¾줫Ѥ硤֤褽Τޤڤ importation ȡƼڤ substitution ̤롥̤ԤϼѸ (loanword) ȸƤФ졤Ԥѡʸ (loan_translation) ȸƤФ롥٤ʬѸ Haugen ˰͵ƽ#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) ˾뤬2μˡŪ礤㤷Ƥ뤳Ȥ餫Ǥ롥
2Ĥμˡ̤ȤʤΤϡ̸θüѤθġλˤơˡǼѤ뤫ꤷƤΤϤʤװȤȤˤäơ뤤ϻˤäơ줫ޤȤΤϱѸˡܸˡ¾θˤǤǧƤꡤġη뤳ȤǤʤƱƱθġμѤλߤȡΤˤĤƤ importation ̤ΤΤˤĤƤ substitution ǤȤä롥ˤĤƤϸ̤˸ŪŪװõꡤ줾װθΤɬפΤºݾϳǧɽŪˤϼˡϥǤ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ롥ޤimportation substitution ΤʤȾ˺Ѥ֥磻פΤ褦 loanblend λ⸫졤ˡηϤʣˤʤ롥դˤĤƤϡ#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1])#903. Ѥ¿Ⱦʤ ([2011-10-17-1])#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ ([2013-10-02-1])#1778. Ѹ츦 to-do list ([2014-03-10-1])#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ ([2014-07-05-1])#2064. ʸμѼ (1) ([2014-12-21-1]) ǤʬŪ˿Ƥ̤
importation ǤϤʤ substitution 쳰ŪװȤƿ˻פ⤫֤ΤϡüԡʽġˤƤ뤫⤷ʤؤŪ (cf. #2068. ؤ ([2014-12-25-1])) ؤΰ夬жۤɡ¾줫μؤܤ˸ƶӽȻפΤ̤ƤǤäѤȤȤˤʤСΤޤѤǤϤʤѤ깥ޤΤ⼫Ǥ롥Τ褦ǤСΤޤѤؤ
¾˹ͤѥȤƤϡѤطʤˤܿꤷ2ѾʤΤ뤤üԤθؤȼΤʤΤȤ̤롥ԤǤ substitution ¿ԤǤ importation ¿ȤWeinreich (109) ". . . language shifts are characterized by word transfers, while loan translations are the typical mark of stable bilingualism without a shift" Ȥǽ˸ڤƤ롥
ǡ#1638. եȥƥ줫̸üѤΥߥζ ([2013-10-21-1]) Ǽ֤ȶ̣űѸΥƥѤǤ substitution ¿äѸΥեѤȽѸΥƥѤǤ importation ¿äơԤ2ĤθüѤȤϡΡְŪ2Ѿפ졤ΡָءפϤ礦ɤΥߥǴѻΤǤ롥βǤϡְŪ2Ѿפȡָءפ֤ƤΤΡºݤˤϢ³ΤǤꡤΤʶߤ뤳ȤȤϤ롥βΤĴߤ礭ˡȤŪŪȡؤؤΤ褦ʼҲŪȤǽ뤫⤳ˤϴؿƤ
Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, 1953. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
ͤФǤʤäƤ롥ȤäƤ褤ȤäƤ褤ؤȡŪ (purism) Ū¾˻뤳ȤꡤҲؾδؿȤʤ롥ޤǹԤʤȤ⡤ɸη䵬ϼγΩȤ褦ʸˤ顤ؤͿƤ롥äƤ븽ݤˤ⤫餺ηŪ˸椵줿ȤΤʤ꤫⤷ʤ
ΤʤǤ Weinreich "Sources of Language Loyalty" (99--102) ꤹϵͭͤǤ롥ؤȼӤʤ顤⤭ĦˤƤ롥ƱƳ (99) Ѥ褦
The sociolinguistic study of language contact needs a term to describe a phenomenon which corresponds to language approximately as nationalism corresponds to nationality. The term LANGUAGE LOYALTY has been proposed for this purpose. A language, like nationality, may be thought of as a set of behavior norms; language loyalty, like nationalism, would designate the state of mind in which the language (like the nationality), as an intact entity, and in contrast to other languages, assumes a high position in a scale of values, a position in need of being "defended." Language loyalty, like nationalism, can be "an idée-force which fills man's brain and heart with new thoughts and sentiments and drives him to translate his consciousness into deeds of organized action." In response to an impending language shift, it produces an attempt at preserving the threatened language . . .; as a reaction to interference, it makes the standardized version of the language a symbol and a cause. Language loyalty might be defined, then, as a principle---its specific content varies from case to case---in the name of which people will rally themselves and their fellow speakers consciously and explicitly to resist changes in either the functions of their language (as a result of a language shift) or in the structure or vocabulary (as a consequence of interference). Thus in the field of sociolinguistics purism, standardization, language loyalty, and related defensive mechanisms are phenomena of major importance requiring systematic treatment, even if, for understandable reasons, they are considered irrelevant in descriptive structural linguistics.
