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latin - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2016-08-05 Fri

#2657. Ѹ˾ Lydgate [chaucer][literature][lexicology][style][latin][lydgate][aureate_diction]

ʸػŪˤϡJohn Lydgate (c1370--1449) Chaucer ɿԤˤȤǤϸ꤬Τɾ뤳Ȥ¿ʡ#2503. Ѹʸء ([2016-03-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ15󥰥ɤεΥѥȥȤŪʻͤȤ졤Ĺϡ֤ƤĶˤäơ񤤤ȤϽ񤫤줿Ȥ⤤ΤǤ롥ʸŪˤϡ#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡƥ򻶤Ф᤿ˡλȤȤƤΤƤ롥
Pearsall ϡ"Lydgate as Innovator" ȤճΤȤͤ路Lydgate αʸػ˾κɾߤƤ롥ȤƤϡLydgate Chaucer ߽Фκο路Ĵ礹뤳Ȥˤäơ줬ȤƼѤƤäۤȤȤǤ롥Pearsall μĥ򤤤ĤȴФ

. . . Lydgate's career, poem by poem, was a determined effort not just to emulate Chaucer but to surpass him in each of the major poetic genres he had attempted. (7)

. . . Lydgate's ambitious attempt to build an English poetic tradition by "fortifying" (in Dryden's sense) preliminary structures thrown up by Chaucer . . . . (7)

. . . Lydgate did on a large scale what Chaucer had first hinted at on a small scale and in so doing introduced change by sheer reiteration. (8)

. . . Lydgate found himself extending the outbuildings of the mansion of English poetry that Chaucer had established. All he knew was how to lay one line beside another, but somehow, accidentally, he invented the English poetic tradition. (22)


ǤϡLydgate αѸ˾˲̤ϲPearsall ˤȡLydgate ϡѸ줬ƥե󥹸渪ʸظȤƵǽ뤳Ȥ򼨤 Chaucer ϩŪˤ˳ĥȤ̤ΤȤȤ櫓ƳˡLydgate 礭׸褦Pearsall (8--9) ۩"Someone . . . had to do the work of introducing the many new words that English needed to cope with the vast new range of responsibilities it was taking over from Latin and French, and in an extraordinarily large number of cases it was Lydgate."
OED ˤȡLydgate ȤʤäƤñϾʤʤ㤨 abuse (vb.), adjacent, capacity, circumspect, combine (vb.), credulity, delude, depend, disappear, equivalent, excel ʤɤñ줬ޤޤ롥Lydgate ϤññƳǤϤʤ֤Ѥ˹׸Ȥ⸫ƨƤϤʤʤƱͤˡLydgate ȤƳԤǤϤʤȤ⡤㤨 Chaucer ƳΤ1٤Ѥʤä褦ñ򡤷֤͡ܤ˿褦ˤӤDzǤʤMED ˤĴǤϡcasual, circular, continuation, credible, dishonest, examination, existence, femininity, finally, foundation, ignorant, influence, intelligence, introduction, modify, onward, opposition, perverse, refuge, remorse, rigour, seriously ʤɤΤ褦ñȤƵ󤲤롥դˤСλ䤿 Chaucer θ˲餫οƤߤ򴶤ȤС Lydgate ֤äƷӤĤƤƤ뤫ȤΤǤ (Pearsall 9)
ҤȤ Lydgate αѸ˾򤢤СˡƳ뤳ȤǡָҤѸѼȤϤΤȤפȸŪHenry V ɮƬȤ¦Ϥ路 Lollard ʤɤѤ¾ѼȤκ̲ޤäȤȤ¦ΡѼηǤ롥Pearsall (20) ϡLydgate aureate diction 򤽤Τ褦˰֤ŤƤ롥

[T]he writing that [Henry V] encouraged, and the writing that Lydgate did . . . in the aureate and Latinate style, demonstrates, one may assume, a policy of reasserting a kind of English as remote as possible from the vernacular promulgated in Lollard writings and biblical translation. English had replaced French as the literary language of England and was increasingly taking over roles traditionally reserved for Latin, but there were kinds of English more appropriate than the language of the people to the preservation of the clerical monopoly and its state sponsors. "Aureation" in Lydgate may be seen in this light as a political choice as well as a stylistic one.


