2ΤȤˤʤޤ1012ڡˤ15:15?18:30ˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻4ޥ̱²ưꤹֱԤʤޤؿΤϡꤪߤ3Ȥˤäȯʵλ֤ĤȤǤޤΤǡڤߤˤƤޤμݤϰʲ̤Ǥ
449ǯޥ̱²ưΰĤȤơޥ췲°륢͡͡塼ȿ֥ͤƥ褷ޤ줳ѸǤꡤλäƱѸˤܳŪ˻ưޤɤۤϡޥŪʥʸ֤ޤʸ٤ָűѸפϤޤޥṲ̄ǻŪħݤäƤޤܥμݤ˱褤ޤǼѤƤűѸ˭ʸŪ仺濴˴վޤƤޤ礦
ֺ¤Ǥϡ֥ޥ̱²ưȥסָűѸθáסָ˻ĤűѸθŪ仺פȤ饤ʥåפǡѸäΥƤλˤĤơܤͽǤͽȤơanglo-saxon oe γƵ
#3781. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ3֥ο̱ϡפΤ ([2019-09-03-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ȥꡤ97ڡ15:15?18:30ī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻3ο̱ϡꤹֱԤʤޤ2Ʊ͡˻äޤơ꤬Ȥޤ˿ͤ¿ӽФ伫Ȥ⤪ٶˤʤޤ *
ϡ(1) ޥ֥ƥλطʤҲ𤷤塤(2) ƱˤϤޤΦˤäѸȥƥΡڤӤθΡפˤĤƳ⤷(3) ǽΥƥѸ줬ճˤŪʤܤޤ
ä3ܤˤĤƤϡ褢ޤѸˤܤƤʤä褦˻פޤΤǡʤ⤷ޤƥѸȤСä3ع¤Υȥåפ˷פäȤơ⤯꤬äƤȤ館뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤȺǽ˼Ѥ줿ΤˤϸǤѤ̤θ줬ʤޤƥ˴ؤ륹ƥ쥪פǤդ뤳ȤȻפޤ
ֺ¤Ѥ饤ɻ֤Ƥޤܥ֥δϢؤΥˤʤäƤޤΤǡʤɤˤΩƤ
41012ڡ15:15?18:30ֱѸˤȸ츻4ޥ̱²ưꤷơ褤ֱѸλϤޤפˤĤƤäͽǤ
1. Ѹˤȸ츻3 ֥ο̱ϡ
2. 3ο̱
3. ܼ
4. 1. ޥ֥ƥλ
5. ޥ֥ƥϿ
6. ޥ֥ƥθ (1) --- ʣʥޥҲ
7. ޥ֥ƥθ (2) --- ꥢȤ
8. λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾
9. ¿Υƥ̾˥ͤˤäƼΤƤ줿ͳ
10. 2. ƥȤΡפȤΡ
11. ƥȤΡפγ
12. Ѹˤƥΰ֤Ť
13. 3. ǽΥƥѸΰճ
14. ټ -er -ster ǽΥƥǡ
15. űѸäˤƥѸΨ
16. Ѥηϩ --- ƥ졤ȸ졤űѸδط
17. cheap ͳ
18. pound (?) ͳ
19. Saturday Ȥ¾̾ͳ
20. ޤȤ
21. ʸ
ɸ2Ĥιټ (agentive suffix) ˤĤơ줾#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
-er ϸűѸǤ -ere ȤƸ졤ޥˤƱ줬ǧ롥饲ޥĸ *-ārjaz, *-ǣrijaz ƷƤ뤬̤ȤȵȽȤʤDurkin (114) ˤСƥ -ārius, -ārium, -āria μѤȤΤȤʤΥƥӱѸ˷ƻ -ary ȤäƤƤꡤbudgetary, discretionary, parliamentary, unitary ʤɤˤߤˡ
ȤȽιټԤɽ魯űѸ -estre, -istre Ūʤ⤤ĤΥޥˤߤ졤ޥĸ *-strjōn ƷƤϤ뤬ϤꤽεǤ롥Durkin (114) ϡƥ -istria ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȵäƤ롥
⤷ιټƥ줫Ѥ줿Ρʤ餯ΦΡǤȤСαѸˤˤơۤɹ⤤ȤˤʤäƥͳηǤϤʤä -er ˤĤƤϤǤ롥줬¤ʤС#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ ([2019-09-10-1]) ǽҤ٤ȤꡤǽΥƥǤΤŪʤ⤦ĤλȤʤ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
3֤εʡ#3787. 650ǯդȤ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1])#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ ([2019-09-10-1])#3789. űѸäˤƥѸΨ1.75% ([2019-09-11-1])ˤǤ줿褦ˡ650ǯդ˥ƥ줫ѸήñˤϡճŪʤΤ¿ޤޤƤ롥
ǧˤϡŪñįƤߤΤ֤Durkin (107--16) Ȥơʲˡ̣ʬȤˡơñˤĤƸűѸμѷбʤ뤤ϸˡƥƬ "?" դƤϡμѸǤȶäƤǧʤǤ롥
[ Religion and the Church ]
abbod, abbot 'abbot' [L abbat-, abbas]
abbodesse 'abbess' [L abbatissa]
antefn, also (later) antifon, antyfon 'antiphon (type of liturgical chant)' [L antifona, antefona]
ælmesse, ælmes 'alms, charity' [L *alimosina, variant of elemosina]
bisċeop 'bishop' [probably L episcopus]
cristen 'Christian' [L christianus]
dēofol, dīofol 'devil' [perhaps Latin diabulus]
draca 'dragon, monstrous beast; the devil' [L draco]
engel, angel 'angel' [probably L angelus]
mæsse, messe 'mass' (the religious ceremony) [L missa]
munuc 'monk' [L monachus]
mynster 'monastery; importan church' [L monasterium]
nunne 'nun' [L nonna]
prēost 'priest' [probably L *prebester, presbyter]
senoð, seonoð, sinoð, sionoð 'council, synod, assembly' [L synodus]
? ancra, ancor 'anchorite' [L anachoreta, perhaps via Old Irish anchara]
? ærċe-, erċe-, arce- 'arch-' (in titles) [L archi-]
? relic- (in relicgang (probably) 'bearing of relics in a procession') [clipping of L reliquiae or OE reliquias]
? reliquias 'relics' [L reliquiae]
[ Learning and scholarship ]
Læden 'Latin; any foreign language', also (later) lātin [L Latina]
sċolu, also (later) scōl 'troop, band; school' [L schola]
? græf 'stylus' [L graphium]
? stǣr (or stær) 'history' [probably ultimately L historia, perhaps via Celtic]
? traht 'text, passage, commentary' [L tractus]
? trahtað 'commentary' [L tractatus]
[ Plants, fruit, and products of plants ]
bēte 'beet, beetroot' [L beta]
billere denoting several water plants [L berula]
box 'box tree', later also 'box, receptable' [L buxus]
celendre, cellendre 'coriander' [L coliandrum]
ċerfille, ċerfelle 'chervil' [L caerefolium]
*ċiċeling 'chickpea' [L cicer]
ċīpe 'onion' [L cepe]
ċiris-(bēam) 'cherry tree' [L *ceresia, cerasium]
ċisten-, ċistel-, ċist-(bēam) 'chestnut tree' [L castinea or castanea]
coccel 'corn cockle, or other grain-field weed' [L *cocculus < coccum]
codd-(æppel) 'quince' [L cydonium, cotoneum, or cotonium]
consolde '(perhaps) daisy or comfrey' [L consolida]
corn-(trēo) 'cornel tree' [L cornus]
cost 'costmary' [L constum]
cymen 'cumin' [L cuminum]
cyrfet 'gourd' [L cucurbita]
earfe plant name, probably vetch [L ervum]
elehtre '(probably) lupin' [L electrum]
eofole 'dwarf elder, danewor' [L ebulus]
eolone, elene 'elecampane' (a plant) [L inula, helenium]
finol, finule, finugle 'fennel' [L fenuculum]
glædene a plant name (usually for a type of iris) [L gladiola]
humele 'hop plant' [L humulus]
lāser 'weed, tare' [L laser]
leahtric, leahtroc, also (later) lactuce 'lettuce' [L lactuca]
*lent 'lentil' [L lent-, lens]
lufestiċe 'lovage' [L luvesticum]
mealwe 'mallow' [L malva]
*mīl 'millet' [L milium]
minte, minta 'mint' [L mentha]
næp 'turnip' [L napus]
nefte 'catmint' [L nepeta]
oser or ōser 'osier' [L osaria]
persic 'peach' [L persicum]
peru 'pear' [L pirum, pera]
piċ 'pitch' (the resinous substance) [L pic-, pix]
pīn 'pine' [L pinus]
pipeneale 'pimpernel' [L pipinella]
pipor 'pepper' [L piper]
pieir 'pear tree' [L *pirea]
pise, *peose 'pea' [L pisum]
plūme 'plum; plum tree' and plȳme 'plum; plum tree' [both perhaps L pruna]
pollegie 'penny-royal' [L pulegium]
popiġ, papiġ 'poppy' [L papaver]
porr 'leek' [L porrum]
rǣdiċ 'radish' [L radic-, radix]
rūde 'rue' [L ruta]
syrfe 'service tree' [L *sorbea, sorbus]
ynne- (in ynnelēac) 'onion' [L unio]
? æbs 'fir tree' [L abies]
? croh, crog 'saffron; type of dye; saffron colour' [L crocus]
? fīċ 'fig tree, fig' [L ficus]
? plante 'young plant' [L planta]
? sæðerie, satureġe 'savory (plant name)' [L satureia]
? sæppe 'spruce fir' [L sappinus]
? sōlsēċe 'heliotrope' [L solsequium, with substitution of a derivative of OE sēċan 'to seek' for the second element]
[ Animals ]
assa 'ass' [L asinum perhaps via Celtic]
capun 'capon' [probably L capon-, capo]
cat, catte 'cat' [L cattus]
cocc 'cock, rooster' [L coccus]
*cocc (in sǣcocc) 'cockle' [perhaps L *coccum]
culfre 'dove' [perhals L columbra, columbula]
cypera 'salmon at the time of spawning' [L cyprinus]
elpend, ylpend 'elephant', also shortend to ylp [L elephant-, elephans]
eosol, esol 'ass' [L asellus]
lempedu, also (later) lamprede 'lamprey' [L lampreda]
