ɸȴϢϡ#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])#2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1]) 䡤waseieigo γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Baugh and Cable (222) ǡ˱Ѹ줬ƥñݤ˻ܤŬ (adaptation) Ƥ뤬Τ褦1ʸä
. . . the Latin ending -us in adjectives was changed to -ous (conspicu-us > conspicuous) or was replaced by -al as in external (L. externus).
αñϡ̣ǤϼѤ줿Ȥ⤤뤬̣ǤϱѸ줬Ȥ⤤롥ֱפȸƤ֤Τդ路ǤϤʤ
OED ˤСconspicuous ϡƥ conspicuus ˴ŤѸ¦ǤϤƥͳηƻ -ous դȤˤäƿ˷Ǥ롥16ȾФ˽ФƤ롥
1545 T. Raynald tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde Hh vij These vaynes doo appeare more conspicuous and notable to the eyes.
¤ϤΡʼȤƥƥͳ¾θξ⤢ˤղäƼͳ˿ʷƻѥϥޥ˹줿Τǡե -eus դΤ14--15濴ȤƱѸˤ -ous η̤äƤĤޤꡤޤäʩȤ٤Τ졤줬ѸˤήǤȤ櫓Ȥơdangerous, orgulous, adventurous, courageous, grievous, hideous, joyous, riotous, melodious, pompous, rageous, advantageous, gelatinous ʤɤOED -ous, suffix ˡ
ޤѸǤե˽ǤΥѥѶŪѤ conspicuous Τ褦ʱ褦ˤʤäƤƱȤơguilous, noyous, beauteous, slumberous, timeous, tyrannous, blusterous, burdenous, murderous, poisonous, thunderous, adiaphorous, leguminous, delirious, felicitous, complicitous, glamorous, pulchritudinous, serendipitous ʤɤOED -ous, suffix ˡ
ɸΤ⤦1Ĥñ external conspicuous Ȥ褯ѥñϡƥ externus ˴ŤѸ¦ǥƥͳηƻ -al դȤˤäƷǤ롥Ф Shakespeare
a1616 Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) v. vii. 3 Her vertues graced with externall gifts.
a1616 Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) v. ii. 340 If they had swallow'd poyson, 'twould appeare By externall swelling.
ȿո internal Ʊͤλ𤫤Ȼפ䡤ϰΤȤ post-classical Latin Ȥ internalis ǧȤθΥƥȤƤλѤ "14th cent. in a British source" ȤȤʤΤǡϤϤפפ롥ѸǤνϡ15 Polychronicon
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 53 The begynnenge of the grete see is..at the pyllers of Hercules..; after that hit is diffusede in to sees internalle [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. þe ynnere sees; L. maria interna].
֡פϷ褷ʤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
֤ޤˡפ̣붯Ĵ too ʣ (reduplication) Ĵٹ礤˶ too too ʤ줬롥too Ȥֻ졦 to βỤ̄ŪʶȤ٤ǤꡤŤͤ too too ˤƤϡĴޤ˶ˤޤꡤȤäȤShakespeare Ǥ O that this too too sallied flesh would melt. (Hamlet 1. 2. 129) ȤѤƤꡤߤǤ She is too-too kind. ʤɤѤ롥
OED ˤȡĤƤ1 toto, totoo, tootoo ʤɤ֤줿Ȥ⤢äȤƻ٤ȤƤνФϤۤɸŤʤ1542ǯ㤬ƤʤưȤƤ a1529 ˽Фˡ
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 271, It was toto ferre oddes yt a Syrian born should in Roome ouer come a Romain.
ɽȯưŤϡĹɬפʤʣȤϷ֤Ǥꡤ֤ϰ̣ŪĴ̤롥ʣȶĴϡiconicity ʿˤǡƼ̩ܤʴطȤ櫓Τ䤹ˤƤϡ츽ݤȤӻȤʴϢơ#65. Ѹˤ reduplication ([2009-07-02-1]) ȡˡ
ʤˤҤ٤褦˶Ĵ too Τֻ졦 tō ζǤ롥űѸǤ to ñȤǡ֤ξ塤ˡפΰդȤѤ뤳ȤǤƻʤɤȶȡ֤ޤ?פΰ̣ɽ魯ȤǤȤơ첻夯ûȯֻˡĹȯжĴȤƵǽΤǤ롥ʬˤ⤫餺ֻƱ to ֤³16鶯ĴΤۤ too ֤褦ˤʤꡤΩ
ˤζȼΩ̤θǧ褦ˤʤϡѸˤǤ⾯ʤ餺Ƥ롥#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1])#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1]) ȡ
A's X ȤɽθǡB's X ̣ΤȤơX ά줿 B's ȤɽѤ륱϶ḽˤ⸫롥㤨СA's X and B's A's X is better than B's Τ褦ʹ¤Τ褦ʾˡ2ܤ B ˽ͭʤ 's Ĥñ B ȤҤ٤ɽ⡤ޤǤ̤˸줿㤨СA's X and B A's X is better than B Τ褦ʹ¤ǤŪ X B ٤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤʹ¤ȤФʤΤ¤ˤѸ줫ѸޤǹԤʤƤ
Jespersen (302) Ѹ줫ȤưʲƤ롥
His top was dokked lyk a preest biforn (like that of a p.) [Ch., A., 589]
Hys necke he made lyke no man. [Guy of Warw., 8054]
ι¤϶ˤ³ä Shakespeare ¿ѤƤȤ𤬤롥Jespersen (302--03) ¿ȤȤˤθҲ𤷤ƤΤǡѤ褦
Al. Schmidt has collected a good many examples of this phenomenon from Shakespeare. He considers it, however, as a rhetorical figure rather than a point of grammar; thus he writes (Sh. Lex., p. 1423): "Shakespeare very frequently uses the name of a person or thing itself for a single particular quality or point of view to be considered, in a manner which has seduced great part of his editors into needless conjectures and emendations". I pick out some of his quotations, and add a few more from my own collections:---
Her lays were tuned like the lark (like the lays of the lark) [Pilgr., 198]