ϢơLydgate ʸؼԤˤĤơ#298. Chaucer Ѹ˾˲̤Ȥϡ (2) ([2010-02-19-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Pearsall, Derek. "Lydgate as Innovator." Modern Language Quarterly 53 (1992): 5--22.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-17-1]

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2016-07-22 Fri

#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá [loan_word][french][latin][lexicology][register][lexical_stratification][language_myth]

rise -- mount -- ascend ask -- question -- interrogate ʤɤαѸäˤع¤ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) Ϥᡤlexical_stratification γƵǰäƤؤ졤ؤΥե󥹸졤ؤΥƥȤʬۤ򼨤ϳΤ˴ѻ뤷Ūˤ⥤󥰥ɤˤ3μҲŪϰ̤Ȥ줤ϢưƤ뤿ˡѸˤǤϳʤȥԥåȤ˾롥
ĤǤ⤳Τ褦ˤ줤ʬۤѻȤϸ¤餺嵭λع¤ϤޤǷȤƤȤ館Ƥ٤Ǥ롥Ǥˡ#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1]) Ǥ⼨褦ˡȥե󥹼Ѹ¤٤ȤˡǤ̡פǡŪפѤΤե󥹼ѸΤۤǤ褦ʥ⻶롥Baugh and Cable (182) ϡѸäεҤˤƻع¤Ū줹Ƥ븽˷پĤ餷Ƥ롥

. . . such contrasts [between the English element and the Latin and French element] ignore the many hundreds of words from French that are equally simple and as capable of conveying a vivid image, idea, or emotion---nouns like bar, beak, cell, cry, fool, frown, fury, glory, guile, gullet, horror, humor, isle, pity, river, rock, ruin, stain, stuff, touch, and wreck, or adjectives such as calm, clear, cruel, eager, fierce, gay, mean, rude, safe, and tender, to take examples almost at random. The truth is that many of the most vivid and forceful words in English are French, and even where the French and Latin words are more literary or learned, as indeed they often are, they are no less valuable and important. . . . The difference in tone between the English and the French words is often slight; the Latin word is generally more bookish. However, it is more important to recognize the distinctive uses of each than to form prejudices in favor of one group above another.


ع¤ΡֿáפȤޤǸäƤޤȸ᤮Τ餤뤬ä˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ФƱ餤㤤ؤ˰֤Ť¤ΤäƤƤ褤

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2016-07-13 Wed

#2634. 衼åѤˤ뱪λϰ (1) [perfect][syntax][wave_theory][linguistic_area][geolinguistics][geography][contact][grammaticalisation][preterite][greek][latin][tense][aspect]

Ѹޤ衼åѽǤϡhave be ưưβʬȤ߹碌ơִλפ뤳Ȥ롥衼åǤΤθϰŪʬۤϰ (areal linguistics) (geolinguistics) Ω줫ĴơȯȳŪ餫ˤ褦Ȥʸ򸫤Ĥ
Ԥ Drinka ϡޤ衼åѤθϿޤϤǡ(1) have ˤ봰λȯãΤ¦Ǥꡤ¦Ǥ be ͥǤ뤳ȤŦˡ(2) ¦ have λȯȡʬưŪʰ̣ǽưŪʰ̣ؤȺƲᤵ줿εϡȤ˸奮ꥷ̤ꡤƥ줬ȤˤꡤΥޥ󥹽䤽¾θؤ⹭äƤäȵƤ롥Ǹˡ(3) ե󥹸ɥĸʤɤǡλεǽεǽؤѲΤϡŪǶνǤꡤȵڤεϥѥΥե󥹸äƤ롥
(2) ˤĤơ⤦Ҥ٤褦ꥷǤϸ衤Ūλϡbe ܴλʬפǺäƤhave + ʬפζȤ˴λ˶ᤤ̣ɽ魯ȤäˡʸˡΥ롼Ȥ˾äƤä5ޤǤˤϡhave +ꥹʬפȤ졤ޤǤϹʸʤä¾ư⻲ۤɤ򼨤δˤ᤿ƥ¦θˤȤäƤϡΥꥷǤǤʸˡƤhave + ʬפΥѥ󤬡ʸ٥оݤȤʤäȤhave λθǤŪޤʹ¤Ǥ뤳Ȥͤȡƥʤ䤽¾¦θˤΩȯȹͤϡꥷȤܿˤΤȹͤۤȽҤ٤Ƥ (16) Drinka (20) have λΥꥷ쵯ˤĤưʲΤ褦󤷤Ƥ롥

