hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 ڡ / page 4 (19)

latin - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2024-06-07 Fri

#5520. -ester Ѹο̾١ [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][by-name][occupational_term][suffix][etymology][word_formation][agentive_suffix][latin][productivity]

 ɸι԰ټ (agentive_suffix) ˤĤơ#2188. spinster, youngster ʤɤˤߤ -ster ([2015-04-24-1]) #3791. ԰ټ -er, -ster ϥƥͳ褹롩 ([2019-09-13-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ-ster ϤȤȽι԰ټäȤ뤬¤ϤˤĤƤ⤢ꡤޤߤηǤǤ (Fransson 42--45)
 Ѹο̾١ϤĴ Fransson ⤳ηˤĤƵƤ롥γ˿ˤϡޤϵҤפǤȤơFransson ϥ󥰥ɳϤ -ester 42Ĥ򽸤᤿󤹤Ȱʲ̤ (41)

Bakestere, Blacchester, Blakestere, Bleykestere, Blextere, Bredmongestere, Brewstere, Kallemakestere, Capiestere, Cardestere, Kembestere, Combestere, Corklittster, Cuppestere, Deyster, Dreyster, Fullester, Girdelester, Heustere, Huckestere, Litester, Lokyestere, Madster, Maltestere, Mongestere, Quernestere, Ridelestere, Ropestere, Scherestere, Semester, Sewstere, Sheppestere, Sopestere, Tannestere, Thakestere, Touestre, Upholdestere, Wadester, Webbester, Whelster, Wyggester, Wollestere


֤Ϥ줫ʤΤʬۤϰˤäưۤʤäƤꡤ̾μ礬ΨۤʤäƤȤ𤬤褦ñʤ츻äˤȤɤޤ餺ȤȤҲŪʼΥȥԥåؤŸƤץץ󤷤ƤߤˤϤޤʤ褦դʤФȼȤ򤤤Ĥġ

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-08-07-1] [2024-06-28-1]

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2024-06-06 Thu

#5519. ֻ pace ֡ˤϼʤ [oed][latin][preposition]

ܥ֥ǤϺϤäȤֻ쥦ȤʤäƤޤ#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸֻϼ¤˭٤Ǥإƥֻ졤ȤΤʤֻ졤٤ɤȤ񤷤ֻʤɡįƤǰݤޤ
Ҳ𤷤쥢ֻ1Ĥ pace ǤĴڡפ̣̾ pace /peɪs/ ǤϤʤ~ˤϼʤ (= with due deference to, by the leave of) ֻ̣ȤƤ pace Ǥȯ /ˈpeɪsi, ˈpɑːʧeɪ, ˈpɑːkeɪ/ ʤɤȤʤޤͤȰոۤʤȤ˻Ҥ٤ݤˡ~Τ򤤤ޤơפ֤ɽǤˤäƸĴ餫ʤ뤳Ȥ⤢Сäƿɸˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢ΤǡѤˤդɬפǤI do not, pace my rival, hold with the ideas of the reactionists. The evidence suggests, pace Professor Jones, that the world is becoming warmer. ʤɤŪѤ뤳Ȥ¿褦Ǥ
ֻϥƥ pāx ʿ¡ǫաáġˤå pāce ڤꤿΤǤƥǤϡ̾°ʤ³pāce tuā ʤʤεĤˤˤʤɤѤޤ줬Ѹˤ⤽Τޤ pace tua ȤäƤƤޤƱͤ pace tanti viri [or tantorum virorum] ֹ̾ʤΤơѨۤʤפѸɽȤƼƤޤ
OED ˤȡФ1863ǯȱѸ˾ǤϿʲ5ʸ󤲤Ƥޤ

1863 Mendelssohn was an artist passionately devoted to his art, who (pâce Dr. Trench) regarded art as virtù. (Fraser's Magazine November 662/1)
1883 Pace the late Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Mr. Scofield is right. (Standard 1 September 2/2)
1911 The colour [of fruit]..is a tacit invitation (pace the gardener) to the feast. (Chambers's Journal November 720/1)
1955 Nor, pace Mr. Smith, was I for one moment defending immorality in the journalist. (Times 7 July 9/6)
1995 I do not believe, pace Peirce and Derrida, that it is signs all the way down, and that, pace Dennett, there is no distinctive human intentionality, and that, pace almost everyone, thinking is fundamentally linguistic. (Computers & Humanities vol. 29 404/1)


ֻ졤ⵡ񤬤äȤäƤߤƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-05-29 Wed

#5511. 68ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספΤ [asacul][notice][kdee][etymology][hel_education][helkatsu][link][lexicology][vocabulary][grimms_law][verners_law][consonant][stress][phonetics][loan_word][french][latin][voicy][heldio]

ǯ٤ꡤī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ָֺ츻ŵǤɤѸˡ˰٤Υڡdz֤Ƥޤ
ޤǤ1ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427ڡˤˡ2ֱѸäˤ򳵴Ѥפ58ڡˤ˳֤ޤ줾äۤ¿ˤäȤʤޤؿ򤪴󤻤ؤ򤷤פޤ
3ֱñȡ֥ˡ§ספ轵68ڡˤ 17:30--1900 ˳֤ޤ꡼̤ơ̡饤ˤϥ֥åɷǤγ֤Ȥʤꡤֵ1֤Ρָƨۿץӥ⤴ѲǽǤ꡼ֺ¤ǤϤޤƲϤΩƤޤפɬפʬ䤤ޤΤǡ꡼椫λäǤꤢޤ󡥤ؿΤϡꤪߤ


asacul_20240427.png



2󤫤ƤΥȥ򽪤3ϡ褤ѸûˤγäƤޤΥɤˡ§ (grimms_law) Ǥ̾ʲ§ (sound law) 򤹤뤳ȤǡѸûˤΤ̥Ū¦̤˵ŤǤ礦ˡ§αѸû˾ΰյϡפΤۤĹǿǤѸóؽΩĤȤϤ󡤰²¾θäؤδؿͯƤȻפޤرѸ츻ŵ١ʸҡ1997ǯϤȤ츻ŵ䡤̤αѸ켭ŵޤᡤλȤɤμ¤ѤäƤϤǤ
ֺ¤Ǥϥˡ§δؤ¿θ츻ŵǰҤɤ߲򤭤ʤ顤ŪƱˡ§򿼤ƤͽǤɤñ줬夲뤫ͽۤĤĹֺ¤פǤޤȡޤޤڤʤϤǤرѸ츻ŵ٤򤪻ϡΡָ츻زפ 3.4.1. Grimm ˡ§ 3.4.2. Verner ˡ§ ɤͽƤȤᤷޤ


߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ



ͤޤǤˡܥ꡼˴ؤ hellog βؤΥ󥯤ʲĥäƤޤ3ֺ¤⡤¿γΤäԤƤޤ

#5453. īֺ¤ο꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ427Ϥޤޤ ([2024-04-01-1])
#5481. īֺ¤ο꡼ָ츻ŵǤɤѸˡפ1󤬽λޤ ([2024-04-29-1])
#5486. 518ڡˤī뿷꡼ֺ2ֱѸäˤ򳵴ѤפΤ ([2024-05-04-1])

ʰʲ嵭2024/05/30(Thu)



߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-09-26-1] [2024-07-17-1]

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2024-05-26 Sun

#5508. be to do ʸθűѸǤˡϸ§ȤƼưŪä [be_to_do][syntax][infinitive][auxiliary_verb][oe][construction][latin][voice]

ε#5506. be to do ʸϸűѸ줫餢ä ([2024-05-24-1]) ˰³ be to do ʸˤˤĤơ
ιʸϸűѸ줫ѻ뤬ŪȤơƥбʸΤʤǤϤʤȤ롥طʤˤϡ˥ƥ줫ʸ˸뤳ȡƥƥбʸϢưƼư (passive) ΰ̣ѤΤ̤ǤȤ¤طʤˤ롥ۤʤ⤢ΤǿŤ˵ɬפ뤬Ǥϥƥƶٻ Mustanoja (524--25) ꡤϢսѤ褦

               PREDICATIVE INFINITIVE

   INFINITIVE WITH 'To' AS A PREDICATE NOMINATIVE (THE TYPE 'TO BE TO'). --- The construction to be to, implying futurity and often obligation (the infinitive being originally that of purpose), is comparatively infrequent in OE and early ME, but becomes more common in later ME and early Mod. E. It probably arose under Latin influence, the infinitive with to being used to render the Latin future participle (-urus) or gerundive (-ndus), as in wæron fram him ece mede to onfonne ('aeterna ab illo praemia essent percepturi') and he is to gehyrenne ('audiendus est'). In OE this infinitive occurs mostly in a passive sense (he is to gehyrenne; --- hu fela psalma to singenne synt 'quanti psalmi dicendi sunt'). This usage continues in ME and even today. ME examples: --- þi luve . . . oþer heo is to ȝiven allunge oþer he is for to sullen, oþer heo is for to reaven and to nimen mid strengþe (Ancr. 181); --- that ston was gretly for to love (RRose 1091). The periphrastic passive appears in the 14th century: --- þey beþ to be blamed (RMannyng HS 1546).
   In OE the predicative infinitive of this type is comparatively seldom found with an active meaning (wæron ece mede to onfonne 'aeterna praemia . . . essent percepturi'). This use continues to be rare in early ME, but becomes more frequent later in the period. In many instances the implication of futurity is faint or practically non-existent: --- þes fikelares mester is to wrien ant te helien þet gong þurl (Ancr. 36); --- al mi rorde is woning ant to ihire grislich þing (Owl&N 312); --- myn entencioun Nis nat to yow of reprehensioun To speke as now (Ch. TC i 685). In many instances, however, the implication of futurity is prominent: --- Crystes tresore, Þe which is mannes oule to save, as God seith in þe Gospel (PPl. B x 474); --- whan the sonne was to reste, so hadde I spoken with hem everichon (Ch. CT A Prol. 30). There are scholars who believe that this construction is used as a real future equivalent in late ME.


ʤ뤤ϤŪưˤǽưŪǤäƤ̣ϼưŪѤˤĤƤϡʲε򻲾Ȥ줿

#3604. ʤ The house is building. ǡֲȤϷǤפȤ̣ˤʤΤ ([2019-03-10-1])
#3605. This needs explaining. --- need ư̾פιʸ ([2019-03-11-1])
#3611. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤ ([2019-03-17-1])
#4104. ʤ He is to blame. He is to be blamed. ȤʤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-07-22-1])

Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤ be to do ʸϸǽưŪˤѤ褦˳ĥߤ˻äƤ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-04-28 Sun

#5480. 2022ǯ˸زΥݥʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơפγפޤ [notice][jshl][symposium][historical_linguistics][lexicology][standardisation][emode][japanese][contrastive_language_history][german][french][chinese][latin][greek][renaissance]

1ǯȾۤΤȤˤʤޤ2022ǯ1210˸زˤƥݥʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơפޤΥץ򻲾ȡˡؽؤǤΥϥ֥åɳŤǤƱǯ˽Ǥ줿 ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ J-STAGE ǸޤPDFǼͳ˥ɤǤޤΤǡҤɤߤФȻפޤ󤴤ȤʬƤޤΤǡʲ˥ȥȤȤ˾ϿؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ

ʩоȸ --- äζ岽ᤰäơסʹԡؽء
ֱ1ܸäζ岽ˤ볰ǤμƤĴסϺء
ֱ2θö岽ָŪͻ --- ηȡŬ¸פΥᥫ˥סŹء
ֱ3ֽѸˤü --- оȸŪסδ졤ء
ֱ4֥ɥĸθóȽ --- ¤ȤƤΥǥƥƥ ---סʹԡؽء
ֱ5֥ǥߡե󥻡μˤե󥹸ɸಽȸäζ岽 ---ե󥹸ɸಽؤߡסԡء
ǥå֤ޤȤȵ