He makes a July's day short as December (as a December's day) [W. T., i., 2, 169]
Iniquity's throat cut like a calf [2 H. VI., iv., 2, 29]
Mine hair be fixed on end as one distract [2 H. VI., iii., 2, 318]
I know the sound of Marcius' tongue from every meaner man [Cor., i., 6, 27]
My throat of war be turned into a pipe small as an eunuch [ibid., iii., 2, 114]
Ūˤϡ嵭 A's X is better than B 餤ǡ A's X is better than B's ⤢ꤨΤǡξ¤ŪѰ۷äȤˤʤ롥ϡΰѤǤƤ̤ꡤѰۤ Shakespeare ʤɤˤƼͳѰۤäΤ뤤ϽŪʺۤȼäƤΤǤ롥⤷ 's ȤʷǤ̵ͭʸˡʸΤܿȤʤꤦΤǤСʸؾΥƥȤʤ
Jespersen, Otto. Progress in Language with Special Reference to English. 1894. London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
15Ⱦ˰ (printing) ⤿餵줿塤³16δ֤ɸŪˡؤϺϤޤäκݤηƻֻˤȤɤޤ餺ˡ (punctuation) ˤڤ֤Ȥˤʤä
ΩμܤλˤϡƼζɵ椬̣ŪŪȤϲɤΤΥɤȤ͡ѤƤ¿ϰλʹߤ˾äƤޤäο30ĶȤƤΤƱζɵ⤢äμܤǤϤεǽɬ⸽ΤΤƱǤϤʤäʾФƽؤȸФβϴȤƤꡤѸˤ⤤ޤʤä
ΰȼԤϴŪˤϼܤˤäɵƸ褦ȤбʤΤ⤢ꡤ뤳Ȥ¿äŪˤϡ</> (virgule) <.> (point) Ϲǧ줿</> εǽϸߤ <,> (comma) 1520ǯ夫鸽ߤΤ褦 <,> ֤褦ˤʤäȼԤˤäƤξԤȤѤΤ⤢äˡ
ΰǤϡۤ <:> (colon), <> (paragraph mark), <//> (double virgule) ʤɤѤ졤ɵȤƤ <( )> (parentheses), <;> (semicolon), <?> (question mark) ʤɤƳ줿ˤϻ֤פ㤨С<;> ʤɤϡCoverdales ˤ1538ǯοθ˸줳뤬ɤѤ褦ˤʤΤ1570ǯʹߤȤäƤ褤
17äƤ⡤ޤˡ³㤨СShakespeare First Folio (1623) Ǥ⡤ȴò䡤ȥߥλȤʬϰӤƤʤäݥȥե (apostrophe) ϥե (hyphen) ͽʤȤ˸줿 (ex. advan'st (= advanced), cast-him (= cast him)) ꤵϸ Shakespeare ιˤȿǤƤꡤۤʤǤۤʤѤȤ֤ˤʤäƤ롥
ݥȥեˤĤưäƤζɵ϶οǤꡤάѤФΤ1559ǯǤ롥ʤߤΥݥȥեˡȤƽͭʤɽ魯 <'s> ǤλѤ뤬ȯãϤä٤18ΤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡǤˡΰĤȤˡޤäƤζɵ⡤ѸǤϤޤ夷ƤʤäΤȤϡƳξ⤬˳̿ŪäȼԤŬΤˤ˻ԺΤ1ĤλɸȤߤʤȤǤΤǤϤʤʾ塤Crystal (261) ȤƼɮ
Ϣơ#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
ǯޤ2016ǯ hellog ³ޤǯΰȯܤϡˤ#183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1]) Ǽ夲ǤϤޤ
2Ĥñϡε褦ˡȤ1ĤθΤʤ2Ĥΰۤʤä餯Υ줹Ƥޤäˡ¿ȤƤǤϤʤƱ۵Ȥǧ褦ˤʤꡤʤȤֻ϶̤Τդ路ȴ褦ˤʤäΤѸˤ֤ʬ뷹Ƥ
ơθ줬ֲ֡פΰ̣ǥե줫Ѥ줿Τ13ƬΤȤǤ롥MED flour (n.(1)) ˤС"c1230(?a1200) *Ancr. (Corp-C 402) 92a: & te treou .. bringeð forð misliche flures .. uertuz beoð .. swote i godes nease, smeallinde flures." Ǥ롥Ϣ־ʴʡʴΤʤκǤΡֲڡסˡפΰ̣Ǥ13ȾФˤϱѸǽ㤬Ƥ롥MED flour (n.(2)) ˤС" a1325(c1250) Gen. & Ex. (Corp-C 444) 1013: Kalues fleis and flures bred..hem ðo sondes bed." ȤʤäƤ롥ФֻʸֻФ狼褦ˡϤθˤƤ <flour> <flur> ̤ä
θ塤ѸǤξδطƤȤʤꡤֲ֡פ־ʴפʬơѸΥޥʡʰֻǤä <flower> Ѥ褦ˤʤäֻʬϰճ٤18ΤȤäθ19ޤǤϡ־ʴפ <flower> ֤ʤɤκѤߤ줿֤ʬ뤫ݤϡĿͤˤäƤۤʤäƤ褦ǡShakespeare Cruden Concordance to the Bible (1738) ǤϸߤΤ褦ʶ̤դƤJohnson μǤϡޤ flower Ȥ1ĤθФΤȤξƤ롥OED flour, n. θ츻Ǥ "Johnson 1755 does not separate the words, nor does he recognize the spelling flour." ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬Horobin (150) ŦƤ褦 Johnson μ biscotin ΤʤǤ "A confection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, eggs. Etc." Τ褦 <flour> ѤƤ롥֤ʬ夹ˤϡ٤λ֤äȤȤɸֻ塤ˡγΩϡ⿴ʤʲǤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ε#2362. haplology ([2015-10-15-1]) ǥꥷ haplo- (one, single) ˿줿θ캬˴ϢƤ⤦1ʸؤ伭ؤѸȤƤФнв hapax (legomenon) 夲褦ΤʤǡʥǤϤʤȡǡ1٤ѤƤʤʶˤؤꥷ hapax (once) + legomenon (something said) ʤʣʣ hapax legomena Ȥ
"nonce word" hapax legomenon ƱȤƤ뼭⤢뤬Ԥϡפ֤λ¤Ѥפؤnonce-word ϿŪǰƬѤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤФhapax legomenon ʸ˸1٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ˾ƤƤȤ㤤롥nonce ʤξ¤ΡˤȤθ츻ˤĤƤϡ#1306. for the nonce ([2012-11-23-1]) ȡ
hapax legomenon ϡȤδϢǡФиڤƤˤ롥OED ˤȱѸˤ1692ǯΤȤǡ"J. Dunton Young-students-libr. 242/1 There are many words but once used in Scripture, especially in such a sence, and are called the Apax legomena." Ȥ롥
ʸؤ츻ؤˤơhapax legomenon ϤФȤʤ롥θθ츻Ϥ̣Ǥ뤳Ȥʤʤ伭ؤǤϡΡָפȤǧƤ褤Τδְ㤤ǤϤʤ˷Ǻܤ٤ݤȤƬˤ꤬ (see #912. ʤ (3) ([2011-10-26-1])) ǡ䤽Ȥϡhapax legomenon ϽפʹͻоݤȤʤ롥ȤΤϡ1٤Ū˽и뤿ˤϡüԤŪʸȤʤФʤʤǤ (see #938. (4) ([2011-11-21-1]))
ºݤΤȤ halax legomenon Ϸ褷ƾʤʤΤȤϡåפˡ§˾Ȥ餻жä٤ȤǤϤʤ (see #1101. Zipf's law ([2012-05-02-1]), #1103. GSL ˤ Zipf's law θڡ ([2012-05-04-1])) ѸȤƤϡChaucer Ѥnortelrye (education) Shakespeare honorificabilitudinitatibus, ޤ Dickens sassigassity (audacity?) ʤɤ롥
ѸΥƥ䥮ꥷ줫θüѤϡ夫鿶֤äƤߤȡμ¸ä#45. ѸäˤޤĤ͡ ([2009-06-12-1]) Ǹ̤ꡤ16˸¤äƤ13000ۤɤѤ졤Ⱦʬʾ7000줬ƥ줫Ǥ롥λθüѤˤĤƤϡʲε䥤 (inkhorn_term) ˴Ϣ뤽¾εǤƻ夲Ƥ