My claim, then, is that the actual concept of HAVE periphrasis owes its existence largely to the Greek model, that the development of the HAVE perfect in Latin is tied closely to that of Greek, that it arose especially in literary contexts and in the language of educated speakers, and continued to be connected to the formal register in its later history. As a result of this learned calquing of the HAVE perfect from Greek into Latin, including ecclesiastical Latin, the Western European languages were, in turn, given a model to aspire to, a more elaborate temporal-aspectual system to imitate. The Romance languages, of course, all inherited these perfect structures, and, as I will argue elsewhere, most of the Germanic languages appear to have developed their HAVE perfect categories on the basis of this elaborated model, as well . . . . What is particularly fascinating to note is that the western languages have preserved and innovated upon this pattern to different extents, but continually show patterns of areal diffusion as these innovations spread from one language to another.


ѸˤȤδϢǵˤʤΤϡѸ have ˤ뱪ŪλεȯŸˤĤơDrinka ŪˤϤۤȤɽҤ٤ƤʤȤǤ롥Drinka ϡѸǤ⡤衼å¦ΡϰŪʳȻ (areal diffusion) ΰĤȸƤΤȤȡȤϰۤʤ롤ʤʲȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹ˾δϢȤƤϡ#2490. λʸhave + ʬפεȯã ([2016-02-20-1]) ȡ#1653. be λˡ ([2013-11-05-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ޤεǤϡƥ줬ˡ򥮥ꥷ줫ּѡפȤǤϤʤ"model" Ȥפ˶ᤤѸ줬ѤƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2010. Ѥϸʣ狼 ([2014-10-28-1]) ε⻲ͤˤ줿

Drinka, Bridget. "Areal Factors in the Development of the European Periphrastic Perfect." Word 54 (2003): 1--38.

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2016-06-20 Mon

#2611. 17˽񤭸դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ [latin][emode][renaissance]

#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) #2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1]) εǻŦ褦ˡ16ȾޤǤϡԤܤ񤯤Τ˱ѸѤ뤳Ȥ˴ؤ¿쾯ʤ apologetic ä줬˶ŤȱѸФ뼫褦ˤʤꡤ17ˤϼۤܲ褦ˤߤ롥
ȤϤĹˤȰҿΤƥ줬񤭸դ餹˶व뤳ȤϤʤäƥϡ䶵طθҤȤƳΤϰ̤ݻƤؽѤθȤƥ衼åѤιݸǤ⤢ä͸αʸˡǤƥǽ񤫤ƤۤɤǤ롥ԤϡΤ褦ʬˤƤ̾˻ĤȻפСޤƥǽ񤯤Τդ路ȴƤΤǤ롥ѸȤ16--17Ԥƥǽ񤤤򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦 (Görlach 39)

Literature: T. More, Utopia 1515ff.; Milton, early Latin poems
History: Boetius, Chronicles; W. Camden, Britannia
Sciences: W. Gilbert, De magnete . . . (1600); W. Harvey, Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Frankfurt, 1628); I. Newton, Principia (1689)
Philosophy: F. Bacon, De augmentis scientiarum (1623); T. Hobbes, De cive (1642)
Grammars, etc.: T. Smith, De recta et emendata linguae anglicae scriptione (1542, printed 1568); A. Gil, Logonomia Anglica (1619/21); J. Wallis, Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1685, English version 1687)


Τ褦ˡ줿ƥ줿ѸζϿˤ錄ä³ѸѤ17δ֤¤ƤꡤNewton Locke θOpticks (1704), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) ʤɡˤ˸褦ˡѤܤޤǤˤϤۤܥƥषȤäƤ褤¾Υ衼åѽǤϤä٤äȤ⤢ˡ17ΥƥͳˤĤơGörlach (39) 4󤲤Ƥ롥

1 The grammar schools increasingly adopted English-medium education; the use of Latin declined sharply as soon as it began to be learnt only for reading texts (Latin classics, etc.).
2 Bacon and the 'New Science' looked more critically at classical and humanist concepts and their rhetorical forms; their demand for plain language strengthened the vernacular.
3 The influence of Puritanism increased, and Puritans tended to equate Latin with Roman Catholicism.
4 The upheavals of the Civil War disrupted the old traditions of the schools.


