ε˰³ʩξˤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δطˤĤơScragg (52--53) ϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Throughout the Middle Ages, French scribes were very much aware of the derivation of their language from Latin, and there were successive movements in France for the remodelling of spelling on etymological lines. A simple example is pauvre, which was written for earlier povre in imitation of Latin pauper. Such spellings were particularly favoured in legal language, because lawyers' clerks were paid for writing by the inch and superfluous letters provided a useful source of income. Since in France, as in England, conventional spelling grew out of the orthography of the chancery, at the heart of the legal system, many etymological spellings became permanently established. Latin was known and used in England throughout the Middle Ages, and there was a considerable amount of word-borrowing from it into English, particularly in certain registers such as that of theology, but since the greater part of English vocabulary was Germanic, and not Latin-derived, it is not surprising that English scribes were less affected by the etymologising movements than their French counterparts. Anglo-Norman, the dialect from which English derived much of its French vocabulary, was divorced from the mainstream of continental French orthographic developments, and any alteration in the spelling of Romance elements in the vocabulary which occurred in English in the fourteenth century was more likely to spring from attempts to associate Anglo-Norman borrowings with Parisian French words than from a concern with their Latin etymology. Etymologising by reference to Latin affected English only marginally until the Renaissance thrust the classical language much more positively into the centre of the linguistic arena.
פʥݥȤޤȤȡ
(1) եˤƥ츻ȤƤʸϡ̻ξԤΤä
(2) ե٤бѸˤϥޥϤθäʤŪˤгΤˤ̤ꡪˡƥ츻ضŤ٤оݤȤʤ⤽ʤäᡤ츻ŪֻβФˤä뤤ϷФΤ٤줿 (cf. #653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1]))
(3) 14αѸθ츻ŪֻϡľܥƥȤ̤ǤϤʤAnglo-Norman Υ Parisian French ָ̤Ǥ롥
(4) ƥľܤαƶϡܳŪˤϥͥԤʤФʤʤä
ǤϡʤͥŪˤ16ˡƥ츻ľܻȤ츻ŪֻѸȤ䤤ФơScragg (53--54) ϥƥäμѤλäǤ롤üŪƤ롥
As a result both of the increase of Latinate vocabulary in English (and of Greek vocabulary transcribed in Latin orthography) and of the familiarity of all literate men with Latin, English spelling became as affected by the etymologising process as French had earlier been.
Τ˥ƥä̤ήϡƥ츻ռȤʤä츻Ūֻؤαƶ⤢äȤ롥츻ŪֻĬή¸ߤƤΤǤꡤñ16ΥƥѤεϤʤȥƥؤοƤߡˤΤߤ˸ڤơդƤޤΤϰ°פǤϤʤѸˤ츻Ūֻϡ礭Ūʸ̮֤뤳Ȥοʤ褦˻פ롥
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
ѸѸˤƤαѸθ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȯȳظˤϡбեǤθ츻ŪֻμäΤȤˤĤƤϡ#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])#1156. admiral <d> ([2012-06-26-1])#1790. եǤ16ĺޤ츻ֻ֤ ([2014-03-22-1])#1942. 츻Ūֻνᤰäơ ([2014-08-21-1]) ʤɤεǿƤȤǤ롥
äơѸˤ뤳ͤͤ褦ȤСեˤȤʤ14--16եθ츻ŪֻμˤĤơZink (24--25) Ѥ褦
Latinisation et surcharge graphique. --- L'idée de rapprocher les mots français de leurs étymons latins ne date pas de la Renaissance. Le mouvement de latinisation a pris naissance à la fin du XIIIe siécle avec les emprunts opérés par la langue juridique au droit romain sous forme de calques à peine francisés.... Parti du vocabulaire savant, il a gagné progressivement les mots courants de l'ancien fonds. Il ne pouvait s'agir dans ce dernier cas que de réfections purement graphiques, sans incidence sur la prononciation ; aussi est-ce moins le vocalisme qui a été retouché que le consonantisme par l'insertion de graphèmes dans les positions où on ne les prononçait plus : finale et surtout intérieure implosive.
Ainsi s'introduisent avec le flot des emprunts savants : adjuger, exception (XIIIe s.) ; abstraire, adjonction, adopter, exemption, subjectif, subséquent. . . (mfr., la prononciation actuelle datant le plus souvent du XVIe s.) et l'on rhabille à l'antique une foule de mots tels que conoistre, destre, doter, escrit, fait, nuit, oscur, saint, semaine, soissante, soz, tens en : cognoistre, dextre, doubter, escript, faict, nuict, obscur, sainct, sepmaine, soixante, soubz, temps d'après cognoscere, dextra, dubitare, scriptum, factum, noctem, obscurum, sanctum, septimana, sexaginta, subtus, tempus.
Le souci de différencier les homonymes, nombreux en ancien français, entre aussi dans les motivations et la langue a ratifié des graphies comme compter (qui prend le sens arithmétique au XVe s.), mets, sceau, sept, vingt, bien démarqués de conter, mais/mes, seau/sot, sait, vint.
Toutefois, ces correspondances supposent une connaissance étendue et précise de la filiation des mot qui manque encore aux clercs du Moyen Age, d'où des tâtonnements et des erreurs. Les rapprochements fautifs de abandon, abondant, oster, savoir (a + bandon, abundans, obstare, sapere) avec habere, hospitem (!), scire répandent les graphies habandon, habondant, hoster, sçavoir (à toutes les formes). . . .
ȤƤϡ(1) եǤϥͥΩ13ƥѤǤꡤȼäƥƥ˴Ť츻Ūֻ⸽Ƥȡ(2) ȸλҲæƤȤ˸츻ŪʻҲ褵ȡ(3) 츻ŪֻĤñ줬ʩξˤƶ̤뤳ȡ(4) եξˤϸ츻ŪֻƱ۵ɤ̤䤬äȡ(5) եǤ츻Ūֻ˴ŤĹ꽤ߤ줿ȡ롥Ϥ褽Ѹθ츻Ūֻˤ⤢ƤϤޤꡤʩξݤͿƤ뤳ȡäȸХե줬ѸرƶڤܤȤ롥(5) ˵꽤 (hypercorrection) αѸǤˤĤƤϡ#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
츻Ūֻ˴ؤƱʩǰۤʤȻפΤϡ嵭 (4) եǤϡ츻ŪֻƳϡƱ۵ (homonymy) ̤ΤäȤСˤƱ۵ (homonymic_clash) 뤿ˡ츻Ū§˴ŤƸߤ˰ۤʤֻƳȤȤǤ롥ƥ줫ޥػβѲη̡եǤñƱ۵줬̤˻äˤƲ褹Ȥơ츻ŪֻѤ줿ΤǤ롥ܸΤҤ餬ʤǡ֤פȽƤɤΡ֤פ̤դʤΤǡǡֹֻաסָספʤɤȽʬȻƤ롥ˤƥեνηϤϡɽŪʤΤ顤ɽŪʤΤؤȰŤȤ
ѸǤƱ۵ͤ뤿˸츻ŪֻƳȤϤʤä褦˻פ뤬ǽŪʸ츻ŪֻưդȤˤĤƤϡ⤦տͻͤꤽ
Zink, Gaston. ''Le moyen françis (XIVe et XV e siècles)''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1990.[sic]
ḽѸ <nation> ֤ϡѸǤϼȤ <nacio(u)n> ֤Ƥ<nacio(u)> <nation> ѲϡŪˤϤʤġɤΤ褦ΤǤ첻 <ou> <o> ѲȡҲ <c> <t> Ѳʬƹͤɬפ롥
ޤ첻ѲˤĤƹͤ褦 (331) ˤȡ¯ƥˤ /o/ + ɡǽIJϡб Norman French η֤Ǥɡ첻û첻 /ʊ/ 뤤Ĺ첻 /uː/ βĸ줬ѸؼѤȡround, troumpe, count, nombre, countrefeten, countour, cuntree, counseil, commissioun, condicioun, nacioun, resoun, sesoun, religioun ʤɤ֤줿-<sioun> -<tioun> ȯϡб븽 -<sion> -<tion> ȯ /ʃ(ə)n/ ȤϰۤʤꡤޤƱ岽⤷Ƥ餺ʲ /siuːn/ ݤäƤȹͤ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƤβ˶ʤʤäƤȡƱ岽Ϥޤꡤߤ /ʃ(ə)n/ ˶ŤƤäβĹ첻ֻ -<ioun> Ϥդ路ʤȴ졤1ʸȤ -<ion> ȤΤ̲롥
<ou> <o> Ѳñȯֻפ٤ΤǤȤɤϸڤ;Ϥ롥ˤ¿ʤȤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) κѤäΤǤϤʤȤΤϡME nacioun nation ѲȤѲΤ첻ǤϤʤԤҲ <c> <t> ؤѲȤäǤ롥Upward and Davidson (97) ˤȡ
The letter C with the value /s/ before E and I in OFr had two main sources. One was Lat C: Lat certanus > certain. The other was Lat T, which before unstressed E, I acquired the same value, /ts/, as C had in LLat. Medieval Lat commonly alternated T and C in such cases: nacionem or nationem, whence the widespread use of forms such as nacion in OFr and ME. The C adopted in LLat, OFr and ME for classical Lat T has sometimes survived into ModE: Lat spatium > space; platea > place. Elsewhere, a later preference for classical Lat etymology has led to the restoration of T in place of C, as in the -TION endings: ModE nation.