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])
#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])
#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])
16ȾɽȤȤ Shakespeare Shakespeare θüѤϡ嵭νѸθüѤŪʻ˾Ȥ餷ƤɤΤ褦˰֤ŤCrystal (63) ϡShakespeare ˤƽФäˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
LEXICAL FIRSTS
There are many words first recorded in Shakespeare which have survived into Modern English. Some examples:
accommodation, assassination, barefaced, countless, courtship, dislocate, dwindle, eventful, fancy-free, lack-lustre, laughable, premeditated, submerged
There are also many words first recorded in Shakespeare which have not survived. About a third of all his Latinate neologisms fall into this category. Some examples:
abruption, appertainments, cadent, exsufflicate, persistive, protractive, questrist, soilure, tortive, ungenitured, unplausive, vastidity
ä˾ΰѤ2बܤͤ롥Shakespeare νХƥѸä˴ؤơ3ʬ1ѸؼѤʤäȤ¤ŦƤ롥[2010-08-18-1]εǿ줿褦ˡλΥƥѸäȾʬۤɤʤäȤȤǸƤΤǡб Shakespeare ΥƥѸä3ʬ2γΨǻ¸ȤȤǤСShakespeare ϻʿͤ⤯ä˹Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Shakespeare ˴ؤ¸ΨŪʹ⤵ϡạ̈ΤϡShakespeare θˤĤƲΤʤΤ뤤ϡʿͤȤκϡϰʤΤˤϸäοȤˡؤäƤ̡̤ͤʤɤӤɬפ⤢Τ褦ͤ϶̣줬̣뤫ŤɾʤФʤʤ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
-th 롥ǽ3Ĥν first, second, third ϡ#67. ˤ佼ˡ ([2009-07-04-1]) Ǥߤ褦˸üǤꡤfifth, twelfth #1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦˴θ촴Ҳ̵Ƥ㳰Ūˤߤ뤬¾ϴŪˤϴ -th ĤФ褤fourth, tenth, hundredth, millionth ΤȤ§ŪǤ롥
§ΤʤԵ§ȸƤӤΤˡtwentieth ninetieth ޤǤ8Ĥ -ieth 롥twentieth ǤСȯ */ˈtwentiθ/ ʤ /ˈtwentiəθ/ Ǥꡤ e ȯ뤿ˡΤȤ3Ȥʤ뤳Ȥդʤľ twenty + th ֻȯˤʤʤΤ
űѸǤϡ20, 30, 40 . . . δ twēntiġ, þrītiġ, fēowertiġ Τ褦ˡȾҲ ġ ǽäƤδˤˤϡĤʤ첻Ƭˤΰ۷ -oða, -oðe ղätwēntiġoða, þrītiġoða, fēowertiġoða Τ褦ˤˤƤϡˤȾҲԤ첻 /i/ ˵ۼƾüˤƤϡȾҲΤĤʤ첻Ϣۣ첻 /ə/ ȤĤäΤȹͤ롥Ĥޤꡤtwentieth ΤԵ§ֻȯϡŪˤϡ10ܿɽ魯줬ˤλҲŪ ġ ݻƤȤʬŪ˵Ȥ롥
ºݤŪȯŸϡűѸ줫鸽Ѹˤƾˤ褦ľŪä櫓ǤϤʤ褦ȤΤϡűѸǤĤʤ첻Τʤ twentigþa Τ褦ֻϤäѸǤ twentiþe, twentythe ʤɤľֻ̤ˤߤ줿 (cf. MED twentīeth (num.)) षߤη֤ϡ16ˤʤäƤ鸲ˤʤäƤ㤨СShakespeare ǤϡQuarto ǤǤ twentith1st Folio ǤǤ twentieth (MV 4.1.329, Ham 3.4.97) ֤Ƥꡤ̻ŪѲƤ롥餯ϡˤäơˤäơĤʤ첻̵ͭϤФиؤȻפ졤ѸˤɸಽήΤʤǡĤʤ첻Τ֤줿ȤȤʤΤǤϤʤ
ʲͤޤǤ OED ˤ -th, suffix2 βŽĤƤ
Forming ordinal numbers; in modern literary English used with all simple numbers from fourth onward; representing Old English -þa, -þe, or -oða, -oðe, used with all ordinals except fífta, sixta, ellefta, twelfta, which had the ending -ta, -te; in Sc., north. English, and many midland dialects the latter, in form -t, is used with all simple numerals after third (fourt, fift, sixt, sevent, tent, hundert, etc.). In Kentish and Old Northumbrian those from seventh to tenth had formerly the ending -da, -de. All these variations, -th, -t, -d, represent an original Indo-European -tos (cf. Greek πέμπ-τος, Latin quin-tus), understood to be identical with one of the suffixes of the superlative degree. In Old English fífta, sixta, the original t was retained, being protected by the preceding consonant; the -þa and -da were due to the position of the stress accent, according to Verner's Law. The ordinals from twentieth to ninetieth have -eth, Old English -oða, -oðe. In compound numerals -th is added only to the last, as 1/1345, the one thousand three hundred and forty-fifth part; in his one-and-twentieth year.[ | ѥڡ ]
#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ173ñζ -th -s ؤ֤äƤäϡλ夫ʹԤƤִηаޤҲ𤷤褦
űѸǹԤʤƤ3ñ -s ̤ˤСѸ -s Ƹ줿Τ14ΥɥΥƥȤˤƤǤ롥Ϥޤä15˽٤ȯŪΤ16--17ˤƤǤ롥Ȥ櫓ȿǤƤ褦ʥƥȤˤơ٤ޤäƤä褦-s ϡ褽1600ǯޤǤɸȤʤäƤȻפ뤬16ΥƥȤˤɤ줬ߤΤ¤Ǥ롥Ť -th 첻ȼä -eth ȤƲ-s ϲʤäᡤξԤϱΧŪǻȤʬ줿פ (ex. that hateth thee and hates us all) 㤨СShakespeare ǤϻʸǤϤۤȤ -s ѤƤ뤬ʸǤ -th 롥ȤϤξ٤ϡΧŪװʸŪװʾ˸ĿͤޤϺʤʤ˰¸뤳Ȥ¿쳵뤳ȤϤǤʤdoth hath ʤ٤˹⤤ˤĤơŷФ餯ͥǤ³-s ٤줿ȤȤϡŪħ1ĤȤõ
Lass (162--65) ϡִΥ塼ˤĤƼΤ褦Ƥ롥
In the earlier sixteenth century {-s} was probably informal, and {-th} neutral and/or elevated; by the 1580s {-s} was most likely the spoken norm, with {-eth} a metrical variant.
