[2011-05-06-1]εglide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragogeפ錄겻 (glide) ޤ1ĤȤƿ줿 number ȡξάɽ no., No., no, No ˤĤơ̾ number ϥƥ numerus ͳ褷ե no(u)mbre ͳ1300ǯޤǤ˱Ѹ˼ѤƤư number ۤƱ˱ѸäƤƤ롥ʻˤƤ⡤錄겻 /b/ ϥեʳǵäƤ
ƥ numerus åʷ numerō "in number" ΰ̣ѤƤξάɽ no., No. 17ȾФ˱ѸäƤȯϱѸ˴Ťޤ /ˈnʌmbə/ Ǥ롥ʣ Nos., nos. ֤ꡤɽǤ "#" Ѥʤε number sign 뤤 hash (sign) ȸƤФ뤬ԤϳʻҾͤɽ魯 hatch(ing) Ϣۤˤָ̱츻ȸˡեǤ noɥĸǤ Nr. ֤롥
Ĥޤ긽Ѹ number no. ϸ츻Ūˤϸ̩˴ȾάδطǤϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥षƥ numerus ˵ˤ2Ÿ ( doublet ) ȸƤ֤٤
ʤ錄겻 /b/ Ƥʤ֤ϡƥ numerus ȤDZѸˤ¿ѤƤ롥
denumerable, enumerate, enumeration, innumerable, numerable, numeral, numeration, numerator, numerical, supernumerary
ضθǤϡȤDzݤݡȤʤɤˤߤबȤʤäƤ롥켭ŵ٤ˤȡȤϡ¾ͤʸϡʡʤɤѤʬΤΤȤȯɽ뤳ȡפȤ롥ڤ˥־ξԡ뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤꡤߵ郎㤯ʤäƤΤƱˡԤʤԤκΰռ㤯ʤäƤ롥פϡȤספϡ֤äפΰդǡ٤ο蘆ǤȤ館Ƥʤ褦ࡤפ̣ñ plagiarism θ츻ҤȤȡȺȤƤνŤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
plagiarism 뤤 plagiary ϡ17˥ƥ줫ѸäƤǤ롥ƥ plagiārius ͶȡפؤѸǤ⡤plagiary Ѥƴ֤ʤ17ˤϤθݤƤθ塤ѤȤʤäƥ plagiārius ͶȡפΤȤˤʤäƤΤϡplaga ּѤ֡櫡פǤ롥櫤館뤳ȤߤǤꡤͶǤä̤ȡĸ *plek- ԤפȤ캬ؤɤ夯θ캬ϡִפȤꡤ-ple ( ex. simple, triple, multiple ), -plex ( ex. complex ), -plicate ( ex. duplicate, implicate ) ʤɤŪȯã
Τ褦ˡplagiarism ϡԤע֡ע櫡עͶעפȤճʰ̣ϢˤȯãƤˤäǤ롥ͶªʤСκνŤʬٶ Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce The Devil's Dictionary (1911) ˤȡư plagiarize ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥"To take the thought or style of another writer whom one has never, never read." ˡޤ
Ѹζѥε§ϡ§Ȥ "left-prominent and morphologically governed" Ǥꡤ Germanic Stress Rule (GSR) ȸƤФ롥ϡ[2009-10-26-1], [2009-10-31-1]ǥޥħ1ĤȤָ촴1˶פ[2009-11-13-1]εǸ褦ˡѸʹߡեƥѸ줬̤ˤ⤿餵褦ˤʤꡤѸαΧ "right to left and phonologically governed" §Ȥ Romance Stress Rule (RSR) ääʹߤαѸ챤Χˤϡȿ2Ĥζ§ߤ˴ĤˤǤ롥ơϸߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥
Halle and Keyser βŪʸʹߡѸƳ줿 RSR ѸαΧѳפ⤿餷Ȥ롤嵭Τ褦ʸͭϤȤʤäƤ뤬Minkova ˤСѸǤ RSR θ̤ϲɾƤ뤭餤ȤषGSR Ϥɾ٤ǤȤոΤ褦˹ͤ뺬ϤĤ롥Minkova (169--73) εޤȤ褦
(1) RSR GSR ɬȿΤǤϤʤ㤨С3Ǥϸ̤ɽŪ˰פ㤬롥máidenhòod (by GSR) and víolènt (by RSR) ʤɡ
(2) Ƭ˶֤ʤ൬§ GSR ϡФХޥƬˤŬѤ졤äưѸǤ̤Ǥ롥Ѹ confirm, deduct, displease, enlist, expose ʤɤζ֤ȡʤ̾ƻǤ϶1˰ܹԤ̾ưפˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1]ȡ
(3) ѸŪᤤ˱ѸäեѸϡƱƤꡤGSR ˤäƶ1˰ܹԤƤ
(4) ѸǤ RSR GSR ζˤեѸ줬ͤ˶֤ɤΤ褦ˤ뤳Ȥ롥ŵŪȤƵΤϡChaucer λ "In dívers art and in divérse figures" (FrT 1486) Ǥ롥ܤĴ٤ȸˤäɤ٤ϰۤʤ뤷Χΰ֡ʲ֤ˤ뤫ݤ) ȶɤʬۤĴȡ¿ɤ줬Χ˵ΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ºݤäդǤϡŦƤ빭ϤɤϤʤäȹͤ졤GSR ŬѤˤꤹǤ1˶ƤѸ¿ä
RSR ƳˤѸ챤Χưɤϸۤ˲ŪʤΤǤϤʤäȤRSR ȤϰۤʤŪʶѥ⤿餷ȤϳΤǤ롥ä˸ʳŪѥϡ3ᤫʤѸǿβ˶륱Ǥ롥ʲθϡʤȤѤ줿2˶Ƥcalendar, sinister, memento, placebo. ޤ3äǽü2ˤʤäƤΰ֤Ѥ餺2ޤޤθ⾯ʤʤädivers(e), legend(e), maner(e), honour(e), montayn(e), natur(e), tempest(e), sentenc(e), solemn(e). θϡαѸ챤Χ餹Ȱۼʶѥ˽äƤꡤRSR ѸαΧ˰ξ⤿餷ȤϳΤǤ롥
Minkova ϡѸʳǤΤȤƽ GSR ޤŪǤꡤRSR ˲ŪʱƶϤƤʤȼĥ롥Ѹ챤Χ礭ưɤäȤС̤Υƥ ([2010-08-18-1], [2009-08-19-1]) Ф Renaissance ʹߤΤȤ