ֱ3ôξϿϼ̤Ǥ

Ѹ1500--1700ǯˤϱѹͥ󥹤λޤߡƱͭ ŵؤηݤȼƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸ줬̤˱ѸήƱζ٥ʥ顼Ǥե󥹸졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥʤɤθäμѤäμѸϡ줫ľܱѸäƤΤ⤢С¾졤ŵŪˤϥե󥹸ȤơŪ˱ѸäƤΤ¿ˤϡǤȤ߹碌¤줹뤳Ȥ⤷ФйԤʤ줿ĤޤꡤѸˤäζ岽Ƚϡ͡ʷϩˡ̤ʣŪ˼¸ƤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʽѸθûϡ¤ΤȤĤˤܸθûƤ롥ǤϡѸܸˤĤоȸŪʻĤġäζ岽ˡȵˤĤƵ롥


˿줿ظɸಽͤǽоȸ (contrastive_language_history) ȤץƳޤͤϤΥץˤ뿷ĩȤ򤷤ƤФȻפޤ

standardisation_front_cover_small



ԡ Ϻ δ졦 ԡʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơס˸ء12˸زԡˡ2024ǯ89--182ǡ
ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-04-26 Fri

#5478. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name ȤȤ˸괧ֻȤæ [article][preposition][onomastics][personal_name][name_project][methodology][eme][by-name][latin][french][evidence][translation][me_dialect][sobokunagimon][occupational_term]

Ѹˤϡ§Ȥ괧 the դΤʤޤֻ of ޤ̾ۤȤɤʤǡ¾ΤĤΥ衼åѽȤϰۤʤä񤤤򼨤
ˤ򿶤֤ȡѸˤϡ̾ʤɤΰ̾ͳ褹ϰ̾ȤѤƤ괧줬դ⳧̵ǤϤʤäof ʤɤֻդ̾ʤɤ̤ˤäѸϡФХե󥹸δѤ˽äȤ⤢ꡤ̤ۤʿ񤤤򼨤Ƥ櫓ǤʤäΤ
ȤѸפȾˤơϰ躹⤢褦괧ֻ줬ڤȤ褦ˤʤäƤȤFransson (25) ɤǤߤ褦

   Surnames of occupation and nicknames are usually preceded by the definite article, le (masc.) or la (fem.); the two forms are regularly kept apart in the earlier rolls, but in the 15th century they are often confused. Those names in this book that are preceded by the have all been taken from rolls translated into English, and the has been inserted by the editor instead of le or la. The case is that the hardly ever occurs in the manuscripts; cf the following instances, which show the custom in reality: Rose the regratere 1377 (Langland: Piers Plowman 226). Lucia ye Aukereswoman 1275 1.RH 413 (L. la Aukereswomman ib. 426).
   Sometimes de occurs instead of le; this is due to an error made either by the scribe or the editor. The case is that de has an extensive use in local surnames, e.g. Thom. de Selby. Other prepositions (in, atte, of etc.) are not so common, especially not in early rolls.
   The article, however, is often left out; this is rare in the 12th and 13th centuries, but becomes common in the middle of the 14th century. There is an obvious difference between different parts of England: in the South the article precedes the surname almost regularly during the present period, while in the North it is very often omitted. The final disappearance of le takes place in the latter half of the 14th century; in most counties one rarely finds it after c1375, but in some cases, e.g. in Lancashire, le occurs fairly often as late as c1400. De is often retained some 50 years longer than le: in York it disappears in the early 15th century, in Lancashire it sometimes occurs c1450, while in the South it is regularly dropped at the end of the 14th century.


ŪʲǤʤ괧ֻ줬ڤȤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤϿƤʤƤ٤Ѥʵ䤬1̾ˤֻˤĤƤϡ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) Ǿ줿Ȥ롥⻲Ȥ줿

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

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2024-04-22 Mon

#5474. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 (3) --- ե󥹸δ [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][methodology][eme][by-name][latin][french][evidence][translation][occupational_term]

ε#5473. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 (2) --- ƥδġ ([2024-04-21-1]) ³ϱѸ by-name Фե󥹸δĤˤĤơFransson (24--25) Ѥ롥

   Besides in English, surnames also occur very frequently in French; I have made a calculation and found that one third of the surnames of occupation treated in this book is of French origin. The reason for this is to be found in the predominating position that the French language had during this period. French was spoken by all educated people, and English by the lower classes. Those who spoke French had, of course, surnames in French, and probably also used the French forms of English names when speaking with each other. It is possible, too, that those people who spoke English were influenced by this and used the French forms of their names, which, of course, were finer. During this period a large number of French names came into the language, and a great many of these have survived to the present day, whereas the corresponding substantives have often died out.
   There is also another reason, however, for the frequent occurrence of French names; the case is that the scribe often translated English names into French, especially in early rolls. These translations, which are most common in assize rolls, are principally due to the fact that the court proceedings were generally held in French. I have found some instances in which both the English and French forms occur of the same person's surname, e.g.: Humfrey le Syur 1270 Ass 144, H. le Sawyere ib. 139 (So). --- Ric. le Charpentir 1327 SR 211, R. le Wryth 1332 SR 96 (St).


Υ󥰥ɿͤ̾˴ŤΤǤꡤĤ줬ե󥹸˸츻ñä硤μ갷ϾʤȤ3ढ롥

(1) ñȤƼƤ餺ΥեñλǤ
(2) ñȤƼƤ뤬ǤϥեñλǤ
(3) ñȤƼƤꡤǤϱñλǤ

(1) ǤȳοäƽҤ٤뤿ˤϡαѸʸΤɤõƤ⡤ñȤƼޤƤפʤȤ򼨤ɬפ롥ĴˤäƱñȤƼޤƤפ1Ǥ⸫ĤСοɤ餰Ȥˤʤ
(2) (3) ΥǤϡñȤƼƤ뤳ȤϳǧǤȤƤ⡤սˤ뤽ñ줬ե󥹸ñȤƻѤƤΤ뤤ϱñȤƻѤƤΤȽ̤Τ񤷤ȤΤϡθϥե󥹸θե󥹸ͳ褹Ǥꡤˤ褭ƻƤ뤫Ǥ롥
̾˸¤餺ˡΧȽǶ˴ؤŪʸΤʤ˸եñ餷ΤˤĤƤϡˤ꤬뤳ȤդƤܤˤƤñϡեñʤΤ뤤ϥե󥹸ͳ褹ñʤΤ뤤ϡξǤȤ⤢ΤǺޤǤ롥