켣 (217--18) ˤȤ̤˸ƤߤȡThe Authorised Version (1611) Bacon The New Atlantis (1627) ˤ -s ʤȿФ Milton (1608--74) Ǥ doth hath ̤ˤ -th ʤShakespeare ǤϡJulius Caesar (1599) ʬۤ˸¤äƤߤȡ-s Ψ do have ǤϤ줾 11.76%, 8.11% ʳΰ̤ưǤ 95.65% ȰݤƤ롥
Ȥ櫓16--17ξڵ˴Ťˤդ٤ϡ#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1]) Ǹ褦ˡɽ -th ȤäȤƤ⡤줬Ǥ [s] ȯƤǽȤȤǤ롥
ִΥ塼ˤĤƤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
켣 رѸˡ١ҡ2000ǯ
#1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤѡ ([2012-03-31-1])#2013. ꥢ (1) ([2014-10-31-1])#2014. ꥢ (2) ([2014-11-01-1])#2020. ۩Ѳθ "expressivity" Ǥ ([2014-11-07-1]) εǡϢꥢؤ夲ƤؤǤϡѲˤĿͤ䤬̤˲Ф롥ɤϳƼȤʬۤ˶ؿäɤǤ⤢뤬Ȥ¼ñ̤ǰۤʤѤȤ̤˭˶òʬŪʵǤĿ (idiolect) ؤδؿ˹Ԥ夤ΤȻפ롥ѲθĿͤɽϤΤʤ˸ȤΤϡˤȤäɬǤä
ѸˤΤ褦˸̸ˤ礭Ȥ館Ω줫ϡѲˤüԸĿͤαƶϤϤۤ礭ʤȤȤ롥㤨С#257. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ ([2010-01-09-1]) #298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1]) εǤߤ褦ˡ Chaucer αѸ˾䤬ɾƤ餤뤳ȤŦƤ롥ʸػ˾ȸ˾ϡΤ̸Ĥ˹ͤ٤
Ǥ⡤#1412. 16Ⱦ˸Ū2ͤ Thomas ([2013-03-09-1]) #1439. ͳ褹ɽ ([2013-04-05-1]) ʤɤεǤߤ褦ˡθĿͤΤʤۤȤɤξϸáˤˤƸŪʤܤ˸Ȥ¤ϻĤ롥¿ζĤ Shakespeare Ϥᡤʸػˤ˻Ĥ褦ʸͤϱѸ˲餫αƶĤƤΤǤ롥
Ѹˤ̾ Bradley ϡѲˤĿͤαƶȤˤĤơŪȤ٤ȤäƤ롥
It is a truth often overlooked, but not unimportant, that every addition to the resources of a language must in the first instance have been due to an act (though not necessarily a voluntary or conscious act) of some one person. A complete history of the Making of English would therefore include the names of the Makers, and would tell us what particular circumstances suggested the introduction of each new word or grammatical form, and of each new sense or construction of a word. (150)
Now there are two ways in which an author may contribute to the enrichment of the language in which he writes. He may do so directly by the introduction of new words or new applications of words, or indirectly by the effect of his popularity in giving to existing forms of expression a wider currency and a new value. (151)
Bradley ϡΤ Wyclif, Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton ʤɤ̾ϢͤơƤ椯
Ǥ롥ΤȤƤߤСθĿͤϸŪȤ虜ʤΤǤϤʤȡϹͤƤ롥Ū¿ξ硤ĿͤϤΰѤǤȤ "indirectly" ʤΤˤȤɤޤꡤȤƱѸȤΤΤʤ糤ΰũˤʤθĿͤũȤΤϼ¤϶ä٤ȤǤ뤫顤θ¤ˤƤθĿͤαƶϤɾ뤳ȤѲˤĿͤαƶϡޥʻϲɾʤ褦դߥʻϲᾮɾʤ褦դȤΤΩ
Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.
16ϡƥ˴Ť츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ήԤǤ롥ʳŪĬäơShakespeare Love's Labour's Lost (1594--95) Τʤ Holofernes ʤؼԤо줵Ƥ롥Holofernes ϡ츻Ūֻ黿ԤǤꡤֻƥ˲Ф꤫̤ȯ٤Ȥİֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) 黿ԤǤ⤢롥Holofernes Ͻ Nathanial ȤβäˤơDon Armado ̵ؤʤ鼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤롥
He draweth out the thred of his verbositie, finer then the staple of his argument. I abhore such phanaticall phantasims, such insociable and poynt deuise companions, such rackers of ortagriphie, as to speake dout sine b, when he should say doubt; det, when he shold pronounce debt; d e b t, not d e t: he clepeth a Calfe, Caufe: halfe, haufe: neighbour vocatur nebour; neigh abreuiated ne: this is abhominable, which he would call abbominable, it insinuateth me of infamie: ne intelligis domine, to make frantick lunatick? (Love's Labour's Lost, V.i.17--23 qtd. in Horobin, p. 113--14)
Shakespeare ʳؼԤ뤿 Holofernes о줵ºݤ Holofernes ֻȯʸŪȤʤäȤΤϡǿƤ doubt, debt, calf, half, neighbour, neigh, abhominable (PDE abbominable) ΤˤƤ⡤ѸǤλҲȯʤλҲֻȤƤϤθ夷ΤǤꡤHolofernes ˾ߤȾʬϤʤ줿̤ˤʤ롥
ơHolofernes ֻ˹碌ȯѤֻȯפषȯ˹碌ֻѤȯֻפʤä櫓ǤϤʤ㤨Сե줫ѤѸ <delite> ϡǤֻ夷Ƥ <light>, <night> Ʊ첻Ĥˡˤ <delight> ֤ʤ줿ϡȯŻ뤷츻̵뤷ֻѤȤ Holofernes ȤȿФλǤ롥
Ƭ16ϸ츻ŪֻήԤȽҤ٤ºݤˤ16ֻԤˤϡ츻Ż Holofernes Τ褦ʼԤ⤢СȯŻμԤ⤢ä#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡֻˤ͡ʷ褬蘆äƤShakespeare ⤳Ф뼫ΩʤΤʤǼ褦ȤΤǤϤʤ
ʤHolofernes ζ鳦ν Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ˵Ȥ뤬Mulcaster Ȥϸ츻Ūֻ黿ԤǤϤʤäȤդäƤ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ϡޤǤˤ 3pp γƵDz٤äƤ³ǤƤ褦ˡưľˡˤ3ʣ -s εˤĤƤϡ쳰ŪƶȡŪ3ñ -s ȤΩƤ롥ŪԤȤơSmith 롥Smith Shakespeare First Folio оݤȤơ3ʣ -s 100ĤߤĤSmith ϡʬۤʤαƶꤷŪװΤߤǽʬǤǤμݤʸη褯ޤȤޤäƤ (375--76)
I. That, as an historical explanation of the construction discussed, the recourse to the theory of Northumbrian borrowing is both insufficient and unnecessary.
II. That these s-predicates are nothing more than the ordinary third singulars of the present indicative, which, by preponderance of usage, have caused a partial displacement of the distinctively plural forms, the same operation of analogy finding abundant illustrations in the popular speech of to-day.
III. That, in Shakespeare's time, the number and corresponding influence of the third singulars were far greater than now, inasmuch as compound subjects could be followed by singular predicates.