³ Weinreich (100--01) ϡɤΤ褦ʾﲼˤƸؤȯ䤹狼䤹⤤Ƥ롥
It is in a situation of language contact that people most easily become aware of the peculiarities of their language as against others, and it is there that the pure or standardized language most easily becomes the symbol of group integrity. Language loyalty breeds in contact situations just as nationalism breeds on ethnic borders. . . . / Thus language loyalty, like a nativistic movement, is "unlikely to arise in situations where both societies are satisfied with their current relationship." It is rather frustrated superiority feelings that cause language loyalty to develop.
ξɽ碌СгŪʶĥפΥɤϡ#1876. ġ ([2014-06-16-1])#2029. ܤ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-16-1])#2030. ꥹ̤ץåˡ ([2014-11-17-1]) ǤѤƤˤƤȤˤƤ⡤ռܳФΤϡ¾ԤȤβ餫ܿˤƤꤨʤäơ㤨нѸˤ륤ꡤܸˤץꡤܸˤ륫ʸ⡤줾ξˤ¾ԤǤ뤫¾ԤȼδطϤʤΤθ뤳ȤʤˤϡŬڤ˰ȤǤʤ (cf. #1630. 졤ʸ졤ץ ([2013-10-13-1]))
Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, 1953. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.
Ѱ (register) ˤäỌ̇̄ιˤĤơ#611. Murray θ ([2010-12-29-1]) Ǹǿ褦ˡCOMMON (meaning) 濴ˡLITERARY, FOREIGN, SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL, COLLOQUIAL, SLANG, DIALECTAL ؤ;˸äỌ̇̄äƤȤΤMurray ªοޤŪʸỌ̇̄Ƥߤ褦ʲο (Hughes 5) Ǥϡǥ (PREGNANT) Ȥ̣ξäơθ礬٤֤Ƥ뤳ȤƤ롥

ʿŪ줬ʰ̣ξ˻ѰȤäŪʴطΩŪȤǽȤǡָפȤθϱԤƶäHughes ϸΤ̻ŪѲȤ뤳ȤϤʤȤѸθ륬ʻѰˤϡޤޤ¿˵ڤǤƤMurray 100ǯä̤οɬפȡơMurray θΤ褦˲ɤ (372)

٥뤬ä줿֤ѲꤷƤ뤬Hughes (370--71) ˤСϸѸθäȿǤΤǤȤ㤨СϼѸФ (purism) ޤꡤ¾줫äή䤹ʤäƤȤǡFOREIGN Ȥ϶̤٤ޤ줿Ǥ٥ EXOTIC ɬפʤѸŪ˸üѤäƤƤ뤳ȤˤĤơ#879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1]) ȡˡޤSCIENTIFIC TECHNICAL θäѲȼäơξԤΰִطˤĤƤƹͤɬפ⤷ʤ嵭4٥뤬 ARCHAIC ȤȤ濴Υ줿դ˰֤ƤΤϡθäƩȿǤƤ롥ˡLITERARY Ȥ٥μϰϤۣˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥ顤Υ٥ϤʤȤʬŪ FORMAL, ARCHAIC, ˤäƤ COLLOQUIAL, SLANG, OBSCENITY ¾Υ٥䤦Τ⤷ʤ
οޤȿǤƤʤΤȤơ¾Ѽ狼θä롥㤨СꥹѸθäǰƬˤȤΤʤ¿Ǥ褦ˤʤäꥫѸθ (americanism) 䤽¾ѼθäϤɤΤ褦˰֤ŤFOREIGN EXOTIC Ȥ㤦ŪϰǰƬˤ DIALECT Ȥۤʤ롥
ù¤̣¤ȤȤѲ롥Ѹ⤽ϳʤѸǤ⡤ѰȤŽդ٥롤ƸοƹͤƤ롥
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