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

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2024-04-21 Sun

#5473. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 (2) --- ƥδ [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][methodology][eme][by-name][latin][french][evidence][translation][occupational_term][occupational_term]

#5470. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 ([2024-04-18-1]) ǡѸ by-name μ갷񤷤ϡƥե󥹸줫δĤˤ뤳ȤҲ𤷤ϥƥȤδؤˤĤơFransson (23--24) Ѥƻ⤷

   The medieval rolls were written in Latin, and Christian names and surnames were also, when practicable, often translated into Latin. This was especially the case in the early Middle Ages (12--13th cent.), and surnames in English are therefore rarely met with so early. The surnames that appear in Latin are chiefly those names that are in common use, e.g. Carpentarius, Cissor, Cocus, Faber, Fullo, Marescallus, Medicus, Mercator, Molendinarius, Pelliparius, Pistor, Sutor, Tannator, Textor, Tinetor. The surnames, however, that were rare and difficult to translate, e.g. Wirdragher, Chesewright, Heyberare, Geldehirde, generally occur in English, even in early rolls.
   In the 14th century these translations gradually pass out of use, and the native or French form becomes predominant. Thus, for instance, there is a considerable difference between SR [= Lay Subsidy Rolls] 1275 and SR 1327 (Wo); in the former there are a large number of names in Latin, but in the latter there are hardly any translations at all.
   There surnames in Latin seem to have had some influence on the later development; the case is that some of them still exist as surnames, e.g. Faber, Pistor, Sutor.


ѸθŪ̾ʤɤϥƥǽ񤫤뤳Ȥ¿äˡϱѸθȤƤФХƥ줿ǵܤƤȤʣʻ𤬤롥ѸȤƤΤꤿΤ褦ʸԤˤȤäƤϡʤ虜虜ƥƤƤޤäƤΤȼ¤˻椤ޤƥǤʤȤˤΤߡ褯Ѹ߽̾ФƤɽ̲Ƥ롤ȤʤΤ
줬14ʹߡѸȡƥȤϱƤᡤظ˱ƤαѸ̾夷ƤΤΤ褦ʸԤˤȤäƤϡ˥˥䤻ʤȤʤ롥
¿ΤϤޤᤤƥδĤȤϲ褷ƤΤΡѸˤϤäȤ䤳ե󥹸δĤȤ̤꤬ΤƬˤˤĤƤεǡ

Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-04-22-1]

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2024-04-18 Thu

#5470. Ѹˤ뿦Ȥɽ魯 by-name μ갷 [onomastics][personal_name][name_project][methodology][eme][by-name][latin][french][med][evidence][loan_word][occupational_term]

#5452. Ѹ̾ˤˤ by-name family name ΰ㤤 ([2024-03-31-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤѸ̾ by-name ˸ˤĤơѸ by-name դ봷ȯãƤȤŵŪ̾դΥѥ1Ĥ̾ (occupational terms) ѤΤä̤θϡԤƤϤʤΤΡʤθѤ롥Clark (294--95) ϡ󥿥٥꡼ˤ by-name ĴʸΤʤǡʸڤ줿 by-name βˤޤĤ˿Ƥ롥ڵ򤽤Τޤ޿뤳ȤɬǤʤͳ¿Ȥ

The simplest of these Canterbury surnames offer supplementary records, mainly antedatings, of straightforward occupational terms. Yet all is not wholly straightforward. To begin with, we cannot be sure whether the occupational terms used in administrative documents were in fact all current as surnames, that is, in daily use among neighbours, or whether some were supplied by the scribes as formal specifiers, just as occupations and addresses are in legal documents of the present day. Nor can we be sure in what form neighbours would have used such terms as they did. With those examples that are latinized --- a proportion varying in the present material from three-quarters to nine-tenths --- scribal intervention is patent, although sometimes reconstruction of the vernacular base seems easy (such forms, and other speculative cases, are cited in square brackets). With those given in a French form matters are more complex. On the one hand, scribes had a general bias away from English and towards French, as though the latter were, as has been said, 'a sort of ignoble substitute for Latin'; therefore, use of a French occupational term guarantees neither its currency in the English speech of the time nor, alternatively, any currency of French outside the scriptorium: in so far as such terms appear neither in literary sources nor as modern surnames MED is justified in excluding them. On the other hand, many 'French' terms were adopted into English very early; use of these would by no means imply currency of French as such, either in the community at large or in the scriptorium itself.


ڵ᤬Ǥطʤ¿ͤȤ櫓ƥե󥹸줬ؤäƤǤ롥λǶ̾ʤɤ˵Ƥ̾ϥƥ첽ƤΤ¿Ѹ̾Ϥα˱ƤޤäƤ롥ޤե󥹸ǽ񤫤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿ο̾ΤΤե󥹸ͳξ硤줬Ǥ˱ѸƱƤñʤΤȤեñΤޤޤʤΤȽǤ񤷤
Ȥɽ魯 by-name ϡ⤽ʸŪ˰ˤǺʤΤǤ롥ơϿȤɽ魯 by-name ˸¤餺Ѹθ̤ͭ̾˴ؤʻǤ⤢롥

Clark, Cecily. "Some Early Canterbury Surnames." English Studies 57.4 (1976): 204--309.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-04-21-1] [2024-04-19-1]

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2024-03-12 Tue

#5433. ե󥹸 seduyse ƥ seduce [etymological_respelling][french][latin][loan_word][waseieigo][borrowing][analogy]

seduce ͶǤˤθ츻ϥƥư sēdūcere ̤롥Ƭ - "away; without" ۤɤ̣Τ dūcere "to lead" ΰ̣Ǥ롥碌ơֳƳפȤʤꡤְƻƳƳΤͶǤפʤɤθȯã
ѸǤϡ֡ŪˡͶǤפθܤ15˽ƱѸäƤȤˤϡּε̳褦פȤƻŪʸܤäOED ˤȡФ Caxton μʸǤ롥