IV. That other apparent anomalies of concord to be found in Shakespeare's syntax,---anomalies that elude the reach of any theory that postulates borrowing,---may also be adequately explained on the principle of the DOMINANT THIRD SINGULAR.
פˡSmith ϡˤ⸽ߤˤ⸫3ñ -s ζŪкͥʤ줬3ʣΰؿȤϼǤ⤤Ƥ롥
Smith εˤ꤬¿1ˡShakespeare ΤߤäƽѸɽ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤȡ2ˡƶˤ NPTR Northern Present Tense Rule; #1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1]) ) äƤ˽ʬդʧ鷺ˡƱӽƤ뤳ȡʤNPTR ˴ϢڼΤ p. 366 εˤˡ3ˡSmith ˸¤ʤƶȤΩƤꡤξԤȤͭȤ븫βǽӽƤ뤳ȡ
12ˤĤƤϡSmith 100ǯʾθŤǤ뤳ȤطƤ롥Τ褦ŦǤΤϡθ带椬ʤǤڵȤ⤤롥3ˤĤƤϡʤθƤʤƶˤϤ줾ζߤȼߤ뤬ξԤͻ¤ǤʤȤͳϤʤ褦˻פ롥
#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1]) εǤߤ褦 McIntosh θ NPTR Ūȵڤ뤷 Smith λŦ붦ŪǸŪװ⤽ȤϤ롥װ궯ѤƤ뤫ȤܤζϤ줫Τߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤϤʤΩȤƤϡ#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1]) 褦ˡ3ʣ -s ˤĤƤѲ "multiple causation" Ȥ
Smith, C. Alphonso. "Shakespeare's Present Indicative S-Endings with Plural Subjects: A Study in the Grammar of the First Folio." Publications of the Modern Language Association 11 (1896): 363--76.
McIntosh, Angus. "Present Indicative Plural Forms in the Later Middle English of the North Midlands." Middle English Studies Presented to Norman Davis. Ed. Douglas Gray and E. G. Stanley. Oxford: OUP, 1983. 235--44.
ư3ʣˤĤơ#1413. Ѹ3ʣ -s ([2013-03-10-1])#1423. Ѹ3ʣ -s (2) ([2013-03-20-1])#1576. Ѹ3ʣ -s (3) ([2013-08-20-1])#1687. Ѹ3ʣ -s (4) ([2013-12-09-1])#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1]) ǰäƤ3ñˤˤĤƤϤޤ夲Ƥʤäͽۤ褦ˡ3ñΤۤʤǤꡤȤ櫓ɤǸűѸ -th ΤѸ -s 褦ˤʤäаޤˤĤƤϡ¿ФƤ롥
ѸξΤˤФа礤˽ФΤϡ1611ǯ The Authorised Version (The King James Version [KJV]ˤǤŪ -th ݤƤ뤬Ʊ Shakespeare Ǥ -th -s ߤƤȤȤΤȤϡ17ޤǤ˸ǤϤǤ -th -s ؤѲٿʤǤݼŪνդˤϤ줬ȿǤʤäΤȲᤵƤ롥
ơ礦Ʊ˱Ѹ줬ΦذܿϤƤǤϡλǤ˻ϤޤäƤ -th -s ѲΤθΥ塼ϡꥹѸȥꥫѸȤǰۤʤäϤäΤKytö ϡ16--17ΥꥹѸ쥳ѥȡ17ΥꥫѸ쥳ѥѤơ䤤ؤ͡ʸŪҲŪʥѥꤷӤƤ뤬Ūˤ1Ĥηǧ줿17ξߤ¤ꡤ-s ؤѲϥꥫѸΤۤꥹѸ®˿ʤǤΤǤ롥Kytö (120) ˤɽ
| British English | American English | ||||||
| -S | -TH | Total | -S | -TH | Total | ||
| 1500--1570 | 15 (3%) | 446 | 461 | - | |||
| 1570--1640 | 101 (18%) | 459 | 560 | 1620--1670 | 339 (51%) | 322 | 661 |
| 1640--1710 | 445 (76%) | 140 | 585 | 1670--1720 | 642 (82%) | 138 | 780 |
Contrary to what has usually been attributed to the phenomenon of colonial lag, the subsequent rate of change was more rapid in the colonies. By and large, the colonists' writings seem to reflect the spoken language of the period more faithfully than do the writings of their contemporaries in Britain. In this respect, speaker innovation, rather than conservative tendencies, guided the development.
˽ colonial_lag γƵǤ褦ˡܤˤäƥꥫѸ줬ꥹѸʤǤ뤳Ȥ⤢٤Ƥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ѽ⤢̣ǤݼŪǤꡤ̣ǤϳŪǤ롥 Kytö η϶ä٤ΤǤϤʤꥹܹˤƸ夹Ǥ˻ϤޤäƤѲꥫϤäˤɤΤ褦˿ʹԤ1ĤλȤưյ롥
Kytö, Merja. "Third-Person Present Singular Verb Inflection in Early British and American English." Language Variation and Change 5 (1993): 113--39.