٤ƤθϸŪˤϤۤʿȤäƤ褤ҲŪˤͥΤ¤Ǥ롥ǤϡҲŪͥϲˤäƷޤΤ㤨Сɸಽ줿ѼȡȸƤФɸŪѼȤ٤СԤΤۤͤ⤤ȤߤʤΤǡɸಽƤ٤פ餷Ȥ狼뤬Ʊ٤ɸಽƤѸȥ륺Ȥ٤˱ѸΤۤҲŪΩ줬Ϥ뤫˹⤤ΤϲˤΤüԤʤˤ⤫餺ƥ˲֤ͤƤΤϤʤȤ⡤ɸಽ٤ȤǤ¬뤳ȤǤʤ
μҲŪʲͤ˴ؤ7Ĥ°ƤƤ롥1976ǯ Bell ƤΤǡWardhaugh (31--39) ⤷ƤΤǡ褦7Ĥ°Ȥϡstandardization, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, de facto norms Ǥ롥
(1) standardization: 줬ɸಽϲƤ١ɸϡ̾ʸˡʸؤȼäƤꡤҲŪʸŪŪξħȤƵǽ롥̾ˤѤǤ⤢롥ѸˤĤƤϡ#1396. "Standard English" Ȥϲ ([2013-02-21-1]) ȡ
(2) vitality: ȯʸ춦ƱΤ¸ߤƤ뤫ݤѹˤ Manx Cornish Τ褦ʥȷϸϤǤ˻ȤʤäƤꡤüԶƱΤ¸ߤʤΤǡvitality ʤȤȤˤʤ롥ŵꥷƥüԤ¾夤ʤΤ vitality ϤʤȤ뤬θŵϸˤʸŪʱƶϤäƤ뤿ˡManx Cornish ξȤ϶̤٤
(3) historicity: θ춦ƱΤĹˤͭƤȴƤ١ӥνѼüԤϡĹˤͭơθ˸ҤǧϡȷӤĤ뤳ȤˤäƼҲŪʲͤӤӤ롥
(4) autonomy: ¾Ѽ狼ΩƤꡤλʤǸȤߤʤ١Ѽ郎ΩƤ뤫¸Ƥ뤫ɬҴŪʤΤǤϤʤŪʴǤ뤳Ȥ¿δˤĤƤϡ#1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) ӡ#1523. Abstand language Ausbau language ([2013-06-28-1]) εȡ
(5) reduction: Ѥ䵡ǽ̾Ƥ١(4) Ω복ǰǤ heteronomy ˤᤤ㤨Сԥʤɤϲ̤쵡ǽμबɸ٤ƾʤ
(6) mixture: 줬礷ƤǤ١ŪʸѤĿ͡ˤȤäơ¾줫μѸä¿Ѽϡͤ㤤Ѽ˸롥ŵŪˤϡԥϲͤ㤯줬Ǥ롥
(7) de facto norms: üԤεϤ˽Ȥ١ˤäȸääȹͤ뵬ϼζ
ϡüԤФɾδȸƤ褤
ָפȸƤФҲŪͤι⤤ѼǤо7Ĥ°ˤĤƹäƤ롤Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤѼ老Ȥ˳°ͤϰۤʤΤ̤ʾͤ°οȼޤޤ°ͤȤ߹碌Ū˹⤤Ѽ郎ҲŪ˲ͤѼȤߤʤ䤹ָפȸƤФ䤹ȤȤȹͤ롥ʤ7°ϡ#1519. ҲŪؤƻ ([2013-06-24-1]) ˷ǤɽΤʤμҲŪ°ȡʬŪӤǤ롥
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
ɸ "ethnic cleansing" ۵ԲѸǤ롥줫Ѹݤ褦ȤαưǤꡤȤӤӡȤƲ˿Ԥ뤳Ȥ롥ܸǤⲣʸβʻѤ֤Ϥ뤷ѸǤ⤫Ĥƥͥ˥ (inkhorn_term "oversea language" [2013-03-08-1]ε#1411. Ѹä "oversea language"פȡˤйز褦Ȥ줿[2013-03-07-1]ε#1410. ȽפȡˡܸǤѸǤ⡤ηŪ˼Ѹݤ֤褦ʼҲưؤȯŸȤϤʤä
Ȥȥ륳Ǥ lexical cleansing äơߤʹǤ롥 (96--100) ˡȥ륳ˤָ̿פҲ𤵤Ƥ롥1Υȥ륳ĹưλƳԤˤƥȥ륳¹νΤȤʤä Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881--1938) ϡ¹ (1923) ȼȥ륳ʸβפǹԤޤKemal ϡޥκפӽ٤ӥʸؤڤؤǹԤ³ơΥȥ륳ʸ줬ӥڥ륷θǤ¿ʬ˴ޤؼԸȤʤäƤȤ顤äηŪʥȥ륳첽
ӥڥ륷θǤ٤ȥ륳ǽ˹ԤʤäȤϡȥ륳츦زˡ̣ǤΥȥ륳θýȤȤạ̈ǤΥȥ륳Ȥϡ륯²°뿷ΤǰƬˤƤꡤۥθ졤ȥ륭륬٥ꥢä븽졤㥬졤ʥȥꥢХ륫ޤǤŸ굯Ǥʣ礷ŪΤˤϻ˸츻˲ᤷ⤷⤷Ȥˡ衼åѸ줫μѤϡӥڥ륷ǤӽȤΤȤ뤳Ȥäȥ륳ϡջ֤ȶȯưˤꡤlexical cleansing Ԥʤȥ륳ФȤΤǤ롥
ȥ륳ΤۤˡȤ Serbo-Croatian ˤþ롥1990ǯȾε桼Τȼޤ Serbo-Croatian ȸƤФƤ줬̱²ʸȤʬˤ Serbian Croatian Ȥۤʤʬ줿ʹߡߤθ۵äŪʾ줫ӽȤ lexical cleansing ȤƤ롥ʤīǤ⡤θäʸӽ챿ưƳƤ롥
륤ˡ ԡˡظȤϲ١ҡ2000ǯ
