¤ (cf. #1563. ṽ¤ ([2013-08-07-1])) εҤǤϡonset, rhyme, nucleus, coda ʤɤΰ֤äع¤ȤƤ롥ṽ¤ˤƳˤǤΤȤʤΤʸ̤ nucleus ǤꡤŵŪˤϤ첻ޤꡤμդˡ֤Ȥ˶פȤƤλҲۤ롥첻ŪˡΡפϡפʤɤɽʤ֤˼ޤ벻ǤꡤǻҲϤμդֻۤʬפǤʤʤֻʬפȤȤषΥ᡼ˡȱΧȤΤϸ̩ˤϥʥ첻סֻҲפȤոطʤˤŪʲΤȤ館ȤϴؤäƤ
嵭Τ褦ˡפȤϡŪ߽ФǤꡤʸˡȯۤ˶ᤤȤ⤢äơܸθؤΥǥˤϽѸǤ˺դƵפȤȤ⤷ʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-12-09-1]

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2014-09-12 Fri

#1964. ץȥ [prototype][phonology][phoneme][phonetics][syllable][prosody][terminology][semantic_change][family_resemblance][philosophy_of_language][onomasiology]

ǧθؤǤϡץȥ (prototype) ιͤŻ뤵롥ꥹȥƥ쥹Ūʥǥʥƥ꡼Ѥ˵褷 Wittgenstein (1889--1951) եǥʥʲ²Ū (family resemblance) ˴Ťƥ꡼Ѥ򼨤Τ1ĤθήȤơץȥפǧθؤˤƽפʥɤȤȯŸƤץȥˤȡƥ꡼ (feature) ̵ͭȤ߹碌ˤäɽΤǤϤʤ (attribute) ٤Ȥ߹碌ˤäɽΤǤ롥Ǥ뤫顤Υƥ꡼濴˰֤Ť褦ʺǤդ路ŵŪ⤢Сդ˰֤Ť뤢ޤŵŪǤʤ⤢ȹͤ롥㤨СĻפȤƥ꡼ˤơĥХ濴ŪʥץȥŪˤȤߤʤ뤬ڥ󥮥祦ϼŪץȥŪˤǤ롥ϲʳŪμˤӮưʪΤƤꡤŵŪʥƥ꡼ѤˤСĻפǤϤʤȤ뤬ץȥΥƥ꡼ѤˤС¤ʤŪʡĻפǤȤߤʤȤǤ롥Τ褦ˡ֡餷פ٤100%0%ޤǤϢ³ΤʤƤꡤɤ餬Ǥꡤɤ餬ǤʤΤϤǤʤȤߤ롥
ͤƤߤСʹ֤Ū˻ʪץȥפδߤƤ롥֤ǤʤǤʤܤˤƤɤ餫ǺΤϡץȥŪ֤ȲΤäƤꡤ줫󤤼Ūʿդˡ֤Τ󤲤ʤȸСܸüԤǤСŵŪ͹إݥȡ󥴡ȥޥȡʤɤ֤롥Ʊͤˡ#1962. ǰ ([2014-09-10-1]) ˤ FURNITURE, FRUIT, VEHICLE, WEAPON, VEGETABLE, TOOL, BIRD, SPORT, TOY, CLOTHING 줾ŵŪ󤲤ʤȤȡ¿αѸüԤ褽פ롥
Ѹ FURNITURE Ǥμ¸ߤƤߤ褦E. Rosch ϡ200ͤΥꥫͳˡ60Ĥβȶ̾Ϳ줾줬ɤΤ餤ֲȶ餷פ17ޤǤ7ʳɾ1Ǥȶ餷ˤǼ򽸷פȡȶŵδФäۤɶͭƤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤäRosch ("Cognitive Representations of Semantic Categories." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 104 (1975): 192--233. p. 229) Ĵ󤷤 Taylor (46) ɽƸ褦

MemberRankSpecific score
chair1.51.04
sofa1.51.04
couch3.51.10
table3.51.10
easy chair51.33
dresser6.51.37
rocking chair6.51.37
coffee table81.38
rocker91.42
love seat101.44
chest of drawers111.48
desk121.54
bed131.58
bureau141.59
davenport15.51.61
end table15.51.61
divan171.70
night table181.83
chest191.98
cedar chest202.11
vanity212.13
bookcase222.15
lounge232.17
chaise longue242.26
ottoman252.43
footstool262.45
cabinet272.49
china closet282.59
bench292.77
buffet302.89
lamp312.94
stool323.13
hassock333.43
drawers343.63
piano353.64
cushion363.70
magazine rack374.14
hi-fi384.25
cupboard394.27
stereo404.32
mirror414.39
television424.41
bar434.46
shelf444.52
rug455.00
pillow465.03
wastebasket475.34
radio485.37
sewing machine495.39
stove505.40
counter515.44
clock525.48
drapes535.67
refrigerator545.70
picture555.75
closet565.95
vase576.23
ashtray586.35
fan596.49
telephone606.68


ץȥϡѲεҤˤ̤ȯ롥㤨Сθΰ̣ѲϡĤƼŪä濴ŪʸȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤȤǤ롥ξ硤ΰ̣ΥץȥפABذܤäɽǤʸ䲻ʤ¾ѲˤĤƤƱͤ˥ץȥפδ뤳ȤǤ롥
ޤץȥפϡ#1961. ܥ٥ ([2014-09-09-1]) 䴰Ūʴطˤ뤳ȤŦƤץȥפϡ줬Ϳ줿ȤбŵŪʰ̣ؼоݤפ⤫٤뤳ȤΤǤǽϤѤ˴ط롥ܥ٥Ƥϡ̣ؼоݤͿ줿ȤбŵŪʸפ⤫٤뤳ȤΤǤǽϤѤ˴ط롥Ԥ semasiologicalԤ onomasiological ʻǤ롥

Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2003.