mūl 'mule' [L mulus]
muscelle 'mussel' [L musculus]
olfend 'camel' [probably L elephant-, elephans, with the change in meaning arising from semantic confusion]
ostre 'oyster' [L ostrea]
pēa 'peafowl' [L pavon-, pavo]
*pine- (in *pinewincle, as suggested emendation of winewincle) 'wincle' [perhals L pina]
rēnġe 'spider' [L aranea]
strȳta 'ostrich' [L struthio]
trūht 'trout' [L tructa]
turtle, turtur 'turtle dove' [L turtur]
[ Food and drink (see also plants and animals) ]
ċȳse, ċēse 'cheese' [L caseus]
foca 'cake baked on the ashes of the hearth' (only attested with reference to Biblical contexts or antiquity) [L focus]
must 'wine must, new wine' [L mustum]
seim 'lard, fat' (only attested in figurative use) [L *sagimen, sagina]
senap, senep 'mustard' [L sinapis]
wīn 'wine' [L vinum]
[ Medicine ]
butere 'butter' [L butyrum, buturum]
ċeren 'wine reduced by boiling for extra sweetness' [L carenum]
eċed 'vinegar' [L acetum]
ele 'oil' [L oleum]
fēfer or fefer 'fever' [L febris]
flȳtme 'lancet' [L fletoma]
[ Transport; riding and horse gear ]
ancor, ancra 'anchor (also in figurative use)' [L ancora]
cæfester 'muzzle, halter, bit' [L capistrum, perhaps via Celtic]
ċæfl 'muzzle, halter, bit' [L capulus]
ċearricge (meaning very uncertain, perhaps 'carriage') [perhaps L carruca]
punt 'punt' [L ponton-, ponto]
sēam 'burden; harness; service which consisted in supplying beasts of burden' [L sauma, sagma]
stǣt 'road; paved road, street' [L strata]
[ Tools and implements ]
cucler 'spoon' [L coclear]
culter 'coulter; (once) dagger' [L culter]
fæċele 'torch' [L facula]
fann 'winnowing fan' [L vannus]
forc, forca 'fork' [L furca]
*fossere or fostere 'spade' [L fossorium]
inseġel, insiġle 'seal; signet' [L sigillum]
līne 'cable, rope, line, cord; series, row, rule, direction' [probably L linea]
mattuc, meottuc, mettoc 'mattock' [perhaps L *matteuca]
mortere 'mortar' [L mortarium]
panne 'pan' [perhaps L panna]
pæġel 'wine vessel; liquid measure' [L pagella]
pihten part of a loom [L pecten]
pīl 'pointed object; dart, shaft, arrow; spike, nail; stake' [L pilum]
pīle 'mortar' [L pila]
pinn 'pin, peg, pointer; pen' [probably L penna]
pīpe 'tube, pipe; pipe (= wind instrument); small stream' [L pipa]
pundur 'counterpoise; plumb line' [L ponder-, pondus]
seġne 'fishing net' [L sagena]
sicol 'sickle' [L *sicula, secul < secare 'to cut']
spynġe, also (later) sponge 'sponge' [L spongia, spongea]
timple instrument used in weaving [L templa]
turl 'ladele' [L trulla]
? stropp 'strap' [L stroppus or struppus]
? trefet 'trivet, tripod' [L tripes]
[ Warware and weapons ]
camp 'battle; war; field' [L campus]
cocer 'quiver' [perhaps L cucurum]
[ Buildings and parts of buildings; construction; towns and settlements ]
ċeafor-(tūn), cafer-(tūn) 'hall, court' [L capreus]
ċealc, calc 'chalk, plaster' [L calc-, calx]
ċeaster, ċæster 'fortification; city, town (especially one with a wall)' [L castra]
ċipp 'rod, stick, beam (especially in various specific contexts)' [probably L cippus]
clifa, cleofa, cliofa 'chamber, cell, den, lair' [perhaps L clibanus 'oven']
clūse, clause 'lock; confine, enclosure; fortified pass' [L clausa]
clūstor 'lock, bolt, bar, prison' [L claustrum]
cruft 'crypt, cave' [L crupta]
cyċene 'kitchen' [L coquina]
cylen 'kiln, oven' [L culina]
*cylene 'town' (only as place-name element) [L colonia]
mūr 'wall' [L murus]
mylen 'mill' [L molina]
pearroc 'enclosure; fence that forms an enclosure' [perhaps L parricus]
pīsle or pisle 'warm room' [L pensilis]
plætse, plæce, plæse 'open place in a town, square, street' [L platea]
port 'town with a harbour; harbour, port; town (especially one with a wall or a market)' [L portus]
post 'post; doorpost' [L postis]
pytt 'hole in the ground; excavated hole; pit; grave; hell' [pherlaps L puteus]
sċindel 'roof shingle' [L scindula]
solor 'upper room; hall, dwelling; raised platform' [L solarium]
tīġle, tīgele, tigele 'earthen vessel; potshert; tile, brick' [L tegula]
torr 'tower' [L turris]
weall 'wall, rampart, earthwork' [L vallum]
wīċ 'dwelling; village; camp, fortress' [L visum]
? port 'gate, gateway' [L porta]
? prtiċ 'porch, portico, vestibule, chapel' [L poorticus]
[ Containers, vessels, and receptacles ]
amber 'vessel, dry or liquid measure' [L amphora, ampora]
binn, binne 'basket, bin; manger' [L benna]
buteruc 'bottle' [perhaps from a derivative of L buttis]
byden 'vessel, container; cask, tub; tub-shaped geographical feature' [probably L *butina]
bytt 'bottle, flask, cask, wine skin' [L *buttia]
ċelċ, cælc, calic 'drinking vessel, cup' [L calic-, calix]
ċist, ċest 'chest, box, coffer; reliquary; coffin' [L cista]
cuppe 'cup', also copp 'cup, beaker; gloss for Latin spongia sponge' [L cuppa]
cȳf 'large jar, vessel, or tub' [L cupia < cupa]
cȳfl 'tub, bucket' [L cupellus]
cyll, cylle 'leather bottle, leather bag; ladele; oil lamp' [L culleus]
disċ 'dish, bowl, plate' [L discus]
earc, earce, earca, also arc, arce, arca 'ark (especially Noah's ark or the ark of the covenent), chest, coffer' [L arca]
gabote, gafote kind of dish or platter [L gabata]
ġellet 'jug, bowl, or basin' [L galleta]
læfel, lebil 'spoon, cup, bowl, vessel' [L labellum]
orc 'pitcher, crock, cup' [L orca]
pott 'pot' [perhaps L pottus]
sacc, also sæcc 'sack, bag' [L saccus]
sester 'jar, vessel; a measure' [L sextarius]
spyrte 'basket' [probably L sporta, *sportea]
? cæpse 'box' [L copsa]
? sċrīn 'chest; shrine' [L scrinium]
? sċutel 'dish, platter' [L scutella]
? tunne 'cask, tun, barrel' [L tunna]
[ Coins, money; wights and measures, units of measurement ]
dīner, dīnor type of coin, denarius [L denarius]
mīl 'mile' [L milia]
mydd 'a measure' [L modius]
mynet 'a coin; coinage, money' [L moneta]
oma 'a liquid measure' [L ama]
pund 'pound (in weight or money); pint' [L pondo]
trimes 'unit of weight, a dracm; name of a coin' [L tremissis]
ynċe 'inch' [L uncia]
yntse 'ounce' [L uncia]
[ Transactions and payments ]
ċēap 'perchase, sale, transaction, market, possessions, price' [L cauō or caupōnārī]
toll, also toln, tolne 'toll, tribute, rent, duty' [L toloneum]
trifet 'tribute' [L tributum]