ε#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1]) ۤ inkhorn_term γƵǡѸ뤤ϥͥΥȽįƤƥ䥮ꥷ줫̵̤ʼѤȽԤȤƤϡ#1408. ([2013-03-05-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡSir John Cheke (1514--57), Roger Ascham (1515?--68), Sir Thomas Chaloner, Thomas Wilson (1528?--81) ʤɤ̾뤬ΤʤǤ Cheke Τ褦ԤϤȿưǽꡤؤβĥäɬפʤΤǤСïˤǤ狼ǤѤ¤ѤΤǤꡤѸʤɴäưʤȤͤƱͤȤ˸ŵؼԤǤ Ascham ȤȤˡCheke ϤλˤʷˤʱѸνȤɾƤ롥
㤨СCheke ϥޥˤäơ (The King James Bible) ǤϼѸ줬ȤƤȤǡͳ褹Ѥlunatic Ф moonedpublican Ф toller¾ hundreder (centurion), foresayer (prophet), byword (parable), freshman (proselyte), crossed (crucified), gainrising (resurrection) ޤ purist 餷ſ륲ޥؤβ
Cheke Τ褦ʿʪȤϤۤʤưŤǡͤޤŸؤβäƥäդˤäơChaucer ؤƴݤߤߤäΤEdmund Spenser (1552/53--99) "Chaucerism" ȤƤФŸؤΰ¸ͤȤΤ롥Horace Thomas Drant 䡤John Milton (1608--74) Ÿε̣äλˤƤϡastound, blameful, displeasance, enroot, forby (hard by, past), empight (fixed, implanted), natheless, nathemore, mickle, whilere (a while before) ʤɤ줬褷ۤˤ⡤ޥǤʾʤȤʬŪˡˤȤˤʤꤵ˸ŸȤƤϰʲΤΤ롥
askew, baneful, bellibone (a fair maid), belt, birthright, blandishment, blatant, braggadocio, briny, changeful, changeling, chirrup, cosset (lamb), craggy, dapper, delve (pit, den), dit (song), don, drear, drizzling, elfin, endear, enshrine, filch, fleecy, flout, forthright, freak, gaudy, glance, glee, glen, gloomy, grovel, hapless, merriment, oaten, rancorous, scruze (squeeze, crush), shady, squall (to cry), sunshiny, surly, wakeful, wary, witless, wolfish, wrizzled (wrinkled, shriveled)
νԤˤȿưŪʱưϡ켫ΤȽӤ뤳Ȥä嵭äΤʤˤϡߡŪѤƤΤޤޤƤ롥ȽˤϡѸû˾塤Τ褦Ū¦̤⤢äȤƨƤϤʤʤʾ塤Baugh and Cable (230--31) ȤƵҤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
16 (inkhorn term) ΰüˤĤƤϡε#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) ˤ⡤#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) #576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1]) ۤ inkhorn_term γƵǿƤȽ˯ȤƤϡ[2010-11-24-1]ǰѤ The Arte of Rhetorique (1553) Thomas Wilson (1528?--81) 뤬⤦1͵Ȥʤ Sir John Cheke (1514--57) դ路Cheke ϼ餬ꥷؼԤǤʤ顤ŵ줫Τߤ䤿ʼѤƱꥷؼԤǤ Roger Ascham (1515?--68) 褦٤Ƥ̣Cheke Sir Thomas Hoby ˰Ƥ (1561) ΤʤǡμĥԤʤäBaugh and Cable, pp. 217--18 ѡˡ