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2014-07-26 Sat

#1916. ˡȽˡǰۤʤ֤ķƻ [adjective][syllable][pronunciation][prosody][participle][euphony][numeral][personal_pronoun]

#643. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ ([2011-01-30-1]), #712. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2) ([2011-04-09-1]), #752. ¾ưȼưüʲʬƻ ([2011-05-19-1]) ǴϢ˿줿Ѹˤϲʬˡ˱2Ĥΰۤʤ֤򼨤 drunk / drunken, bent / bended, proved / proven, beloved / belovèd Τ褦ʥڥ롥ûԤϽŪˡ1ʬĹԤϸŪѤ뷹롥εǤϡꥺȴϢŤơλȤʬˤĤ
嵭ΥڥϤưβʬƻưͳǤϤʤƻˤ⡤2Ĥΰ۷֤㤬Ѹ˸줿ξԤɤٴϢ뤫Ϥ狼ʤȤʬȤƤΤǾҲ𤷤two / twain, my / mine, thy / thine, old / olden γƥڥˤơԤη֤ϸ /n/ ޤʬĹȤ־ħ뤬ˡȤƤԤԤ٤Ƥ֤ʤ롥ڡ켣 (462) 򻲾Ȥơ줾ħޤȤ褦

(1) two / twain
twain ϸűѸ tweġen ʡгʤη֤ͳ褷two бη֤ͳ褹롥twain two ȤȤѸ̤ƹѤ졤ѸäƤ⡤(i) ̾θֽȤơ(ii) ̾θƱʸȤơ(iii) ˡȤơѤƤtwain two ˲³ƤϤˡ򶹤ʤѸޤӤȤˤʤ롥

I have receivyd twaine your lettres. (1554 Cdl. Pole in Eng. Hist. Rev.)
lovers twain (MND. V. i. 151)
O Perdita, what have we twain forgot! (Wint. IV. iv. 673)
I must become a borrower of the night For a dark hour or twain. (Mac. III. i. 26--27)
Thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain. (Rom. III. v. 240)


twain ӱΤѤ䤹äȤϸޤǤʤ

(2) my / mine, thy / thine
줾űѸο;̾°ʷ mīn, þīn ̤롥ͭɽ魯ˡˤơƥڥԤη my, thy ǤϻҲ֤ /n/ æΤǡԤη mine, thine Ǥ첻 /n/ ݻ줿ΤǤ롥λȤʬϡ1318ޤ³ñȤѤˡǤϡmine, thine /n/ ֤ͭФ졤ߤ˻롥

(3) old / olden
olden 15Ⱦ˽Ф٤㤤۷֤äShakespeare Ǥ1٤Τ "Blood hath been shed ere now, i' the olden time," (Mac. III. iv. 75) ȤƸ졤餯 the olden time ȤɽޤäΤȻפ롥Scott ˤ olden times Ȥ㤬롥19㳰Ū˽ˡѸǤϸ§ȤƤäѤ嵭θѤ롥

ΥڥǤĹ֤ˤ /n/ ˲äƤ뤬ºݤ˲䤹ʤäƥꥺ˴ͿȹͤˤΤ (3) ΤߤǤ롥(3) Ǥ2 olden ˡȤƤλѤ˸¤Ƥꡤ ##643,712 Ǽꥺˤ˹פ롥(1), (2) ǤϡɲäʤΤ /n/ դĹ֤Τۤषˡ򼺤äƤΤ(3) 椷оŪǤ롥

ͺ켣 رѸIIIA١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1984ǯ

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2013-08-07 Wed

#1563. ṽ¤ [syllable][phonetics][phonology][metrical_phonology][terminology]

ε#1562. Χߤ yod-dropping ([2013-08-06-1]) ǡȴDzṽ¤ (syllable structure) ʬϤ򼨤 Hogg and McCully (35--38) ˵äơṽ¤ζʽŪʳܤʲǤϡgrind /graind/ Ȥ1βṽ¤˼롥
ǤľŪʬˡϡʬ᲻եåȤ¤٤벼ޤ (1) ˡǤ롥ŪˤⲻŪˤ⡤첻ȻҲȤ̤뤳ȤȤƤƤ褤ȻפΤǡɸͿƤ롥