Ĥޤꡤ<nacio(u)n> <nation> ˤ첻ѲҲѲ⡤ŵƥֻ˰פ٤ΤǤϤʤ
ֻѲġɤΤ褦ˤĤơ˥ѥѤĴƤߤޤ Helsinki Corpus äơη̤ʰʲθǤϡʣΤĤֻʤɤ˽äƤˡϾʤΤΡ16ѲλäȤ롥
| <nacion> (<nacioon>) | <nation> | |
|---|---|---|
| M2 (1250--1350) | 0 (1) | 0 |
| M3 (1350--1420) | 7 (1) | 0 |
| M4 (1420--1500) | 2 (0) | 0 |
| E1 (1500--1569) | 2 (0) | 2 |
| E2 (1570--1639) | 0 (0) | 13 |
| E3 (1640--1710) | 0 (0) | 14 |
| <nacion> | <nation> | |
|---|---|---|
| CEECS1 (1418--1638) | 2 | 12 |
| CEECS2 (1580--1680) | 1 | 27 |
| <nacion> | <nacioun> | <nation> | <natioun> | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1451--1500 (123,537 words) | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1501--1550 (1,825,565 words) | 90 | 0 | 82 | 0 |
| 1551--1600 (6,648,588 words) | 64 | 0 | 947 | 13 |
| 1601--1650 (21,296,378 words) | 18 | 0 | 6,451 | 0 |
| 1651--1700 (38,545,254 words) | 11 | 0 | 22,350 | 1 |
| 1701--1750 (33,741 words) | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
ѸäħŪع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ʤɤεǤߤƤع¤ȤɽΤϡ岼طȳؤΤӥΤ褦ʷʪΥ⤷ʤӥȤϡĺԥߥåɤΤ褦ʷۤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ顤ι㳬ؤá䶹ޤä泬ؤΥեáⳬؤΥƥꥷäȤ
ԥߥåɤȤŬڤʤΤϡ1ĤˤϡⳬؤΥƥꥷäΤøŪϰ̤Ȱҿ褯Ƥ뤫ҲŪʸŪ¾ݤݥˤĤƤ뤳Ȥϡӥ뷿ԥߥåɷΤۤ褯ɽǤ롥
2ܤȤơ줾θä٤ԥߥåɤˤƳؤѤȤɽǤ뤫Ǥ롥ε#1959. ʸػˤʸػˤˤפԤѤäˤγ ([2014-09-07-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡäդΤߤʤ餺դˤƤ⡤ä٤¾ݤƤʤʤʬۤϡ#1645. ܸθʬۡ ([2013-10-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡܸˤƤƱͤäˡоŪˡⳬؤθä٤㤤ġθˤĤƤȿ⤢ŪʷȤƤϡƳؤ٤ѤȤб롥äȤ⡤Ƴؤθ̡ʰۤʤˤȤȤǤСɬ⤽줬ԥߥåɤѤб櫓Ǥʤ100cf. #309. Ѹδܸ100εȳ ([2010-03-02-1]) Ⱥ600cf. #202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ ([2009-11-15-1])ˤǸ¤ꡤ̤ѤϤ褽бƤ뤬10000Ȥ٥Ĵȡ#429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ ([2010-06-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡȤƤ3ؤξ岼ط롥
ԥߥåɤȤͭȹͤ3ܤͳϡԥߥåɤˤƳؤѤ٤Τߤʤ餺ΤỊ̇ˡιˤбƤ뤫ŪܶǤ٤⤤ФǤʤ¿Ǥꡤˡ¿ˤ錄롥ŪʸƱͿפǤ⡤ give Ūʸ¿ˤ¿ƥѸ donate ϸꤵƤ롥ޤgive ʸȤ SVOiOd SVOd to Oi 뤳ȤǤʤʤ dative shift ǽˤdonate ϸԤʸƤʤۤˤϡ#112. եƥѸȲˡߡ ([2009-08-17-1]) Ǽ褦ˡóؤŪʿ˴ͿƤȵ륱롥
3δ顤Hughes (43) ϡΤ褦ʥԥߥåɹ¤
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嵭3Τۤˤ⡤ƳؤѤȸ䤹 (comprehensibility) طƤȤ⤢롥ɤΤȤóؤϡʸŪҿ㤵١̣ˡιȤäشطˤȤȤԥߥåɤȤϹߤǤ롥
Hughes, G. A History of English Words. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1]) ³ơűѸΥƥѸꡥűѸˤƥѸοϡˤ뤬ɴĤȤ롥Ȥ Miller (53) ϡο600--700ĤۤɤȸѤäƤ롥
Old English had some 600--700 loanwords from Latin, about 500 of which are common to Northwest Germanic . . ., and 287 of which are ultimately from Greek, seventy-nine via Christianity . . . .
ĿȤȤ˳ꤷΤϤ줾μѸμǯǤ롥[2013-04-03-1]εǤϡSerjeantson ˽äƼǯ (i) Φ塤(ii) c. 450--c. 650, (iii) c. 650--c. 1100 3ʬƼ¿ԤˤäƺѤƤŪʻʬǤ롥ȤۤܽŤʤ뤬4μѤȤäʲ4ʬƤƤ롥
(1) continental borrowings
(2) insular borrowings during the settlement phase [c. 450--600]
(3) borrowings [600+] from christianization
(4) learned borrowings that accompanied and followed the Benedictine Reform [c10e]
4ʬ˺٤ Dennis H. Green (Language and History in the Early Germanic World. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.) ˤʬ⤢ꡤMiller (54) Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥줾ħˤĤ Miller Ѥ˴ñդ
(1a) an early continental phase, when the Angles and Saxons were in Schleswig-Holstein (contact with merchants) and on the North Sea littoral as far as the mouth of the Ems (direct contact with the Romans)
ϾʤȤƾȸ줬¿ޤξʡƻʤɡwine ŵ㡥
(1b) a later continental period, when the Angles and Saxons had penetrated to the litus Saxonicum (Flanders and Normandy)
饤ϸǥͤȤľܿƼѤ줿Ȼפ street, tile ŵ㡥
(2a) an early phase, featuring possible borrowing via Celtic
λ°ȻפϡꥢäƤ¯ƥȲŪ˰פƤꡤ֥ƥǤμѤɤϵ路Ȥ⤤롥
(2b) a later phase, with loans from the continental Franks as part of their influence across the Channel, especially on Kent
(3) begins "with the coming of Augustine and his 40 companions in 597, and possibly even at an earlier date, with the arrival of Bishop Liudhard in the retinue of Queen Bertha of Kent in the 560s"
λμѸϸűѸβѲۤȤɼʤǡ¾λΤΤȰۤʤäƤ롥¿϶ƥѸǤ롥
(4) of a learned nature, culled from classical Latin texts, and differ little from the classical written form
ºݤˤϡޤǺ٤ȤꤷƤ⡤ѸȤˤϤ٤οäƷ褹뤳Ȥcontinental insular Ȥ绨ĤʬǤۣ early later 餤դȤȤ⾯ʤʤ
Miller, D. Gary. External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance. Oxford: OUP, 2012.
