#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1]) άҤ褦ˡѸֻηϤ礭ħϡ logographic ȤȤǤֻɽ魯ȤܻؤƤꡤˤɽ¿쾯ʤ쵾ˤƤ롥ħȤϴˤ䤫ʷȸƤ֤٤Τ⤷ʤŪΤʵҤǤ롥Brengelman (346) ϡħʤ극ʤŪΤɽƤ롥
The specific characteristics of the theory of English spelling which finally emerged were the following: Each morpheme ought to have a consistent, preferably etymological spelling. Each morpheme ought to be spelled phonemically according to its most fully stressed and fully articulated pronunciation (thus n in autumn and damn, d in advance and adventure), and the etymology ought to be indicated in conventional ways (by ch, ps, ph, etc. in Greek words; by writing complexion---not complection---because the word comes from Latin complexus).
פˡǥ٥ǤϼȤƸ츻ȤưӤɽܻؤǥ٥Ǥ (1) ƤȯбȤˤȡ(2) 츻餫ˤ뤿δ˽Ȥˡ˱äɽܻؤȤȤǤ롥ḽֻηϤħ褯Ȥ館ǤϤʤ
̣ȤˡˤǤ褯ȿǤƤΤϡĹƷ줷ѸǤ롥դˤСѸ˥ƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸ줬äȤطʤä餳ħȯƤȤȤ⤷ʤ˴ϢơBrengelman 2ĤεҤɤǤߤ褦
Of all the improvements on English spelling made by the seventeenth-century orthographers, none was more important than their decision to spell the English words of Latin origin in a consistent way. Schoolmasters explained the process as showing the historical derivation of the words, but it did more than this: it showed their morphology. It is this development which makes possible a curious fact about English spelling: the longer and more bookish a word is, the easier it is to spell. No rules would lead a foreigner to spellings such as build or one, but he should easily spell verification or multiplicity. (350)
[E]nglish spelling began to be increasingly ideographic as early as the fourteenth century, and by the sixteenth, when the majority of readers and writers knew Latin, understanding was actually enhanced by Latinate spellings . . . . (351)
Ū˥ƥϱѸ¿¿ͤʱƶͿƤޤ1ġѸֻɸಽβˤƤ礭ʱƶͿƤȤȤ狼
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
[2013-01-05-1]ε#1349. procrastination פǡƥñ줬Ѹ˼ޤݤŬѤֲ§ˤĤơBloomfield ˵äƵε§ϡѸޤǤ˻ƥȤĹ̤̻ܿŪ˰ޤ졤Ū夷ΤǤ롥§ȤȾмȯãƤȸƤ褤⤷ʤռŪꤷ§Ǥ뤫Τ褦˲⤷Ҥ롥Thomas Blount Glossographia (1656) ǤGlossographia ޤ൭ȡˡBrengelman (353) ˡ Blount εҤޤȤޤäƤΤǡƸ롥
| LATIN | ENGLISH | EXAMPLES |
|---|---|---|
| -io | -ion | inquisition, ablution, abortion |
| -or | -or | agressor |
| -tura | -ture | abbreviature |
| -ista | -ist | agonist |
| -isma, -ismus | -ist | agonism, aphorism |
| Verb + o | -ate | abdicate, adumbrate |
| Verb + o (generally with long vowel) | -# | abduce, adjure, allude |
| Adj + is, us | -# | abject, abortive, angular, annual |
| -abilis | -able | arable |
| -ibilis | -ible | plausible |
| -us, -osus | -ous | abstemious, pernicious |
| Noun + a, um, us | -# | abysse, accent, alphabet |
| (rum, ra, rus) | -er | amber, alabaster |
| -ul- | -le | angle |
| -i + us, um, a, as | -y | arbitrary, anatomy, adultery, acclivity |
| -entia | -ency | adolescency |
| -ans | -ant | adjutant |
| -ens | -ent | adjacent |
(1) retain and Anglicize derivational endings; (2) delete purely inflectional endings; (3) leave prefixes and bases unchanged.