Syllable Structure

(1) 츫餫ʤ褦ˡҲϻҲɤηʤ첻첻ɤηʤΤ̾Ǥ롥äơ줾򥰥롼ײƲǤΰ֤˱ƥ٥Ĥ뤳ȤϼǤ롥λϤޤôҲ OnsetΤ첻 NucleusôҲ Coda ʬ뤳ȤŪ˹ԤʤƤ롥줬(2) ʬϤǤ롥
ʳǤͭʲṽ¤ʬϤϤǤ뤬˳زʤȡ塤Ǥ롥(3) Τ褦 Nucleus Coda ޤȤ Rhyme ꤷOnset бȤʬϤƤ롥
Ǥϡ(3) Τ褦ʰ츫ʣʳزʤỤ̄ͭʤΤ1ĤϡOnset ˤȼ¤äƤȤȤ롥ѸǤ /graind/ ȤϢ³ϵ뤬㤨 */pfraind/ ϵʤϡOnset /pfr/ ˤäƤҲϢ³¤椨ǤꡤOnset 걦ʬι¤ΩͳˤΤǤ롥Ʊͤˡbrim, bread, bran, brock, brunt *bnim, *bnead, *bnan, *bnock, *bnunt ӤС Onset /br/ */bn/ ˤäƤΤǤꡤθʬΤβݤ˱ƶƤʤȤ狼ޤRhyme Ȥ줽ΤΤȤꡤӱˤꡤñ̤ľŪˤޤȤޤʤΤȤǧ϶
ˡRhyme ʤ뤤Ϥ겼Υ٥ˤʬλˤꡤ¿β䶯ҤǤȤ롥ʬƤнŤ (heavy syllable) Ǥȸ졤ʬƤʤзڤ (light syllable) Ǥȸ롥Nucleus Coda ι¤̡˸ڤȤ⡤Rhyme ʲι¤Ȥư礷ƸڤǤΤǡRhyme Ȥ٥ηк˻񤹤롥
ʾͳǡOnset Ф Rhyme ̤ϤȤ롥Rhyme ʲ Nucleus Coda ضʬˡեåȤ˲¤Ӥˤ벻ʤɡ(3) ѼȤΤ⤢뤳ȤդŪ˲䱤ΧʬϤǽˤ뤿βǤꡤƻΩƤǤ롥

Hogg, Richard and C. B. McCully. Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.

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2013-08-06 Tue

#1562. Χߤ yod-dropping [phonetics][phonology][diphthong][vowel][syllable][metrical_phonology][variation][yod-dropping]

Ѹˤ /juː/ Ȥ徺2첻 (rising diphthong) 롥ѸѼˤäƤۤʤ뤬2첻ˤϤĤħ롥ΤζŪѰ̻ۤŪѲ˴ؤħȤơ#841. yod-dropping ([2011-08-16-1]) 롥 /juː/ /j/ æ/uː/ ȤƼ¸벻ΤȤ
߿ʹ yod-dropping 򵭽ҡΤˡHogg and McCully (42--45) ǽҤ٤Ƥ metrical phonology ʱΧˤˤʬϤѤǤ뤫⤷ʤȻפäΤǡҲ𤷤ƤҲ X + /juː/ ʤ벻ϡޤκδ칽¤äƤʬϤ롥

Jod in Metrical Phonology

ˡδ칽¤ Nucleus ˤ /i/ /j/ Ȥ Onset ذưꤹ롥³/i/ ưȤˤäƶ Nucleus 1ΰ֤ˡ³ /u/ ΥԡФ롥
Τ褦ʬϤϤĤ롥ޤ칽¤ Onset /Xj/ ꤷƤޤȡcue /kjuː/, few /fjuː/ ʤɤǤʤnew /njuː/, lewd /ljuː/ ʤɤǤ꤬롥ʤʤ2⡼餫ʤ Onset ˤ1⡼ʹ٤̵໤ƱʲǤʤȤʤȤŪ¤뤫Ǥ롥¤˽С/n/ /l/ ʹ٤⤹뤿ˡOnset 1⡼Ȥʤ뤳ȤϤǤʤϤºݤˤ1⡼ˤʤäƤΤǡ㳰ŪΤȤʬϤɬפ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ޤʬϤ /Xj/ θˤĹ첻ʤȤ礹롥ȤΤϡNucleus 2⡼ˤ /i/ /u/ 줬֤˥ԡ뤳Ȥ򤳤ʬϤ׵ᤷƤ뤫Ǥ롥
ˡclue, drew, threw ʤɡȤ Onset 2⡼2Ҳˤʤˤϡ/j/ ذưƤ椯ζڡʤˡ/j/ ȤǽŪæƤޤ뤳ȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤҲϢ³ľ yod-dropping ɬܤǤ뤳Ȥ򤦤ޤ롥
ѰۤȤƤ yod-dropping ϡѸѼˤäƤۤʤ뤬dew, enthuse, lewd, new, suit, tune ʤɤθˤ /j/ ̵ͭɤˤäƼ롥Ūˤ̻Ūˤ⡤yod-dropping ε䤹ԤҲ X Ǥ뤫ˤäƤ٤Ϸޤ뤳ȤΤƤ뤬򤤤˾ʬϤȤ߹ळȤǤ뤫βȤʤ

Hogg, Richard and C. B. McCully. Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.

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2013-06-19 Wed

#1514. Sonority Analyser [phonetics][sonority][syllable][web_service][cgi]

    

ε#1513. ʹ ([2013-06-18-1]) ǡŤäƤʹ٤⤷ޤSonority Sequencing Generalisation (SSG) Ȥ§Ƴʬ᲻ʹ٤θ§˽ä֤뤳Ȥ򼨤ʹ٤β̤Τ褦򤷡ǧ뤿ˡεǤϤĤñˤʬϤ򼨤ǤդñʬϤǤǤ롥
ǡˡˤäñϤȡưŪˤȯʬ᲻ʬ򤷡ʬ᲻ sonority scale ¨ʹ٤ͤ꿶ꡤë޼Ƥġʲˡ"Sonority Analyser" 롥1ĤθǤ褤޶ڤʣθ򸫽ФηϤƤ褤ʹ٤λëοޤŬڤ˽ϤͤǤ롥
ȯǡ١ˤϡ#1159. MRC Psycholinguistic Database Search ([2012-06-29-1]) ѤƤꡤޤޤϿƤʤֻˤʤϤʤ1ĤˡФʣΥȥ꡼Ʊְ۵ʻ㤤ʤɡˤˤϡ줾줬޼롥ɽˤĤƤϡMRC θǡեλ˴ŤΤ򤽤Τޤ޻Ѥ
sonority scale ˤϡ§ȤƺεǼΤѤƤ뤬(1) /w, j/ ʹ8ȤȤȤι첻첻첻ͤϷ夲ơ줾9, 10, 11Ȥ(2) 2첻ϲ2첻 (falling diphthong) Ȥ1첻ʹ٤ͤ2첻Τ˳Ƥ뤳ȤȤ̩ǤϤʤȤ⡤ץ쥼ǧӤˤϽʬ