. . . in spite of the influx of 10,000 Romance loanwords, words of Germanic origin continued to constitute the bulk of the core vocabulary of Middle English, accounting for seventy-five to ninety-five per cent of the wordstock, depending on register. It was only during the Renaissance that the balance began to shift in favour of non-Germanic patterns, bringing about the co-existence of two typologically different systems of stress in modern English. (172--73)
ưɤ顤ߤˤޤ³κޤ줿Ҥ̾ư⤽Ʊ֤Ǥζ֤κۤ⤽Ǥ롥ʲϸԤˤĤƤ Minkova θڡ
Seen in the larger context of prosodic typology, however, the accentuation of derived Romance words introduced a major new paradigm of stress-shifting in English. For the first time in the history of the language words derived from the same root started to exhibit disparate prosodic contours: móral--morálitèe, párish--paríshonèr, sólemn--solémpnitè, vólume--volúminòus. (173)
Halle, M. and S. J. Keyser. English Stress: Its Form, Its Growth, and Its Role in Verse. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
Minkova, Donka. "The Forms of Speech" A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture: c.1350--c.1500. Ed. Peter Brown. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 159--75.
fer Ȥ캬ˤĤƥ֥Ǽ䤬äferȤ캬ϰpor()bher(ɤ)ͳ褹ȤΤȤʤΤǤ2ĤΡfer٤ϤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤΤǤ礦
DZѸθ캬ȤƸڤƤ fer ϡºݤˤ2ब̤롥1Ĥϥƥեͳʤ깭ޥϡˤΤΡ⤦1ĤϱѸͳʤ깭ޥϡˤΤΡ2ĤϤޤä̤ΤȤƹͤɬפ롥
ޤԤ顥fer 캬˴ޤϥեͳǤϤäƤ⸶§ȤƥƥͳȹͤƤ褯οϤӤرѸ츻ŵ (413--19) ڡ륯θ츻ŵȤƤޤȤȡޤƤä64줬ä
afferent, circumference, circumferential, confer, conference, defer, deference, deferential, deferment, differ, difference, different, differential, differentially, differentiate, differently, efferent, fertile, fertility, fertilization, fertilize, fertilizer, indifference, indifferency, indifferent, indifferently, infer, inferable, inference, inferential, infertile, infertility, insufferable, insufferably, interfere, interference, interferon, offer, offering, prefer, preferable, preferably, preference, preferential, preferentially, preferment, proffer, refer, referee, reference, referendary, referendum, referent, referential, suffer, sufferable, sufferance, suffering, transfer, transferable, transferee, transference, transferor, vociferous
Ѹäˤ췲¸ߤΤϡŪ˥ƥѤ¿äȤˡ캬Ǥƥ fer ư ferre ˤֱ֡פȤŪʰ̣ôäƤȤ礭ƥ ferre ϰĸ *bher- ֱ֡פؤȺƷ롥*bh ϥƥǤ /f/ ؤѲޥǤˡ§ ( Grimm's Law ) ˤä /b/ ؤѲ ([2009-08-07-1], [2009-08-08-1]) бűѸ beran ϡֱ֡פΰ̣ޤǻ˻ĤƤѸ bear Ǥϡֱ֡פθֻࡤʼ¤˷֡פθ濴ȤʤäƤꡤԤθ٤ϤĤƤۤɹ⤯ʤ
bear ȥƥѸ offer ʤɤδطȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

ˡƥ캬ȤƤ fer Ȥ̤ˡ褯Ѹ fVr V 첻ˡʥޥĸθ캬ȤƤ *fura Τ褦ʸ첻ķ֤ƷƤꡤɸѸǤ캬 fer ȤΤڤФϤʤΤǡfer Ѹθ캬ȸƤ֤ΤŬڤǤϤʤˤθ캬ˤĸȤƤ before, far, first, for, forth, from ʤɤ롥ޥ /f/ ϥˡ§դˤɤäƤ椯ȰĸǤ *p ǤꡤλҲݻƤƥб pro per ȤȤˤʤ롥Ƭȼäƥ¿Ѹ˼ѤƤ ( ex. produce, profess; perform, persuade )
ޤȤȡfer ȴϢդ캬ˤ2ढꡤζ̤ϥޥȥޥ졤ȼѸ졤ˡ§ŬѤŬѤȤäΩ˴ŤƤ롥Ѹθäϡ餿Ƥ䤳
ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ饤֡1992ǯ
ѸΥեѤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ[2009-08-22-1]εϤȤ͡ʷǿƤƱѸΥƥѤˤĤƤ[2009-08-25-1]εǰäˡѸäξ줫μѸΨ⤤Ȥϡ[2010-06-30-1], [2009-11-14-1], [2009-08-15-1]ˤեȥƥμѤϱѸˤǤϤ褯ꤢȥԥåǤꡤѸοˤʤˡ֥եƥѸפȤƹ碌ƿ뤳Ȥ¿Τ˥եȥƥϥޥ췲ΤʤǿƻҴطˤɤǤϤ뤬̡θȤƶ̤ĤϤǤ롥ˤ⤫餺碌ư뤳Ȥ¿ΤϤʤ