ε#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1]) ˰³etymological_respelling ꡥѸˤǤϸ츻Ūֻϼ16--17ȤǧƤcf. #1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1])ˡᤤ14--15ǧƤ뤷#653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])#1790. եǤ16ĺޤ츻ֻ֤ ([2014-03-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ٥եǤ褯ݤ13ȾƤºݤ˥եǤ츻Ūֻ16˥ԡޤΤǡθݤˤĤơʩϤ褽Ĵ碌ƤȤˤʤ롥
ե¦Ǥθ츻ŪֻˤĤƾܤĴƤʤMiller (211) 14꤫ȤƤ롥
Around the end of C14, French orthography began to be influenced by etymology. For instance, doute 'doubt' was written doubte. Around the same time, such etymologically adaptive spellings are found in English . . . ., especially by C16. ME doute [?a1200] was altered to doubt by confrontation with L dubitō and/or contemporaneous F doubte, and the spelling remained despite protests by orthoepists including John Hart (1551) that the word contains an unnecessary letter . . . .
եǤϰ <doubte> ³17ˤϺƤ <b> æǤ doute äƤ롥
ǤϡѸ¦ǤϤɤdoubt ؤ <b> Ĵ٤ƤߤȡMED ʸˤС15¿㤬ۤ14 Gower 롥
ƱͤˡOED Ǥ <doubt> ȰʸƤߤȡ15㤬ʤ餺ۤ14ˤ1300ǯ Cursor Mundi 줿رѸ츻ŵ٤Ǥϡdoubt ˤ <b> αѸǤ15ȤʤäƤ뤬ºݤˤϤä㤬äȤˤʤ롥
a1300 Cursor M. (Edinb.) 22604 Saint peter sal be domb þat dai,.. For doubt of demsteris wrek [Cott. wreke].
1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 230 First ben enformed for to lere A craft, which cleped is facrere. For if facrere come about, Than afterward hem stant no doubt.
1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) xvi. xlvii. 569 No man shal wene that it is doubt or fals that god hath sette vertue in precyous stones.
˽Ѹ쥳ѥ LAEME <b> ޤֻϸĤʤä
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Miller, D. Gary. External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance. Oxford: OUP, 2012.
Ѹˤϱʩδ֤Ǹڤؤ code-switching ƥȤ뤳Ȥ#1470. macaronic lyric ([2013-05-06-1])#1625. Ѹνդˤ code-switching ([2013-10-08-1]) εǤߤȤƤϽŪʱʸ件ʸޤʤʤɤλ㤬뤬餬ԤˤڤؤʤΤ뤤ڤؤ˺ݤƲ餫 "social and discourse-pragmatic reasons" äΤȤʤcf. #1627. code-switching code-mixing ([2013-10-10-1])ˡ
̾嵭 macaronic code-switching ȤΤϡ硤ᡤʸȤäŪ礭ʸñ̤ǰθ줫¾θڤؤ꾮ñ̡㤨зǤ䲻ǡʸǡˤȤñ̤Ǥ macaronic code-switching ϤꤦΤ⤷ȤСˤⲿ餫 "social and discourse-pragmatic reasons" ؤäƤȹͤΤ
Miller (211) ϡ<doubt> (cf. ME <doute>) ˸褦ʸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ϥ⤷ macaronic code-switching ˤΤ⤷ʤȿ¬Ƥ롥
Some changes may be due to the macaronic codeswitching between Medieval Latin and Late Middle English in certain poetic texts and especially London accounting records . . . .
ο¬ɤ뤳Ȥ<doubt> <receipt> Τ褦 <b> <p> ٤ϡ¤˺Ĥƥ줫֤ι٤Ǥ롥礭ʸñ̤Ǥα֤ڤؤˤ˵äƤʤ¤ꡤκʪΤϡԤή礦2ѼԤǤϤʤƥȤơԽʬˡ˳ؤѸüԤȤȤƥθ츻Ȥʸ macaronic code-switching ȸƤ֤٤ɤϡɭˤäƤ롥code-switching ȤϲͤϤСbilingualism ȤϲȤƬˤˤ餶ʤޤ#1661. Ѥ code-switching ζ֡ ([2013-11-13-1]) ؤäƤ褦<b> <p> 줿ȤϤϤ macaronic code-switching θʤΤ뤤ϥƥμѤʤΤơˤ衤˼ҲŪŪʰտޤϤäΤ
ٴƤȡ츻ֻʳŪĬǤơּҲŪŪʰյפղä뤳ȤˤϤʤä줿ȤˡΤ褦ʰյտޤäɤϡ¬ΰФʤ
ʾͻǡΤ褦ʴۤä(1) code-switching ʸȤñ̤ǵ뤫ɤ路(2) #653. ѸˤեѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1]) Ǥߤեˤ㤬褦ˡȾüʥƥμ˴ŤѤȤߤʤȤǽʬǤϤʤ(3) ̤ȤƸˡ<b> <p> ˼ҲŪŪʰյդ줿פʤΤǤäơβ code-switching ѤʤɤϳơǤꡤۤɽפǤϤʤβ macaronic text ¸ߤͤƤߤϤʤäΤǡʿ¬ǤϤ롥
Miller, D. Gary. External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance. Oxford: OUP, 2012.
#999. ѲȾ ([2012-01-21-1])#1118. Schleicher η ([2012-05-19-1])#1236. ڤȡ ([2012-09-14-1])#1925. ɴ֤δطɥ衼åѸ²ηޡ ([2014-08-04-1]) ǿƤ褦ˡθޤμȤơܿ (language contact) Ūܴط˴Ť (linguistic area; cf. #1314. [2012-12-01-1]ˤޤɽǤʤȤ꤬äǡޤΤʤ¾줫αƶ˴ؤळȤԲǽǤϤʤMiller (3) Τ褦ʻߤԤäƤΤǡ䤹˺ޤΤ

οޤǤϡѸ줬Ū˷иƤܿŪʾ郎ޤɽƤ롥äˡפʸȤܿϡ褽狼褦Ƥ롥ޤƥ졤ե졤ꥷ줫αƶ٤κϤŪǤꡤŪʤΤ˸¤뤳Ȥ鸫Ƽ롥ťΥɸ (ENorse) ȤθܿˤĤƤƱͤΰ뤬ˤꡤ¤Ūʳˤƶ̹ξʤʤȤƤ롥ȸ (Brythonic) ȤδطˤĤƤϡǯȯƤƤ뤬ϰŪΥͥˤäƼƤ롥
οޤѸȽȤαƶδط˼Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ㤨СǿƤΤϼ礿ܿΤߤǤμȿ䤷ƿޤ̲뤳ȤϤǤˡޤեȤܿˤĤơѸʹߤη³ŪʴͿϤޤƤʤǤ⡤οޤ̤ξޤƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤꡤѸˤγѤȤƤΩĤΤǤϤʤ
Miller, D. Gary. External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance. Oxford: OUP, 2012.