ε§˱ʤ㤬뤳Ȥ18ˤŦƤ뤬 (ex. explain, proceed, labour) Τ褦ʸϡǤ˼ˤƸ경ƤޤäƤΤ
ʤBlount ε§ϡ§Ū˸Ѹ Neo-Latin ¤ˤŬѤƤ롥Neo-Latin ¤ˤĤƤϡ#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ첽 ([2010-05-24-1]) ȡ
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1]) DZѸʤˡˤ̱Ū¦ָ̤ХΤȤ줿ݤĤˡϡϤŪʴ顤Ѹ̱Ū¦̤Ҳ𤷤褦
ѸϡѸʱѹͥˤƥѸήи (##114,1067,1226)ˤäơѸäˤع¤줿ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ǸȤǤ롥ä˳ؤߤ줿ȤȤϡλѼԤѰ (register) ˤб볬ؤꤦ뤳Ȥ롥äγؤȤλѤ˴ؤҲŪؤΤɬŪʴطȤ櫓ǤϤʤŪ˰ޤƤΤȤơΤ褦ؤ¸ߤ뤳ȤǤʤؤθäϡ֥٥פι⤤üԤѰȷӤĤ졤ؤθäϡ֥٥פ㤤üԤѰȷӤĤ뷹ϤϤäꤷƤ롥
ξˤĤơ (244) ϡֱѸ̱ŪʡפꤹǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
ʸˤ˭Ϥ⤦Ĥη̤ϡѸ줬̱ŪʤĤ褦ˤʤäȤȤǤOEˤϲͤθդ̱θդ⤿ѤʤäȻפ롥ήȸääñȤȤȤϾʤäǤ롥ξ֤ Norman Conquest ˤäơؤϥե졤ؤϱѸȤҲŪŸ (social bilingualism) ѤäѸ줬ȡѸ줽켫ΤˡμҲŪˤʤäηĹΤϿʸǤäơPurism ȽϤȸ뤳ȤǽǤ롥¡ۤȤͣɽоݤȤؤϡθ˻ޤǥꥹ̱ŪʽưȤӤĤƤ롥
Ѹʤˡˤϡ¦̤Ǥ̱Ṳ̄¦̤Ǥ̱ŪǤ롥ΤȤ¿쾯ʤɤθˤ뤳ȤޤˤĤƸ̱פȤΤϡ#1318. ˤݼŪȤϲ ([2012-12-05-1]) #1304. ꥫѸΡݼס ([2012-11-21-1]) Ǽ夲ݼפƱ褦ˡդɬפǤ롥̱פݼפʹѤޤɽǤꡤ켫ΤΤȤ館ϸĿͤˤäưۤʤǤ⡤ҲŪʴϡ̱ȤΤϤ⤷ơޤ
ʤѸˤ̱ŪĬήȤС#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹 ([2011-01-12-1]) #1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction ([2012-03-21-1]) ꤬פФ롥
졡رѸˡ١罤ۡ1983ǯ
procrastination /prə(ʊ)ˌkræstɪˈneɪʃən/ Ȥƥͳ褹Ǥʤ줬롥ٱפ̣ǡѸǤν1548ǯȤʤäƤ롥츻ȤƤϡŵƥ̾ prōcrāstinātiō ѤΤǤ롤ȽҤ٤ƺѤޤȻפкѤޤ뤬ñ procrastination η֤ȯܳŪ褦ȤСѸ줬˥ƥեηֵ§䲻§ǤȤˤҤ٤ʤˤϡѸʹߡ̻Ū˰ޤƤŪŪʷֵ§䲻§ȤƸ경ƤˤǤ롥
Bloomfield ˤСѸüԤϥƥñѤݤˡ"a fairly well-fixed set of habits" (493) ƤȤ
[T]hese habits are composed of (1) the adaptations and phonetic renderings that were conventional in the French use of book-Latin words round the year 1200, (2) adaptations that have become conventional in the English usage of Latin-French forms, and (3) phonetic renderings due to English sound-changes that have occurred since the Norman time.
procrastination ƤϤƤߤ褦եǤϡƥ̾ϼʤǤϤʤгʤåʤη֡ΤˤϤȤ֤ǼΤǤ롥äơƥ prōcrāstinātiō ϡʷΤޤޥեΤǤϤʤprōcrāstinātiōnem ʤɤμгʷ -em 줿֤ǡprocrastination Ȥƥե롥⤷13դ˥եäƤʤСեǤ *[prokrastinaˈsjoːn] ʤɤȤʤäƤȤοꤵ벻 (1) ν˴Ť
ˡѸüԤϡ(2) ν˽äơեͳƱѸäƤñȯѸ첽롥嵭οˤ2첻 *[a], 4첻 *[a], ľ *[sjon] 줾Ѹ [æ], [eɪ], [ʃən] ؤ֤ΤǤ롥νϡѸ줬̤ΥեѸʤۤ夲Ƥαʩб§Ǥ롥
Ǹˡ(3) νʤѸˤ붯ưˤ뵬§Ѳ˽äơ1ǽᤫ餽ΰذư
Bloomfield ܿͤ p. 450 ǧƤ褦ˡ(2) (3) ζܤɬΤǤϤʤ嵭ϡѸ졤ե졤ƥ3Ԥδ֤̻Ū˰ޤƤб§̻ŪƤѲȤαѸˤ붦Ūʷֵ§ʤ뤤ϷֽˤȤƳΩƤȤŪǤ롥Ѹ줬16ȾФˡƥ prōcrāstinātiō ѤȤ뤤ϻȤƼ˼ȤȾ̵ռ (1), (2), (3) νŬѤ졤Ѹβ procrastination 줿ΤǤ롥ˤϡñʤѰʾβѤƤ롥
Ĺ֤Τ˷֤ŤƤвϩĤΤޤˤ®ϩȤʤäơľŪŤ褦ˤʤäȤǤѸäμȤϡˤ diachrony synchrony ȤǤ⼨ͿƤ줽
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
Ѹäع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) ϤȤƵǿƤϡ͡ŵ Schmitt and Marsden (89) Ѹʲؤ뤤 "general"ˡեؤ뤤 "formal"ˡƥꥷʾؤ뤤 "intellectual"ˤλع¤ʤɲäơɽηǼ
| Old English (general) | French (formal) | Latin or Greek (intellectual) |
|---|---|---|
| ask | question | interrogate |
| book | volume | text |