ҿȤƤΥƥοϰīͼˤϤʤλ֤פƱ褦ˡ줿Ѹΰҿˤ⡤٤δ֤ɬפäΤǤ롥

Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

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2016-06-04 Sat

#2595. Ѹ̾ˤߤ̾Ρּѡפλ [latin][etymology][borrowing][loan_word][loan_translation][mythology][calendar]

Ѹ̾ϡ褯ΤƤ褦ˡ۷ϤμפŷΤ뤤Ͽþ夽ȷӤĤ줿̾ȿǤƤ롥⡤ƥñȿǤǤꡤ̣ǡּѡפȤäƤ褤μѤλ3ĤΥѥ󤬤ߤ롥
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday ˤĤƤϡơʣ1ǤȤơ޿ Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus б륲ޥ̾ͿƤ롥ϡ޿äο򥲥ޥäοηŪ˺ؤȤǡ"loan rendition" ȸƤ֤Τդ路Wednesday ˤĤƤϡ#1261. Wednesday ȯֻ츻 ([2012-10-09-1]) 򻲾ȡ
Sunday, Monday 1ǤˤĤƤϡ줾ۤȷȤŷΤ̾ƥ줫ѸΤȹͤ롥ؤȤϡǥ٥ "loan translation" ȤߤʤȤ
Ǹ Saturday 1Ǥϡ޿ä Saturnus Ȥƥñη֤򤽤Τޤ1ǤؼѤƤΤǡ1ǤΤߤ˸ꤹСȤ̾μ ("loan") ǤʣΤȤƹͤˤϡ1Ǥѡ2ǤʤΤ "loanblend" Ȥʤ롨see #901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]
Ѹ̾ˡ嵭Τ褦ˡּѡפΤĤΥѥ󤬤ߤ뤳ȤˤĤơDurkin (106) Τ褦˾Ҳ𤷤ƤΤǡѤƤ

The modern English names of six of the days of the week reflect Old English or (probably) earlier loan renditions of classical or post-classical Latin names; the seventh, Saturday, shows a borrowed first element. In the cases of Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday there is substitution of the names of roughly equivalent pagan Germanic deities for the Roman ones, with the names of Tiw, Woden, Thunder or Thor, and Frig substituted for Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus respectively; in the cases of Monday and Sunday the vernacular names of the celestial bodies Moon and Sun are substituted for the Latin ones. The first element of Saturday (found in Old English in the form types Sæternesdæġ, Sæterndæġ, Sætresdæġ, and Sæterdæġ) uniquely shows borrowing of the Latin name of the Roman deity, in this case Saturn.


Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-02-1]

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2016-05-20 Fri

#2580. Ѹιռʳ [history_of_linguistics][prescriptive_grammar][latin][emode][renaissance]

ε#2579. ǽαʸˡ William Bullokar, Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) ([2016-05-19-1]) ȴϢơ (68--69) ֶƬˤФǧʳפ4ĤƤ롥Ƥ󤷤褦

1ʳϹФλǤꡤ1561ǯޤ³ѸθäϼڤǤꡤѸǤΤ񤯤ȤϤޤѤȤǤȤߤʤƤGouernour (1531) 路 Sir Thomas Elyot Toxophilus (1545) ԤǤ Roger Ascham ⤳Υ롼פ°롥
2ʳ1561--86ǯλȾ֤ǤꡤƳޤ͡ʼʤǤθ̤ơѸ줬ܤ쿷Ǥ롥ˤƱѸФ뼫褦ˤʤäŵ Sir Philip Sidney An Apology for Poetrie (c. 1583) ˸졤ǤϱѸ줬¾θӤƤҤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
3ʳ1585ǯ1650ǯޤǤǡѸ줬äǤϡ˭١פơ˼ˡʸˡˤƤϤޤäƤȹͤƤMulcaster Bullokar Υ롼פ°Ϲ챿ưʤǤꥢե󥹤ռƤܻؤƤʸˡϥƥʸˡ˱褦ΤǤꡤƥθҤڤ뤳ȤˤäƱѸ⤯褦ȴޤƤ
4ʳ1650ǯʹߤǡʸˡƥʸˡΩ褦ȤɽФWallis ʹߡषƥΥռΩʸˡܻؤ褦ˤʤ롥