Shakespeare ȤκʤˤĤƤϡΤ̤ꡤʸѤ롥ǯɽפत¿뤬Crystal and Crystal Ŭȴ褷ΤĤܤƤʤCrystal and Crystal μפθˤʤäƤǡ١ϡShakespeare's Words ꥢǤ롥¾ Shakespeare ϢΥˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) ȡ
(1) Chronology of works (Crystal and Crystal 6)
| 1590--91 | The Two Gentlemen of Verona; The Taming of the Shrew |
| 1591 | Henry VI Part II; Henry VI Part III |
| 1592 | Henry VI Part I (perhaps with Thomas Nashe); Titus Andronicus (perhaps with George Peele) |
| 1592--3 | Richard III; Venus and Adonis |
| 1593--4 | The Rape of Lucrece |
| 1594 | The Comedy of Errors |
| 1594--5 | Love's Labour's Lost |
| by 1595 | King Edward III |
| 1595 | Richard II; Romeo and Juliet; A Midsummer Night's Dream |
| 1596 | King John |
| 1596--7 | The merchant of Venice; Henry IV Part I |
| 1597--8 | The Merry Wives of Windsor; Henry IV Part II |
| 1598 | Much Ado About Nothing |
| 1598--9 | Henry V |
| 1599 | Julius Caesar |
| 1599--1600 | As You Like It |
| 1600--1601 | Hamlet; Twelfth Night |
| by 1601 | The Phoenix and Turtle |
| 1602 | Troilus and Cressida |
| 1593--1603 | The Sonnets |
| 1603--4 | A Lover's Complaint; Sir Thomas More; Othello |
| 1603 | Measure for Measure |
| 1604--5 | All's Well that Ends Well |
| 1605 | Timon of Athens (with Thomas Middleton) |
| 1605--6 | King Lear |
| 1606 | Macbeth (revised by Middleton); Antony and Cleopatra |
| 1607 | Pericles (with George Wilkins) |
| 1608 | Coriolanus |
| 1609 | The Winter's Tale |
| 1610 | Cymbeline |
| 1611 | The Tempest |
| 1613 | Henry VIII (with John Fletcher); Cardenio (with John Fletcher) |
| 1613--14 | The Two Noble Kinsmen (with John Fletcher) |
| good | 3995 |
| lord | 3164 |
| man | 3091 |
| love | 3047 |
| sir | 2548 |
| know | 2252 |
| give | 2114 |
| think/thought | 1911 |
| king | 1680 |
| speak | 1626 |
| Poetry (%) | No. of lines | Prose (%) | No. of lines | Play |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 2752 | 0 | 0 | Richard II |
| 100 | 2569 | 0 | 0 | King John |
| 100 | 2493 | 0 | 0 | King Edward III |
| 99.7 | 2892 | 0.3 | 8 | Henry VI Part III |
| 99.5 | 2664 | 0.5 | 14 | Henry VI Part I |
| 98.6 | 2479 | 1.4 | 35 | Titus Andronicus |
| 97.6 | 3517 | 2.4 | 85 | Richard III |
| 97.4 | 2735 | 2.6 | 74 | Henry VIII |
| 94.5 | 2641 | 5.5 | 154 | The Two Noble Kinsmen |
| 93.5 | 1948 | 6.5 | 135 | Macbeth |
| 90.1 | 2208 | 9.9 | 244 | Julius Caesar |
| 89.8 | 2718 | 10.2 | 308 | Antony and Cleopatra |
| 86.9 | 2610 | 13.1 | 393 | Romeo and Juliet |
| 86.6 | 1543 | 13.4 | 239 | The Comedy of Errors |
| 85.2 | 2808 | 14.5 | 487 | Cymbeline |
| 83.7 | 2580 | 16.3 | 503 | Henry VI Part II |
| 81.2 | 1903 | 18.8 | 441 | Pericles |
| 80.6 | 2076 | 19.4 | 498 | The Taming of the Shrew |
| 80.6 | 1713 | 19.4 | 413 | A Midsummer Night's Dream |
| 80.4 | 2599 | 19.6 | 633 | Othello |
| 78.6 | 2025 | 21.4 | 551 | The Merchant of Venice |
| 77.2 | 2571 | 22.8 | 760 | Coriolanus |
| 76.5 | 1569 | 23.5 | 481 | The Tempest |
| 73.2 | 2181 | 26.8 | 800 | The Winter's Tale |
| 73.1 | 2345 | 26.9 | 865 | King Lear |
| 73.1 | 1707 | 26.9 | 627 | Timon of Athens |
| 73.1 | 1613 | 26.9 | 595 | The Two Gentlemen of Verona |
| 71.5 | 2742 | 28.5 | 1092 | Hamlet |
| 66.4 | 2250 | 33.6 | 1137 | Troilus and Cressida |
| 64.2 | 1716 | 35.8 | 955 | Love's Labour's Lost |
| 60.6 | 1634 | 39.4 | 1062 | Measure for Measure |
| 60.5 | 1943 | 39.5 | 1269 | Henry V |
| 55.6 | 1666 | 44.4 | 1332 | Henry IV Part I |
| 51.6 | 1447 | 48.4 | 1356 | All's Well that Ends Well |
| 47.6 | 1547 | 52.4 | 1700 | Henry IV Part II |
| 47.4 | 1276 | 52.6 | 1415 | As You Like It |
| 38.2 | 949 | 61.8 | 1532 | Twelfth Night |
| 28.3 | 739 | 71.7 | 1871 | Much Ado About Nothing |
| 12.5 | 338 | 87.5 | 2370 | The Merry Wives of Windsor |
| Total lines | Total words | Play | First Folio | Riverside |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3834 | 29,844 | Hamlet | 3906 | 4042 |
| 3602 | 28,439 | Richard III | 3887 | 3667 |
| 3387 | 25,730 | Troilus and Cressida | 3592 | 3531 |
| 3331 | 26,479 | Coriolanus | 3838 | 3752 |
| 3295 | 26,876 | Cymbeline | 3819 | 3707 |
| 3247 | 25,737 | Henry IV Part II | 3350 | 3326 |
| 3232 | 26,003 | Othello | 3685 | 3551 |
| 3212 | 25,623 | Henry V | 3381 | 3297 |
| 3210 | 25,341 | King Lear | 3302 | 3487 |
| 3083 | 24,490 | Henry VI Part II | 3355 | 3130 |
| 3026 | 23,726 | Antony and Cleopatra | 3636 | 3522 |
| 3003 | 24,023 | Romeo and Juliet | 3185 | 3099 |
| 2998 | 24,126 | Henry IV Part I | 3180 | 3081 |
| 2981 | 24,597 | The Winter's Tale | 3369 | 3348 |
| 2900 | 23,318 | Henry VI Part III | 3217 | 2915 |
| 2809 | 23,333 | Henry VIII | 3463 | 3221 |
| 2803 | 22,537 | All's Well that Ends Well | 3078 | 3013 |
| 2795 | 23,388 | The Two Noble Kinsmen | not in | 3261 |
| 2752 | 21,884 | Richard II | 2849 | 2796 |
| 2708 | 21,290 | The Merry Wives of Windsor | 2729 | 2891 |
| 2696 | 21,269 | Measure for Measure | 2938 | 2891 |
| 2691 | 21,477 | As You Like It | 2796 | 2810 |
| 2678 | 20,541 | Henry VI Part I | 2931 | 2695 |
| 2671 | 20,881 | Love's Labour's Lost | 2900 | 2829 |
| 2610 | 20,767 | Much Ado About Nothing | 2684 | 2787 |
| 2576 | 20,911 | The Merchant of Venice | 2737 | 2701 |
| 2574 | 20,552 | The Taming of the Shrew | 2750 | 2676 |
| 2569 | 20,472 | King John | 2729 | 2638 |
| 2514 | 19,888 | Titus Andronicus | 2708 | 2538 |
| 2493 | 19,406 | King Edward III | not in | not in |
| 2481 | 19,592 | Twelfth Night | 2579 | 2591 |
| 2452 | 19,149 | Julius Caesar | 2730 | 2591 |
| 2344 | 17,728 | Pericles | not in | 2459 |
| 2334 | 17,796 | Timon of Athens | 2607 | 2488 |
| 2208 | 16,936 | The Two Gentlemen of Verona | 2298 | 2288 |
| 2126 | 16,305 | A Midsummer Night's Dream | 2222 | 2192 |
| 2083 | 16,372 | Macbeth | 2529 | 2349 |
| 2050 | 16,047 | The Tempest | 2341 | 2283 |
| 1782 | 14,415 | The Comedy of Errors | 1918 | 1787 |
| You-forms | Thou-forms | ||
| you | 14,244 | thou | 5,942 |
| ye | 352 | thee | 3,444 |
| your | 6,912 | thy | 4,429 |
| yours | 260 | thine | 510 |
| yourself | 289 | thyself | 251 |
| yourselves | 74 | ||
| Total | 22,131 | 14,576 | |
|---|---|---|---|
#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1]) ǡȤθ¸뼫ȤƤϡߤɸŪֻ Shakespeare ϸʤȽҤ٤ֻ5ढä <k> <s> Τ첻 <e> ʤäΤǤ롥ɽ魯ֻȤ <e> Shakespeare Shake-speare ¿ԤƤȤΤǤ롥Ǥϡ <e> ̵ͭϤɤΤ褦Τ
Crystal and Crystal (72) ˤȡShakespeare ֻǽ˰ʪ˸줿Τϡ1593ǯ Venus and Adonis νǤȼμˤƤǤ롥ʹߡȼԤϤֻ³뤳Ȥˤʤä<e> Τϡ餯 <k> <s> γ٤碌ˤΤ뤿äȤΤϡ٤碌ˤȡ<k> αεӤѶʤ long <s> κεӤѶʤȤ֤ĤäƤޤ줬뤫δ֤ <e> ʤƤ³ƥϥեȡγϲ褹ʲȡˡĤޤꡤ䤿θƤ뤢ֻϡꥶ٥īγǰͭλˤȼԤκФֻäȤȤˤʤ롥

long <s> ˤĤƤϡ#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1]) ȡ
Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. The Shakespeare Miscellany. Woodstock & New York: The Overlook Press, 2005.