[ Clothing; fabric ]
belt 'belt, girdle' [L balteus]
bīsæċċ 'pocket' [L bisaccium]
cælis 'foot-covering', also (later) calc 'sandal' [L calceus]
ċemes 'shirt, undergarment' [L camisia]
ġecorded 'having cords, corded (or perhaps fringed)' [L corda]
cugele '(monk's) cowl' [L cuculla]
fifele 'broach, clasp' [L fibula]
mentel 'cloak' [L mantellum]
pæll, pell 'fine or rich cloth; purple cloth; altar cloth rich robe' [L pallium]
pyleċe 'fur robe' [L pellicia]
seolc 'silk' [perhaps L sericum]
sīde 'silk' [L seta]
*sīric 'silk' [perhals L sericum]
socc 'light shoe' [L soccus]
swiftlēre 'slipper' [L subtalaris]
? orel, orl 'robe, garment, veil, mantle' [L orale, orarium]
? purpure, purpur 'deep crimson garment; deep crimson colour (imperial purple)' [L purpura]
? sabon 'sheet' [L sabanum]
? tæpped, teped 'cloth wall or floor covering' [L tapetum, tappetum]
[ Furniture and furnishing ]
meatte, matte 'mat; underlay for a bed' [L matta]
mēse, mīse 'table' [L mensa]
pyle, pylu 'pillow, cushion' [L pulvinus]
sċamol, sċemol, sċeomol, sċeamol 'stool, footstool, bench' [L *scamellum]
strǣl, strēaġl 'curtain; quilt, matting, bed' [L stragula]
strǣt 'bed' [L stratum]
[ Precious stones ]
ġimm 'gem, precious stone, jewel; also in figurative use' [L gemma]
meregrot 'pearl' [L margarita, but showing folk-etymological alteration after an English word for 'sea' and (probably) an English word for 'fragment, particple']
pærl '(very doubtfully) pearl' [perhals L *perla]
[ Roles, ranks, and occupations (non-religious or not specifically religious) ]
cāsere 'emperor; ruler' [L caesar]
fullere 'fuller' [L fullo]
mangere 'merchant, trader' [L mango]
mæġester, also (later) māgister or magister 'leader, master, teacher' [L magister]
myltestre 'prostitute' [L meretrix, with remodelling of the ending after the Old English feminine agent noun suffix -estre]
prafost, also profost 'head, chief, officer' [L praepositus, propositus]
sūtere 'shoumaker' [L sutor]
[ Punishment, judgement, codes of behaviour ]
pīn 'pain, fortune, anguish, punishment' [L poena]
regol, reogol 'rule; principle; code of rules; wooden ruler' [L regula]
sċrift 'something decreed as a penalty; penance; absolution; confessor; judge' [L scriptum]
[ Verbs ]
*cōfrian 'to recover' (implied by acōfrian in the same meaning) [L recuperare]
*cyrtan 'to shorten' (implied by cyrtel 'garment, tunic, cloak, gown' and (probably) ġecyrted 'cut off, shortened') [L curtus, adjective]
dīligian 'to erase, rub out; to destroy, obliterate' [L delere]
impian 'to graft; to busy oneself with' [L imputare]
*mūtian (implied by bemūtian 'to exchange' and mūtung 'exchange') [L mutare]
*nēomian 'to sound sweetly' or *nēome 'sound' [L neuma, noun]
pinsian 'to weigh, consider, reflect' [L pensare]
pīpian 'to play on a pipe' [L pipare]
pluccian 'to pluck' [perhaps L *piluccare]
*pundrian (implied by apyndrian, apundrian 'to weigh, to adjudge') [L ponderare, if not a derivative of OE punduru]
pynġan 'to prick' [L pungere]
sċrīfan 'to allot, prescribe, impose; to hear confession; to receive absolution; to have regard to' [L scribere]
seġlian 'to seal' [L sigillare]
seġnian 'to make the sign of the cross; to consecrate, bless' [L signare, if not < OE seġn]
*-stoppian (implied by forstoppian) 'to obstruct, stop up' [perhaps L *stuppare]
trifulian 'to break, bruise, stamp' [L tribulare]
tyrnan, turnian 'to turn, revolve' [L turnare]
? cystan 'to get the value of, exchange for the worth of' [L constare]
? dihtan, dihtian 'to direct, command, arrange, set forth' [L dictare]
? glēsan 'to gloss, explain' [L glossare (verb) or glossa (noun)]
? lafian 'to pour water on, to bathe, wash' [L lavare]
? *pilian 'to peel, strip, pluck' [L pilare]
? plantian 'to plant' [L plantare, or < OE plante]
? *pyltan 'to pelt' (implied by later pilt, pelt) [perhaps L *pultiare, alteration of pultare]
? sealtian 'to dance' [L saltare]
? trahtian 'to comment on, expound; to interpret' [L tractare, if not < OE traht]
[ Adjectives ]
cirps, crisp 'curly, curly haired' [L crispus]
cyrten 'beautiful' [perhals L *cortinus]
pīs 'heavy' [L pensus]
sicor 'sure, certain; secure' [L securus]
sȳfre 'clean, pure, sober' [L sobrius]
byxen 'of box wood' [probably L buxeus]
? cūsc 'virtuous, chaste' [L conscius, perhaps via Old Saxon kusko]
[ Miscellaneous ]
candel, condel 'candle, taper', (in figurative contexts) 'source of light' [L candela]
ċēas, ċēast 'quarrel, strife; reproof' [L causa]
ċeosol, ċesol 'hut; gullet; belly' [L casula, casella]
copor 'copper' [L cuprum]
derodine 'scarlet' [probably L dirodinum]
munt 'mountain, hill' [L mont-, mons]
plūm-, in plmfeðer '(inplural) down, feathers' [L pluma]
sælmeriġe 'brine' [L *salmuria]
sætern- (in sæterndæġ 'Saturday') [L Saturnus]
seġn 'mark, sign, banner' [L signum]
tasul, teosol 'dice; small square of stone' [L tessella, *tassellus]
tæfl 'piece used in a board game, dice; type of game played on a board, game of dice; board on which this is played' [L tabula]
-ere, forming agent nouns [probably L -arius; if so, borrowed early]
-estre, forming feminine agent nouns [perhaps L -istria]
? coron-(bēag) 'crown' [L corona]
? diht 'act of directing or arranging; direction, arrangement, command' [L dictum]
? *pill (perhaps shown by pillsāpe soap for removing hair, depilatory) [perhals L pilus 'hair']
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Ѹ츻ؤͼ Durkin ˤСűѸޤǤ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ƥñοϡʤȤ600ϤȤ650ǯդˡ300ۤɡ300ۤɤȤΩƤǤ롥600ȤűѸΤįƤߤȡ1.75%Ȥ礬ϤФ롥ΥƥѸñΤǤϤʤ˴Ťƺ줿ޤǤθȡűѸäˤ4.5%ķ;夬롥Durkin (100) βѤ褦
If we take an estimate of at least 600 words borrowed (immediately) from Latin, and a total of around 34,000 words in Old English, then, conservatively, around 1.75% of the total are borrowed from Latin. If we include all compounds and derivatives formed on Latin loanwords in Old English, then the total of Latin-derived vocabulary probably comes closer to 4.5% . . . , although this figure may be a little too high, since estimates of the total size of the Old English vocabulary (native and borrowed) probably rather underestimate the numbers of compounds and derivatives.