#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) ʤɤ˰³Ƥꡥ
ε#1898. ƥˤ⤢ä h-dropping ؤ ([2014-07-08-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡƥˤ /h/ æƤ꽤 (hypercorrection) ⤷Феǡæϻߤ褦ʤη̤ϸΥޥˤȿǤ뤳Ȥˤʤäʤŵƥˡ <h> бҲϡեޤޥ̵ȤƷѾ졤եͳƱѸؤѤ줿Ȥƥˡֻ <h> ΤΤĹϼˤꡤ˼뤳ȤϤʤ衼åѤνؤä̤ȤơˤơβѲη̤ȤƤ̵ȿŪʵϼθֻ <h> ȤĹ餯礦Ȥˤʤä
ѸǤ⡤ƥͳ褹ˤ <h> ݻѸռƤä#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡϽѸˤߤ뤳Ȥˤʤ츻Ū֤ (etymological_respelling) ȤơѸ˾ɾ٤ݤˤĤƤ Horobin (80--81) ʲΤ褦ˤäȸڤƤΤߤϤäɾ⤯ä٤Ȼפ
Because of the loss of initial /h/ in French, numerous French loanwords were borrowed into Middle English without an initial /h/ sound, and were consequently spelled without an initial <h>; thus we find the Middle English spellings erbe 'herb', and ost 'host'. But, because writers of Middle English were aware of the Latin origins of these words, they frequently 'corrected' these spellings to reflect their Classical spelling. As a consequence, there is considerable variation and confusion about the spelling of such words, and we regularly find pairs of spellings like heir, eyr, here, ayre, ost, host. The importance accorded to etymology in determining the spelling of such words led ultimately to the spellings with initial <h> becoming adopted; in some cases the initial /h/ has subsequently been restored in the pronunciation, so that we now say hotel and history, while the <h> remains silent in French hôtel and histoire.
ḽѸʤ餺Ȥ˱Ѹˤ h-dropping ϰˤ̤˹ͤƤᤤʳǸ츻Ū֤Ϥ˴ͿƤȤơѸ˾塤겼յΤȥԥåǤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ѸˤˤҲ /h/ ˤĤơ#214. ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) #459. ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1]) #494. hypercorrection ˤ h ([2010-09-03-1])#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) ۤh h-dropping ʤɤε¿夲Ƥ
Ѹʸ塤ҲŪʴؿŪȤʤäƤѸѼ h-dropping εˤĤƤϽ⤢뤬Ѹˡ<h> ֻΤη褷 /h/ ȤȯʤեѸ줬̤˱ѸήǤȤľܡܤαƶͿƤȤȤϡǧƤ褤եΤߤʤ餺ڥ䥤ꥢʤɤΥޥ /h/ ȯʤΤϡƥʳƱæǤ롥äơѸ h-dropping ʥϡȸĶơǽŪˤϥƥ1ĤβѲ˵뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
⤷ȤˡƥǤ /h/ æ褦ˤʤäƤȡޤζܿͤϡæ¯ŪȯȤ褦ˤʤäΤȤϡˡȤ <h> ֤٤ǤϤʤȤ <h> Ƥ뤳ȤФĤäƤ뤳ȤΤ롥λ h-dropping Ф꽤 (hypercorrection) äΤǤꡤۤɤޤǤ h-dropping ŪäȤڵȤߤʤȤǤ롥λϡޤٳ Gaius Valerius Catullus (84?--54? B.C.) ˤΤǤ롥ʲCatullus Poem 84 ±Ǥ롥
1 CHOMMODA dicebat, si quando commoda uellet ARRIUS, if he wanted to say "winnings " used to say "whinnings", 2 dicere, et insidias Arrius hinsidias, and for "ambush" "hambush"; 3 et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum, and thought he had spoken marvellous well, 4 cum quantum poterat dixerat hinsidias. whenever he said "hambush" with as much emphasis as possible. 5 credo, sic mater, sic liber auunculus eius. So, no doubt, his mother had said, so his uncle the freedman, 6 sic maternus auus dixerat atque auia. so his grandfather and grandmother on the mother's side. 7 hoc misso in Syriam requierant omnibus aures When he was sent into Syria, all our ears had a holiday; 8 audibant eadem haec leniter et leuiter, they heard the same syllables pronounced quietly and lightly, 9 nec sibi postilla metuebant talia uerba, and had no fear of such words for the future: 10 cum subito affertur nuntius horribilis, when on a sudden a dreadful message arrives, 11 Ionios fluctus, postquam illuc Arrius isset, that the Ionian waves, ever since Arrius went there, 12 iam non Ionios esse sed Hionios are henceforth not "Ionian," but "Hionian."
Ȥʤսϡ1ܤ <commoda> vs <chommoda>2ܤ <insidias> vs <hinsidias>, 12ܤ <Ionios> vs <Hionios> Ǥ롥<h> ɬפΤʤȤ <h> ֤Ƥ꽤ȤޤäƤ롥θǤ뤫ˤϡοǤ롥λ˴ؤ Harrison ɾˤС12ܤ <Inoios> <Hionios> ȡʵϼŪʴ鸫ơ˸äֻǽȤˤꡤˤߤɽФƤȤHarrison ". . . the last word of the poem should be χιoνέoυς. When Arrius crossed, his aspirates blew up a blizzard, and the sea has been snow-swept ever since." (198--99) ȽҤ٤Ƥꡤä <Hionios> ꥷ χιoνέoυς (snowy) ȰäƤΤȲᤷƤ롥ơ10ܤ nuntius horribilis ͽ𤷤ƤȤ⤤Arrius β꽤ˤ /h/ 7ܤ nuntius horribilis ͽ𤵤Ƥ褦ˡ٤Ȥ硼
Harrison (199) ϡϤޤơCatullus Τ褦ʥޤζܿͤˤ h ˴ؤκϡ¿ Venetic ¤Фиʤظαƶ (substratum_theory) ˤ뼪ʥƥѼФŪɾˤΤǤʤȤƱͤ Etruscan ¤ФиȤԤ⤤褦θϤˤ speculation ΰФΤǤϤʤḽѸ h-dropping ؤ stigmatisation ȽŤ碌ƹͤȶ̣
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Harrison, E. "Catullus, LXXXIV." The Classical Review 29.7 (1915): 198--99.
ꥹȶȥƥñμѤδطˤĤơ#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1]) #1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲ƤѤ˴ؤȤơ#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1])#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1])#903. Ѥ¿Ⱦʤ ([2011-10-17-1])#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ ([2013-10-02-1])#1778. Ѹ츦 to-do list ([2014-03-10-1]) ʤɤεƤϡűѸΥƥѸֻȤ𤷤ơѤͻƤߤ
űѸˤϡꥹȶȤȤˡ¿νѸѸ줬ƥ줫ѸνդؤȤ⤿餵줿apostol (L apostulus), abbod (L abbadem), fenix (L phoenix), biscop (L episcopus) ʤɤǤ롥դ٤ϡѤκݤˡȯˤֻˤ衤ƥη֤ΤޤѤΤǤϤʤ¿ʬ˱Ѹ첽ƼǤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ȥ10˥ƥѤΤ⤦1ĤȤäȤˤϡƥñϱѸ첽줺ۤܤΤޤޤη֤ǼѤƤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸΥƥѤ2ĤȤδ֤ˤϡŪʺäȤˤʤ롥κHorobin (64--65) ϼΤ褦˻ŦƤ롥
What is striking about these loanwords is that their pronunciation and spelling has been assimilated to Old English practices, so that the spelling-sound correspondences were not disturbed. Note, for instance, the spelling mynster, which shows the Old English front rounded vowel /y/, the <æ> in Old English mæsse, indicating the Old English front vowel. The Old English spelling of fenix with initial <f> shows that the word was pronounced the same way as in Latin, but that the spelling was changed to reflect Old English practices. While the spelling of Old English biscop appears similar to that of Latin episcopus, the pronunciation was altered to the /ʃ/ sound, still heard today in bishop, and so the <sc> spelling retained its Old English usage. This process of assimilation can be contrasted with the fate of the later loanword, episcopal, borrowed from the same Latin root in the fifteenth century but which has retained its Latin spelling and pronunciation. However, during the third state of Latin borrowing in the tenth century, a number of words from Classical Latin were borrowed which were not integrated into the native language in the same way. The foreign status of these technical words was emphasized by the preservation of their Latinate spellings and structure, as we can see from a comparison of the tenth-century Old English word magister (Latin magister), with the earlier loan mægester, derived from the same Latin word. Where the earlier borrowing has been respelled according to Old English practices, the later adoption has retained its classical Latin spelling.