| fair | beautiful | attractive |
| fast | firm | secure |
| fear | terror | trepidation |
| fire | flame | conflagration |
| foe | enemy | adversary |
| gift | present | donation |
| goodness | virtue | probity |
| hearty | cordial | cardiac |
| help | aid | assistance |
| holy | sacred | consecrated |
| kingly | royal | regal |
| lively | vivacious | animated |
| rise | mount | ascend |
| time | age | epoch |
| word | term | lexeme |
| Old English (general) | French (formal) | Latin or Greek (intellectual) |
|---|---|---|
| folk | people | population |
| go | depart | exit |
| guts | entrails | intestines |
| word-hoard | vocabulary | lexicon |
#944. ration reason ([2011-11-27-1]) ǡեȥƥ줫Ѥ줿2Ÿ (doublet) Ĥreason -- ration, treason -- tradition, poison -- potion, lesson -- lection ȤäڥǤ롥Schmitt and Marsden (87) ¾㤬äƤΤǡ˼ѸäƤΤǥե졤ϽѸ˲ƼѤ줿ƥǤ롥
| French (in ME) | Latin (in EModE) |
|---|---|
| armor | armature |
| chamber | camera |
| choir | chorus |
| frail | fragile |
| gender | genus |
| jealous | zealous |
| prove | probe |
| strait | strict |
| strange | extraneous |
| treasure | thesaurus |
űѸޤʸˡǤϡ͡ʳ (case) ŪʸƾΤͿƤ롥ĸ˺Ʒ8ʤǤС줾 (nominative) г (accusative) ° (genitive) Ϳ (dative) (instrumental) å (ablative) ̳ (locative) Ƴ (vocative) ȸƤФ롥줾αñϤƥͳƥȤƤߤС褽γʤɽŪʰ̣ˡȿǤ줿Ƥ̾ȤʤäƤ롥
genitive ϡ狼ˤƥ genitus ߽Ф줿פͳ褷ŵŪˡޤ졤פɽ魯°ʤˡ褯ȿǤƤ롥षܸ꤬Τ⤷ʤ
accusative ˤʤ줬гʡʤ뤤ϤεǽˤбΤaccuse ϡʤ롤פΰդǡƱΥƥ accūsāre ͳ褹롥гʤľܤȤϻפʤ
accusative θ츻Ĵ٤ƤߤȡȽ롥ʤ̾Τϸ奮ꥷʸˡѸͳ褷Ǥ aitiātikḕ (ptōsis) "(the case) of that which is caused or affected" ȸƤФƤaitíā "cause" θäΤǤ롥Ȥ aitiā ̤ "accusation, charge" θ碌äƤᡤԤѸƥذܤؤݤξƱƤޤ"accusation" θȤƤޤäϥƥ causātivus դ꤬ȤƤդ路äΤǤꡤǷѾСѸǤгʤ causative (case) ȤʤäƤȤ (Robins 44)
θǤԤϡޤɽŪʶܿͤǡޤǺǤŪʳؼԤäȤɾ Varro (116--27 B.C.) ǤȤ롥ƥʸˡ Varro ϡ4 Donatus 6 Priscian ˤƶϤΤäƥʸˡαƤǡˤȤäƤ¸ߤޤΩʤꥷʸˡ郎λˤäơŪʻŻ㤨СޤǤΤ˶̤ƤʤäʬӤϡVarro ˵ (Robins 63)
Robins, R. H. A Short History of Linguistics. 4th ed. Longman: London and New York, 1997.
ΤʸˡȤ櫓ʻˤϡ2400ǯϢʤ³ˤ롥5Ⱦ˸줿 Plato (427?--?348 B.C.) ʸιǤ ónoma (name, subject) rhēma (what is said, predicate) ̤뤳ȤüȯʬϡAristotle (384--322 B.C.) ˤ sýndesmos (link) äƸؼѤ줿
3ꡤȥɤγؼԤ3ʳˤ錄ꡤónoma, rhēma, sýndesmos 3ʬ˺ʬƤäβϸ̤ͭ̾̾ʤɤο⤿餷ؤϷѾʤäȥɤʻμήȤϤʤ餺˥쥯ɥꥢɤƬ100ǯ˽Ф Dionysius Thrax ϥ쥯ɥꥢɤήबȥɤ̵ϤƤ餺षΩ椫顤[2011-10-06-1]εǼ夲ꥷʸˡĶ顼 Techne Grammatike 路8ʻθĤǤ롥ʸˡϡꥹȶλ˥˥奷ꥢؤ줿ӥƥɾȤŵԤоݥƥȤȤʤꡤ¤13ΤǰŪʸҤؤ뤳Ȥˤʤ (Robins 38) ơϡꥷ졤ƥʤɤθŵΤߤʤ餺Ѹޤʸˡˤ줩ŤƤ롥
ȤϤäƤ⡤Techne Grammatike ʸˡ˲Ѥ줺طѾ줿櫓ǤϤʤ㤨СǤȤʸˡǤ̾ȷƻ϶̤Ƥ뤬Techne Ǥ ónoma ȤƤޤȤƤ롥Ǥ "substantive" ȤѸ줬ʹ뤳Ȥ뤬̾ȷƻ礹ѸǤ롥դˡʸˡǤϡʬưβ̶ʬȤΩŪTechne ǤưȤΩ1ĤƤƤ
奮ꥷʹߤʻRobins (42) ˿Ƥ̤˺ƸΤǡͤޤǤˡʥådzˡ
Robins, R. H. A Short History of Linguistics. 4th ed. Longman: London and New York, 1997.