1477 Zethephius seduysed [French seduisoit] the peple ayenst him by tyrannye al euydente. (W. Caxton, translation of R. Le Fèvre, History of Jason (1913) 104)


νФǤθ seduysed ȤʤäƤꡤΥե󥹸 seduisoit ˰Ĥ줿ֻȤʤäƤ롥
ʲ˵󤲤⤦1ĤκǽʸǤϡƱ Caxton ǤϤ뤬 seduce ȤʤäƤ롥

a1492 He [sc. the deuyll] procureth to a persone that he haue all the eases of his bodye, and may not begyle and seduce [Fr. seduire] hym by delectacyons and worldly pleasaunces. (W. Caxton, translation of Vitas Patrum (1495) ii. f. cclv/1


ʹߤʸǤϤ٤ƸŪ seduce ѤƤ롥ĤޤǽΤߥե󥹸ꡤʸϤ٤ƥƥȤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ѹ˼ѤƤΤѸκ뤤ϽѸؤǤ뤳ȤͤȡñȤƤ seduce ֻϡƥ򻲾Ȥ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) 1ȸ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤϥե󥹸ϤƤΤ夫ǥƥ˾괹Ȥ뤤ϡǤ˱Ѹ˼ѤƤ adduce, conduce, deduce, educe, introduce, produce, reduce, subduce ʤɤ -duce 줫ѤƯΤ⤷ʤξˤϡѸǺФ줿1ȤߤʤʤȤʤ
ե󥹸 seduyse ƥ seduce ؤξ괹ϤޤǾѲˤʤѸŪˤϿꤹ٤¦̤¿롥

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-02-22 Thu

#5414. dungeon ʸˤȸ츻 [doublet][etymology][semantic_change][literature][french][latin][voicy][heldio]

NewsPicks ܹΩ̿ءˤϢܤƤRPGΤΤˡκǿƤޤ֥󥸥ȡҥåӤؤ---ͥȥͥǡǤ


֥󥸥ȡҥåӤؤ---ͥȥͥ



RPG ˤϡ֥󥸥 (dungeon) ζϤޤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ΰ̣ϡϲϴסƶססʤ RPG ˤϥ󥸥դΤʤΡåޥ󥹤ȤδطϡΤ褦䤤ƤʸˡʸػˤεǤ
ǤڤƤޤñ dungeon ϸťե󥹸 donjon ѤΤǤ1300ǯˡťե󥹸Ǥθϡּ緯פۤɤǤ줬ϴȤѤ줿طʤ顤ϴסȤ櫓ϲϴפΰ̣ȯãޤˤ RPG Ūʡ̤Τʤ֡סʾ嵭򻲾ȡˤȤˤޤȯŸƤޤʸỤ̄臘٤̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ιǤ͡
ơťե󥹸 donjon ϡ̤ƥ dominiōnem ˹Ԥ夭ϸŵƥ dominium бޤַϰ̡ϡפ̣ޤΥƥñ줬ľܱѸ˼ޤ줿Τ dominion ڡ۸פǤĤޤꡤdungeon dominion 2Ÿ (doublet) ȤȤˤʤޤ
Ϣϡʲ hellog heldio ΥƥĤǼ夲ƤޤΤǡҤɤ

hellog #3899. ƥ domus ʲȡˤθ캬ͥåȥ ([2019-12-30-1])
hellog #3898. danger, dangerous ΰ̣Ѳ ([2019-12-29-1])
heldio #118. danger ΤȤȤΰ̣ϡָϡס
heldio #273. ֻ۸ ΤäƤ danger θ
hellog #1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2024-02-04 Sun

#5396. ե󥹸ȥƥ줫̤θüѤϱѸβɤѤ [lexicology][french][latin][loan_word][word_formation][lexical_stratification][contact][semantic_change][derivation]

Ѹûˤˤƥե󥹸ƥαƶǤ뤳Ȥϡޤ˿ƾҲ𤷤ƤȤäƤѤ줿ñοñ̤˵ڤӡ礭̤αƶˤȤɤޤʤ絬ϼѤη̤ȤơѸäμ⡤ѸʹߤˡѲμŪѲˤĤơDurkin (224) פ3ŦƤ롥

The derivational morphology of English was (eventually) completely transformed by the accommodation of whole word families of related words from French and Latin, and by the analogous expansion of other word families within English exploiting the same French and Latin derivational affixes (especially suffixes).
Not only was a good deal of native vocabulary simply lost, but many other existing words showed meaning changes (especially narrowing) as semantic fields were reshaped following the adoption of new words from French and Latin.
The massive borrowing of less basic vocabulary, especially in a whole range of technical areas, led to extensive and enduring layering or stratification in the lexis of English, and also to a high degree of dissociation in many semantic fields (e.g. the usual adjective corresponding in meaning to hand is the etymologically unrelated manual)


1ܤϡñβ² (word family) (word_formation) ΤΤαѸŪʤΤե󥹡ƥŪʤΤؤäȤ˿Ƥ롥2ܤϡ줬ˤʤäꡤ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) ФꤷΤ¿¤ŦƤ롥3ܤϡŪ٤ι⤤äؤդäꡤó (lexical_stratification) Ȥ˴ط롥
ñ㲽ɤǼС(1) Ѽ(2) ̣Ѳ(3) óؤȯȤäȤ餬ե󥹸졦ƥ줫̼ѤαѸû˾μŪյǤ롥

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-01-1]

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2023-12-19 Tue

#5349. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed (2) [morphology][word_formation][compound][compounding][derivation][suffix][parasynthesis][adjective][participle][oed][germanic][old_saxon][old_norse][latin]

ε ([2023-12-18-1]) ³Ԥǡgreen-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤˤĤơ OED 򻲾Ȥ -ed ΤΤ롥
OED ǤưβʬȤƤ -ed, suffix1 ȡΤ褦̾ˤĤȤƤ -ed, suffix2 ̸ФΩƤƤ롥Ԥθ츻Ѥ롥

Cognate with Old Saxon -ôdi (not represented elsewhere in Germanic, though Old Norse had adjectives similarly < nouns, with participial form and i-umlaut, as eygðr eyed, hynrdr horned); appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. The function of the suffix is thus identical with that of the Latin past participial suffix -tus as used in caudātus tailed, aurītus eared, etc.; and it is possible that the Germanic base may originally have been related to that of -ed, suffix1, the suffix of past participles of verbs formed upon nouns.