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2013-06-18 Tue

#1513. ʹ [phonetics][phoneme][sonority][syllable][terminology][phonotactics]

(syllable) ˤ͡Ϳ줦뤬ƤΤȤơʬ᲻βŪʹ (sonority) ˰¸롥ʹ٤ΤΤϡ"the overall loudness of a sound relative to others of the same pitch, stress and duration" (Crystal 442) Τ褦롥ʬ᲻Ūˤʹ䤹٤ȲǤ롥
ʬ᲻ʹ٤¬͡ˤʤƤꡤͤˤĤƤϼ¸Ȥ˾ܺ٤ϰۤʤ뤫⤷ʤޤʬ̤ˤĤƤϸԤΤǰפߤƤ롥1ȤơHogg and McCully (33) ˵󤲤ƤѸʬ᲻ sonority scale 򼨤

SoundsSonority valuesExamples
low vowels10/a, ɑ/
mid vowels9/e, o/
high vowels8/i, u/
flaps7/r/
laterals6/l/
nasals5/n, m, ŋ/
voiced fricatives4/v, ð, z/
voiceless fricatives3/f, θ, s/
voiced stops2/b, d, g/
voiceless stops1/p, t, k/


̤ˡҲ첻Τ̵ۤͭΤۤγ礭ۤʹ٤Ϲ⤤ҲˤĤƤСҲζ٤ʹ٤ȿδطǤꡤ٤㤤ʡ夤ʹ٤ι⤤˻ҲϡŪפü䤹
ơʹ٤ΤͭʤΤϡʬ᲻Ϣ³ˤʹ٤ĺ (peak) ãȤγ (syllabic nucleus) Ȱפ뤫Ǥ롥ʬ᲻Ϣ³ʬʬ᲻ʹ٤꿶ȡ1İʾʹ٤ĺ롥ĺοθβȤȤˤʤ롥벻٤Ȥζܤɤ뤫ŪޤǤ뤬ʤȤⲻγˡĺˤϡΤ褦ʹ٤ʬϤ뤳ȤǵŪޤΤԹ礬ɤ
ʲˡĤθʹʬϤ򼨤

WordPronunciationSonority valuesPeaks = Syllables
modest/modest/5-9-2-9-3-12
complain/compleːn/1-9-5-1-6-9-52
petty/peti/1-9-1-82
elastic/əlæstik/8-6-10-3-1-8-13
elasticity/iːlæstisiti/9-6-10-3-1-8-3-8-1-85
petrol/petrəl/1-9-1-7-9-62
button/bʌtn/2-9-1-52
bottle/botl/2-9-1-62


Ǹ button bottle ǤϺǽҲʹ٤ȤĺʤΤǡγˤȤƵǽƤ롥벻粻ŪҲǤ롥
˶̣ΤϡϢʬ᲻ʹ٤˴ؤ뤢ˡ§򼨤ȤǤ롥 "Sonority Sequencing Generalisation" (SSG) ȸƤФ븶§ǡΤ褦꼰롥

[I]n any syllable, there is a segment constituting a sonority peak that is preceded and/or followed by a sequence of segments with progressively decreasing sonority values. (Crystal 442)


ˤäƻĺι⤵ϤޤޤŵŪˡëëפΤ줤ʬۤˤʤȤȤSSG ϼƤ롥onset s ǻϤޤҲ (ex. sp-, st-, sk-) ξʤɤǤϤθ§ϵ§Ūˤ뤳ȤΤƤ뤬 SSG ϱѸˤ˰ꤷ§Ǥ롥

Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Hogg, Richard and C. B. McCully. Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-28-1] [2013-06-19-1]

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2013-04-06 Sat

#1440. ٥󥭥 [syllable][corpus][lexicon][phonetics][frequency][statistics]

#1424. CELEX2 ([2013-03-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ǡ١DzƤߤ褦ȹͤVersion 2 ǿ˲ä줿 (English Frequency, Syllables) Υ֥ǡ١ˤꡤѸǺǤ¿᥿פΥ󥭥󥰤
ϡCELEX2 ΤȤˤʤäƤ륳ѥΤΤ7.26%130äե֥ѥФ줿٤Ǥꡤ٤ǤϤʤȡ٤ˤΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤäդˤ뤢ñ٤⤱Сʬñ˴ޤޤ벻᥿פ٤⤯ʤȤȤǤ롥㤨Сof "Ov" (= /ɒv/) ɽ벻ϡ4̤٤Ǥ롥ʤ̵ͭϹθ٤Ƥ롥
ʲΥꥹȤ˵󤲤벻ɽϡIPA ǤϤʤ CELEX ͤäɽʤΤǡбɽ󤲤Ƥ