ѸˤˤѸκǤȤơѸˤեäή롥˴ؤƤϡפδǤ⡤#117. եѸǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1]) ϤȤơfrench loan_word statistics ΤĤεǼ夲ƤפȤȤǤСѸΥƥѸˤȤäΤۤϿŪǤ롥
[2009-08-19-1]ε#114. ѸμѸεȳפǸڤGörlach ϽѸθäΤ褦ɾƤ롥
The EModE period (especially 1530--1660) exhibits the fastest growth of the vocabulary in the history of the English language, in absolute figures as well as in proportion to the total. (136)
. . . the general tendencies of development are quite obvious: an extremely rapid increase in new words especially between 1570 and 1630 was followed by a low during the Restoration and Augustan periods (in particular 1680--1780). The sixteenth-century increase was caused by two factors: the objective need to express new ideas in English (mainly in fields that had been reserved to, or dominated by, Latin) and, especially from 1570, the subjective desire to enrich the rhetorical potential of the vernacular. / Since there were no dictionaries or academics to curb the number of new words, an atmosphere favouring linguistic experiments led to redundant production, often on the basis of competing derivation patterns. This proliferation was not cut back until the late seventeenth/eighteenth centuries, as a consequence of natural selection or a s a result of grammarians' or lexicographers' prescriptivism. (137--38)
Görlach ϡA Chronological English Dictionary ˴ŤơΤ褦ʸפͿƤ (137) Ƥߤ褦

| Decade | 1510 | 1520 | 1530 | 1540 | 1550 | 1560 | 1570 | 1580 | 1590 | 1600 | 1610 | 1620 | 1630 | 1640 | 1650 | 1660 | 1670 | 1680 | 1690 | 1700 |
| New words | 409 | 508 | 1415 | 1400 | 1609 | 1310 | 1548 | 1876 | 1951 | 3300 | 2710 | 2281 | 1688 | 1122 | 1786 | 1973 | 1370 | 1228 | 974 | 943 |
ε#1210. ѸΥեѸΰ ([2012-08-19-1]) ³ơѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥΰǤ#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1]) Ǥ57줫ʤñʰBaugh and Cable (185) Ȥơ⤦Ĺ123ΰȤŪǤϤʤץˤʤ
Ѹˤϡƥ14--15濴ɴۤɤѤ줿Ȥ롥طԤؼԤ̤ơäդäΤ⤢뤬ȤʸäΤǤ롥ƥ줫Ѹؤ˺ݤƸѤȤطʤꡤWycliffe ȤμդˤŵBartholomew Anglicus ˤ De Proprietatibus Rerum Trevisa ݤˤɴΥƥ줬äȤ㤬 (Baugh and Cable 184)
abject, actor, adjacent, adoption, allegory, ambitious, ceremony, client, comet, conflict, conspiracy, contempt, conviction, custody, depression, desk, dial, diaphragm, digit, distract, equal, equator, equivalent, exclude, executor, explanation, formal, frustrate, genius, gesture, gloria, hepatic, history, homicide, immune, impediment, implement, implication, incarnate, include, incredible, incubus, incumbent, index, individual, infancy, inferior, infinite, innate, innumerable, intellect, intercept, interrupt, item, juniper, lapidary, lector, legal, legitimate, library, limbo, lucrative, lunatic, magnify, malefactor, mechanical, mediator, minor, missal, moderate, necessary, nervous, notary, ornate, picture, polite, popular, prevent, private, project, promote, prosecute, prosody, pulpit, quiet, rational, recipe, reject, remit, reprehend, requiem, rosary, saliva, scribe, script, scripture, scrutiny, secular, solar, solitary, spacious, stupor, subdivide, subjugate, submit, subordinate, subscribe, substitute, summary, superabundance, supplicate, suppress, temperate, temporal, testify, testimony, tincture, tract, tradition, tributary, ulcer, zenith, zephyr
ʤֻǼϡѸٽ̤1000̰ٸǤFrequency Sorter ˡƥѸ˰ճȿȶ¦̤뤳Ȥ狼
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Ѹäع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) ϤȤ뵭Ǽ夲ƤȥޥϼѸȤκϡ̣ˡ̯ʺȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿㤨Сư beat "to defeat, to win against sb" ǤΤФơեư vanquish "to defeat sb completely" Ǥ롥ޤư wet "to make sth wet" ǤΤФơեƻ줫ư moisten "to make sth slightly wet" Ǥ롥ưˤĤƤС֤κۤϡ¿ξ硤Ū˸ˤκ̵ۤͭǤ뤳Ȥ¿
ΤȤդߤСޥư줬ѤλʸűѸѸˤˤϡϼǤꡤɽϤΤǤСˤˤ걪ŪɽʤäȤȤˤʤ롥äʸؤʸΤˤ礭ä˰㤤ʤDonner (2) ϡΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥
In a period of the language antecedent to the influx of Latin verbs that allow modern authors so readily both to designate an act and to characterize its quality within a single word, modal qualifiers are likely to play rather a more important role than they currently do in literary rhetoric, which largely avoids them . . . .
Ѹʹߡˡ (mood) ްդ䤬礭ʤäƤ뤳ȤϡKillie (127) ʤɤθڤƤ "adverbialization process" Ȥǧ뤬λˤ⡤Ȥϰۤʤ̣ˤƤǤϤ뤬嵭ưäϼ夵ȤδϢˤơϽפäȹͤ롥
ǻפФΤϡܸˤưϼ夵ȵ˭٤¸ưŪʤ¿ϴư֤פղäŪưǤ롥줬ѤܸǤϡҤνѸξƱͤˡɽϤ뤫ꡤŪĸ˰¸ʤäܸξ硤ŪĸȤơ줬۾ȯãƤȤϹΤƤ롥Ρ֥ס֥䥹ס֥ꥸס֥ץץס֥ȥȡס֥٥٥ư줬줿⤳εϰ仺ȤưѤ졤礹餷ưɽϤ䤦ȤƤϡŪ˸ƤΤ⤷ʤƱͤˡѸϥޥư̼Ѹ仺ȤưѤ졤礹餷ưɽϤ䤦ȤƤϡŪ˸ƤΤǤϤʤ
ϡDonner ƤȤꡤ"literary rhetoric" Ȥ쥸ˤƤΤͭʵ⤷ʤ䡤줹Ѹܸε¿ѤդʰݤͿͤʤǡˤɽ϶äۤɰŪʽ߽ФȤ⤢뤫ϡѸˤˤȤäƤ⡤ѸӤˤȤäƤ⡤ƥʥơޤȤʤ˰㤤ʤ
Killie, Kristin. "The Spread of -ly to Present Participles." Advances in English Historical Linguistics. Ed. Jacek Fisiak and Marcin Krygier. Mouton de Gruyter: Berlin and New York: 1998. 119--34.