1ĤˤϡͽۤȤꡤѸǤϡեϤޤƥ줫̤ƵפʤäȤȤ롥Τ˼βѲˤäƥեϥƥ줫̤褦ˤʤäƤξη֤Ϥޤ˻̤äƤ뤳Ȥ¿äˡɤƱͤˡեǤϥե¤ǥƥդȤѤƤΤǡξη֤ʤޤƤʬκѤˤäΤǤ롥ѸǤѸѸˤƥƥ츻ֻ֤ ( see etymological_respelling ) ƱեǤ13Ⱦ鸽Ƥ¸Υեƥ˶ŤؾѲΤǤ롥οϡΥեǤʤ̩ʥƥǤʤȾüʸȤʤꡤ줫ʬहΤϺǤꡤ̵̣Ǥ⤢ȤȤˤʤʥХpp. 72--73ˡ
ۡॺȥå (pp. 78--80) ͤˡեȥƥκѤξѤƤ륤ȸƤФ줿륤9 (Louis IX; 1214--70) ϡ1260ǯˡΧٲפ˾ФƤפμϾڸʸФ뤳ȤĤˤˤꡤˤͤȤƤοŪˡΧȤƬƤ뤳ȤˤʤäˡΧȤϤ줾ۤäƤꡤν basoche ȸƤФȿեֻ礭ʱƶڤܤĤȤʤäʾϥեǽ줿ˡϤʥƥǽƤꡤˡ⳦2DzäƤξϡե1 (Francis I; 1494--1547) ˡǤΥƥѤ졦ȥ ( Villers-Cotterêts ) ѻߤ1539ǯޤ³Τ褦ʻطʤǡϤʤˤΥƥζܤȤˤĤƤɬפä櫓ζܤȤ礷ΤǤϤʤեȥƥֻѤΤäե dit ־ҤΡΡפƥ dict ֤줿ꡤdoit ֻءפƥ digitus αƶ doigt ֤줿ꤷ
ǡ14ˤϥ5 (1338--80) γطݾˤƥ줬Ť줿ºݡ14--15ˤ錄եμѸȾʾ夬ƥ줫ΤΤȤ롥˲äơ¸Υեñƥη˶Ť etymological respelling ⾯ʤ餺ädelitier delecter ʤɤȤǤ ( see [2010-02-04-1] )
ʾ夬Ѹ̤˱Ѹή Latin, Latinised French, and French loanwords ̡˰ΤǤϤʤ֥եƥѸפȤư勞˰ΤǤͳƥ˴Ť etymological respelling ϱѸǤʤեǤⵯäƤȡԤǤϥƥȤʤޤƤ뤬椨θκѤ礤ǤȤդɬפ롥
ݡ롦Х ס رѸθá١ҡʸ˥ӡ1976ǯ
U. T. ۡॺA. H. å إեˡ١罤ۡ1974ǯ
[2010-08-18-1]εǡ֥ס inkhorn term ˤˤĤƿ줿16ͥǮˤĤ줿ؼԤϡꥷƥ줫̤˸äѸؼѤʳŪѸ줬¿Ѥ®٤⤢ޤ˵ޤäᡤθݼŪʳؼԤ inkhorn terms 餵褦ˤʤäɽŪȽȤ1ͤ Thomas Wilson (1528?--81) Ǥ롥 The Arte of Rhetorique (1553) ǼΤ褦˼ĥƤ롥
Among all other lessons this should first be learned, that wee never affect any straunge ynkehorne termes, but to speake as is commonly received: neither seeking to be over fine nor yet living over-carelesse, using our speeche as most men doe, and ordering our wittes as the fewest have done. Some seeke so far for outlandish English, that they forget altogether their mothers language.
Wilson "ynkehorne termes" ȤƤϼΤ褦ʸ礬롥ex. revolting, ingent affabilitie, ingenious capacity, magnifical dexteritie, dominicall superioritie, splendidiousΥƥ줫֤βϡ[2010-02-13-1]εǿ줿15 aureate diction ˡפγǤȤ
inkhorn controversy 16̤³ʪȤƱѸ˾塤פʤΤޤ뤳ȤˤʤäѸ켭Ǥ롥inkhorn terms ȡɬŪ켭褦ˤʤäRobert Cawdrey (1580--1604) ϡ1604ǯ3000ϿʿפݤȤ A Table Alphabeticall Ǥɽβơ줳³1Ѽ ( monolingual dictionary ) ʤѱѼäΤǤ롥ߡEFL ؽԤʿפγƼѱѼˤäˤʤäƤ뤬طʤˤ16 inkhorn terms inkhorn controversy ƤΤǤ롥
A Table Alphabeticall ˤĤƤϡBritish Museum βͭѤǤ롥
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Ѹʣηݤ˼갷פη ( morpheme ) 롥 combining form ϢפȸƤФƤΤǡCarstairs-McCarthy ˤȼΤ褦Ť롥
bound morpheme, more root-like than affix-like, usually of Greek or Latin origin, that occurs only in compounds, usually with other combining forms. Examples are poly- and -gamy in polygamy. (142)
ʣ combining form ʤʣϲʳѸʤɤѸ줬ŪǤ롥Ф꤬ʤex. anthropology, sociology, cardiogram, electrocardiogram, retrograde, retrospect, plantigrade
combining form äʤΤϡĤװˤ롥
(1) ̾« ( bound morpheme ) ܼȤƵǽͳ ( free morpheme ) ϸ캬ȤƵǽ롥combining form Ϲ«ǤǤʤ캬Ū˵ǽΤʬ尷ˤ
(2) ŪʻܻؤˤȤäơŵͳ褹ȤäŪ˿줶ʤǡcombining form ΰ֤Ť
(3) 㤨 anthropology anthrop- -logy combining form ʤ뤬֤ˤϤޤäƤϢ첻 -o- Τˤɤ°ȤϤ
(4) ̾ʣ̾Ǥ1Ǥ˶֤뤬combining form ޤʣ̾Ǥɬ⤽Ȥϸ¤ʤanthropology ǤϡϢ첻 -o ˶롥¾ monogamy, philosophy, aristocracy Ʊ͡
嵭 combining form νħָѸηˤͤޤ줿 Greco-Latin ѤפȸƤӤѸ줬ƥ졤ꥷ졤ƥե줫̤μѸƤƤˤˤĤƤϤΥ֥Ǥ⤤ʷǿƤϢΩäȤƤ [2010-08-18-1], [2010-05-24-1], [2009-11-14-1], [2009-08-25-1], [2009-08-19-1] դȤ줿
Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew. An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.