CELEX2 Phonetic Character Set

Ǥϡʲ˥󥭥ɽǥȥå50̤ޤǤǺܤ롥٤ñβ᥿פΤޤ޾̤ȿǤƤơޤꤪ⤷ɽǤϤʤΩĤȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤ

RankSyllableFrequency
1eI72971
2Di:60967
3tu:31446
4Ov30108
5In29906
6&nd28709
7aI23822
8lI19728
9@19566
10rI14356
11ju:12598
12dI12465
13D&t12118
14It11504
15wOz10834
16fO:r*9778
17Iz9517
18tI9161
19fO9042
20Sn,8969
21hi:8928
22r@n8638
23bi:8505
24bI7936
25nI7068
26wID7046
27On7030
28&z6919
29O:l6569
30h&d6240
31E6165
32bl,6021
33sI5836
34@U5824
35t@r*5687
36&t5652
37hIz5564
38bVt5416
39mI5397
40s@5391
41nOt5357
42D@r*5339
43I5283
44tId5259
45DeI5162
46IN5063
47t@5053
48s@U4974
49baI4894
50h&v4769


󥭥ɽ򸫤ϡֶڤ Syllable Frequency Rank Table by CELEX2 򻲾ȡ֥饦DZϡɤΤȤƤ11492ΰۤʤ벻᥿פϿƤꡤ٤1ʾΤΤ7934פ롥#1023. ܸμȿ ([2012-02-14-1]) κǸǡѸβ᥿פܸ٤ƶäۤ¿¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥ˿줿οߤǼǤϢơsyllable γƵ򻲾ȡ
ʤCELEX2 Υޥ˥奢ˤϰʲâ񤭤ƤΤǡƷǤƤ

Please note that the English corpus used by CELEX for deriving these frequencies contains only 7.3% spoken material. This means there is a rather tenuous relationship between the full frequency figures, which are based on written forms, and the syllable frequencies, which merely refer to phonemic conversions of these graphemic transcriptions. Of course it could be argued that frequencies of syllables, as lexical sub-units, are less liable to get skewed from differences in medium than full words, but it has to be taken into account that NO FIRM EVIDENCE ABOUT SPOKEN FREQUENCIES can be derived from these data.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-28-1] [2019-07-03-1]

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2012-11-12 Mon

#1295. ե󥹸ȥƥ2Ÿ [doublet][french][latin][etymology][loan_word][syllable]

#944. ration reason ([2011-11-27-1]) ǡե󥹸ȥƥ줫Ѥ줿 (doublet) 򤤤Ĥreason -- ration, treason -- tradition, poison -- potion, lesson -- lection ȤäڥǤ롥Schmitt and Marsden (87) ¾㤬󤬤äƤΤǡ˼ѸäƤΤǥե󥹸졤ϽѸ˲ƼѤ줿ƥǤ롥

French (in ME)Latin (in EModE)
armorarmature
chambercamera
choirchorus
frailfragile
gendergenus
jealouszealous
proveprobe
straitstrict
strangeextraneous
treasurethesaurus


ե󥹸ƥ٤Ƥߤȡ˻Ҳü뤤Ѳꡤ᤬Ƥ뤫狼롥ƥƥϲ¿ѸϤΰۤʤ˭٤˼뤳ȤˤäơäΤΤ䤷ƤȤϤ󡤸äβ̤ʬۤѲƤΤѸäȲˤĤƤϡsyllable statistics γƵ򻲾ȡ

Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-05-1] [2015-03-29-1]

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2012-07-01 Sun

#1161. Ѹܸˤäβ̳ [lexicology][statistics][syllable][corpus][japanese]

ε#1160. MRC Psychological Database Ƽפв ([2012-06-30-1]) (3) ǡѸäˤʬ̤ơ줾٤ФˤȡоݤȤʤä92767θΤˤ1졤2졤3졤4ϡ줾13.46%35.40%29.91%15.26%Ǥꡤ碌94.03%ã롥Ȥ櫓23碌65.31%Ǥ롥9;Ȥ絬ϤʸäĴ¤ꡤѸä3ʬ2᤯2--3ǤȤȤˤʤ롥
##348,349,355 εǤϡBNC COLT ΥѥѤơǤ٤ι⤤ɴ줫оݤ˲ĴԤʤäĴоݤȤʤäεϤϳʤ˾˽äƲ̤γѤ롥12줬ͥǤꡤ6000쵬ϤĴǤ⤳268.7%ʡ#349. BNC Word Frequency List ˤ벻ʬĴ (2) ([2010-04-11-1]) Υդ򻲾ȡˡоݤȤõϤˤꡤͥͭΨ򼨤ư뤳Ȥ狼뤬ŪˡѸäˤƤ1--3줬פǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ǤϡܸθäˤĤơ̤γϤɤƣۤ (80) Ǥϡˤܸ쥢ȼŵ٤θФ˴ŤʬۤĴ̤󤵤Ƥ롥ŵθФǤ뤫оθäϿεϤȻפ롥ʲΤ褦ʷ̤Ф