Donner, Morton. "Adverb Form in Middle English." English Studies 72 (1991): 1--11.
[2012-01-06-1]ε#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻפǡٹ (127) νҤ٤Ƥ֥ƥϤηƻ줬ѤȤʤפɤٻ¤ʤΤȤռäФ餯ƤȤ Schmitt and Marsden (57) ˼Τ褦ʵҤĤ
Most adverbs of manner in Modern English have the suffix -ly. This derives from Old English lice (meaning "like"), which went through several changes before it was eventually reduced to -ly. Many adverbs in Modern English derive directly from their Old English versions: boldly, deeply, fully, openly, rightly. Others come from the great period of adverb formation in English in the later 16th century, when many adjectives were simply converted to adverbs with zero inflection. These included many so-called "booster" adverbs, such as ample, extreme, detestable, dreadful, exceeding, grievous, intolerable, terrible, and vehement. But others were supplied with -ly from the start (horribly, terribly, violently), and use of the inflection gradually gained ground. During the 18th century, the pressure for normalization ensured that the suffix became the rule. We still use this suffix regularly today to make new adverbs from adjectives.
Ĥޤꡤ16Ⱦˡƻ줫饼ñ (flat_adverb) 礷äȤŦǤ롥ٹθڤѸǰƬˤƤ褦ʤΤǡSchmitt and Marsden Ʊλ¤ˤĤƸäƤȸƤ褤ƥϤηƻȤƤʤ˵Ƥ9Τ dreadful 8ޤǤʥեͳޤ˥ƥϼѸǤ롥
ܤϤ¿̤Ĵפ뤬-ly ñȯŸγάϼΤ褦ˤʤűѸȯãƤ -ly ѸˤʤäʤűѸ̤ -e üȤˤñλѤ⡤Ѹˤ˿ꤨ뤳ȤϤʤäषѸˤϡƥϼѸˤ岡⤢ꡤñμϰŪ礷ñˤϡˤ³Ū connotation ޤȤĤƤ褦ǡ18˵ϼŪʸˡѤƬ˵ڤӡʸȤߤʤ褦ˤʤäθ塤-ly ŪͥȤʤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
ʤ -ly ˴ؤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ -ly suffix adverb γƵǼ夲ƤΤǡȤ줿
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
admiral ʳ羭ġˤֻˤϡ̣ˤ롥ӥ amīr-al(-bahr) "the commander of (the sea)" ƥäΤǤ롥 d ȯֻޤޤƤʤäƥǡadmīrābilis "admirable" Ȥ䤫顤Ƭ ad- ޤޤƤ뤫Τ褦 admirālis ȤֻԤʤФťեǤϡƥͳֻ admiral Τۤˡӥθ֤Ȥ amiral ⸫줿θϡ1200ǯ˥ե줫ѸäƤƤꡤ <d> Τֻʤֻʻ¸Ƥamiral Τۤͥä<d> admiral ֻ夹Τ16ˤʤäƤǤ롥MED amiral (n.) ȡ
ֳ羭פΰ̣ϡڥ䥷ꥢΥӥ֥ͤ饻γشԡפ amīr-al-bahr ȸƤȤȯꥹȶ̤ΥꥢθƾΤȤƤѤ줿ˡΥСեɤؤäEdward III ΤȤǡAmyrel of the Se admyrall of the navy ȤѤƤ롥
(105--06) Ǥϡadmiral ϥͥοʸԤˤ etymological_respelling 1ĤȤƾҲ𤵤Ƥ롥Τ etymological respelling νϡͥħŪʥƥ줫֤θȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ¿ˤϡդ٤2Ĥ롥1ܤϡ¤ϥͥ㤬ʤʤȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤͥħŪǤϤ뤫⤷ʤͭǤϤʤȤȤ2ܤϡեǤӤ㤬뤳Ȥ顤ѸͭθݤǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥षƥ֤ĬϥեǤäƤΤǤ[2011-02-09-1]ε#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡פȡˡ etymological respelling λ㤬եˤǸ٤ʤΤѸˤǸ٤ʤΤ뤤ϤξԤ̤̣ΤɤȽȤʤȤ롥ʤȤ⡤ͥαѸͭθݤǤϤʤȤȤõƤɬפ