椬Ȥζ輫ưʪϡ̵ˤ⤫餺ä褦ưʪ餷Ƥ롥ڥꥢåѥƺǯ6ˤϥꥯΥ˥ⷯưʪफñۤƤ褦 ˥!!ˡꥯܤǤưʪ碌Ƥ15ƬȤʤưʪǡŪˤǤΤ줬Ȥ

ˤȤꥪꥯϱѸǤ giant anteater̾ Myrmecophaga tridactyla Ǥ롥̾ ( scientific name ) ưʪˤĤ줿̤̾ǡƥηֵ§ˤʤä̾դ뤳ȤˤʤäƤ롥֥ꥯפ giant eater ϸ줴Ȥ¯̾ ( common name ) Ǥꡤܤξˤ̾ȤƤФ롥̾Ѥ촴ƥΤΤ¿ƥϥꥷ줫̤˸äѤƤΤǡ̤ȤƳ̾ˤϥꥷθ촴ޤޤƤ뤳Ȥ¿Myrmecophaga tridactyla ⤹٤ƥꥷθ촴ʤ̾Ǥ롥
[2010-05-19-1]εDZѸäλع¤ˤѸäϤޤˤä (1) Ѹ졤(2) ե졦ƥ졤(3) ꥷ3 ( trisociation ) ʤƤ롥̣ǤäƤͳˤäʣθ줬Ѹ¸ߤΤϤΤǤ롥(1) (3) ˸äƥ٥뤬⤯ʤꡤ줷ˤʤäƤ롥[2010-05-19-1]3ظ ( triset ) Ȥơֵ¡פѸ antƥѸ formic-ꥷѸ myrmec- Ǥ롥
°̾ Myrmecophaga ֥ꥯ°פ myrmec(o) ֵ¡פ phag(a) ֿ٤פϢˤꡤ⥮ꥷ쵯Ǥ롥Ʊͤˡ̾ tridactyla ⥮ꥷ쵯ǡ3ܻءפΰդǤ tri- 3 + dactyl(a) ֻءסˡ¯̾ anteater ٤Ƴ̾ Myrmecophaga tridactyla η줷äƤ
myrmec, phag(a), tri, dactyl ʤɡñȤǤϸʤʤ1ȤŪѤǡʼȤƼѷǡˤϢ ( combining form ) ȸƤФ졤ѸηǤϰǤǤ롥
[2009-08-19-1],[2009-11-05-1]ʤɤǿ줿褦ˡѸˤϤΤǥƥñ줬Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ѸΥեѤۤɤǤ롥[2009-06-12-1]Ǽ褦ˡ16Ǥ7000ۤɤѤ줿ȤޤطʤˤϰʲΤ褦ʻ𤬤ä
16ȾѸΥեΤӤ졤ĤĤäѸˤȤäƤ礭ǺߤϡܳŪˤäƼνʬʸä礤ƤȤäǹͤ줿ǤΨΤ褤ˡϡľܥƥ줫äѤ뤳ȤäˡͥΤ⤿餷ۤʳءŵˤꡤꥷƥȤäŵͳ褹̵Ѹ줬ɬפȤ졤ѸήȤ⤢ä16Ⱦοǯۤɤû֤ˡ̤Υƥñ줬Ѹ˼ޤ줿֥ס inkhorn term ˤ餵ۤɤʳŪʼѸ¿λäƥñȾʬϸˤޤäƤʤȸ롥
ˤޤǻĤäΤϡܸäȤޤǤϸʤʸϤǤŪ褯ߤ뼡Τ褦ñ줬ʰʲBrinton and Arnovick, pp. 357--58 ˡ
confidence, dedicate, describe, discretion, education, encyclopedia, exaggerate, expect, industrial, maturity
ޤǤ˻ĤʤäΤϡʲΤ褦ñǤ롥ʤ桹ˤߤΤʤñФʤΤǡƥٶƤʤ¤̣¬ΤϺ
adjuvate "aid", deruncinate "weed", devulgate "set forth", eximious "excellent", fatigate "make tired", flantado "flaunting", homogalact "foster-brother", illecebrous "delicate", pistated "baked", suppeditate "supply"
ɤθ줬Ĥɤθ줬ΤƤ줿ΤˤĤƤϡͳ餷ͳϤʤȤäƤ褤˼Ƥ졤Ѵ줿ȹͤΤѸ˴Ƥ봶ФǤϡeducation expect ʤɤθ줬ʤäؤʤȻפǡflantado illecebrous ʤɤɬפΤʤ˻פ롥ˤäƤϤޤäդξƤǽԻĤǤ롥ѸθäˤζˤäƤ⤿餵줿ΤȤȤ褯ʬ
Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.