12345678910
0.34.822.738.817.711.03.31.20.20.1100


Υԡ4ˤꡤ35碌79.2%6ä90.2%ˤʤ롥Ѹθäμ礿빽Ǥ1--3ȤСܸθäμ礿빽Ǥ3--5Ȥʤ롥Ǥߤ¤ꡤñŪûܸñŪĹȤ褯狼롥
ξ֤κݤäۤϡκȲṽ¤κ˵ȤäƤ褤ˤĤƤϡ[2012-02-12-1]ε#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿפǸȤꡤ롥ޤṽ¤ˤĤƤϡܸβ᤬ۤܡֻҲ첻פ1ǤΤФơѸβϡ[2012-02-14-1]ε#1023. ܸμȿפǼȤꡤ롥
ܸθäϡ2ܤȤƤȹͤ롥¸ǤǤ21줬¿äĥ˽äơη礬̤Ȥ41줬ήȤʤäƤаޤ롥θˤĤƤ⡤ͥ4˹碌ơ֥ޥߥ˥ע֥ޥߡס֥ϥ󥬡ȥ饤ע֥ϥ󥹥ȡס֥󥸥󥹥ȥåסע֥󥹥ȡפȾά뤳Ȥ¿2ܤȤܸäΩȡθȯŸˤĤƤϡ (48--62) ܤ

ƣ ɧ ɹ ԡܸ쳵١դ1989ǯ
ͺܸˡĿϤʤʤΤ١޴ֽ񱡡2001ǯ

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2012-06-30 Sat

#1160. MRC Psychological Database Ƽפв [lexicology][statistics][syllable][corpus]

[2012-06-28-1], [2012-06-29-1]ϢҲ𤷤Ƥ MRC Psycholinguistic Database ˴Ťơ4ĤαѸפ޼ǡեλ˼ƤɽȤ˥դ̤Υѥ˴ŤĴԤʤäƤΤ⤢ΤǡӤͤͥǡϡHTML򻲾ȡ

(1) ʸˤ
Word Frequency by Number of Letters in MRC Psychological Database

(2) ǿˤ
Word Frequency by Number of Phonemes in MRC Psychological Database

ʻ͡
[2012-02-13-1]: #1022. ѸγƲǤ١

(3) ˤ
Word Frequency by Number of Syllables in MRC Psychological Database

ʻ͡
[2010-04-09-1]: #347. ñʿѲϤɤΤ餤
[2010-04-10-1]: #348. BNC Word Frequency List ˤ벻ʬĴ
[2010-04-11-1]: #349. BNC Word Frequency List ˤ벻ʬĴ (2)
[2010-04-17-1]: #355. COLT Word Frequency List ˤ벻ʬĴ

(4) ʻˤ
Word Frequency by Syntactic Category in MRC Psychological Database

ʻ͡
[2012-06-02-1]: #1132. ñʻ̤γ
[2011-02-23-1]: #667. COCA 50ʻ̤γϡ
[2011-02-22-1]: #666. COCA 5000ʻ̤γϡ
[2011-02-16-1]: #660. ѸΥե󥹼ѸηƻΨ

¾ä٤䡤̤γˤĤƤϰʲε⻲ȡ

[2010-03-01-1]: #308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ
[2011-08-20-1]: #845. Ѹθäεȳ
[2012-01-07-1]: #985. Ѹθäεȳ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-21-1] [2012-07-01-1]

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2012-06-09 Sat

#1139. 2।ǥν벻Ūʾ (2) [phonetics][syllable][binomial][idiom][prosody][alliteration][phonaesthesia]

ε[2012-06-08-1]³ơbinomial 2।ǥˤιǤνȲŪꡥϡ1 and 1˶Τ2פȤ binomial ¿¸ߤ뤳Ȥ򸫤طʤˤϡ嶯ΥꥺŬ礹ȤȤ⤢뤬Bolinger λŦ褦ˡû and ĹפȤŪʽˤ礹Ȥװ롥äȤŵŪĹûκۤ2Ǥβΰ㤤ȤȤƱñΡ˾ˤϡĹûκۤϲλ³ʹ٤ΰ㤤ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥Bolinger ɽǤС"openness and sonorousness" (40) ΰ㤤Ǥ롥
ʬ᲻ "open and sonorous" ٤ι⤤ۤ㤤ۤؤʬहȡ(1) 첻(2) ͭ³(3) ͭĺ˻(4) ̵³(5) ̵ĺ˻Ȥʤ롥δû and ĹפСopenness and sonorousness 㤤 and ⤤פȤȤˤʤBolinger (40--44) ϡ¤ˤ¸ߤʤˤ binomial ƻǤäǤνؤơѸüԤ︳Ԥˤɤ餬Ф"He lives in a plap and plam house." vs "He lives in a plam and plap house." ΤȤǤ롥̤ϡŪɬΤǤϤʤä٤ηϸ줿Ȥ
Ǥä binomial ˤ¸ʾ˶̣Τϡp. 40 ˵󤲤ƤϢƬɽǤʴϢơ[2011-11-26-1]ε#943. Ƭˤפ򻲾ȡˡflimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack. Ǥϡ2Ǥ¤Ӥϡ줾첻ʹ٤㤤Ρܹ⤤ΡפνˤʤäƤ롥νˤĤƤϡphonaesthesia δ顤ŪˡֶᤤΡܱ󤤤ΡפȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ (see ##207,242,243)
ꥺࡤʹ١Ƭphonaesthesia binomial ȤˤϱѸβԻ׵ĤͤޤäƤ褦

Bolinger, D. L. "Binomials and Pitch Accent." Lingua (11): 34--44.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-14-1]

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2012-02-14 Tue

#1023. ܸμȿ [syllable][japanese][mora]