ѤμȤƤϡƥη֤˴ŤƤȤ substitution ǤϤʤ importation Ǥ롥Ʊ importation ȤäƤ⡤ϥǥ뤫æֻˤϥǥ¤ֻˤǤꡤimportation ȤǤٺ롥 substitution ǤϤʤΤԤϸԤ substitution ˰ᤤ importation Ǥ롤ɽ뤳ȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤäդǤȤСԤϥƥñѸŪȯǼ뤳ȤˡԤϸǤƥȯǼ뤳Ȥ롥äݤȤСñܸؼѤȤ˥ʽ뤫ѸƱ褦˥ե٥åȤ֤뤫ȤƱȤűѸǤϡˡ뤫ˤäưۤʤäƤȤΤ̣
ѸΥǥؤζ٤ȤݤˡƤŪ˼ѤͻݤˡֻκȤѥͿȤΤϡȯäϢơ줬ѤȤ importation Ǥ٤ȡѤ줿˽˼Ʊ٤Ȥζ̤Τˤɬפ뤫⤷ʤ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
#1832. ꥷե٥åȤʸ̾ (1) ([2014-05-03-1]) εǡꥷե٥å (Greek alphabet) ΰޥե٥å (Roman alphabet) ٤ȡʸˤƼ㴳ΰ㤤뤬ΰ㤤ظˤɤΤ褦ʻ𤬤äΤ
ޤҤ٤ƤȡɽʸηϤ̤θذܿŬѤȤˤϡޤä¿βѤä롥Ȥ櫓ηϤäȤ褯ȿǤ륢ե٥åȤΤ褦ʲʸǤСʤǤ롥ޤäƱηϤäƤˤϤʤȤäƤ褯¸ʸåȤܿȤˤϡɬĤʸβ롥ǡʸ˳ƤꡤʸϤФʤɤμʤ֤롥ʸˤݼŪ¦̤⤢ꡤʸ礭Ѳ褦ʻ֤ˤϻʤȤ¿ե٥åȻˤߤƤ⡤褽20?40ʸϰϤ˼ޤäƤ褦Ǥ롥ꥷʸȥꥢʸȥե٥åȤŤƤ椯Ǥ¿βѤܼŪѤ뤬ʸŤˤƤ̤˴ѻ뤳ȤǤ롥
˶˰ܤˤ륮ꥷե٥åȤϰǤϤʤ¿ŪѼ郎¸ߤϡ奮ꥷäդ¿¿ͤʬƤΤȸƱ롥褯褦ˡ奮ꥷϽԻԤΩȼħȤΥޤȤоŪȤ߽ФȤϤʤääդʸηϤ⡤Ω̵طǤϤʤäդˤĤƤϡ#1454. ꥷɡʰ²ˡ ([2013-04-20-1]) ǿ줿ΤǷ֤ʤե٥åȤѼˤĤƤϡ٤ʬह4ब̤줿ɥĤγؼ Kirchhoff ˤʬǡϿޤ4οɤʬƤʬۤȤˤʤߡ줾쿧̾ǸƾΤ봷롥Green, Red, Dark blue, Light blue 4Ѽ
(1) Green alphabet ϡCrete ٤硹ǹԤ줿Ѽǡե˥ե٥å (Phoenician alphabet) ؤɲʸ¾Ѽˤ릵ˤ礤ƤΤħǤ롥
(2) Red alphabet ϡEuboea Laconia ǹԤ줿Ѽǡ [ph], [kh] ɲʸäޤϦä [ks] βɽ路Euboea ԻԤ̾ä Chalcis 뤤ѼȸƤФ롥
(3) Dark blue alphabet ϡIonia, Corinth, Rhodes ǹԤ줿Ѽǡ [ph], [kh], [ps] ɲʸä [ps] ϡRed alphabet Φ [kh] Ȳۤʤ뤳ȤաIonia 뤤ѼȸƤФ롥
(4) Light blue alphabet ϡAttica ǹԤ줿ѼǤ롥 [ph], [kh] ɲäIonia ΰȤäƤ褤ɸŪѼȤʤä
2Ĥ̤СEuboea Chalcis 濴Ȥ Ionia Miletus 濴Ȥʬե˥ξͤä塤 Chalcis Miletus ȤʤꡤξԻԤϾŪ̱ŪƸäChalcis ϥȥ饭䥤ꥢ˿̱ơȥꥢͳǥƥե٥åȤMiletus Ϲ˿̱ŵꥷե٥åȤΩ˥ʸʤɤΥϥե٥åȤȯŸ¥
ޥե٥åȤȥꥷե٥åȤμ㴳ΰ㤤ϡȤȤʤѼΰ㤤˵ȤȤ狼ʸǤ <C> <><D> <>, <L> <><X> <><S> <> λΰ㤤ޤҤΤ褦 <> β [ks] [kh] ΰ㤤 <> β [h] [eː] ΰ㤤ϡʾλˤ롥
ͤޤǤ˸奮ꥷϿޤǤƤ

ʾ塤 (57--60) Comrie et al. (183--87) ȤƼɮ *
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
Comrie, Bernard, Stephen Matthews, and Maria Polinsky, eds. The Atlas of Languages. Rev. ed. New York: Facts on File, 2003.