ʤemir, amir, emirate ˤ⡤ӥƱ캬ͭƤ롥
礦ҡرѸ˳١dzƼҡ2007ǯ
[2012-03-21-1]ε#1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinctionפ Brown and Gilman βŪʸŪ˾Ҳ𤷤Brown and Gilman ʸˤϡ衼åѤμפʸ T/V ζ̤Ƥаޡ֤ˡӡѸǤζ̤ӼȤθŪʻʤɤ˻꤬ФƤꡤ˻ɷŪͤǤ롥
ʤ衼åѤμפʸǡ2;̾ˤ T/V distinction ˡͭƤΤT/V distinction εˤĤƤϤĤ⤬뤬Brown and Gilman (255) ˤ뵭Ҥ˽мΤ褦ˤʤ롥
ΥƥǤϡ2;ñ̾Ȥ tu ΤߤѤƤ4ˡؤ̾Ȥơбʣ vos ̤Ѥ褦ˤʤäˤϽ⤢뤬Constantinople Rome Τ줾˹뤬ꡤʸ̤ʣäȤͿƤȤ롥Diocletian βפˤꡤκ¤ˤ2ͤƤŪˤ1Ĥ礵뤳Ȥˤʤä줫ι˸ƤӤ뤳ȤϡޤߤȤơ2ͤι˸ƤӤ뤳ȤƱȤ줿ΤǤ롥vos λѤϡδޤߤȤƤʣȿǤƤȤ롥
ޤ̤ˤС1ͤι뤬ʣȷӤĤ줿Τϡ̱ȹͤ줿ǤϤʤꥹ礬 "royal we" ѤΤƱǡϼؤ nos ȸäΤǤꡤб vos ǸƤӤ줿Τ⤦1ĤιͤȤơؼоݤñʣȤʸ̤οȤ̤ˡʸϤϤ⤽ʣ䤹ȤȤ롥Ǥ뤳Ȥʣϡiconicity ˤưפ˷ӤĤ줽
ʾΤ줫뤤Ȥ߹碌ˤꡤ2;ʣ1ͤιؤѤȯã䤬ơδѤϡΤߤʤ餺ϼ̤ŬѤ褦ˤʤäθȯãޥˤƤϡT/V distinction ϤۤηŪ˼Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤδ֡ˡɤ줬ߤ줿֤ǻ˺Ϥ뤬褽12--14ˡ"power semantics" ˴ŤηŪ T/V distinction Ω
ѸؤѸλ you thou ζ̤Ƴ줿ϢȤƤϡʲε뤤 personal_pronoun pragmatics դȡ
[2009-10-11-1]: #167. θ T/V distinction
[2009-10-29-1]: #185. Ѹˤȥɥĸˤˤ T/V distinction
[2010-02-12-1]: #291. ;̾ thou ξüưؤαƶ
[2010-07-11-1]: #440. ˻ĤɾΤ you
[2011-03-01-1]: #673. Burnley's you and thou
[2011-07-06-1]: #800. you ˤ ye ִ phonaesthesia
[2012-02-24-1]: #1033. ܸηɸȥ衼åѽ T/V distinction
[2012-03-21-1]: #1059. ϽŻ뤫ְռŻؿܤƤ T/V distinction
Brown, R. W. and A. Gilman. "The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity." Style in Language. Ed. Thomas A. Sebeok. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT P, 1960. 253--76.
Ѹܸθûˤϡä˼ѸμࡤϡƤ줿ȤǤФӤ롥üѤˤ˻Ƥ¿θʸȤξ˶̤뻰ع¤뤳Ȥ [2010-03-27-1], [2010-03-28-1] ξǿ줿
ѸäκǾؤˤƥ졤ꥷ줬ӤѸήΤϡѸλ塤ѹͥå (Renaissance) ΤȤǤʡ#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1]) , #478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) ȡˡۤʳؤʤʸ¿¦̤ˤƿμȯŪȤȤˡɽ뿷äɬפȤ줿Ȥ̼ѤľܤͳǤ롥ءƥ졤ꥷβ¤ϤȤŪħȡƧ߸Ǥ줿ŵؤƴȤŪǤȤؤäơĤƤѸΥեѤϤǤΤۤɤμǮ
Ҥ뤬äܸˤθμѻˤ֤äƤߤȡ礭Ȥ3Ĥä1ܤ16--17Υݥȥ졤ڥ졤줫μѡ2ܤαʩϪγƸ줫μѡ3ܤμȤƱѸ줫μѤǤ롥μѤ⡤ܤˤȤäƻɷŪäʸܿľܤη̤Ǥ롥
ѹΥͥåܤʸȤϡʸγȿμȤǤ褯ƤꡤʸˤȤϡѸΥƥ졤ꥷѤܤαѸѤȤӤĤƹͤ뤳ȤǤüѤμºݤ٤ƤߤȡѸξϡܤȤǤϤʤषܤξ˶ᤤαѸüѤϡѸθܸˤƼ̾ΰ̣ǤμѤ⤢Ϥ¿ϴϸˤȤǼƤΤħŪǤ롥#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) ǼѤΥפǤСimportation ǤϤʤ substitution ǤäȤʴϢơ##902,903 ⻲ȡˡޤޤѸѤεϤϤۤ礭ʤäܤαѸѤˡϡΤޤޥʸȤƼƤ importation ǤäޤѤεϤ٤Ǥ롥äơѤˡȵϤȤϡѹͥåξܤξ˶ᤤȤ롥
¼ (60--61) ϡʸ˱Ѹ줬ҲŪͥʥޥܿơŪ˥̥Ūʿʹ֤߽Фʤ顤ɤϡޥѸ˼ѸΰˤפȡѸμѻʹѤƲᤷƤ뤬ܤμѻɤؤȡܸ줬ҲŪͥʱѸܿơŪ˥̥Ūʿʹ֤߽Фʤ顤ɤϡѸܸ˼ܸΰˤפȤȤˤʤ롥ʸƬΡפפ˽ȼĥޤ褦˴뤬Τ褦˴ΤϡξμѤˡȵϤۤʤ뤫ǤϤʤ뤤ϡ֥̥ŪפȤͤΤäɽ˰ơ䤬Τ褦˴Ƥ⤷ʤ
ʹѤȤȤǤС¼ϡѸ˹Ω줫줿ʹѤζäѸˤǤ롥Ȥƶγ̻ˤäƤꡤ쵭ҽŻαѸˤȤϰ褷Ƥ롥ȿѸζĴǸƤꡤҤΡ֥̥ŪפȤɽԤΤ餷⤷ŸƤĥˤϻݤѸüԤѸˤ֤뤳Ȥΰ̣ˤĤƿͤǤ롥
¼ ɡرѸϤɤʸ줫ѸμҲŪ١Ʋ1989ǯ
[2011-11-30-1]ε#947. Ѹֻפǡmarginal preposition ȤƵѸֻ1Ĥ save 롥Υ졼٥ȤƤʸ줢뤤Ȥ뤳Ȥ¿?ơפΰդǡʸϤȵ롥
They knew nothing about her save her name.