[2012-02-12-1]ε#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿפǤϡǤȤñ̤ξΰǤȤñ̤ǤϤɤϡܸΰɽ򼨤ʲŵ϶İ (90)

aiueojajujo(je)wa(wi)(we)wo
hahihuhehohjahjuhjo(hje)(hwa)(hwi)(hwe)(hwo)
gagigugegogjagjugjo (gwa)   
kakikukekokjakjukjo (kwa)   
ŋaŋiŋuŋeŋoŋjaŋjuŋjo     
da(di)(du)dedo (dju)      
ta(ti)(tu)teto (tju)      
naninunenonjanjunjo     
babibubebobjabjubjo     
papipupepopjapjupjo     
mamimumemomjamjumjo     
zazizuzezozjazjuzjo(zje)    
sasisusesosjasjusjo(sje)    
(ca)cicu(ce)(co)cjacjucjo(cje)    
rarirurerorjarjurjo     
 NTR         


̤դΤϡȤƳ䴶ư˸Ρդ٤ΤȤơ(wha) = եci = cu = ġ(ca) = ĥcja = 㡥

ܸβñ̤ȤơǤ礭ʲ򼨤ѸȤơ (syllable) ⡼ (mora) ʤɤ뤬ѸλȤϸԤˤäƤޤޤǤ롥ǤϡȸƤǤȤˤ롥ˤȡܸϡǯγ˸벻̤Ȥȡ112ĤȤˤʤ롥ɡǤȤƤ⤿ʤüԤϡ8򺹤ɬפ롥o wo ˤĤƤϡ֤פȡ֤פ϶̸ǤϤȤ /o/ Ȥƶ̤ʤĤޤפȡøޤפʤɤǤΩΤǡ̤Ȥǧꤹ롥
İ (104) ˤСϥ磻ϡҲ8ġ첻5Ĥǡ45᤬̤롥̵ɸ411ᡥơѸǽʲ¿ȤΤƤ ([2012-02-02-1]ε#1011. ʤˤϡĺҲ첻פȤ߹碌¿פ򻲾ȡˡܸؼԤDZѸؼԤ¤ˤСѸβ3İʲȤȤϤʤȥ󥫤ȤؼԤˤС86,165ĤȤäΥȥ󥫤θڤˤϡäƤߤ

İ ɧܸ졡ǡʾˡ١ȽŹ1988ǯ

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2011-06-24 Fri

#788. half an hour [syllable][pronunciation][prosody]

30ʬפ half an hour ɽ뤬äƸƻǽĶǤ a (good) half hour ȤѤ롥˿̷ƻ줬֤ϡ¾ˤ all the boys, both the books, many a time ʤɤ궦̤Ūħ򼨤Ƥ롥ŪħظˤϡΧŪװƯƤ褦˻פ롥嵭Τ⡤θ뤳ȤǶ ( trochee ) ȤʤꡤѸΰŪʥꥺˤ褯Ŭ礹롥Τ褦˸ꡤ̣ŪɬפΤʤʤɤ̵β뤳ȤˤäƱΧȤϡѸǤϾʤʤ
Bolinger (151--53) ϱΧԹˤä줦عʸڥʤʸޤˤǷǤƤ롥¦걤ΧŪɽǤ롥

an aloof person    vs.    an aloof kind of person
It's a compact book.    vs.    It's a compact little book.
a half hour    vs.    half an hour
without doubt    vs.    without a doubt
mother mine    vs.    pal o' mine
Outside these I have no preference.    vs.    Outside of these I have no preference.
Beware the Ides of March    vs.    Beware of Brutus
a little bread    vs.    a bit of bread
a dozen eggs    vs.    a gross of eggs
a morsel bread    vs.    a piece of bread
I dare not tell her.    vs.    We dare to judge.
He dared adventure himself.    vs.    The players dared to satirise.
the lessons these things have taught us    vs.    the lessons these things have taught to all of us
He's gone fishing.    vs.    He's gone a-fishing.
Why did you have to go tell her?    vs.    Why did you have to go and tell her?
Who was it that told you?    vs.    Who was it told you?
a quite long report    vs.    quite a long report
*very a long report    vs.    a very long report
*a so pretty girl    vs.    so pretty a girl
so pretty a girl    vs.    such a pretty girl
*a that pretty girl    vs.    that pretty a girl
*a too remote place    vs.    too remote a place
*an enough good reason    vs.    a good enough reason
a good enough reason    vs.    a reason good enough


[2011-04-09-1]εΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2)פ[2011-06-12-1]εֲʬƻ -ed ᲽפʤɤǤ⿨줿褦ˡΧ¿ξ硤ѶŪ˸ѹ¥װȤϡ̤װˤäưƤŪѲ¿ʤȤ⹳Ȥ⤹оäƤǽΤŪʸݻװȤƺѤƤȹͤ롥Χˤϡ㳰¿ֵ§פȸƤ֤ˤϼ夹뤬餯Ѹ˸¤餺Ū˺ѤƤȹͤۤɤ˱ϰϤַװʾϤͭƤΤǤϤʤ
a Jàpanese stúdent ʤɤˤ붯 back shifting 䡤Amelia's love makes the burning sand grow green beneath him and the stunted shrubs to blossom. ˤǸɸ to ʤɡΧδؤܤϿ¿

Bolinger, Dwight L. "Pitch Accent and Sentence Rhythm." Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order. Ed. Isamu Abe and Tetsuya Kanekiyo. Tokyo: Hakuou, 1965. 139--80.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-12-28-1]