ε#1835. viz. ([2014-05-06-1]) ˰³Ѹ namely ɤ߲ viz. ˤĤơϡʸΩ줫롥
Ѹˤ viz. ɽιǤǤ3ʸʾάɽ魯 period ˤϡʤ餤⥢ե٥åʸʡɽʸˤǤ롥ġʸǹͤƤ⡤3ʸ蘆äΤǹͤƤ⡤ޤ /neɪmli/ ȯȤʤ<viz.> ϤˤɽŪǤ롥̣ˤĤƤƱͤˡ̤ġ˹ͤƤΤǹͤƤ⡤ȤƤ֤ʤפΰ̣⤫Ӿ夬äƤʤ<viz.> ϤˤɽŪǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ <viz.> ϡ츻Ǥƥ videlicet ۵ޤʾ̾ϲ̣⼨ʤ
ˤ⤫餺<viz.> ϱѸ namely ƱǤȤơѸѼԤΰռΤʤǤ̩ܤ˷ӤĤƤ롥С<viz.> ϡ3ʸΤȤƤ namely ɽ줷Ƥ롥<viz.> ֻϡɽ (phonographic) Ǥɽ (ideographic) Ǥʤɽ (logographic) εǽ̤ƤΤǤꡤѸȤС<viz.> ؤƤΤϡnamely Ȥ (signe) ǽ (signifiant) Ǥ국 (signifié) Ǥʤnamely Ȥ椽ΤΤǤ롤ȤȤˤʤ롥ηӤĤǤ뤫顤ѸѼԤϡ <viz.> = namely δطŵʤФʤʤ<viz.> ΤĤɽ쵡ǽϡ#1042. Ѹˤ벻ɤߤȷɤߡ ([2012-03-04-1]) ǵ<e.g.> (for example), <i.e.> (that is) ˤ⸫롥
ǡŵŪɽʸȤȤʤܸˤơӤ㤬ȹͤƤߤƳȸĤʤΤϳΤɽŪǤϤ뤬Ʊɽյǽ̤Τ̤ʸξˤɽǽäƤ롥Ѹ <viz.> ξΤ褦ˡọ̇⼨餷ʤȤŰŪϡʤʤʤ
ƬҤͤäƤäȻפĤΤϻȤ // ɤޤ <ή> Ȥ<ή> <> ⡤ˤϤȤ߹碌 <ή> Τ⡤ʤ // ȯȤʤֲȤäƤϤפΰ̣碌Ȥʤ<ή> ɽŪǤɽŪǤʤ֤פɽ줷ƤΤǤ롥<viz.> <ή> ͣκۤϡԤιǤǤ륢ե٥åʸܼŪɽŪǤΤФơԤιǤǤܼŪɽ졦ɽŪǤȤɽΤȤƤϷɤΤȤɽŪɽŪǤꡤȯƤ뵡ǽϤäѤɽ쵡ǽǤǤƱ
츫ȡήС ɽϻϡɽ쵡ǽʡɽɽդɽˤιƤ줽<> /䤭/<> /ߤ/<> /Τ/<> /ߤ/ ʤɤǤϡȤ߹碌̣碌ƤޤäƤʤŪˡˡ<viz.> = namely νɽ쵡ǽˤãƤʤषѸϥե٥åȤȤɽʸηϤ١֤ƤǤ뤫餳<viz.> = namely Τ褦ˤơǤϤ뤬ɽ쵡ǽΤ⤷ʤʸδϡε϶̣
ʤ<ή> // ȷɤΤϡʲθλˤΤȤΤǤʡسظָܸ츻ŵ٤ˡ
ι¹ФήפȤ٤ȤäơФήפȸäƤޤäʹͧβѤήˤǤʤФǤϸʤפȸäƤ餫ȡ¹ϡήˤΤϼǤꡤФȤΤϻǤפȸäƸƨ줿Ȥθλ֤ˤޤĤפɾήСפλƤ줿Ȥ⤬롥
εǤϡ̤ܸüԤθλΤʤ뤤ʤä˰ռˡ<ή> = // δطλƤ뤳ȤȤλռƤС<ή> ˴Ūʤⲿ餫ɽյǽäƤȼĥǤ뤫⤷ʤǤ롥
ʸɽ쵡ǽˤĤƤϡ#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])#1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1]) ȡ
viz. "namely" ʤʤˤΰդɽ魯ǡ/vɪz/ ɤޤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬̤ namely /ˈneɪmli/ ȯ롥äѤդ˸ΤǡξάȹͤƤ褤ȤηϡѸǤޤˤΤ褦ȯ뤳ȤϤ뤬 videlicet /vɪˈdɛləsɪt/ Ȥǡϥƥǡ֤ʤȡפ̣ vidēlicet ͳ褹롥Υƥ켫Τϡvidēre licet (it is permitted to see) ȤɽΤĤŤޤäΤǤ롥OED ˤȡѸǤνФ videlicet 1464ǯά viz. a1540ǯǤ롥
viz. θѸˤĤƤߤ褦Ȥ櫓ꥹѸηĥäդˤơΤܤꡤꤹΤѤ롥
four major colleges of surgery, viz. London, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dublin
We both shared the same ambition, viz, to make a lot of money and to retire at 40.
The school offers two modules in Teaching English as a Foreign Language, viz. Principles and Methods of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics.
Ϣơƥ scīre licet (it is permitted to know) ΤĤŤޤä scilicet /ˈsɪləˌsɛt/ Ȥά scil. sc. ⡤ѸǤ褽Ʊ̣Ѥ롥
ˤƤ⡤videlicet viz. άΤϤʤƥμܤǤϡ<z> ʸϡ-et, -(b)us, -m ʤɤξάȤư̤ѤƤǡ<z> = <et> ȸΩơɽ <vi(delic)z> ȤĤŤΤǤ롥Ťϡ<vidz.>, <vidzt>, <vz.> ʤɤȤɽ줿ƥǤ et "and" ̣ΤǤ <z> ά¿Ѥ졤űѸѸμܤǤ⤽ޤͤ and θʤ뤤Ϥβˤäˤ˸줿ºݤ <z> λϸߤΤΤȤϰۤʤꡤ <7> ˻ <⁊ > Ȥ (Unicode ⁊) ǡε Tironian et ȸƤФ줿ޤΥɮԤǤä Marcus Tullius Tiro ͰƤ®ƥ (Tironian notes, or notae Tironianae) Ѥ줿®1ĤǤ롥줬˻ <z> ֤褦ˤʤäIrish Scottish Gaelic Ǥϸߤ Tironian et Ѥ뤬ѸǤ viz. ˤΤʺפĤΤߤǤ롥
ޤGreek alphabet 24ΰǤ褦ճΤˤΤʤѸǤȯץå̾ΤỌ̇̄ˤĤƤϡ (22) ȥ (116--19) Ȥ
| ʸ | ʸ | ̾ | Ѹ̾ | Ѹȯ | ̾ | ̣ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ե | alpha | /ˈælfə/ | aleph | "ox" | ||
| 2 | ١ | beta | /ˈbeɪtə, ˈbiːtə/ | bet | "house" | ||
| 3 | gamma | /ˈgæmə/ | gaml | "camel" | |||
| 4 | ǥ륿 | delta | /ˈdɛltə/ | delt | "door" | ||
| 5 | ץ | epsilon | /ˈɛpsəˌlɑn/ | hé | ? | ||
| 6 | zeta | /ˈzeɪtə, ˈziːtə/ | zai | "weapon"? | |||
| 7 | eta | /ˈeɪtə, ˈiːtə/ | hét | "fence"? | |||
| 8 | ơ | theta | /ˈθeɪtə, ˈθiːtə/ | tét | ? | ||
| 9 | iota | /aɪˈoʊtə/ | yod | "hand" | |||
| 10 | å | kappa | /ˈkæpə/ | kaf | "bend hand" | ||