οͤɤɾ뤫ϻμǤ롥ˤˤѸθüѤεϤȤαƶͤСʳǤΥƥѸγʤɡʤˤߤ줳ѸθüѤˤǤȤߤʤС0%ȯѸΨǤ˸űѸ1.75%ʤ뤤4.5%ˤãƤȤΤϡݤǤȤʤʤˤС¿ɴǯ֤ƤѸˤĤäƤꡤȤѤƤΤΩĤΤǤʺε#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ ([2019-09-10-1]) ȡˡ
űѸΥƥѸˤĤƤϱѸ˸ˤƤ⤵ۤܤƤ櫓ǤϤʤѤнʬ̥Ūʥȥԥåˤʤꤽ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ε#3787. 650ǯդȤ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡűѸȤ櫓650ǯäƤǽΥƥѸˤϡߤǤŪѤƤΤ¿#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) ʤɤǸƤ褦ˡƥѸˤϥ٥ι⤤ñ줬¿Τϻ¤űѸμѸ˴ؤƤСΥƥ쥪פɬ¤ɽ路Ƥʤ
Durkin (138--39) ˤ붽̣ͤ롥Durkin ϡ#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) Ǥ⼨Ȥꡤ"Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary" ȸƤФ̸Ū˺ǤŪʰ̣ô100Ѹ줫ФΤʤˤɤۤɼѸ줬ޤޤƤ뤫ĴƤߤ̤ȤƤϡƥѸˤĤƤСˤ1ޤޤƤʤä
"the WOLD survey" ˤ1,460ĤδŪʰ̣ܤʤꥹȤĴƤߤȡ137ۤɡʤ褽10%ˤűѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥѸǧꤵΤä⡤ñϡ24ߤƤ̣ΥƥΤ"Kinship", "Quantity", "Miscellaneous function words" 21ĤΥƥˤ錄äƸФȤĤޤꡤѸ˾塤ǽäƤƥѸϡʬˤ錄ŪѤѸθäξʤʬƤȤ櫓űѸηǶĤƤ
butere "butter"
ele "oil"
cyċene "kitchen"
ċȳse, ċēse "cheese"
wīn "wine" (and its compounds)
sæterndæġ "Saturday"
mūl "mule"
ancor "anchor"
līn "line, continuous length"
mylen (and its compounds) "mill"
scōl, sċolu (and the compound leornungscōl) "school"
weall "wall"
pīpe "pipe, tube"
pīle "mortar"
disċ "plate/platter/bowel/dish"
candel "lamp, lantern, candle"
torr "tower"
prēost and sācerd "priest"
port "harbour"
munt "mountain or hill"
Τ褦˥ƥѸΤʤˤϰճ¿ִܸáפ⤢뤳ȤõƤϢơܸγƵ⻲ȡ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ѸˤˤƥѸȤСűѸΥꥹȶѸ졤ѸΥͥߤθáʤ뤤ϡ֥Ѹ (inkhorn_term)ˡḽѸ濴Ȥ뿷ŵʣʤɤΥפˡַáפȤƥ쥪פܥ֥Ǥ⡤줾ʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1])
#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ ([2014-07-05-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])
#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])
#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])
#1615. 礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-28-1])
#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])
#3438. ʤѸΥƥѸΤ ([2018-09-25-1])
#3013. 19줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])
ŪˤСΥƥ쥪פϷ褷ƴְ㤤ǤϤʤŪܶȤ⤤ƥѸ¸ߤȤ¤˺ƤϤʤʤ绨Ĥˤе650ǯդĤޤΦ夫űѸˤƱѸʤ뤤ϥޥˤäƤƥñ¿ϡճʤȤˡ褽褽äǤϤʤˤʤƤϤʤʤäƤΤǤ롥λ¤ϡ֥ƥҿȶܤθפȤظ˱ƤΤǡ褯ǧƤȤɬפǤ롥
650ǯȤΤϤ褽ǯλäƤƥѸΥפϰۤʤäƤ롥ñ㲽ƤСϡֿƤߤΤ졤ʹߤϡ֤⤤ȳѸ줬äƤDurkin (103) ʸѤ褦
The context for most of the later borrowings is certain: they are nearly all words connected with the religious world or with learning, which were largely overlapping categories in the Anglo-Saxon world. Many of them are only very lightly assimilated into Old English, if at all. In fact it is debatable whether some of them should even be regarded as borrowed words, or instead as single-word switches to Latin in an Old English document, since it is not uncommon for words only ever to occur with their Latin case endings.
The earlier borrowings include many more words that are of reasonably common occurrence in Old English and later, for instance names of some common plants and foodstuffs, as well as some very basic words to do with the religious life.
ǤϡŪΥƥѸȤϤɤΤ褦ñʤΤˤĤƤϺεǾҲ𤷤ƤͽǤ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ε³ޥ֥ƥθˤĤơDurkin (58) ϡΥꥢθӤʤ顤ͻƤ롥
One tantalizing comparison is with Roman Gaul. It is generally thought that under the Empire the linguistic situation was broadly similar in Gaul, with Latin the language of an urbanized elite and Gaulish remaining the language in general use in the population at large. Like Britain, Gaul was subject to Germanic invasions, and northern Gaul eventually took on a new name from its Frankish conquerors. However, France emerged as a Romance-speaking country, with a language that is Latin-derived in grammar and overwhelmingly also in lexis. One possible explanation for the very different outcomes in the two former provinces is that urban life may have remained in much better shape in Gaul than in Britain; Gaul had been Roman for longer than Britain, and urban life was probably much more developed and on a larger scale, and may have proved more resilient when facing economic and political vicissitudes. In Gaul the Franks probably took over at least some functioning urban centres where an existing Latin-speaking elite formed the basis for the future administration of the territory; this, combined with the importance and prestige of Latin as the language of the western Church, probably led ultimately to the emergence of a Romance-speaking nation. In Britain the existing population, whether speaking Latin or Celtic, probably held very little prestige in the eyes of the Anglo-Saxon incomers, and this may have been a key factor in determining that England became a Germanic-speaking territory: the Anglo-Saxons may simply not have had enough incentive to adopt the language(s) of these people.