Answer the last question save one.
Every man she had ever loved, save her father, was now dead.
No one, save perhaps his wife, knows where he is.
All that remained to England in France, save Calais, was lost.
ֻϡָ̱츻Ūư save ȴϢŤ뤳Ȥ뤬ºݤˤϸťե sauf, sauve 1300ǯμѤǤʤäȤ⡤ư save ȸ츻Ū˴Ϣ뤳ȤϳΤǤˡθťեñ "keeping safe or intact" ۤɤΰդηƻǡ켫Ȥϥƥƻ salvus ñåʷ salvō 뤤 salvā ؤΤܤ롥salvus "unharmed, sound; safe, saved" ΰդǤꡤ㤨 salvo iure ȤС"law being unharmed" ˡ˰ȿˤۤɤɽ路åʹʸǤꡤѸǤΩʬ칽ʸ롥
ֻ save ϤΤ褦ͳǤ뤫顤衤³̾Ϸƻ save ƱʤǤ롥ΤȤ顤̾礬гʤǤϤʤʤǸ뤳ȤǤٹ (270--71) ˤСShakespeare ޤǤϼʸ³Τ̤ۤä褦 (ex. I do entreat you, not a man depart, / Save I alone, till Antony have spoke. (Julius Cæsar, III. ii. 65--66.) ʹߤϡŪʤֻ᤹̾Ȥưռ褦ˤʤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
save ˤϡ餫³ȤƤˡ⤢ꡤߤǤ save that Ȥ Little is known about his early life, save that he had a brother. Τ褦㤬롥ɬ that ȼʤŤˡǤϡľ˸֤;̾줬ʤгʤˤäơ³줫ֻ줫̤줿櫓ǤꡤξʻǤ as, but, except, than ʤɤ롥ٹ (271) ϡֺǤ save ϤμгʤȼʤФʤʤĥκϤʤפȤƤ롥
ѸˤĤƤ MED "sauf (prep.)" ڤ "sauf (adj.)", 7 ȡ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Ѹǡ̾̾ she ǼƤŪطʤ䡤50ǯۤɤΤˤˡषƤаޤˤĤƤϡ##852,853,854 εǼ夲ϡʤ̾Ū˽ǧƤȤꤿ
1Ĥˤϡ[2011-08-29-1]ε#854. ̾̾ she (3)פǿ줿褦ˡȤȤϡԤˤȤäơۤ٤Ρ٤ΤȤǧäΤǤϤʤ롥䤽¾ξʪ̾ǼΤƱͤȯۤ
⤦1Ĥϡٹ (259) ֤ι̱ФƽѤ뤳Ȥʤɤϡ餫˥ƥʸˡμ̤ǤפȻŦ褦ˡƥ Italia, Græcia, Britannia, Germania, Hispania ʤɤ̾ -ia ǽäƤ뤳Ȥαƶͤ롥ʸˡĥ衼åѤ¾θ줬̾ɤǼ줿ϡơǤꡤɬ̲Ǥʤ褦ʸˡäѸˤƵŪ˽ηΤˤϡƥϤä礭Ȥ뤫⤷ʤ
ƥθ -ia ϡꥷƱͳ褷ꥷǤ -os ƻ줫̾Τ¿Ѥ줿OED ˤȡAustralia, Tasmania, Rhodesia ʤɤι̾̾Τۤhydrophobia, mania, hysteria ʤɤ̾Cryptogamia, Dahlia ʤɤοʪ̾ammonia, morphia ʤɤαʪ̾¤ˤѤ줿ŵǤϡθϽñʣƱɽ路Τǡɸʪ°ʪ̱νΤʤɡʪݲ̾դˤϤäƤĤθäΤ
ƥǤ -ia Τߤʤ餺 -a Ǥꡤˤ̾̾¤⤵ä (ex. Africa, Asia, Corsica, Malta)
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
flat adverb εˤĤƤϡ[2009-06-07-1]ε#40. -ly פ[2012-01-03-1]ε#981. ȷƻζפǴñ˿ƤűѸǤϡƻδΤ˸ -e ղäȤƵǽ -e Τüˤ餵ƷŪ̵˵ˡƻƱ줬ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤä줬flat adverb ηŪʵǤ롥ѸʹߡŪȤƤ -ly ޤäƤflat adverb 褷Ѥ뤳Ȥʤߤˤޤ¸³Ƥ롥
ʾ夬 flat adverb γάŪˤ˶̣꤬롥flat adverb ϸߤǤϤƤ졦졦¯ζȼΤ褦 register ħ˾夤ˤƤΤflat adverb ȯãˤܤĴ٤вǤ꤫⤷ʤ
ȴϢ뤫⤷ʤٹ (127--28) ϡ-e ξüˤꡤȷƻ줬ƱȤʤäȤ˸ڤǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
դθǡƻȤ־̤ä塤άͳϤääơƥϤηƻ줬ѤȤʤΤȤϼ¤ˤǤ롥
Thou didst it excellent.---Shakespeare.
Grow not instant cold.---ibid.
Ǥ¯ǤϤ㤬¿ȤС
She talks awful.---Mark Twain.
You must ha' been an uncommon nice boy.---Dickens.