I am of this opinion that our own tung shold be written cleane and pure, unmixt and unmangeled with borowing of other tunges, wherin if we take not heed by tijm, ever borowing and never payeng, she shall be fain to keep her house as bankrupt. For then doth our tung naturallie and praisablie utter her meaning, when she bouroweth no counterfeitness of other tunges to attire her self withall, but useth plainlie her own, with such shift, as nature, craft, experiens and folowing of other excellent doth lead her unto, and if she want at ani tijm (as being unperfight she must) yet let her borow with suche bashfulnes, that it mai appeer, that if either the mould of our own tung could serve us to fascion a woord of our own, or if the old denisoned wordes could content and ease this neede, we wold not boldly venture of unknowen wordes.
Erasmus Praise of Folly 1549ǯ˱ Sir Thomas Chaloner ⡤ʳؤ뤳Ȥ餷Baugh and Cable, p. 218 ѡˡ
Such men therfore, that in deede are archdoltes, and woulde be taken yet for sages and philosophers, maie I not aptelie calle theim foolelosophers? For as in this behalfe I have thought good to borowe a littell of the Rethoriciens of these daies, who plainely thynke theim selfes demygods, if lyke horsleches thei can shew two tongues, I meane to mingle their writings with words sought out of strange langages, as if it were alonely thyng for theim to poudre theyr bokes with ynkehorne termes, although perchaunce as unaptly applied as a gold rynge in a sowes nose. That and if they want suche farre fetched vocables, than serche they out of some rotten Pamphlet foure or fyve disused woords of antiquitee, therewith to darken the sence unto the reader, to the ende that who so understandeth theim maie repute hym selfe for more cunnyng and litterate: and who so dooeth not, shall so muche the rather yet esteeme it to be some high mattier, because it passeth his learnyng.