ĤޤꡤαƶĹ³ʤä֥ƥˤƤϡƥ¸ߴϤۤʤ轻Υȿͤ⡤褷Ƥޥͤ⡤礭ʸŪƶ뤳ȤϤʤäޤƤƥظ (language_shift) 뤳ȤʤäꥢˤƤϡαƶĹ³ƥʤƥޥˤȤθܿ³ˡǽŪ˴ؤΥȸȯΥե⡤ƥݤ߹ޤ褦ˤƾǤƤȤˤʤäȤ櫓
֥ƥȥꥢϡȷϸδؤξ˥ƥ줬֤äƤȤǤ϶̤ˤͭƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ƥȤܿδ֤̩٤ȤǤϺꡤ줬ơϰˤθˤפʥѥȤͿȤȤκϡʬŪˤϥޤεΥκƥФƤҿκؤԸǤΤ⤷ʤ
ξϰμҲŪʾκϡäƱѸȥեˤ륱ȼѸμ̤κˤƶͿƤ롥ˤĤƤϡDurkin ˤ#3753. ʩˤ륱ȼѸӡоȡ ([2019-08-06-1]) Ȥ줿
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Claudius ˤ֥ƥä43ǯ顤ޤűह410ǯޤǤΥޥ֥ƥˤϡϤʤΤäΤȷϸȥƥϤɤΤ餤¸Ƥꡤɤ٤ΥХҲäΤˤĤƤΤʤȤ餫ˤƤ餺褽¬ΰФʤ1ĤθȤ Durkin (57--58) ˼Ƥߤ褦
Unfortunately for our purposes, the linguistic situation is one of the things about which we know the least. During the period of Roman imperial domination, Latin was certainly the language of administration and of much of the elite; what is much less certain, and rather hotly disputed, is whether it was also the language of the 'man in the street', and if it was, whether it remained so in more troubled times before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. The assumption made by most scholars is that Latin had relatively little currency outside the urban areas; that (some form of) Celtic was the crucial lingua franca; while auxiliaries recruited from many locations both inside and outside the Roman Empire probably spoke their own native languages. There were certainly Germani among such auxiliaries. There were probably also slaves of Germanic origin in Britain and in the later stages of Roman Britain there were also certainly at least some mercenaries and other irregular forces of Germanic origin, and some settlements associated with such people. They may have been quite numerous, but it is unlikely that they had any significant impact on the subsequent linguistic history of Britain.
ƥϥ֥ƥߤԻǤѤƤʳǤϽΥȸäƤϤȤΤθǤ롥ŪΰˤƤϥХҲ¸ߤȻפ뤬ۤΤǤϤʤäޥ֥ƥθˤϡޥͤ⤢٤οǥ֥ƥ˽ޤäƤȤϳΤʤ褦ǤꡤθϤʣäȻפ롥
ޥ֥ƥˤΤܤ̾ˤĤƤϡ#3440. λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬۡ ([2018-09-27-1])#3454. ʤɤ˥ƥ̾ޤĤʤäΤ ([2018-10-11-1]) ȡ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ѸʤӥޥˤΦ˥ƥ줫ѤȤñ줬Ĥ뤳Ȥϡ#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1]) ʤɤǾҲ𤷤ƤμѸȤ pound, kettle, cheap; street, wine, pit, copper, pin, tile, post (wooden shaft), cup (Durkin 55) ʤɤ㤬뤬Τ pound, kettle, cheap ˤĤ Durkin (72--75) ˾ܤ⤬Τǡ
űѸ pund ϡOld Frisian pund, Old High German phunt, Old Icelandic pund, Old Swedish pund, Gothic pund ʤɤȹޥʸڤ롥˶ͭƤȤǤϡμѤǤ뤳ȤγξڤˤϤʤʤǤΥݥȤϡν˰̣ѲͭƤ뤳ȤĤޤꡤŤñ̤ȤƤΡ֥ݥɡפΰ̣ͭƤ롥ϥƥ lībra pondō (a pound by weight) Ȥͳ褷ΰ̣¸ĤġŪˤ2ǤΤߤäȤˤפˤΤʽ¬꤬פǤ뤳ȤʪѤȤ롥
˸űѸ ċ(i)etel ⥲ޥƱ줬ǧ (ex. Old Saxon ketel, Old High German kezzil, Old Icelandic ketill, Gothic katils) űѸϻҲ첻 i-mutation Ƥ뤳Ȥ顤μѤȤߤƤ褤ƥ catīnus ϡֿפ̣ޥǤϤȯã֤䤫פΰ̣ͭƤ뤳Ȥ⡤μѤ롥Ѹ kettle Ȥ֤ϡċ(i)etel ľƳȤǤʤλˡƬҲ k ĸťΥɸƱ줫αƶäΤ
ƥ caupō (small tradesman, innkeeper) ͳ褹ȤűѸ ċēap (purchase or sale, bargain, business, transaction, market, possessions, livestock) ȤδϢ⡤ФΦμѤȤߤƤ롥ηƻ cheap "good cheap" (good bargain) Ȥû̷Ȥ롥ޥƱϡOld Frisian kāp, Middle Dutch coop, Old Saxon kōp, Old High German chouf, Old Icelandic kaup ʤɡư첽 ċēapian (to buy and sell, to make a bargain, to trade) ċȳpan (to sell) ⥲ޥƱ줬롥ۤ ċȳpa, ċēap (merchant, trader) ϤȤơċēapung, ċȳping (trade, buying and selling, market, market place) ċȳpman, ċȳpeman (merchant, trader) ʤɤ졦ʣ¿ߤĤ롥θˤĤƤϡ#1460. cheap θ츻 ([2013-04-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
97ڡˤ15:15?18:30ˡī㡼ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻3ο̱ϡꤹֱԤʤޤֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ3Ȥʤޤ2Ʊ͡Ȥγ赤ڤߤˤƤޤؿΤϡꤪߤμݤϰʲ̤Ǥ
塤֥ƥȾϥǿޤȤ߹ޤޤλˤϥ֥ƥϤޤȤǤꡤѸ줬äϤǤϤޤǤʸθȤƤ⤿餵줿ƥϡȸͳơˤäƤѸˤƶͿۤΦˤͤˤľܡŪʱƶڤܤޤѸˤߤƥñΰ仺Ƥߤޤ礦
ѸΥƥȤδطϡ衼åѽ˱̤줺Ѹ줬ѸȤʤε³פǤξƱ²ο̶ڤǤȤϤޥɤȥåɤȤۤʤȶ°뤿ˡΤĤʤϷ褷ǻϤޤäƤߤοͤȤƤޤĹդäƤˡѸϥƥʤǤϼɽǤʤۤɤޤǤ˥ƥΰȤƼ˻ޤ
äƥƥαƶϱѸˤ̤³Ƥ櫓Ǥϥ֥ƥ礬ο̱ϤȤʤäλ塤ĤޤѸ˾塤ǽ˥ƥΥѥȤǧʱѸ줽ΤΤϥ֥ƥǤϤʤޤΦѤ줿ǤϤޤˤ˾ơѸȥƥΡפҲ𤷤ޤξǡδطŸˤĤƤҤ٤ͽǤ
ιֱȴϢơ#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1])#2578. ȸ̤ƱѸؼѤ줿찮Υƥñ ([2016-05-18-1])#3440. λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬۡ ([2018-09-27-1])#3454. ʤɤ˥ƥ̾ޤĤʤäΤ ([2018-10-11-1]) ʤɤε
ε#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã ([2019-08-16-1]) ˰³ -ate ꡥư -ate ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) Ǽ夲ϤεȯãˤĤơOED -ate, suffix1 Ȥʤ顤⤦ܺ٤˹ͤƤߤ褦
Ҥ٤褦ˡ-ate ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤뤫顤ưθȤϡʲʬ˷ƻθȤ٤ΤǤ롥ư -ate εȤƤΤϡ-ate ˴ؤƷƻ줫ưؤʻž (conversion) äȤȤǤ롥ƻ줫ưؤʻž¿θǧ졤ºݤ˸űѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤˤȤޤʤȤСűѸǤ hwít hwítian, wearm wearmian, bysig bysgian, drýge drýgan 졤줾Ԥư϶ѸˤƶԤȷŪͻ礷Ȥаޤ롥
ƥǤƱͤˡƻ줫ưؤʻžӤäȤСsiccus siccāre, clārus clārāre, līber līberāre, sacer sacrāre ʤɤ줿˥եǤǡsec sècher, clair clairer, content contenter, confus confuser ʤɤ줿Ѹϥƥե줫餳θѤηƻưϤοˤ15ޤǤͻ礷
ήΤʤǡ16ˤϥƥβʬƻΤޤưȤѤ륿פʻžŪˤߤ褦ˤʤädirect, separate, aggravate ʤɤ㤬롥ѸǤΤ褦㤬Ƥȡƥ -ātus ŪˤϲʬбƤϤŪˤϤФбѸưθˤҤŤ褦ˤʤäĤޤꡤʬƻŪʵǽβߤʤˡ-ate ľܤưθȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
ηդޤȡƥʤեˤư촴ڤƤơ -ate ĤСѸ¦ǿưñƳǤȤ1θˡȯã16ˤ fascinate, concatenate, asseverate, venerate ޤɴ -ate ư줬߽Ф줿
äˡΩƤޤСºݤ˥ƥʤեˤ¸ߤɤ鷺֥ƥʤեŪǡפǤСäƤ -ate դ뤳ȤˤꡤȤ⤿䤹ưǤ褦ˤʤä櫓ˤ nobilitate, felicitate, capacitate, differentiate, substantiate, vaccinate ʤ¿ -ate ư줬ḽ߽Ф줿