[2009-11-27-1]˼ꤢ³ԡѸ <h> ֻɽ魯Ҳ [h] ˤޤĤ뺮ϡλҲñ˲ŪǤ뤫ФǤϤʤ<h> ޤեñѸ줬Ѥݤ˰礤ƤȤˤ롥ΤȤˤϡäŵƥޤ̤ʤФʤʤ
ŵƥǤ <h> ֻ /h/ ȤȯƤ구§ŪäȤŵˤʤ /h/ æϤޤäȤֻ <h> ǸꤷƤΤֻȯΥ줬ФΥ줿֤Υޥˤ⤽ΤޤäΥե㳰ǤϤʤ<h> ֤ñǤ /h/ Ϸ褷ȯʤäơѸѸˤΤ褦ʥե줫̤ <h> ޤѤ뤳ȤȤʤäΤǤ롥
ΤȤѸ <h> ֤Τ̵Ȥн褹Τ3ĤˡѤ ( Scragg, p. 41 )
(1) ȯʤΤ֤ɬפʤȤȤ <h> ȤƼ줿able, ability, arbour ʤɤ뤬Ͼʤʥե habile, habiletéƥ herbarium ӡ
(2) 줿ե̤˽äĤޤꡤ<h> ֤뤬ȯʤȤżheir, honest, honour, hour ʤɡ(1) 㤬¿an historical study an hotel Τ褦⻲͡
(3) ֤꤬Τȯ褦Ȥ spelling-pronunciation ȯۤ <h> /h/ ȤɤळȤˤhorrible, hospital, host ʤ¿ <h> ޤѸ줬Υѥ
Ѹϸ§Ȥ (3) ˡ켫ΤϹŪǤꡤֻȯδطäꤹ롥Ѹ spelling-pronunciation ˤǤϡ<h> /h/ ۤɤ˰ӤƵä spelling-pronunciation ϤʤΤǤϤʤޤ spelling-pronunciation ζȤäƤ褤100%ӤƤ櫓ǤϤʤθǤϤ뤬 (1) (2) ŬѤƤޤäȤǡºʬ̴ۤƤޤä(2) ξθˤäơѸƥեΰ仺뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤκϸѸˤ³ƤΤǤ롥
ϢȤơ֥ǥפε[2010-04-22-1]⻲ȡ
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
õ֤Ĥפ2010ǯ521ʶˤܻ֤θ658ʬ˼Ǥ夲줿Ҷ泫ȯ JAXA ǤĤߥΩ夲Ƥ롥夯ΤϺǯ12ȤȤǡĹιäϤޤäȤǤ롥
Venus Ϥ¸äΥʥʤ뤤ϥ̥ˤΤȤǡաֱࡦ˭νǤ롥˥ꥷäΰν Aphrodite Ʊ뤵줿αѸ̾ˤϥäο̾ƤƤꡤVenus ϶бƤ롥ƥ Venus θϡŪʰפǤʥΥξħǤ뤬˵̤Ȱĸ *wen- ˾פ˹Ԥ夯θ캬ȸϡѸ wish ȿǤƤ롥
ƥǤϡ s ޤˤ벻ĶѲˤ r ȸؤ㤬ˤ˵롥첻˶ޤ줿 /s/ /z/ ͳ /r/ ؤѲ rhotacism ( see [2009-06-03-1] ) ϥƥ˸¤餺ѸޤᥲޥˤäƤ롥ѸˤϤκפȯŪˤȿǤƤʤΤΡƥξˤ϶ޤη˶ŪޤƤ롥㤨 Venus ζޤϰʲ̤Ǥ롥

ɽ顤Venus Vener- Ȥظ촴ĤȤʬºݤˡVenus ȸ츻Ū˴Ϣ¿θ줬 r äƤ롥Ѹ˼Ѥ줿 Venus δϢƤߤ褦
venerable º֤٤, venerate ºɤ, venereal ¤Ρ, venery ֹꡤġ, venial ֡ʺ˽Ťʤڤ cf. venison Ľä
ɰ˾ߡȤạ̈ΤĤʤ꤬
Venusian ֶΡ͡פȤ줬뤬ľܤ˥ƥθͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȤ s ݻ餫Ǥ롥Venus + -ian ȤǡѸ¦μäƤĤ褦ʸǤ롥ƤꡤOED Ǥν1874ǯSFǡˤä
˴ؤƤϼȤDZѸ5ʬͥȤ饤ǼꤢΤǡɤ
ε[2010-05-23-1]Ǽꤢ antidisestablishmentarianism ȤѸˤλߤȡѸΥޥ첽ǤȤɽŪʥ٥ǤϤʤε§ȤŪʥ٥ˤޤߤǤȤյ
̤˱Ѹ줬ޥ첽ȤȤˤϡѸΥեñ̼ѤȯȤǰƬˤΤǤϤʤΤ˸űѸ䤽ΦˤѸϥƥܤƤΤǡޥؤδ¿ϤäȤ뤬ܳŪʥޥ첽ΰΤѸΥեȤܿ¾ʤʤե줬ϤΥޥ첽Ȥ˾뤫Τ褦ˡνѸ˥ƥñ줬̤˱ѸήˡΥեȥƥήˤϡ¤ϥꥷǤⱣ¿ޤޤƤꡤѸ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ΥꥷǤѸض뤵줿ѸαѸäΥޥ첽Τˤ Greco-Latin ϡ[2010-05-16-1]εǤҤ٤̤ꡤThe Great Vocabulary Shift ȤǤ̾դʤ뤯餤˱ѸγѤѤ
ʩ塦ñ˸ǤѸ˶뤷ǤϤʤѸĹܿȱƶˤꡤƥ䥮ꥷθ§§ȾХͥƥ֤Ǥ뤫Τ褦˳ƤޤäΤǤ롥ߡƤʳѸѸ˼ȤѤƤŪ Neo-Latin ȸƤФ뤬ϥƥ䥮ꥷηǤƥ䥮ꥷηֵ§ˤΤäȤäȤߤȤäƤ褤ɸ antidisestablishmentarianism Greco-Latin ǤȤȤ߹碌§ˤΤäȤäŵŪ Neo-Latin θǤ뤬եñƥñȤƤǤϤʤޤDZñȤ¤줵줿ݥȤǤ롥ѸΥޥ첽ϡäΤߤɽŪʸݤȸʤ뤳Ȥ뤬Ѹˤ礭ƤǡäѶŪɾƤ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
ե줬ȤʤѸ줬ޥ첽ƤаޤȰյˤĤƤϡGachelin ɾ̯Ǥ롥
French acted as the Trojan horse of Latinity in English, the sluice gate through which Latin was able to pour into English on a scale without any equivalent in any Germanic language. The process of 'classicization' which had originated in Greece was to spread from Latin to Romance languages, and via French to English. (9--10)
Gachelin, Jean-Marc. "Is English a Romance Language?" English Today 23 (July 1990): 8--14.