| 11 | lambda | /ˈlæmdə/ | lamd | "ox-goad"; "rod of teacher" | |||
| 12 | ߥ塼 | mu | /mjuː/ | mém | "water" | ||
| 13 | ˥塼 | nu | /njuː/ | nun | "fish"; "serpent" | ||
| 14 | xi | /(k)saɪ, (g)zaɪ/ | |||||
| 15 | ߥ | omicron | /ˈɑməˌkrɑn/ | ‘ain | "eye" | ||
| 16 | ѥ | pi | /paɪ/ | ||||
| 17 | rho | /roʊ/ | rosh | "head" | |||
| 18 | , ς | sigma | /ˈsɪgmə/ | ||||
| 19 | tau | /taʊ/ | tau | "mark" | |||
| 20 | ץ | upsilon | /ˈjuːpsəˌlɑn/ | wau | "peg", "hook" | ||
| 21 | ե | phi | /faɪ/ | pé | "mouth" | ||
| 22 | chi | /kaɪ/ | |||||
| 23 | ץ | psi | /(p)saɪ/ | ||||
| 24 | ᥬ | omega | /ˌoʊˈmeɪgə, ˌoʊˈmiːgə/ |
εǡޥե٥åȤΤĤʸ̾ΤˤĤˤʺε#1830. Y ̾Ρ ([2014-05-01-1]) ȡˤȡˡġʸˤĤƸ٤ȤϤ뤬ϻҲ˴ؤ濴äʤʲ (83--85) ˰͵롥
ѸΥե٥å26ʸΤ첻 <a, e, i, o, u> 21ҲǤ롥Ҳ̾ΤϤĤ㳰λҲβ [iː] ³륰롼 (Class I) ȡ[ɛ] Ԥ륰롼 (Class II) Ȥʬ롥
Class I: <b, c, d, g, p, t, v, z>
Class II<f, l, m, n, s, x>
ʬۤˤϡŪʲȤ櫓ҲˤĤƤϥƥʤʸˤ̤äƥȥꥢˤβռɬפ롥Class I κǽ6ϥƥ [b, k, d, g, p, t] б롥줾˸³Ĺ첻 [iː] ϡ[eː] 첻ܤˤꡤ夲Ф̤Ǥ롥Class II λҲϥƥη³뤤ʣҲ [f, l, m, n, s, ks] б롥Class I <v> <z> ǤϤʤ餯 [ɛv], [ɛz] ȸƤǤޤȡб̵Ҳ <f> [ɛf], <s> [ɛs] ȯ̤ĤˤʤȤͳäΤǤϤʤ
ĴŪ Class I II ʬۤ褦ȤȡΤ褦ˤʤ桤p. 84ˡ
ҲʸˤĤơ³ˤ e Ԥˤ e ³ݤϡIsaac Taylor 褦ˡŪį뤳ȤǤ褦㤨Сfe ef Ȥ䤵eb be Ȥ䤵Ϸ³ȯݤˤȯﴱϴˤĺ줺©ϳ졤äơҲʹ첻̵ռ˺롥ˤꡤfe ã˼ºݾ ef 롥ȿơξˤĺϴǤꡤƳԤʤռŪϤʤ첻롥ˤꡤb e Ԥ뤳Ȥ餫ϤɬפȤ뤬b ϡe ˸³뤳Ȥʤȯ뤳ȤϤǤʤСֺǾϤˡ§ ('law of least effort') 첻³Ԥ˸³뤳Ȥ᤹롥ơξ硤Ǥưפ첻Ū e Ǥ롥
̣ǤϤ롥Ϣơ#1141. ʤ mama papa ʤΤ (2) ([2012-06-11-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
<j> ̾ [ʤeɪ] ˤĤƤϡ#1828. j ʸȲбˤĤƺˬ ([2014-04-29-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤɤʤ <k> ̾ [keɪ] ˤʤäΤȤ뤬[keɪ] ΤϤʤ첻ȼäƤΤϡ#1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1]) Ǽ褦ˡȥꥢƥˤ [k] ɽ³첻˱ <c>, <k>, <qu> δ֤ѰۤƤȤƶƤ롥[i, e] ʤ첻³Ȥˤ <c> Ф졤[a] 첻³Ȥˤ <k> Ф졤[u, o] ʤɸ첻³Ȥˤ <q> Ф줿ηϱѸޤνˤ¿쾯ʤѤƤꡤѸγʸθƾΤˤŪȿǤƤ롥ʤ<c> = [siː] ϥƥ <c> = [keː] ȯŸ<k> = [keɪ] ϥƥ <k> = [kaː] ȯŸ<q> = [kjuː] ϥƥ <q> = [kuː] ȯŸ첻֤ˤ [k] > [s] βȯãˤĤƤϡƥ줫ťեФƱѸ⤽αƶä[kj] > [tj] > [ʧ] > [ʦ] > [s] ηϩɤä
Ǹ <r> ̾ [ɑː] (AmE [ɑr]) ˤĤơ[r] Ϸ³Ȥ Class II °ƤꡤƥǤϾʤȤ4ʹߤ [ɛr] Τ褦ɤޤƤѸ [er] > [ar] Ѳ sterre > star, ferre > far ʤ¿θΤȼäơʸɤߤ [ar] ؤѲʴϢơ#179. person parson ([2009-10-23-1]) ȡ#186. clerk cleric ([2009-10-30-1]) ȡˡθ塤18ޤǤ [ar] > [ær] > [æːr] > [ɑː] ȵ§Ѳơߤ˻桤pp. 157--58ˡ
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) εκǸǡ<j> (= <i>) = /ʤ/ бطޤ줿طʤˤĤƿ줿ƥ줫ťեؤȯŸˡͭŸܶ [j] ͭ˻ [ʤ] ѲȤβѲȡ#1651. j g ([2013-11-03-1]) εƤ˴Ϣơ (138--39) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäҤäΤǡѤOED εҤۤƱơˡ
6ˡƥˤơҤ [j] ϤФȯ尵̤졤̤ [j] ΰ֤ꤵ˹뤳ȤˤäƤ d ȯ iūstus > d-iūstus, māior > mā-d-ior, [dj] Ф [ʤ] assibilate 줿 g θŤ첻Ǹ [ʤ] ѤäƤǡconsonantal i 'soft' g ϥޥǤƱβĤ褦ˤʤä
ꥢǤϡconsonantal i ȯŸ [ʤ] e, i ˤ g a, o, u ˤ gi- ˤäƽѤ뤳Ȥˤʤäơj ֤ϼΤƤ줿ά
եǤ i ʸȯŸäƤΤޤ¸졤ä consonantal i 'soft' g ͵ǤꡤκۤϸεˤǤ롥
L OF It. ModE iūstus iuste giusto just iūdic-cem iuge giudice judge Iēsus Iesu Gesù Jesus māior maire maggiore major gesta geste gesto gest (jest)
Norman Conquest 塤consonantal i Ϥθեβ [ʤ] äƱѸ͢줿եǤϤθ [ʤ] ϤǤä [ʒ] ñ㲽줿ѸϺ˻ޤǥեθˤƤθ¸Ƥ롥
äơե٥å <J> θƾ /ʤeɪ/ ˤĤơ (141) εҤѤƤ
J ϸŤ jy [ʤai] ȸƤФƺɤʤƱ²ʸ I [ai] Ȳƥե̾ ji ȸƱθƤ̾ϺǤ⥹åȥɤ¾ˤ̤Ǥ롥奤ꥹ̾17ja 뤤 jay [ʤei] ϡ a [ei] ɤʤ k 餦 (O. Jespersen, B. L. Ullman) ɥ̾ jot [jɔt] ϡ16 j i ʬ̾ yōd 줿
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