ΤȤ -ate ȯãϡȤ̤ȤƤ -ate ư췲Ȥδ֤Ρ䤨֤ʤѤȵ§ĥˤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ѸŵŪư1ĤȹͤƤ -ate ϡ¤ϤĤηƻˤߤ롥aspirate, desolate, moderate, prostrate, sedate, separate ưȤƤˡ⤢뤬ƻǤ⤢롥 innate, oblate, ornate, temperate ʤɤϾ˷ƻǤ롥ƻȤƤ -ate εȯãɤäƤߤ褦
ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤롥եϤˤߤܼ -us, -um, -a æѸƥݤˤæδޤƥեΤ̤ȤơѸ1400ǯ餤顤ƥ -atus ʤɤ -at ʤΤԤ첻ĹȤ e ź -ate) ȤƼཬƤä
嵭Τ褦 -ate εưβʬǤ뤫顤ѸǤʸ̤ưβʬΤۤƻȤƤⵡǽƤȤ̵ʤǤ -ate ưθʬϤ˵ڤǡŪʲʬϡ¿˵§Ū˺줿 -ated Ȥ֤˼ä졤ʬʷƻˤȤƤ -ate ¿ѤȤʤäƤޤäƻȤƼŪ˻ĤäΤ⤢äƬ˵ -ate ƻϡΤ褦ʷаޤǡĤäפΤǤ롥
ʾή⤷սOED -ate, suffix2
Forming participial adjectives from Latin past participles in -ātus, -āta, -ātum, being only a special instance of the adoption of Latin past participles by dropping the inflectional endings, e.g. content-us, convict-us, direct-us, remiss-us, or with phonetic final -e, e.g. complēt-us, finīt-us, revolūt-us, spars-us. The analogy for this was set by the survival of some Latin past participles in Old French, as confus:--confūsus, content:--contentus, divers:--diversus. This analogy was widely followed in later French, in introducing new words from Latin; and both classes of French words, i.e. the popular survivals and the later accessions, being adopted in English, provided English in its turn with analogies for adapting similar words directly from Latin, by dropping the termination. This began about 1400, and as in -ate suffix1 (with which this suffix is phonetically identical), Latin -ātus gave -at, subsequently -ate, e.g. desolātus, desolat, desolate, separātus, separat, separate. Many of these participial adjectives soon gave rise to causative verbs, identical with them in form (see -ate suffix3), to which, for some time, they did duty as past participles, as 'the land was desolat(e by war;' but, at length, regular past participles were formed with the native suffix -ed, upon the general use of which these earlier participial adjectives generally lost their participial force, and either became obsolete or remained as simple adjectives, as in 'the desolate land,' 'a compact mass.' (But cf. situate adj. = situated adj.) So aspirate, moderate, prostrate, separate; and (where a verb has not been formed), innate, oblate, ornate, sedate, temperate, etc. As the French representation of Latin -atus is -é, English words in -ate have also been formed directly after French words in --é, e.g. affectionné, affectionate.
Ĥޤꡤ-ate ϡߤФषƻˤդ路Ȥ٤Ǥꡤưˤդ路ؤѲΤϡѸʹߤοȤȤˤʤ롥ʤ -ate ŵŪưȤʤäΤȤäƤϡʣŪ𤬤롥ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) ȡʤޤεǤⰷͽˡ
-ate ˤĤƤϡ֤ȯʤɤδ#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-30-1])#3686. -ate -ment ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-31-1])#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]) Ϥᡤ-ate εǼ夲ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
Υ衼åѤˤ¯ʸȯãϡ˻Ϥޤä褦ˤߤ롥ƥǤϤʤ¯ (vernacular) ǽ줿ʸؤΤϡեǤ1098ǯΡإβΡ١ɥĸǤ13Ρإˡ٥βΡ٤ȤߥѸǤϤä700ǯȤإ٥ա٤ǽǤ롥
Ūˤ˼˰֤륢ɸˤĤƤϡ¸ǸŤʸ1106ǯΡإʡ̥ɥ٤1160ǯΡإ饰ͥåؽ٤Ȥ뤬ε6ˤޤǤΤܤȤ6Υ顼ե륮ˤ֥७СΡפǤ褯ΤƤ롥Ʊ륺ˤĤƤ⸽¸ǸŤʸ13ʹߤ֥ͥס֥ꥨפʤɤλΤε6ˤΤܤ餷ˤ¯ʸȯãۤᤫäΤϤʤ (213) Τ褦˲⤷Ƥ롥
ϤޤˤʸŪˤȤäƤեμҲؼԥХåˤƤ뤳ȤμʥˤȤӡʤ֥˥硤ɥʥӥܥإߥʤɤǤϡƥ϶ܿͤˤȤäƤ⳰ǤʤλȤʤޤޤǤäҤ줬ͳŪѤʤȤʤǡϸΤȤФѤȤͤޤ졤ƥ˻ȤФǤλѤϤޤäȤ櫓Ǥ롥
äơ衼åѤǤϡμ⳰ǺǽˡŪѤ¯ˤȤФ¯줬ι졦̱²ΤϤäȤǤҥ٥˥ǤϡϻˤϻΤФǤʤǯ嵭ˡŪʸޤǥǽ褦ˤʤäˡŪʸϰ졻ϥƥ줫ǰˤʤäо줹Τǡ٤Ȥλ٤㤤ꥢϥäȤȤطƤ
ǤϥƥθҤŬ٤˼夫äȤפǤ롥ƥȵΥ֤¯λѤ¥ΤǤ롥̤δߤСμҲϡƥ줫ɷ㤳ƥΤޤѤۤɤˤϥƥ줫֤줷ʤäȤθ캹⤢äƸؾΥϥǥƤȤȤǤϤʤ
ơΤ褦ʸؾκǤڤ˾ۤ뤿ˡؽμΥƥ˥å褯ȯãΤħǤ롥#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) εǡʬϡֳؽԤθɤ߽ưפˤ뤿Ԥ߽ФسؽΥƥ˥åͳ褹פȽҤ٤νγ⤿餷Τϡۤʤ̥ꥹȤ˽ཤƻΤäΤǤ롥
إȤο̮١̼ҡ2007ǯ
ѸΥܥӥΤˡ֥ˡ§ (grimms_law) ؤǤȤΩĤȤȤ֤ʤ֥ˡ§פѸ˾פʤΤʤɤƤȴϢƻ䤵ˤĤƲ⤷ƤĸӵͭĺϡѸȥƥ졦եǤϳơɤΤ褦ʲȯŸȤǤ롥
ĸӵͭĺ *bh, *dh, *gh, *gwh ϡޥɤ°ѸˤƤϡ֥ˡ§פθ̤ˤꡤơ§Ȥ b, d, g, g/w б롥
åɤ°ƥϡӵͭĺϡơ f, f, h, f бcf. #1147. βбɽ ([2012-06-17-1])ˡ츫̯бפ˥åɤǤϸ§ȤӵͭĺĴˤ餺 f ˶ᤤҲؤȼ̤ƤޤäȹͤФ褤
¤ϥåɤΤʤǤƥϡŪˤ䥤쥮顼бƬʳΰ֤ǤϾбष֥ˡ§פβѲä褦 *bh > b, *dh > d, *gh > g ΤǤ롥ʤߤ˥ꥷɤΥꥷǤϡơ̵ ph, th, kh Ȥʤ뤳Ȥա
̤Ȥơĸ졤ꥷ졤ʥޥĸˡѸˤӵͭĺ3βбϼΤ褦ˤʤʻ߷p. 1660--61ˡ
| IE | Gk | L | Gmc | E |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bh | phāgós | fāgus | ƀ, b | book |
| dh | thúrā | forēs (pl.) | ð, d | door |
| gh | khḗn | anser (< *hanser) | ʒ, g | goose |
The characteristic look of the Italic languages is due partly to the widespread presence of the voiceless fricative f, which developed from the voiced aspirate[ stops]. Broadly speaking, f is the outcome of all the voiced aspirated except in Latin; there, f is just the word-initial outcome, and several other reflexes are found word-internally. (248)
The main hallmark of Latin consonantism that sets it apart from its sister Italic languages, including the closely related Faliscan, is the outcome of the PIE voiced aspirated in word-internal position. In the other Italic dialects, these simply show up written as f. In Latin, that is the usually outcome word-initially, but word-internally the outcome is typically a voiced stop, as in nebula 'cloud' < *nebh-oleh2, medius 'middle' < *medh(i)i̯o-, angustus 'narrow' < *anĝhos, and ninguit < *sni-n-gwh-eti)
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Fortson IV, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.