The mountains proved exceeding high.---H. R. Haggard.
ФǤʤäѤʸäƤΤ⾯ʤϤʤȤС
Quick as thought I switched on the light.--Kaye-Smith.
And doubtless there was more in him than met the eye, as is the way with great men.---Chesterton.
ѤΡ֥ƥηƻ줬ѤȤʤפȤϡŪʰ⤤뤤Ū¤ɽΤäˤβսǻʸͿƤ櫓ǤϤʤ꤫ǤϤʤˤʤڤǤ롥ɵ椷Ƥߤ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Ѹä˻ 2Ÿ (doublet) ϡΥˤȤ߹碌ˤä͡ʼबߤ롥ޤǤ doublet εǼ夲Ƥϡեߤ¿ե줫μѸˤθǤƥη֤Ȥδ֤2ŸδطäƤߤƤߤ褦
ƥñϡ̼Ǥեݤ˲ѲФβѲ1ĤˡƥŵŪ̾ -tiō(nem) ե -son ؤȯãȤΤ롥ˤꡤƥ ratiōnem ϥե raison ءƱͤ traditiōnem trahison ءpōtiōnem poison ءlectiōnem leçon ؤѲ
Ѳϸ§Ȥ㳰ʤȤȡե -tion η֤ϻĤʤϤºݤˤϤǤ¸ߤ롥ϡե줬Ѳ뤲˲ƥƥ줫츻Ūʷ֤Ѥʤ뤤褵ˤǤ롥ʳǡǤˡեˤƸ츻ˤ2Ĥΰۤʤ֡ʥեȥƥˤ2ŸȤƶ¸ƤȤˤʤ롥ơեˤ뤽2֤ɬƱǤʤˤ衤ΤޤޱѸؤѤ졤2Ÿδطԡ줿Τration -- reason, tradition -- treason, potion -- poison, lection -- lesson Τ褦ʥڥǤ롥
ration -- reason ˤϡratio ȤƱѸ¸ߤ3Ÿ (triplet) Ƥ롥tradition ϥƥ trādere ("through" + "give") ̾ǡ֡ʼˡ˰ѤȡϤȡפǤ롥Ʊ츻αñ treason ڤˤϡ֡ʿͤϤȡפۤɤθȯãñ tradition Τ⡤1517ޤǤϡڤפθäƤ
[2011-02-09-1]ε#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡פǸ褦ˡեȥƥθϸʬΤȤ¿ǤϤ줯餤ξκϾ˥ƥˤ⤢ٴƤեν礤˺𤷤ƤťեˤƤϡեȥƥʻ¸Ͼ֤ǤꡤξΤʤǾ嵭Τ褦2Ÿ줬߽Ф줿ơ;ȤϳۤƥɤؤäѸˤξʤȤϡΤ褦˥եˤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ뤳Ȥ狼
Τ褦2ŸϡƱѸä¿ƤȤƳФƤ
[2011-02-09-1]εѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡פε³[2011-08-20-1]εָѸθäεȳפǤ줿 Philip Durkin κǶιֱ "Some neglected aspects of Middle English lexical borrowing from (Anglo-)French" ǡɸƤֱȤΥϥɥȤȤˡΰüҲ𤷤
줬եѸ줫ƥѸ줫ϡեˤθ˴Ť˸ȽǤ뤬¿ϤȤΤ褦ʥǤϡ줫μѤǤȤǽǤʤѶŪ˾뤳ȤǤʤĤޤꡤξ줫 multiple input ȤǽǰƬ֤Ƥɬפ롥
θǤ뤫ˤ餺ΥեƥѸ¿ǤꡤθѸȲꤷꤵ¿θޤǤ롥
Helsinki Corpus ˴ŤĴˤȡեƥѸǸ٤ι⤤ϡ餫٤ä櫓ǤϤʤѸ˹٤ȤʤäƤեƥѸϡȤ13--14˼Ѥ줿Ǥ롥
1380ǯˤϡΦեΤߤǤȾѸ¸ߤʤΤ褦ʼѸ줬ϤΤϡ14Ⱦ15ˤƤǤ롥
եƥѤνΥǥǤϡʲΤ褦ʰۤä(1) ѸϤ줫θʤ줫ȽǤʤȤƤˤѤ(2) ˡƱƱȯŸ¾θƱ졤뤤ϤϢ줫̣ѤԤʤȤˤäƸɲäƤȤä
Durkin ϡĴ̤˴ŤեƥѤˤĤƿʥǥƤƤ롥ƤϼΤ褦ǤѸ줫ѸˤƤλ塤ä˱Ѹ줬ϿθȤ̤λǤ⡤ɤˤƥեȥƥ¿ʬǸҤθǤ³ΥɿͤŪξȤο֤ܿƤΤ褦¿Ҳˤơɿͤϡ°ҲĤ˱٤κϤ졤Ѹ졤ե졤ƥΤǸߤбη֤Ọ̇̄ΤäƤȹͤ롥ˤ錄 "multiple input" η̤ȤơѸη֤Ọ̇̄ѤʣƤΤǤϤʤ
ǥǤϡθ줬ѸȤεϡΥ¿ҲˤƼѸη֤Ọ̇̄ɤΤ褦¿ƤȤε˾ƤƤ롥֤ľŪȯãȤϡߤʣŪʱƶβǽŻ뤵Ƥ롥[2010-08-06-1]εָ츻ؤϵݤʳؤפǡ츻ˤŪ츻ȳŪ츻뤳ȤҲ𤷤Durkins οǥŪ츻Τߤʤ餺Ū츻ˤܤХΥǥɾ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
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