Ѹֻȯ¿1Ĥˡ첻ĹûľŪ˼ʤȤ꤬롥Ѹ²ΰȤơ첻ĹûΤˤû첻Ĺ첻첻Ȥ̤ҴǤ롥С첻ñʣŪΩ롥ȤβΩֻľŪȿǤƤʤ㤨Сbat vs bate give vs five ǤƱ <a> <i> ѤƤʤ顤줾ԤǤû첻ԤǤ첻ɽ路Ƥ롥Τˡbat vs bate Τ褦ˡβ <e> ˤäơ첻ɤޤ뤫Ū˼ҥȤͿƤʡ#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) ȡˡ첻ΤΤ㤨뤳ȤDzΰ㤤ƤΤǤϤʤȤ̣ǤϡޤǴŪɸˡˤʤgive vs five ǤϡΥҥȤͿƤʤ
첻Ȥ߹碌Ĺ첻첻ɽ魯ˡϹΤƤ롥ޤĹ첻Ȥ첻ξûĹդā ă Τ褦ˤˡ⡤ˡȤƤϺѤƤʤŪǤϻѤ뤳Ȥ롥ȤʸηϤȤΤϲΩˤޤȤʤɸ櫓ǤϤʤʾ塤Ѹˡˤ첻ĹûʸξľŪɸʤȤȤϡä˶ä٤ȤǤϤʤΤ⤷ʤ
ξѸˤȤɤޤ餺ޥե٥åȤѤƤ뤢ˤߤȤܤͤ롥첻Ĺû첻ΤΤˤäƼ뤳ȤʤΤǤ롥첻ŤͤĹ첻ɽ魯ȤϤäƤ⡤Ĺ첻û첻Ȥޤä̤1Ĥεˤäɽ蘆ȤϤʤδ餹ȡꥷե٥åȤΦ vs ǡ vs ؤʸΩϡܤڤ褦ʳä
ե٥åȻ˾塤ꥷͤβ̤ϡʤȤ˲ɾ뤬˳Τ˳̿Ūä#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡꥷͤϡҲʸäϥե٥åȤ˽첻ʸƳ뤳ȤˤꡤǤʸΤܴۤʷ¸ΩȤˤȤäƤܼŪŪħФʸȤŪʷƤä줬1γ̿äȤС٤Ƥạ̈Ǥ뤳ȤʤƱ餤ܼͤ2γ̿⤢äϡ첻βǤϤʤ̡Ĺˤʸ˳Ƥ褦ȤȯۡҤ vs ǡ vs ΩϰƤΤȤꥷͤϥե˥ե٥åȤΤʤǥꥷˤȤä;äҲʸ5첻ʸʦšɡϡԡˤžѤ;äƤǤŤĹ첻ǤȤƺѤǦؤʤʸϤĹ첻ǤȤƿΤäʺǸ˺줿Τǡե٥åȤκǸ˲ä줿ˡ
Ȥˤζˤꡤޥե٥åȤˤĤʤꥷե٥åȤˤƤϡ嵭2γ̿ϾͿʤäꥷե٥åȤǤϡǡʸˤϸ褽줬ɽ路Ҳ [h] ɽ魯Ѥ줿ΤǡΤޤޥƥؤҲʸȤƻۤ줿ʸ˥ƥޥ [h] ü<h> ¸߰յȤϼ¤ǤˡޤؤϺΥߥ⡤ƥرƶͿˤ٤ơ2γ̿ϡˤޤäͿ뤳Ȥʤäʾ夬˥Ѥ¿θ줬첻Ĺûľ첻ˤäƶ̤뽬⤿ʤͳǤ롥
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
Ѹ <f> Ϥܾۤ /f/ бƤͣ㳰 ofˡΰꤷطѸˤޤ̤롥θűѸǤ <v> 礤ƤΤǡ<f> [f] ȤȤ [v] ˤбƤѸ˥եֻ˱ƶ <v> Ƴ뤳Ȥˤꡤ<f> = /f/ ΰդδطΩηаޤˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1222. ե줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])#1230. over offer ϺǾФǤϤʤ ([2012-09-08-1]) Ȥ줿
ѸˤϰǸ¤ꡤ<f> äȤʤ뤳ȤϤʤʸ̵б褦ˤʤäΤϡƥˤ椨Ǥ롥奮ꥷΥե٥åȤΤäƤͤϡ<f> бʸʤȤ˵Ť奮ꥷǤˤ <f> ʸĤäƤǤǽʳˤϤ줬ä koiné Ȥʤ1ѼǤ Attic ǤϤ줬ƤΤǡ˻륮ꥷե٥åȤˤ <f> ޤޤƤʤΤǤ롥
ꥷˤ¸ߤ <F> ϡ岼ˤ餷2¤٤褦ʻäˡ"digamma" ȤΤƤϡࡦե٥åȤ6ܤʸʣ٤˻ǡ"wāu" ȸƤФˤѤΤǡꥷǤȾ첻 [w] ˶ᤤβɽ路ǤϤβϾüʸΤƵ줿Ⱦ첻 [w] Фƽ첻 [u] ƱΦʸɽ蘆졤줬˥ƥʹߤν <U>, <V>, <W>, <Y> ؤʬƤäĤޤꡤ <F>, <U>, <V>, <W>, <Y> Ϥ٤ƥࡦե٥åȤ wāu ˵ĤȤˤʤ롥
ơƥϥꥷǤޤĤäƤ <F> = [w] δط줿ƥǤ [w] <V> ɽ魯ΩΤǡ<F> פȤʤäפȤʤä <F> ϥꥷΤȤΤ褦ѤȤʤǽ⤢äƥϤ;äʸꥷˤϤʤƥˤϤä̵ [f] ɽ魯ΤžѤ뤳ȤϡľܤžѤˤä餷<F> ñΤǤϤʤ <FH> Τ褦2ʸ碌 [f] ɸ뤳Ȥߤڵ롥㤨С7κǸŤΥƥǵ줿֥ޥ˥ʸפˤϡ麸 "IOISAMVN DEKAHFEHF DEM SOINAM" (Manios made me for Numasios) Ȥꡤ3ܤ "FHEFHAKED" ʸŵƥ fecit Ťýŷ reduplicationˤ桤p. 71ˡˤ <F> ñΤ [f] ɽ魯Ȥˤʤäδطƥ줪ӤʹߤνݻƤ롥
Υե٥åȤ̤θ˰ܿݤˡפʸѤȤʤäꡤžѤ줿ꡤʸʤɡѹä뤳Ȥϡե٥åȻˤ̤Ʋ٤Ȥʤ֤ƤʸȲδطϡȤݻ뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ѲΤ̤ΤȤäȤ狼
ʾ塤 (pp. 125--28) ȤƼɮ
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
ѸŵŪ <c> /k/, /s/ ˡ<g> /g/, /ʤ/ б롥줾ԤȯϡűѸ˱Ѹ줬 Roman alphabet 줿ȤΥƥβԤȯϡθαѸˤˤȯŸ<g> ˤĤƤϡ#1651. j g ([2013-11-03-1]) ȡˡƥ줫ޥǤ⡤βѲη̤Ȥơ<c> <g> ɽ魯ϡŵƥΤΤȤϰۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿ǵϤǤ뤫Τ褦˻Ȥƥ <c> = /k/, <g> = /g/ ȤбطΤΤ⡤ƥˤˤˤȯŸη̡ΩƤΤǤ롥
ƥϡ˥ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ륢ե٥åȤꥷ饨ȥꥢ (Etruscan) 𤷤ƼäꥷȥޤξʸԤǤ륨ȥꥢͤȤθϡ#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1]) #1006. 롼ʸѼ ([2012-01-28-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡե٥åȻ˾礭̤Ǥ륨ȥꥢˤĤ¿ΤƤ櫓ǤϤʤȥꥢ̵ͭβŪΩʤäȤϤ狼äƤ롥ˤꡤȥꥢǤϡͭɽ魯ꥷΦ¤ȦĤפȤѤȤʤääˤĤƤĤꡤ줬 [k], [g] ɽ魯ʸȤѤ뤳ȤȤʤä
ơȥꥢ줫ʸäƥϡ顤 = [k], [g] δط³äơ̾ξάǤϡGAIUS Ф C. GNAEUS Ф CN. ƤƤ300ǯˡʸϤȤ櫓 [k] б褦ˤʤꡤ˲ /k/ ɽ魯ʸȤǧ褦ˤʤäΤ rounded ȸƤФ븽Ū <C> ؤȶŤƤ椭<C> = /k/ δطΩȡбͭ /g/ ɽ魯Τ <C> <G> ȯŸ뤳ȤˤʤѤ褦ˤʤäƵ300ǯ <C> <G> ʬȡԤϥꥷե٥åȤˤƦƤäƤ֤ˤϤޤ줿ƤϡƥǤϸ <Z> ȤƺƺѤ쥢ե٥åȤ˲ä뤳ȤˤʤäΤΡ[z] -> [r] rhotacism ФƽʳפȤѤȤƤΤǤ롥
ʤޥե٥åȤǤ̵ɽ魯Τ <c>, <k>, <q> ʤʣʸбƤꡤˤĤƱѸޤʣˤиƤϡѸγʸ̾ /siː/, /keɪ/, /kjuː/ żƤ褦ˡ³첻˱ȤʬäȤ˵롥ȥꥢǤϡ7뤤ϤθޤǡCE, KA, QO ȤϢѤƤ (cf. Greek kappa (Ka) vs koppa (Qo)) ߤˤޤ³ [k] ɽ魯ʸβϡꥷ䥨ȥꥢ줫ΰ仺ѤǤ뤬椨Ǥ롥
ʾ塤 (pp. 76--79, 119) ȤƼɮ
סرѸ쥢ե٥åȯãˡʸȲ١ʸҡ1970ǯ
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