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2011-04-09 Sat

#712. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2) [adjective][syllable][pronunciation][prosody][eurhythmy]

aged, beloved, crooked, dogged, jagged, learned, naked, ragged, wicked, wretched ʤɤβʬƻ줬2ȤȯˤĤơ[2011-01-30-1]ε­롥εǤϡʤΤ褦ʰθ췲ǤΤߡ2첻ݻ줿ˤĤƵ褷ٸȤϤ ( Frequency Sorter dzǧѤߡˡ٤ϴطʤˡȽˡκͿƤǽ뤳ȤϡκǸǼ
ƻȤƤˡΰ㤤ˤɤΤ褦˴Ϳ뤫򤹤ˤϡΧ ( prosody ) ꥺԹ ( eurythmy ) ȤƳɬפ롥ˡȤѤƻϡ̾ľ̾줬롥ľˤϥȤμ夤ؼΤ뤳Ȥ¿ŵŪȤ a lovely girl ͤȡȤ嶯嶯³ ( iamb ) Ǹ롥ϡѸǺǤŵŪǼ˿Ϥ褤Χ1ĤǤ롥ΰ֤ˤƻ줬1˥Ȥ2ǤۤѸαΧ塤Թ礬褤Ȥ狼aged, naked, wicked ʤθ췲ϡޤˤΤ褦ʡԹΤ褤ײṽ¤ʤƤ롥⡤¿ȤƸˡѤ롥my aged aunt, their beloved Ireland, a crooked nose, the jagged edges, a learned journal, a naked body, a ragged jacket, a wicked witch, the wretched animal ʤɡѸβʬǤϤʤ-id ĥƥѸ solid, squalid, timid, vivid ˤ2⡤餯Ʊͳݻ줿ȹͤ (Minkova 327--28)
ʬƻθ -ed Ǥʤ -en ޤȡˡ ( predicative use ) ȸˡ ( attributive use ) Τ줾Ѥ֤κϤˤʤ롥Minkova (327) ˵󤲤Ƥʲ˼

PREDICATIVEATTRIBUTIVE
The case is proved.a proven case
The sailor is drunk.a drunken sailor
His knee is bent.one bended knee
The main had burst.a bursted main


ʬƻ -ed -en 첻ϡѸμʲѲή˾äƤи治ü ( syncopation ) ФƤϤҤΤ褦ʱΧԹǡü˥֥졼äΤȹͤ롥󤳤϶ȤʤʤŵŪʼ嶯ʤ鳰 a dogged determination ʤɤʤ2Ĥθط첻ȯ2첻ȯʤ1ˤ礷Ƥˡeurhythmy 줫ĤγΨװȤƺѤȤȤϽʬˤꤽǤ롥κѤMinkova (327) Bolinger ˸ڤĤ "the operation of a rhythmic principle 'causing one of two alternative constructions to be preferred over the other, contributing to the preservation of a form that might otherwise have been lost. . .'" ȵƤ롥
2Ĥθطζ礬ˤʤФʤۤɡΧԹȤϤװǤ⡤塹礭ƤΤǤϤʤºݡѸˤˤۣ첻θ治άϡѸѸˤƤޤˤޤʤ³ƤΤǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Cambridge, 6--9 April 1987. Ed. Sylvia Adamson, Vivien Law, Nigel Vincent, and Susan Wright. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 313--36.

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2011-01-30 Sun

#643. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ [adjective][syllable][pronunciation]

Quirk et al. (7.19) ˤȡ̾ʲβʬƻϸ -ed /ɪd/ ȯɲä롥

aged, beloved, crooked, dogged, jagged, learned, naked, ragged, wicked, wretched


aged /ˈeɪdʒɪd/ my aged father Τ褦˸Ū˿ͤǯɽ魯Ȥ the aged Ϸͤפξ˻Ȥ졤ͤηƤǤʤ aged wine ʤɤѤ /ˈeɪdʒd/ ȯˤʤ롥beloved ϡmy beloved son ξˤ /bɪˈlʌvɪd/ She was beloved by everyone. Τ褦ưȤƤʤ /bɪˈlʌvd/ Ȥʤ롥ޤa learned professor ؤʶפ a learned journal ֳؽѻפǤ /ˈlɚːnɪd/ a learned skill ַиˤäƿȤˤĤѡפǤ /lɚːnd/ Ǥ롥ȤʬϤʤʤ񤷤
ϡ§ŪʲʬʵڤӲˤθ -ed ϡֻ˼Ƥ̤ꡤ첻ȼäΩȤȯƤ (320--21) ˤСѸǤϼޤä첻 /əd/ ȯƤ첻Ǥ13顤ʳǤ14üƤäθ治 ( syncopation ) ϡ-ed Τߤʤ餺 -es, -eth, -est, -en, -er ʤɤθǤǤ⹭ѲǤ롥üΤϤäȤǤꡤ15ˤ絬Ϥ˿ʹԤ17ޤ첻ݤ⤢ä
첻ߤޤݤ줿ΤȤƤϡ ( sibilant ) ǽ촴³ ( ex. kisses, houses, edges, hated, ended ) §Ū㳰Ȥ롥¾ˤϡʬƻ -ly ³ assumedly, assuredly, supposedly ʤɤ롥ϡ3ҲϢ³򤱤뤿βؤȤǤ
嵭ΥꥹȤ˷Ǥβʬƻ첻ݻ줿ͳϤ褯ʬʤȤ櫓٤⤤췲ǤʤΤǡ٤ϴطʤˡηƻȤƻȤȤꡤbeloved θꡦˡȯΰ㤤⼨ȤꡤˡͿƤȤȤϸǤ롥ˤĤƤϡThe driver is drunk the drunken driver Ӥʤɤͤˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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