Ѹֻˤܥ֥Ǥ͡˰äƤŪˤϤ٤Ƥñ˰֤꤬ǧȤäƤǤϤʤShakespeare Ȥ⡤㳰ǤϤʤߤǤϡѸɤϡȤֻ˴ƤǤ뤬Ѹ˾ǧ֤70ʾ⤢롥
ιñǡshake + spear ʤפۤɤΰ̣Ǥ롥13̤뤳ȤΤǤŪǤ̾Ǥꡤ70ʾŪ֤Τʤˤϡ1248ǯʸڤ Shakespere ΤۤShaksper, Chacsper, Schakespere, Scakespeire, Saksper ʤɤޤޤ롥
David Kathman ȤԤȤˤȡ William Shakespeare (1564--1616) ȤƤϡ¸ΤΤȤơ25ΰ֤꤬ǧ줿Ȥ342ĤΤ6ʾ Shakespeare Shake-speare äȤ顤ߤֻŪˤ (?) ȤäƤ褤⤷ʤ
Crystal and Crystal (108) ˵Ƥ롤25ֻʲ褦
Schaksp, Shackespeare, Shackespere, Shackspeare, Shackspere, Shagspere, Shakespe, Shakespear, Shakespeare, Shake-speare, Shakespere, Shakespheare, Shakp, Shakspe?, Shakspear, Shakspeare, Shak-speare, Shaksper, Shakspere, Shaxberd, Shaxpeare, Shaxper, Shaxpere, Shaxspere, Shexpere
ʤȤ Shakespeare ˤ뼫6ĤäƤ뤬Τʤ˼5ֻ (Crystal 131) Shakp (1612ǯBelott-Mountjoy Deposition), Shakspe(r) (1613ǯGatehouse Conveyance), Shaksper (1613ǯGatehouse Mortgage), Shakspere (1616ǯfirst and second sheet of will), Shakspeare (1616ǯthird sheet of will) ⤷ȤˡΤʤ˸ߤɸŪֻϤʤ
Shakespeare λˤϡֻɸಽ塹ȿʹä夷ȤޤǤˤϤ⤦ǯɬפä17ȾФˤϤ褽夷궯ǤʴפǤޤǤˤ18ȾФ Johnson μԤͤФʤʤäȤ櫓ǤϤʤǤϡֻɤϤޤ㤷ä
ߤ Shakespeare ֻϡͤˤȤäƤ⽽ʬ§Ūֻ˸뤬¿ְ㤨ȤѤɬפϤʤShakespeare ȤȤäƤʤäǽϤ뤷ĤƤϤֻ⤢äΤȷڤήФ褤ʤ⤷ʤˤΤǡ
Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. The Shakespeare Miscellany. Woodstock & New York: The Overlook Press, 2005.
ε#1707. Woe worth the day! ([2013-12-29-1]) ǡ캬 *wer- (to turn, bend) ͳ褹ư worth ˤĤƼ夲θ캬ͳ褹ñϿ¿äγؽΩĤȻפΤǡرѸ츻ŵ (1643) ˽äƸ캬ͥåȥ
Old English: inward, stalworth, -ward, warp, weird, worm, sorry, worth, wrench, wrest, wrestle, wring, wrinkle, wrist, wry
Middle English: (wrap)
Old Norse: wrong
Other Germanic: gaiter, garrote, ribald, (wrangle), wrath, wreath, wriggle, writhe, wroth
Latin: avert, controversy, converge, converse, convert, dextrorse, diverge, divert, extrovert, introvert, inverse, obvert pervert, prose, reverberate, revert, (ridicule), subvert, transverse, universe, verge, vermeil, vermi-, vermicelli, vermicular, vermin, versatile, verse, version, versus, vertebra
Greek: rhabd(o)-, rhabdomancy, rhapsody, (rhomb, rhombus)
Slavic: verst
Sanskrit: bat (speech)
츫ȷŪˤϴñ˷ӤĤʤ⤢뤬̣Ūˤϡֶʤ꤯ͤäפǤĤʤΤ¿ͤư (worm) ΥȷӤĤΤ¿褦˻פ롥
ǡä weird ԻĤʡ̣ΰˤ夲褦θθ츻űѸޤ̤ȡ(ge)wyrd ʱ̿ˤˤɤĤűѸʸؤˤƤȤ櫓פñǤ공ǰǤ롥"to happen" ̣ weorþan ̾Ǥꡤ"what is to happen" ʵ٤ȡˤ̣ɸѸǤϡֱ̿פθϸåȥʤɤǤϤθƤ롥
ơθϸűѸ衤̾ȤѤƤ1400ǯ餤ֱ̿ʤפ̣ƻȤƤˡȯãƻˡȤƤϡShakespeare Macbeth ˤ weird sisters ̿3ˤѤȤ˱ƶͿShelley, Keats ʤɤΥޥɻͤ⤽ˤʤäShelley ϰֱ̣̿ʤפԲĻĤʡĶŪʡפؤȳ礷ˡִ̯ʡѤʡפθȯŸޥɻͤʤǤϤΰ̣ȯŸΤȤ褦θϡűѸȸѸʸؤħ륭ɤȤäƤ褤ΤǤϤʤ
ߤθ weird ϡѸ wērd, weird ͳ褹Ȥ롥Shakespeare 1st Folio Ǥϡthe weyward sisters Ȥֻ졤츻Ū˶̤٤ wayward ʶʡޤʡˤȤκƱ롥
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
űѸο;̾ηϤˤơñ°ʷñ°ʷƱ his Ǥꡤ줬ѸǤѾ줿16its 졤17 his ִƤäˤˤĤơ#198. its ε ([2009-11-11-1]) dz⤷
Baugh and Cable (243--44) ˤСѸ줫Ѹˤơñ°ʷ his ʤȤơits ʳˤ͡ʤΤƤƤˤߤ two cubits and a half was the length of it nine cubits was the length thereof Τ褦ʱŪɽ (#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc.פε[2012-10-24-1]ȡˡShakespeare ˤߤ It lifted up it head (Hamlet) The hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long, / That it had it head bit off by it young (Lear) Τ褦ʼʤƱ it ΤޤѤˡHolland Pliny (1601) ˤߤ growing of the own accord Τ褦괧 the ѤˡʤɤǤ롥
̾°ʤȤ夷Ƥ 's ζϤʵ۰Ϥϡ;̾ǤäΤ餯줫Ϥޤä its 뤤 it's apostrophe s ΤĤΤ1800ǯޤǹԤʤˤλѤϡ16˽㤬Ƥǯ֤ϡѤȤϤߤʤƤʤä褦17νˤƵ®˼Ƥä㤨С17ȾǤϡ (The King James Bible) ǤλѤϳ̵ǤꡤShakespeare First Folio (1623) Ǥ10ˤʤäJohn Milton (1608--74) Ǥ⤤ä褦John Dryden (1631--1700) ǤϤǤ his ȴƤ
Görlach (86) ⡤17äƤ its ε®ʼƤˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The possessive its . . . is the only EModE innovation; his, common for neuter reference until after 1600 . . ., did not reflect the distinction 'human':'nonhuman' found elsewhere in the pronominal system. This is likely to be the reason for the possessive form it . . ., which is found from the fourteenth century, and the less equivocal forms of it or thereof, which are common in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries . . . . But its . . . obviously fitted the system ideally, as can be deduced from its rapid spread in the first half of the seventeenth century.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.