Ϥǡ˭˷¡ (constellation) ФƤβʳŪĹŪʻˤʤȡä19ˤ͡ʿ¤ߤ졤20ˤϤɬפ1塤1920ǯ˹ŷʸϢ礬졤1922ǯ88¤ߤ븶Ƥ줿ϡƻ12ŷ28ŷ48¤Ǥ롥1939ǯǡ¤γ̾ϥƥȤ¤°ؤΤˤ̾°ʤѤ뤳Ȥꤵ줿ʤ碌3ʸάꤵ줿ˡƸߤˤޤ³¤βʳŪˡפꤷ
ƤλͿǤϡ88¤Ϥ礫ե٥åȽ¤٤ƤΤ̣⤿뤿ˡʲ¡٤ȡǯɽʿ28ǯ٤ȤĤġդ¡Ƥ¡¡ߤ¡ơܤ鸫ʤȾ¤νʤƥ̾βη֤֤°ʷˤʤʲΤʤΤñ˳η֤˲äˡѤˤɤ
| νդ¡ | 45 | ߤ | Aquarius (i); Aqr | |||
| 1 | | Ursa (e) Major (is); UMa | 46 | Pisces (ium); Psc | ||
| 2 | | Ursa (e) Minor (is); UMi | 47 | ߤʤߤΤ | Piscis Austrinus (i); PsA | |
| 3 | Boötes (is); Boo | 48 | Ĥ | Grus (is); Gru | ||
| 4 | Corona (e) Borealis; CrB | 49 | 礦ĺ | Sculptor (is); Scl | ||
| 5 | 礦 | Canes (um) Venatici (orum); CVn | 50 | Ӥ礦 | Microscopium (i); Mic | |
| 6 | Ȥ | Virgo (inis); Vir | ||||
| 7 | ƤӤ | Libra (e); Lib | ߤ¡ | |||
| 8 | ߤΤ | Coma (e) Berenices; Com | ||||
| 9 | Leo (nis); Leo | 51 | ꥪ | Orion (is); Ori | ||
| 10 | ˺ | Cancer (ris); Cnc | 52 | ̺ | Canis Major (is); CMa | |
| 11 | Leo (nis) Minor (is); LMi | 53 | ̺ | Canis Minor (is); CMi | ||
| 12 | ޤͤ | Lynx (is); Lyn | 54 | ä夦 | Monoceros (tis); Mon | |
| 13 | 餹 | Corvus (i); Crv | 55 | դ | Gemini (orum); Gem | |
| 14 | ߤؤӺ | Hydra (e); Hya | 56 | 礷 | Auriga (e); Aur | |
| 15 | å | Crater (is); Crt | 57 | Taurus (i); Tau | ||
| 16 | ֤ | Sextans (tis); Sex | 58 | Lepus (oris); Lep | ||
| 17 | 륹 | Centaurus (i); Cen | 59 | ϤȺ | Columba (e); Col | |
| 18 | ߺ | Lupus (i); Lup | 60 | ̥ | Eridanus (i); Eri | |
| 61 | Fornax (cis); For | |||||
| βƤ¡ | 62 | 礦 | Caelum; (i); Cae | |||
| 63 | Ȥ | Puppis; Pup | ||||
| 19 | Ⱥ | Lyra (e); Lyr | 64 | 餷Ф | Pyxis (dis); Pyx | |
| 20 | 路 | Aquila (e); Aql | 65 | ݥ | Antlia (e); Ant | |
| 21 | Ϥ礦 | Cygnus (i); Cyg | ||||
| 22 | 뤫 | Delphinus (i); Del | Ⱦ¡ | |||
| 23 | Sagitta (e); Sge | |||||
| 24 | Ĥͺ | Vulpecula (e); Vul | 66 | ѥ | Circinus (i); Cir | |
| 25 | 夦 | Draco (nis); Dra | 67 | Ara (e); Ara | ||
| 26 | إ륯쥹 | Hercules (is); Her | 68 | 礦 | Norma (e); Nor | |
| 27 | ؤӤĤ | Ophiuchus (i); Oph | 69 | դ礦 | Apus (odis); Aps | |
| 28 | ؤӺ | Serpens (tis); Ser | 70 | ܤ礦 | Telescopium (i); Tel | |
| 29 | Scorpius (i); Sco | 71 | ߤʤߤΤ | Triangulum (i) Australe (is); TrA | ||
| 30 | ƺ | Sagittarius (i); Sgr | 72 | ǥ | Indus (i); Ind | |
| 31 | ƺ | Scutum (i); Sct | 73 | 礷礦 | Tucana (e); Tuc | |
| 32 | ߤʤߤΤ | Corona (e) Australis; CrA | 74 | 㤯 | Pavo (nis); Pav | |
| 75 | Ϥ֤ | Octans (tis); Oct | ||||
| ν¡ | 76 | ۤ | Phoenix (cis); Phe | |||
| 77 | ߤؤӺ | Hydrus (i); Hyi | ||||
| 33 | ڥ | Cassiopeia (e); Cas | 78 | 쥪 | Chamaeleon (tis); Cha | |
| 34 | ե | Cepheus (i); Cep | 79 | ȤӤ | Volans (tis); Vol | |
| 35 | Ȥ | Lacerta (e); Lac | 80 | Ϥ | Musca (e); Mus | |
| 36 | ڥ | Pegasus (i); Peg | 81 | ۺ | Vela (orum); Vel | |
| 37 | | Equuleus (i); Equ | 82 | ߤʤߤ夦 | Crux (is); Cru | |
| 38 | ڥ륻 | Perseus (i); Per | 83 | 夦ĺ | Carina (e); Car | |
| 39 | ɥ | Andromeda (e); And | 84 | Pictor (is); Pic | ||
| 40 | Cetus; Cet | 85 | Dorado (us); Dor | |||
| 41 | ҤĤ | Aries (tis); Ari | 86 | ơ֥뤵 | Mensa (e); Men | |
| 42 | | Triangulum (i); Tri | 87 | Ȥ | Horologium (i); Hor | |
| 43 | Camelopardalis; (Cam) | 88 | Reticulum (i); Ret | |||
| 44 | 䤮 | Capricornus (i); Cap | ||||
614ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ7ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱܵѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ4ܤȤ֤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤפǺܤƤޤ

ƻ졦ɽˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ (comparison) γƵǰäƤޤʲˡϢܵˤȤ櫓Ϣο֥ΥĥäƤޤΤǡ碌ɤǤС-er more ˴ؤʬˤĤޤȻפޤ
#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])
#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])
#456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])
#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])
#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])
δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ4ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ7桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ61462--63ǡ
ε#3696. ܥӥΤΡֺǤΩ25θΥѡġס ([2019-06-10-1]) Ǽ夲ʤǤǾ̤˵Ƥ spec(t) ȤϢ (combining_form) ˤĤơϤ˾ܤߤƤߤ褦
Ϣϰ캬 *spek- ˤΤܤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤δˤְ캬ɽפꡤιѤ褦
spek- to observe. GmcաΤ¾ espionage, spy. L aspect, auspice, conspicuous, despicable, despise, especial, expect, frontispiece, haruspex, inspect, perspective, prospect, respect, respite, species, specimen, specious, spectacle, speculate, suspect. Gk bishop, episcopal, horoscope, sceptic, scope, -scope, -scopy, telescope.