"foolelosophers" Ȥϸ
Τ褦˥ȽϤäοѤ뤳ȤϤʤäʸȤϸ鷺Ȥ˲ǧ Sir Thomas Elyot (c1490--1546) Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ʤɤμ礿ʸԤμ٤Ĭή˥ޥåƤΤǤ롥
ʤOED ˤȡink-horn term ȤɽνФ1543ǯ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
丫˴ؿΤʤͤϤޤʤܸǤѸǤ⡤ʹεϡդ˴ؤ˻礫ʤɸλȤδְ㤤ʸѤλŦѸӡ츻Ʀμ¤ꡤʤǤˤʤ롥ϡƿ͡δؿ椯ΤȻפäƤ롥
ȤֳءפȤʤ礤˴ؿٹ礤롥ʸˡʹȤؤɤФ롤Ȥͤ⾯ʤʤؤδؿϤäƤؤؤδؿȤΤ֤θ¤Ǥ롥֤ε Crystal Ѥʤλ ( language death ) ˤޤĤ夲ƤCrystal ϸλФ̵֤ؿϡĤޤȤ֤θռ㤵˵ȻŦƤ롥ä˱ѸˤĤƤΡˤξΤ褦ʬϤƤ롥
All language professionals have suffered the consequences of a general malaise about language study which has long been present among the general public --- an inevitable consequence (in my view) of two centuries of language teaching in which prescriptivism and purism produced a mentality suspicious of diversity, variation, and change, and a terminology whose Latinate origins crushed the spontaneous interest in language of most of those who came into contact with it. (Crystal 96)
褽ƱȤܸ줢뤤ܿͤˤĤƤ롥ŪʸˡȯǤҲǤ¥졤ǤʤΤϸȤƥåƥŽ롥ޤܸʸˡǤʸˡǤ⡤ʸˡѸιˤäơŪʴؿƤޤȤȤϳΤˤ
ܤΥݥȤǤѸˤĤƤϡ٤פʤؤ˸¤餺ɤʬǤѸ̤¸ߤΤǤ롥षؤǤϡض̤¾ʬ⤽Ѹ줬̤˹ΤƤȤ𤬤롥¤ޤ뤯餤ǧΤƤȤΤϡͤ褦ˤäƤϴ˾Ƥ롥
ܤΥݥȤǤ뵬ϼ ( prescriptivism ) Ƚ ( purism ) ϺΤȤƬǤƤؼԤǤ⡤ºŪˤ prescriptivist Ǥä purist Ǥäꤹ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤ롥ΤˡѾ塤ոȸäոζ̤Ϥ롥餳֤ˤ롥ոĤǤɤǤոǤ³뤫ɤǤ롥դ˸¤餺봷ˤơƲäƤ뤫δϡȾ˱Ѳ롥ܼȤ "diversity, variation, and change" ˤ⤫餺줬ʤΤ褦ǸϤСɤƤ̵ϤĤޤʤΤˤʤ
Τϡ¿ξ硤ؤؤضˤ뤳ȤضǤϡ"diversity, variation, and change" ʤɤݵʤȤäƤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥ؽԤϡؤ֤٤ΤʤȺ𤹤뤫㤨бѸؽԤǤСѥȤƱѸˤդ꤫ƤߤȤ褤ȻפѸˤϡѸ "diversity, variation, and change" ηŪ˰ˤΤǤ롥
ѸˤȤʬ̤ơߤؤδؿ⤦Ƨ߹ǸؤؤδؿؤȰळȤǤ줭ФʤȾפäƤ롥
Language Death ɤߡCrystal ϱѸؼԤȤƸؤμºŪʱѤͤΤܿȤϸĤĤ⡤¾ˤ줹ǮȷŪɮפϤʤȺɾ
Crystal, David. Language Death. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.
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