εҤˤȡޥǤʶʬۤǤϤ뤬бꡤƱɳΥƥʤɤˤбǤȤȤˤʤ롥̤ķϤɤޤ̤Τ뤤ϳƸɡˤǤΩʿȯãʤΤ뤤ϰ¾ؤμѤͤΤʤɡ䤹褷ˤʤΤ褦
⤦1Ĺθ٤Ȥơ -ed ñ̾դ (ex. dogged) ʣ̾դ (ex. green-eyed) Ȥ򡤸ηδƱΤȤߤƤ褤Τ뤤ϰۤʤΤª٤ʤΤŪˤŪˤ⡤Τ˶̣Ǥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2023-12-20-1]

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2023-11-28 Tue

#5328. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (5) [terminology][diglossia][bilingualism][sociolinguistics][hel_education][me][french][latin][prestige]

Ѹ򤸤äͤ륷꡼diglossia ѼȤʬˤ5ƤȤʤ롥ޤǤΡ#5306. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (1) ([2023-11-06-1])#5311. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (2) ([2023-11-11-1])#5315. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (3) ([2023-11-15-1])#5326. Ѹ켭ŵǤߤ diglossia (4) ([2023-11-26-1]) ٤ʤ顤 Pearce αѸѸ켭ŵ򻲾Ȥ (143--44) "diglossia" "polyglossia" ιܤ򸫤Ȥꡤ̣ŪǤ롥

Polyglossia A situation in which two or more languages exist side by side in a multilingual society, but are used for different purposes. Typically, one of the languages (usually labelled the 'H' or 'high' variety) has greater prestige than the others, and is used in formal, public contexts such as education and administration. The other languages in a polyglossic situation (usually labelled the 'L' or 'low' varieties) tend to be used in informal, private contexts (and also in popular culture). England was a triglossic society, with English as the 'L' variety, and French and Latin as 'H' varieties. As French died out, England became diglossic in English and Latin (which was maintained as the language of education and the Church).


Ǹ˱Ѹˤˤ triglossia diglossia ʤ polyglossiaˤڤƤΤϡֱѸءѸ켭ŵǤ롥Ѹˤˤ polyglossia ݤˤϡΤ褦Ѹθ𤬻Ф뤳Ȥ¿ξ1դɬפǤ롥
Τ褦ʵǤϡѸΥ󥰥ɤ triglossia μҲȤƤȤ館뤳Ȥ¿Ѹ졤ե󥹸졤ƥ3Τ٤Ƥ򰷤ΤϡԥߥåɤκǾؤνŪŪ꡼ȤΤߤǤ롥Ѹȥե󥹸2λȤȤʤС⤦ԥߥåɤβޤDz뤬ȤƤԥߥåɤΤˤϵڤФʤĤޤꡤѸ󥰥ɼҲ3ع¤Υԥߥåɤؤơ뤯 triglossia diglossia ȤȤǤȤƤ⡤󥰥ɼҲιʤ뤤¿ˤʣ櫓ǤϤʤȤȤषѸΤߤΥ󥬥뤬Ū¿ȤȤõƤƤ褤
ǻפФΤϡŵŪ diglossia ҲξǤ롥ˤȡȤ櫓 H Ѽν٤ˤĤƤ٤κϤȤϤҲʤ뤤¿ˤ L H ΤθѼäȤäɥĸɸɥĸ졤쥢ӥȸŵӥ졤ϥ쥪ȥե󥹸㤬󤲤Ƥ
ŵŪ diglossia Ҳ˾Ȥ餹ȡѸ󥰥ɤ diglossia/triglossia ȸƤǤ褤ΤȤ䤬ͯˤѸȤϡdiglossia ȤǰγѤαפȤʤΤȤʤΤդ꤬ռǤ롥

Pearce, Michael. The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007.

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2023-10-29 Sun

#5298. åɤᤰä Taku ɼ¶Ѥޤ --- heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼ [voicy][heldio][hel_education][link][notice][bchel][italic][latin][french][spanish][portuguese][italian][indo-european]

1026ڡˤˡʳؤ󤵤ȤȤˡBaugh and Cable αѸ˽Ρɼ¶ѡפ Voicy heldio ۿޤƱ21 Italic ʥåɡˤˡʸɤƤˤĤ͡ʳ٤ȲԤʤޤʰ˹ֻդ̳ޤ Taku ǤνפŬڤʥȤ夲ƤޤƤ꤬Ȥޤ
ۿƤ¦2ͤϳΤ˭Ǽ¤ꤢ֤ᤴȤǤΤǤİΥꥹʡϤǤǤ礦ޤİǤʤ⤤뤫ȻפޤΤǡҤ֤ΤȤˤɤΥ3ʬƤꡤ1̾ۿǡ23ϥץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤء (helwa) ˤƤϤƤޤ1Ǥ50ʬĶĹܤǤˡ1Ǵؿͯϡ2衤3ؤ⤪ʤߤФ¸ޤʸ2ͭȤʤޤˡ
̲äȤ⤢ꡤоݤȤʤäƥȤ̤ PDF ˾夲ƤޤǤС饤ɽΥ꡼Ǥ⤢ޤΤǡܽ񤽤ΤꤷĹդ礤

(1) #879. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡȾˡ


(2) ֡ڱѸˤ #46۱ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic --- Taku Ȥμ¶ѡʸȾˡ10ʬ helwa ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ


(3) ֡ڱѸˤ #47ۺǸ˥ᲡTaku Ȥμ¶3 --- ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (21) Italic10ʬ helwa ˴ޤޤͭۿǤ