ޤ츻μ갷ξܤ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language δˤϡ"Indo-European Roots" ʤ뾮ŵտ路Ƥ롥ξŵ spek- ιܤƸȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥
spek- To observe. Oldest form *spek̂-, becoming *spek- in centum languages.
Derivatives include espionage, spectrum, despise, suspect, despicable, bishop, and telescope.
I. Basic form *spek-. 1a. ESPY, SPY, from Old French espier, to watch; b. ESPIONAGE, from Old Italian spione, spy, from Germanic derivative *speh-ōn-, watcher. Both a and b from Germanic *spehōn. 2. Suffixed form *spek-yo-, SPECIMEN, SPECTACLE, SPECTRUM, SPECULATE, SPECULUM, SPICE; ASPECT, CIRCUMSPECT, CONSPICUOUS, DESPISE, EXPECT, FRONTISPIECE, INSPECT, INTROSPECT, PERSPECTIVE, PERSPICACIOUS, PROSPECT, RESPECT, RESPITE, RETROSPECT, SPIEGELEISEN, SUSPECT, TRANSPICUOUS, from Latin specere, to look at. 3. SPECIES, SPECIOUS; ESPECIAL, from Latin speciēs, a seeing, sight, form. 4. Suffixed form *spek-s, "he who sees," in Latin compounds. a. Latin haruspex . . . ; b. Latin auspex . . . . 5. Suffixed form *spek-ā-. DESPICABLE, from Latin (denominative) dēspicārī, to despise, look down on (dē-), down . . .). 6. Suffixed metathetical form *skep-yo-. SKEPTIC, from Greek skeptesthai, to examine, consider.
II. Extended o-grade form *spoko-. SCOPE, -SCOPE, -SCOPY; BISHOP, EPISCOPAL, HOROSCOPE, TELESCOPE, from metathesized Greek skopos, on who watches, also object of attention, goal, and its denominative skopein (< *skop-eyo-), to see. . . .
2ĤμŵҲ𤷤츻ѤĶ˾ԸѸܥӥΤΥեȤƤɤ
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
ġˡرñؽβʳء٤ˡԸ˴ŤֺǤΩ25θΥѡġפƤ (76--77) ϡ3000?1٥αñʬϤ̡Ȥ櫓¿θ˴ޤޤѡĤФΤǤ롥ѡĤΤۤȤɤƥ䥮ꥷƬ (prefix) Ϣ (combining_form) Ǥ롥
| ΥѡĤȤΰ̣ | |
| spec(t) = | spectacleʸʪˡspectatorʴѵҡˡinspectʸˡperspectiveʻˡretrospectʲܡ |
| posit, pos = ֤ | impose碌롤ݤˡoppositeȿФΡˡdispose֤롤ʬˡcomposeʹ롤ˡexposeʤ餹 |
| vers, vert = | versusСˡadverseȿФΡʡˡdiverse¿ͤʡˡdivertžˡextrovertʳŪʡ |
| ven(t) = | conventionꡤˡprevent˸롤ͽɤˡavenue̤ˡrevenueʺˡvenueʾ |
| ceive/ceipt, cept = Ȥʤȡ | acceptʼ롤ǧˡexception㳰ˡconceptʳǰˡperceiveγФˡreceiptʥ쥷ȡ뤳ȡ |
| super- = ۤ | superbʤФ餷ˡsuperviseʴˡsuperiorʾΡˡsuperintendentʴļԡˡsupernaturalĶΡŪʡ |
| nam, nom, nym = ̾ | surnameĻˡnominateʻ̾ˡdenomination̿̾ñ̡ˡanonymousƿ̾ΡˡsynonymƱ |
| sens, sent = | sensibleʬ̤ΤˡsensitiveҴʡˡsensorʥˡsensationʴСˡconsentƱաƱդ |
| sta(n), stat = Ω | stableʰꤷˡstatusϰ̡ˡdistantΥ줿ˡcircumstanceʾˡobstacleʾ㳲 |
| mis, mit = | permitʵĤˡtransmitˡsubmitФˡemitͤˡmissileʥߥ |
| med(i), mid(i) = | intermediateΡˡMediterranean泤ˡmediocre¤ߤΡˡmediateۤˡmiddle֤Ρ |
| pre, pris = Ĥ | prisonʷ̳ˡenterpriseʻȡˡcompriseʹˡapprehend館롤ˡpredatoryῩΡʪˤ |
| dictate, dict = | dictateʽ餻롤̿ˡdedicateˡpredictͽˡcontradictꤹ롤̷⤹ˡverdictɾ |
| ces(s) = Ԥ | accessʥܶˡexcessĶˡrecessʵٷơˡancestorġˡpredecessorǤԡ |
| form = | formalʷŪʡˡtransformѷˡuniformƱΡˡformatʷˡconformʰפ |
| tract = | extractȴ衤ȴ褹ˡdistractʵ餹ˡabstractŪʡˡsubtractʰˡtractorʥȥ饯֡ |
| graph = | telegraphˡbiographyˡautographʥˡgraphʥաˡgeography |
| gen = | genuineʪΡˡgeneʰҡˡgeniusŷ͡ˡindigenousΡͭΡˡingenuityʹס |
| duce, duct = Ƴ | conductƳˡproduce߽Фˡreduceʸ餹ˡinduceʰͶȯˡseduceͶǤ |
| voca, vok = | advocateʼĥ롤ƻԡˡvocabularyʸáˡvocalΡܡˡinvokeʵˡequivocalʤޤʡ |
| cis, cid = ڤ | preciseΤʡˡexciseʺˡscissorsʤϤߡˡsuicideʼˡpesticideʻޡ |
| pla = ʿ | plainʡʿˡplaneʿ̡ʿʡˡplateʻˡplateauʹ⸶⸶֡ |
| sec, sequ = ³ | consequenceʷ̡ˡsequenceϢ³ˡsubsequentʤμΡˡconsecutiveϢ³ˡsequel³ԡ |
| for(t) = | fortressɡˡeffortϡˡenforceʼ»ܤ롤ˡreinforceʶˡforteĹ |
| vis = | visibleܤ˸ˡenvisageʿˡreviseʲˡvisualʻФΡˡvisionʻϡӥ |
ε#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-30-1]) ˰³-ate ĸȯưǤ /eɪt/ Ȥʤ̾졦ƻǤ /ɪt/ ȤʤˤĤơ
Carney Ǥ⤳꤬ƽǰƤꡤä p. 398 ˤθݤñꥹȤƤ롥ʲ˺ƸƤŪǤϤʤȻפ뤬ʰǤ롥
aggregate, animate, appropriate, approximate, articulate, associate, certificate, co-ordinate, correlate, degenerate, delegate, deliberate, duplicate, elaborate, emasculate, estimate, expatriate, graduate, importunate, incorporate, initiate, intimate, moderate, postulate, precipitate, predicate, separate, subordinate, syndicate
Carney ΥꥹȤƤΤϡʻˤäȯؤतñ줬ȤˤƤǤ롥¾μȤƤϡؤ̾ư (diatone) Ƥ뤷 -ment ĸˤƤ롥̾ưȤݤȤŪطʤˤĤƤˤĤƤϡǤܥ֥Ǥ diatone γƵܳŪ˾Ҳ𤷤ƤʻˤäȯؤפȤݥȤ -ate ȤĤʤäƤȤΤϡȯä
-ment ˤĤƤϡưǤΤ첻 /-mɛnt/ Ȥʤ뤬̾졦ƻǤۣ첻 /-mənt/ Ȥʤ롥Carney (398) 곺ñΥꥹȤƤcomplement, compliment, document, implement, increment, ornament, supplement.
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
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