ʻž (conversion) 뤤 (zero-derivation) ˤĤƤϡ#190. ʻž ([2009-11-03-1]) Ϥ conversion γƵǴϢ夲ƤʻžŪʸȤо줹ΤϽѸ졤ä Shakespeare ˤƤǤꡤͥγϡ㡹ĩʤɤȷӤĤ뤳Ȥ롥³ϼλ椷ơΤˤΤӤΤӤȤʷϵǤ롥Baugh and Cable (250) ⡤ͥαѸħ1ĤȤơʻžʲΤ褦ɾƤ롥
English in the Renaissance, at least as we see it in books, was much more plastic than now. People felt freer to mold it to their wills. Words had not always distributed themselves into rigid grammatical categories. Adjectives appear as adverbs or nouns or verbs, nouns appear as verbs---in fact, any part of speech as almost any other part. When Shakespeare wrote stranger'd with an oath he was fitting the language to his thought, rather than forcing his thought into the mold of conventional grammar. This was in keeping with the spirit of his age. It was in language, as in many other respects, an age with the characteristics of youth---vigor, a willingness to venture, and a disposition to attempt the untried. The spirit that animated Hawkins and Drake and Raleigh was not foreign to the language of their time.
μҲĬʻžȤȤӤĤƹͤΤϡΤ̥ŪǤϤ롥#1015. ҲѲȸѲΰ̴طɵǤ뤫 ([2012-02-06-1]) Ǽ夲 Martinet μĥ˽ޤʻžȯŸȤޤǸŪɬפΤǤϤʤ
ֶޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸϤλޤǤˤۤܤ٤Ƥʻˤƶޤव캬ȤǤƤ֤٤ʬŪʸؤȯŸƤƱˡ⸷경ȤŪʰ֤ˤƸʻˡƱꤵȤʤäƤΤ褦ŪŪħĤ˻äѸˤƤϡѸޤǤäѸ¿ϡǤʻžμͳͿƤȤ롥إƥ濴ȤӤѸ줬˲äʤ̼ѤͥλλʪǤȤߤʤȤˤϰϤʤˡʻžȤˡդ뤳ȤȤʤäȤȤǤϤʤ
ҲĬʻžΤδطꤹ٤ȸäƤΤǤϤʤδطľŪȤϥåŪʤΤǤȹͤޤǸŪǽŪʰ̴طõΤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
ѸˤǤϡκȤʤθαѸȯŸˤ礭̤Ǥ¿ʤȤȤ롥ΤʤǡѸɽ Shakespeare The King James Bible 㳰ȸ뤳Ȥ⤢롥˸¿θäɽѸäƤꡤѤƤ뤫ΤˡˤƤ̤ˤƤ⡤ξԤαƶ¾κȤʤݤƤ롥
ϢۤΤϡѸ Chaucer αѸ˾塤ä˱Ѹû˾ΰյǤ롥#257. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ ([2010-01-09-1]), #298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1]), #524. Chaucer ѤѸ --- stevene ([2010-10-03-1]) ǸȤꡤǶεǤϡѸˤեѤνפʬ Chaucer ˵뽾θФ뿵ФƤ롥ѸѸʸ˽ФΤϤܾۤ˸ĿͤȤäƤθĿͤѸû˾αɸȤˤƤ褤ȤȤˤϤʤʤǮ⤫줿ޤ졤Ȥ٤ʸͤСѸФ뤳ȼΤϲǽǤ롥¿ξ硤äνФ˴ؤĿͤιϡθĿͤΤΤ˵٤ȤϡΤ褦ʸĿͤڽФĬή˵٤äˡΤ褦ʸĿͤʣˤϡʤǤ롥
Utopia (1516) 路 Sir Thomas More (1478--1535) The Boke named the Governour (1531) 路 Sir Thomas Elyot (c1490--1546) ȤƵˤդ路⤷ʤBaugh and Cable (229) ˤСMore ϼΤ褦ʼѸʤ뤤ϤθˤФ
absurdity, acceptance, anticipate, combustible, compatible, comprehensible, concomitance, congratulatory, contradictory, damnability, denunciation, detector, dissipate, endurable, eruditely, exact, exaggerate, exasperate, explain, extenuate, fact, frivolous, impenitent, implacable, incorporeal, indifference, insinuate, inveigh, inviolable, irrefragable, monopoly, monosyllable, necessitate, obstruction, paradox, pretext
Elyot ϰʲθäƳ
accommodate, adumbrate, adumbration, analogy, animate, applicate, beneficence, encyclopedia, exerp (excerpt), excogitate, excogitation, excrement, exhaust, exordium, experience (v.), exterminate, frugality, implacability, infrequent, inimitable, irritate, modesty, placability
ֻǼΤϡ#708. Frequency Sorter CGI([2011-04-05-1]) ˤơ٤ˤ800ʾ帽6318̤ޤǤǤ롥ȸ줿ǽȤΤʤۤɤˡߤǤ̤θ
Baugh and Cable (230) ϡ2ͤοʸԤθŪ˽Ҥ٤θȤϰۤʤꡤȤ⤹Ū˸Ŀͤ˵Ƥ褦ɤ롥
So far as we now know, these words had not been used in English previously. In addition both writers employ many words that are recorded from only a few years before. And so they either introduced or helped to establish many new words in the language. What More and Elyot were doing was being done by numerous others, and it is necessary to recognize the importance of individuals as "makers of English" in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century.
Ǹ "the importance of individuals as "makers of English" in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century" ̣ƤΤϤλ°ʣθĿͤϤΤȤǤꡤνҤ٤֤Τ褦ʸĿͤڽФĬή˵פȤȤ̷⤷ʤ褦ˤɤ롥
ϡ夬ĿͤΤĿͤΤȤʤΤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
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