Ʋˤϥꥹʡγ󤫤⺣ɤˤĤ͡ʥȤ󤻤ƤƤޤΤǡ⤴
ɼ¶ѡ1ˤϡ#877. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (20) Albanian --- ϽؤȤμ¶ѡƱͤˡץȤȤǰ̸ǤʤϽ12ΥڡǤϤͭۿΥ꡼ȤʤäƤޤҡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) Υ饤ʥåפФȻפޤ塤ȤȤܽɤ߿ʤƤ뤳ȤڤߤˤƤޤ


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2023-10-10 Tue

#5279. Z ο䤷 [notice][z][alphabet][ame_bre][greek][latin][french][academy][shakespeare][consonant][youtube][grapheme][link][spelling][helsta]

ۿ YouTube ΡְʼδѸظإͥפκǿ#169. ʤ Z ϥե٥åȤκǸɤ줿Τ --- Ϯ줿 Z ʪǤŪˡ ZפȾΤƤ襤ʸ˥ݥåȥ饤Ȥơ12ʬۤɽ椷Ƹޤ Z ¿ʤȤ̾־ǤФ褤ΤǤ



z ʸˤĤƤϡ hellog Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ΤǤ⡤͡˼夲ƤޤZ α̾־Τ˽ϤƤǤ Z ˴ؤϤʾ師ĤʤʤäƤޤΤǡͥȤƤϤäǤڤˤʤꤽǤ
ޤǤ Z ο䤷󤷤ޤ



hellog

#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])
#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1])
#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1])
#447. Dalziel, MacKenzie, Menzies <z> ([2010-07-18-1])
#799. ±ʣ <z> ([2011-07-05-1])
#964. z ʸȯ (1) ([2011-12-17-1])
#965. z ʸȯ (2) ([2011-12-18-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2916. Ϣ4֥ꥹѸ autumn ȥꥫѸ fall --- ʣŪ׹ͤΤס ([2017-04-21-1])
#2925. autumn vs fall, zed vs zee ([2017-04-30-1])
#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])
#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ ([2022-12-26-1])
#5042. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ24ʺǽˡ֥ե٥åȺǸʸ Z Υߥƥ꡼ס ([2023-02-15-1])

heldio (Voicy)

#171. z r ȯϰճȻƤ (2021/11/18)
#540. Z ˤĤƸޤ (2022/11/22)
#541. Z zee zed (2022/11/23)

[ helsta (stand.fm) ˻Ϥޤ ]

#3. ư -ize ΢á (2023/10/08)




Z ˴ؤ뿷ͥŹळȤǤС Z α̾־ư®䤫ĤǤ͡줫 Z ˤϤҤȤͥܤƤƤ͡

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2023-09-21 Thu

#5260. Ӥ delicious Ʊ [eebo][synonym][me][cognate][lexicology][borrowing][loan_word][latin][french][oed][thesaurus][htoed][voicy][heldio]



ηФϢ³ơVoicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ī6ۿˤˤ delicious Ȥۿޤ

#840. delicious, delectable, delightful
#841. deleicious Ū줬ؤʤȤˤʤäƤ

Ĥơ#283. delectable delight ([2010-02-04-1]) ꤹ뵭񤤤ȤꡤȤ̩ܤ˴ؤǤƥư dēlectāre ͶǤ롤̥λ롤Фˤ˴Ťƻ줬͡ʷ֤Ѹ˥ե󥹸ͳƼѤޤʤۤˡܤ˱Ѹ¦Ƿ줿Ʊηƻ⤢ޤˡηƻִӤͿ롤Ф롤ʡڤ̣Ρ˧פʤɤΥݥƥʰ̣ɽ路ˤȤäƤ褤ñ췲Ƥޤ
Ʊ줬󤢤äƤⶥ礹ǡġ¸߰յʤޤʤˤѸˤʤΡۤȤѤʤΤФƤΤƻǤ
Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (= HTOED) Ĵ٤ƤߤȤŪˤ13Ρdelicious פ夷Ƥޤ츻Ū dēlectāre ̤ꤦƱǤʲ˰ޤ

delite (c1225--1500): Very pleasant or enjoyable; delightful.
delightable (c1300--): Very pleasing or appealing; delightful.
delicate (a1382--1911): That causes pleasure or delight; very pleasing to the senses, luxurious; pleasurable, esp. in a way which promotes calm or relaxation. Obsolete.
delightful (a1400--): Giving or providing delight; very pleasant, charming.
delicious (c1400?-): Very pleasant or enjoyable; very agreeable; delightful; wonderful.
delectable (c1415--): Delightful; extremely pleasant or appealing, (in later use) esp. to the senses; very attractive. Of food, drink, etc.: delicious, very appetizing.
delighting (?a1425--): That gives or causes delight; very pleasing, delightful.
delitous (a1425): Very pleasant or enjoyable; delightful.
delightsome (c1484--): Giving or providing delight; = delightful, adj. 1.
delectary (?c1500): Very pleasant; delightful.
delighted (1595--1677): That is a cause or source of delight; delightful. Obsolete.
dilly (1909--): Delightful; delicious.
delish (1915--): Extremely pleasing to the senses; (chiefly) very tasty or appetizing. Sometimes of a person: very attractive. Cf. delicious, adj. A.1.