[2010-03-27-1]εDZѸäλع¤Ҳ𤷤εǤϡfoe, enemy, adversary ʤɤλȤ줾 (1) Ѹ졤(2) եѸ졤(3) ƥꥷѸؤʤƤ뤳ȤѸä˸뤳ðۤʻع¤ɽѸ줬ʤʤȻפäƤMcArthur trisociation ȸƤǤΤߤĤλȤΤȤ triset ȸƤǤ롥
McArthur trisociation ϡ(1) Ѹ졤(2) ե졦ƥ졤(3) ꥷȤ褦̤Ƥ褦ǡҤ foe ̤Ȥϰۤʤ롥ºݤˤϻؤΤؤʬƹͤƤΤ餳Τ褦ʥꥨ⤢ꤦ뤬Ȥñ̤ǤϤʤǤȤñ̤ǹͤˤ McArthur ̤ΤۤޤMcArthur Ƥ triset ƷǤʼ줬 b-, n-, s- ǻϤޤ triset ˡ
| triset of morphemes | triset of words |
|---|---|
| ant, formic-, myrmec- | ant-eater, formicarium, myrmecology |
| bad, mal-, caco- | badly, malign, cacophony |
| be, ess-, ont- | being, essence, ontology |
| belly, ventr-, gastr- | potbellied, ventral, gastritis |
| best, optim-, aristo- | bestseller, optimal, aristocrat |
| big, magn-, mega(lo)- | bigheaded, magnitude, megalomania |
| bird, avi-, ornith- | bird-watcher, aviary, ornithology |
| birth, nasc-/nat-, gen-/gon- | birthday, nascent/native, genesis/cosmogony |
| black, nigr-, melan- | blacken, denigrate, melanin/melancholy |
| blood, sanguin-, (h)aem(at)-/(h)em(at)- | bloody, sanguinary, an(a)emic |
| body, corp(or)-, som(at)- | bodily, corporeal/incorporate, psychosomatic |
| bone, oss(e)-, osteo- | rawboned, osseous, osteopath |
| book, libr-, biblio- | bookish, library, bibliography |
| breast, mamm-, mast- | doublebreasted, mammography, mastitis |
| earth, terr-, ge- | earthquake, terrestrial, geography |
| fire, ign-, pyr- | fire-fighter, igneous, pyromania |
| naked, nud(e)-, gymn- | nakedness, nudity, gymnosophist |
| name, nomin-, onom-/onym- | namely, nominate, onomastic/synonym |
| new, nov-, neo- | newness, innovate, neologism |
| night, noct-, nyct- | nightly, nocturnal, nyctalopia |
| nose, nas-, rhin- | nosiness, nasal, rhinitis |
| salt, sal-, (h)al- | salty, salinity, halophyte |
| say, dict-, phas-/phat- | saying, dictum, emphasis |
| sea, mar-, thalass- | seascape, marine, thalassocracy |
| see, vid-/vis-, scop- | all-seeing, evident/vision, telescope |
| self, ips-, aut(o)- | unselfish, solipsism, autistic |
| shape, form-, morph- | shapely, formal, metamorphosis |
| sharp, ac(u)-, oxy- | sharpen, acute, oxygen |
| skin, cut(i)-, derm(at)- | skinny, subcutaneous, dermatitis |
| sound, son-, phon- | soundless, sonic, telephone |
| speak, loqu-/loc(ut)-, log- | unspeakable, eloquent, dialog(ue) |
| stand, sta(t)-, stas-/stat- | outstanding, stable, stasis/statis |
| star, stell-, aster- | starry, stellar, asteroid |
| stone, lapid-, lith- | stony, lapidary, megalithic |
| sun, sol, heli(o)- | sunny, solar, heliograph |
ε[2010-05-01-1]ǡַפȡֱƶפν̤ˤĤֱѸϥƥ줫ޤ줿פȤԤϤäƤ˲⤷ΤξδطŪΤɽȤΥꥢڡѡӽФϤǺѤ
Ѹȥɥĸΰ㤤ޤ˱ġƥȤϤäȤäȱȤ褯ʬޤˤ⤫餺ƥαƶ礭ȤȡѸϥƥ̻ܻҡȤäȤʤΤǤ礦
̻ܻҤȤϼ¤ˤ褯äΤǤ롥ƥˤϥե̼ˤեˤϡڥ졤ꥢ졤ݥȥʤɤλ夬롥Υեϱ濫äƳθˤѸȤȷФ뤳ȤˤʤäƥȤΤۤҲŪϰ̤⤫äˡѸ̻ܻҤȤƥƥȤ˷ޤ줿ѸϺäˤޥȤη줬ήƤΤΡƥȤǤĹǯˤꡤɬŪΩʤ˻ƤΤä
ȡʥȡϤɤǤ礦
[2010-03-24-1], [2010-03-25-1]εǡưʪȤɽ̾θˤĤˤϤ¿ʤȤϢưʪ̾ȤηƻθˤĤƼꤢ롥
ưʪ̾줫餽ƻˤϡĤˡ롥ǤŪʤΤ -like ȤƤĤˡǡ¾塤ɤưʪ̾ˤŬѤǤ ( ex. doglike, squirrel-like )ޤǤ -like ˤϵڤФʤ -ish -y ղäŪ褯 ( ex. apish, sheepish; lousy, snaky )夲Τ -ine Ȥޤƥͳ褹ưʪƻǤ롥ưʪ̾¿ϱѸǤꡤƥͳ -ine ƻȤΥڥߤȡߤ˷Ū˴ϢŤ뤳ȤʤĤ롥
| NOUN | ADJECTIVE |
| bear | ursine |
| bull | taurine |
| cat | feline |
| cow | bovine |
| crow | corvine |
| deer | cervine |
| dog | canine |
| fox | vulpine |
| horse | equine |
| pig | porcine |
| wasp | vespine |
| wolf | lupine |
| NOUN | ADJECTIVE |
| ass | asinine |
| eagle | aquiline |
| elephant | elephantine |
| falcon | falconine |
| giraffe | giraffine |
| gorilla | gorilline |
| hy(a)ena | hy(a)enine |
| lion | leonine |
| panther | pantherine |
| serpent | serpentine |
| viper | viperine |
| vulture | vulturine |
| zebra | zebrine |
ܥ֥ɼԤ顤L semi- G hemi- бˤĤƼʼ䡤꤬Ȥޤˡ/h/ /s/ ѤΤϤʤˡ§ȴطƤΤȤ䤤Ǥ롥
ε[2010-04-12-1]ǤϡǰƬ super- hyper- sub- hypo- ơƥ /s/ ꥷ /h/ б뤳Ȥƥ⥮ꥷѸθä¿ʹƤƤꡤ̤Ȥξΰ仺ѸΤʤ˶¸ߤƤȤ롥ϡĸ줫βѲ˿Ĥġƥ /s/ ȥꥷ /h/ бˤĤơѸää濴˵ĤĤ⤦ܤҤ٤롥
Szemerényi (51) ˤȡĸdzοäƺƷǤ */s/ ΤߤǤ롥ꥷǤϡĸ */s/ ĺȸˤƤݤ줿ƬޤʳδĶǤϵ /h/ Ȥʤäƥޤ¾θɤǤϹ /s/ ݤ줿̤Ȥơƥ /s/ ȥꥷ /h/ б㤬¸ߤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʲˡѸθäˤߤƥ /s/ ȥꥷ /h/ бĤֻʬбսˡ
| from Latin | from Greek |
|---|---|
| semiconductor ȾƳΡ | hemisphere Ⱦ |
| September 9 | heptarchy ּ |
| sextet ϻա | hexagon ϻѷ |
| similar ƱͤΡ | homosexual ƱΡ |
| solar ۤΡ | heliotrope ֡ܡ˥إꥪȥס |
| somnolent ̲Ͷ | hypnosis ֺ̲ |
| supermarket ֥ѡޡåȡ | hypermarket ֥ϥѡޡåȡ |
| supposition ֲ | hypothesis ֲ |
˽ǤȤζ˥ѡޡå Olympic äʤʤޤǤ쥫·ΤǡȤäƤ⤤ۤɤ˾ѤƤΤᡤž路 Olympic Ѥ뵡ʤʤäˤ⤫餺ŹήƤ Olympic ΥơʤǤƬ뤳Ȥ롥餯ǤѤäƤʤ
ڤ뤤ŹǤʪ˭٤ʤŹǤ
¤ФǡĤ⸭㤤ʪ
ʤߤʪǤ·
O L Y M P I Cʥ磻ԡ
ϥѡޡåȡԥå
Olympic supermarket ʤ hypermarket ʤΤǤ롥hypermarket դμǤơǤϸ츻ͤƤߤsupermarket ɤǻǡ super- + market ιǡѸˤ1933ǯФǤ롥hypermarket hyper- + market ιǡ1970ǯդ˥ե hypermarché ( loan translation ) ƱѸ˼ΤǤ롥ե hypermarché Τϡsupermarché "supermarket" ˤʤä¤Ǥ롥
եǤѸǤ⡤ܸʥʡˤǤ⡤hypermarket supermarket εʲǤǤȹͤƤ롥hyper- Τۤ super- ̤ǤȤФƬϤȤˡ־Ρ̤Ρ٤ΡפɽǶ̤뤬⤽ΤϤĸΰĤθ캬 *(s)uper ˤΤܤ롥ΰ캬ƥǤ super- ȤꡤꥷǤϺǽλҲ hyper- Ȥʤäabove, over, up ʤɤŪˤϤθ캬ȴϢ롥