Ѹˤʤä⤢ΤϳΤǤճ¿ʤ褽ٸǤȤϤ˸ĤäƤΤषäǤִӤͿ롤ʡפȤ̤ܵѤΤϡºŪˤ delicious, delectable, delightful 餤ΤΤǤ礦
Τ褦ʸä̵̸뤤;ȤäϡѸǤϷ褷ƵǤϤޤ󡥴Ϣơ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1])#4974. splendidious, splendidous, splendious λ --- EEBO corpus ([2022-12-09-1]) ⤴

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2023-07-30 Sun

#5207. īΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤפ򽪤ޤ [asacul][writing][grammatology][alphabet][notice][spelling][oe][literature][beowulf][runic][christianity][latin][alliteration][distinctiones][punctuation][standardisation][voicy][heldio]

#5194. 729ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤס ([2023-07-17-1]) Ǥ⤷̤ꡤī㡼󥿡ɶˤƥ꡼ֺʸֻαѸˡ2ȤʤָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤ򳫹֤ޤ¿̤뤤ϥ饤ǻäޤƴտ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
űѸˡˤƱѸüԤޥ̱²äƤ롼ʸΤơ޻ƤΤơˤƥ޻DZѸɽˡˤĤƻ֤򤫤ϺƤäΤޤ޻Ƴˡ޻μʤƥѸֻűѸֻɸಽ (standardisation) űѻ Beowulf ˤߤʸֻˤĤơ3֤äޤ
βä4󥷥꡼Ⱦ2󤬽λȤˤʤޤ3ϾΤȤˤʤޤ107ڡˤ 15:00~18:45 ˡѸֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡפȤƳ֤ͽǤѸˤϡűѸȯãƤֻ1066ǯΥΥޥˤä뤹ȤŪѲޤǷˤꡤθαѸֻϥƻ򤿤ɤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפϥ꡼ȤϤƲϴϢĤĤΩƤȤʤäƤޤʹߤβ³ꤤޤԹ礬դʤǤ⡤ÿޤȸư1ָۿˤ˥Ǥ褦ˤʤޤΤǡѤ⤴Ƥ
ܥ꡼ȴϢơʲ hellog ɤߤ

hellog #5088. īֺ¤ο꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥ꡼ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- ޻μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])

Ʊͤˡ꡼ȴϢŤ Voicy heldio ۿ⤪İФȡ

heldio #668. īֺ¤ο꡼ʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥ꡼ֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718


Referrer (Inside): [2024-02-03-1] [2023-09-24-1]

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2023-07-19 Wed

#5196. ֤إ饸׽б4 --- رñ쥿åȡ٤ñ츻 [yurugengogakuradio][notice][youtube][etymology][indo-european][germanic][latin][french][greek]


֤إ饸פ餳hellog~Ѹ˥֥Ǥ줿󡤤

(1) ܥ֥󥭥󥰤Υȥå500
(2) note Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ͵50
(3) note ֤٥ ֤إ饸סߡְʼδѸظإͥסߡVoicy Ѹθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ס
(4) ֤إ饸פ˴طε




718ʲСˤˡYouTube/Podcast ֤ͥإ饸κǿ󤬥åפޤޤ3󥲥ȤȤƽб餵Ƥޤơ4ܤȤʤޤֱñĢθ츻Τ뤿ˡԤƤӤޤڥå1900 with #247Ǥɤ



ǸΤۤǤ⤷Ƥ褦ˡֱѸˡפϷ褷ƶΰǤϤʤѸؤֳѸΤۤȤɤˤĤơ٤ȤäƤ⤷¸ߤǤҤε˱Ѹˤ¸ߤʺơǧƤС
3νб碌Ƥİ

#227. ˸ؼԤ츻ˤĤƸä顤ܰڤȯڴܰñ1ۡ56
#228. ֱѸˤȤ through ֤515̤ꤢäáڴܰñ2ۡ59
#234. ѸˤȤȼɤ餹٤Ƥε䤬֤Dz褷530

Referrer (Inside): [2025-04-19-1] [2024-01-01-1]

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2023-05-22 Mon

#5138. Ӥȯãȸܿ [comparison][adjective][suffix][superlative][contact][synthesis_to_analysis][latin][french][grammaticalisation][german][dutch][french_influence_on_grammar]

ƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿκˤϡ -er/-est դŪˡ more/most ֤Ūˡ롥줾ֶӡפȡֶӡפȸƤǤˤĤƤϡhellogheldio¾Ǥ͡˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ#4834. ӵ顦Ǿˡ ([2022-07-22-1]) ˴Ϣ󥯤ޤȤƤΤǻȤ줿
Ѹޥ󥹽ˤǤϡӤӤؤѲƤ²˰̤˴ѻ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) Ĭή˱äȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ѲϡӹʸΩȤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤȤ館롥
Heine and Kuteva ˤܿ˴ؤҲ𤷤Ѹ䤤ĤθˤŪ˶Ӥȯã1װȤơޥ󥹽ȤθܿطƤΤǤϤʤȤѸ줬ե󥹸ƥαƶΤȤ˶ӤȯãȤ⼫ΤϸŤ餢ꡤ嵭ΥǤƤ̤Ǥ롥Heine and Kuteva ϡѸΤߤʤ餺¾θˤƤܿθ̤ȤܿŪװäȤϸ鷺Ȥ "an accelerating factor" (96) ȹͤ뤳ȤϲǽǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ѹޤ4Ĥλ㤬󤲤Ƥ (96)

a. Analytic forms were still rare in Northern English in the fifteenth century, while in Southern English, which was more strongly exposed to French influence, these forms had become current at least a century earlier . . . .
b. In German, the synthetic comparative construction is still well established, e.g. schön 'beautiful', schön-er ('beautiful-COMP') 'more beautiful'. But in the dialect of Luxembourg, which has a history of centuries of intense contact with French, instances of an analytic comparative can be found, e.g. mehr schön ('more beautiful', presumably on the model of French plus beau ('more beautiful') . . . .
c. The Dutch varieties spoken in Flanders, including Algemeen Nederlands, have been massively influenced by French, and this influence has also had the effect that the analytic pattern with the particle meer 'more' is used increasingly on the model of French plus, at the expense of the inherited synthetic construction using the comparative suffix -er . . . .
d. Molisean has a 500-years history of intense contact with the host language Italian, and one of the results of contact was that the speakers of Molisean have given up the conventional Slavic synthetic construction by replicating the analytic Italian construction, using veče on the model of Italian più 'more' as degree marker. Thus, while Standard Croatian uses the synthetic form lyepši 'more beautiful', Molisean has più lip ('more beautiful') instead . . . .


Τ褦ʥǤϡȯãȯãϡܿˤäɬ ("propel") 줿ȤϸʤΤΡ® ("accelerate") ȤϸΤǤϤʤȤΤ Heine and Kuteva θǤ롥

Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.

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