ơ츻̤ǤȤ hyper- Τۤ super- ̤ǤȤФˤϺʤȤˤʤ뤬ŪˤϤФȤƤ롥ˤɤΰ̣ʬϼΤȤǤꡤξ⤿ޤ hyper- super- Τ٤κޤ줿Τ뤳ȤϤǤ褦hyper- super- ̤ǤꡤεդǤϤʤȤˤϡʾκΤǤϤʤ[2010-03-27-1]εǸ褦ˡѸäˤϡ绨Ĥˤäƥƥ졤ե졤Ѹλع¤ǧ롥κǾ̤˰֤Τƥ¤ϤξĶǾ̤Ȥ٤ꥷ줬¸ߤΤǤ롥ŪˡѸ줬ʸŪˤ̤Υեƥ줫¿θäѤƤΤƱ褦ˡƥʸŪˤ̤Υꥷ줫¿θäѤƤꥷϥƥˤȤäƹߤˤʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʸʸŪطʤäޤޤˡߡѸǥꥷ hypermarket ȥƥ supermarket ̤ƤΤǤϤʤ
ʤߤˡֲ̤ΡפɽƬϥƥ sub-ꥷ hypo- Ǥ롥Ǥ /s/ ( Latin ) /h/ ( Greek ) б뤳Ȥա
ǰɽΤİʾθ줬¸ߤȤϤɤθǤʤΤˡʡƱפȤΤ¸ߤ뤳ȤơפȤȤǤС¿θ¸ߤ롥ȤϤΤΡѸ˭٤ϡ¿θ٤Ƥä٤ۤɤǤ롥ΤȤ켭ŵ ( thesaurus ) ƤߤСǤ롥
Ѹˤδ˭٤СϱѸ줬¿θܿƤ¤˵롥ۤʤä줫бİۤʤä˥奢Ǽ졤äΤʤѤƤäˡ̤ȤƱѸ ( thesaurus ) ȤʤäΤǤ롥
츻̤ˤդ뤤ʬƤߤȡˡءפ뤳Ȥ狼롥㤨СŵŪΥѥȤơֻع¤פȤǤƤ֤٤Τ롥ؤ졤ؤե졤ؤƥꥷȤѥǤ롥
| native | French | Latin/Greek |
|---|---|---|
| ask | question | interrogate |
| book | volume | text |
| fair | beautiful | attractive |
| fast | firm | secure |
| foe | enemy | adversary |
| help | aid | assistance |
| kingly | royal | regal |
| rise | mount | ascend |
ε[2010-02-20-1]³ȤơѸäΤʤǥƥѸȥեѸ줬ɤΤ褦ʰּǶ¸Ƥ뤫ͤƤߤ
餫ˤ̤ꡤexplain <i> ϡӥե첽ƱѸäƤƤ plain ֻˤ롥ľܥƥ줫Ρ explane եˡ줿 explain ˶ȤǤ롥βΤ⤷ϡѸˤǤ褯夲 etymological respelling ȿФδطˤ뤳ȤǤ ( see etymological_respelling )
ŵŪˤϡetymological respelling ϡ˥ե첽DZѸäƤֻ˽Ѹ˳ؼԤˤäơץƥηؽ줿Ȥؤ㤨Сƥ perfectum ˤΤܤ perfect ϡѸ˥ե첽 parfit ηDZѸäƤѸ˥ƥֻ˴Ť perfect ؤѹ줿եˡ줿ƥΡΡ줿ȤǤ뤫顤 explain ȤϹоȤʤ
explain <i> ֻ˸ꤵƤΤϤѸǤ뤫顤λˤϾ夫ζʥƥˤȲʥեˤξƯƤȤȤƥ줫֤γؼԤƳˤϥƥ˴Ť etymological respelling ꡤ⤦̱Ūʥ٥ѤΤǤ folk respelling ȤǤ⤤٤ݤäȤȤäȤ⡤ä˸ԤϡѸ˸¤餺ĤǤⵯݤǤϤ롥
plain ʿʡפ˴ϢưĤ⤷¤դä褦θϡƥ plānus ե첽ֻ14˱Ѹꡤߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥ؤѸȤƤΡʿ̤ΡפȤˤĤƤϡѸˡƥȤֻ plane ô褦ˤʤäؼŪʤˤΤˤϳؼŪֻդ路ȤȤʿʡʿפʡפȤ줳ʿפʸϡʿ̱ˤդ路줿ֻ礤äȤȤ
explain <i> ꤫Ϥޤäơ⤷ȯ꼡
νյ٤ߤ˥˥塼ɤ˸αΥ߳顤ǼΤ褦ʼ䤬ä꤬Ȥˡ
Ȥ̾줫ưؤʻѤȤˡexplanation explain ȤΤФƤޤɤ "i" ȤʸФƤΤΰ㤤ϲʤΤȼ䤷Ȥͥƥ֤ǤʬʤȤֻ֤äƤޤǤ
ΤԻĤǤ롥̾줬 explanation ǤСбư *explanate Ȥ *explane ǤäۤǤϤʤȹͤʤ롥㤨Сprofanation ¡פФ profanate profane ¤פǡǤ롥
®츻Ĵ٤Ƥߤ¨¤˸Ĥäplain ʿפʡפֻ ( analogy ) Ȥexplain ϥƥ explānāre ˤΤܤ롥 ex- + plānāre ʬ졤촴ʬ plānus ʿʡפ̤ΤǡȤ plain Ȥϸ츻ŪʤĤʤ꤬롥̣Ūˤϡʿ餫ˤעʿ˼עפȤϢǧ롥Ѹˤ1425ǯ˥ƥ줫ä
plain ֻפȤްդΤϡȤȤ explain ǤϤʤ explane ʤɤֻԤƤȤȤǤ롥OED Ĵ٤ȡºݤ1516ˤ explane Ȥֻǧ롥ߤֻ17ʹߤˤ褽ΩΤǤ롥
ǰĵ䤬롥explain <i> ΥǥȤʤä plain ƥ plānus ͳ褹ΤǤʤСplain Τ <i> ϲͳ褹Τƥ plānus Ϥʤ *plane ȤƱѸäƤʤäΤεϡѷϩΰ㤤Ǥ롥explain ʤ explane ľܥƥ줫ѸäΤФplain ϥƥ줫եͳƱѸäΤǤ롥եͳʳǡ plānus plain ؤ졤Υե첽ֻѸäȤˤʤ롥plain αѸؤμѤ13ᤤΤǡѻΰ㤤ѷϩΰ㤤ˤȿǤƤΤȹͤ롥ȤƤϡƥ vānus եͳ vain Ȥ㤬褦⡤12˱ѸäƤ
ޤȤȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥explain <i> ϡplain <i> Ǥ롥ơplain <i> ʤˤ뤫ȤСθ츻Ǥƥ plānus ե첽ֻDZѸäƤǤ롥̤ȤơѸ plain explain ξˤƥեѤȤˤʤ롥
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