夲 Bullokar ˤѸ˾αʸˡϡ3ʳɽΤäȤ
ѸϡѸ줬ȤƤμƥ줫鼫ͳˤʤäƤǤ뤬϶볫˷깭줿ȤȸͻӤζȸΤäΤǤ롥Ϣơ#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) 򻲾ȡ

졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ

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2016-05-19 Thu

#2579. ǽαʸˡ William Bullokar, Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) [history_of_linguistics][latin][emode][bullokar]

Ѹ˾αʸˡϡWilliam Bullokar (c. 1530--1609) ˤ Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) Ǥ롥ƱԤˤ봰ʸˡ Grammar at large Ȥ˽Ф褦ߤϼƤꡤδάǤȤ⤤ Pamphlet ΤߤĤäƤ롥ξҤϡʸ˽񤫤Ƥ褦ˡֱѸ᤯Ϥפ¾ʸˡμ˻٤׺줿ΤǤ롥Bullokar ֻװƤ󼨤ʪȤƤΤ뤬ºݤˤξҤֻǽ񤫤Ƥ롥Bullokar ϡֻܤ伭ʤɴϢνǤ褷Ƥ褦ǰʤ顤ˤĤƤΤƤʤ (Crystal 39)
Pamphlet ϡ1509ǯ˽Ǥ줿 William Lily Υƥʸˡα Short Introduction of Grammar (1548) ¿͵򤷤Ƥ롥ƥʸˡȤʸˡǤ뤫顤ˤĤƤϼ夯ΤȤŪʸˡȤ롥16Ⱦˤʸˡо줬ƥФƬħ뤭ƶŪʽǤ뤳ȤͤȡƤŪƥŪǤȤȤϡ̷ϤǤ롥ˤĤơ (68) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥

Bullokar ˤ餺ʸˡ̤ˤĤƸ뤳ȤǤ뤬ʸȼºݤƤЪΥӤȤȤ褺ܤˤĤʸιռ񿴤ʤɤ񤤤ƤΤǤƿˤҤӤɤƤΥƥˤΤä뤳ȤˤʤäƤϵŪˤҤӤɤ⡤Ѹ줬ʸˡפȤƤϤޤۤΩɤʸǤ뤳Ȥ뤿ˡʤ٤ƥʸˡ˹碌Ƹ褦ȤǤ롥ʸˡȤСȤƸҤΤƥä°ȻפƤΤǡƥʸˡƱѸDZѸƤߤ뤳ȤˤäơѸ줬ƥƱʤˤʤäȤƤΤǤä顤̱ռпۤɡƤϸŤʤȤŪʾä


Τ褦ˡѸ˾̾Ĥǽαʸˡϡ϶塤¼ȿǤȤäˤΥߥ󥰤Ǹ줿Τä

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ

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2016-05-18 Wed

#2578. ȸ̤ƱѸؼѤ줿찮Υƥñ [loan_word][latin][celtic][oe][borrowing][statistics]

֥ƥ礬43ǯ410ǯޤǤΤޤλ۲֤졤Ǥ٥ƥ줬äƤȤ¤顤λѤƤƥñ줬μ礿ȤʤѸˤ⡤ĤäƤϤǤϤʤ뤫⤷ʤΥƥñ¿ȸüԤ޲Ȥʤäơ˱Ѹˤ줿ΤǤϤʤȡºݤˤϤΤ褦ʾϵʤäBaugh and Cable (77) ˤȡ

It would be hardly too much to say that not five words outside of a few elements found in place-names can be really proved to owe their presence in English to the Roman occupation of Britain. It is probable that the use of Latin as a spoken language did not long survive the end of Roman rule in the island and that such vestiges as remained for a time were lost in the disorders that accompanied the Germanic invasions. There was thus no opportunity for direct contact between Latin and Old English in England, and such Latin words as could have found their way into English would have had to come in through Celtic transmission. The Celts, indeed, had adopted a considerable number of Latin words---more than 600 have been identified--- but the relations between the Celts and the English were such . . . that these words were not passed on.


Υȸˤ600᤯ƥñ줬äƤȤΤϡΤʤäơűѸäΤϤä5ˤʤȤäƤ뤬Baugh and Cable (77--78) 󤲤ƤΤϡceaster (< L castra "camp"), port (< L portus, porta "harbor, gate, town"), munt (< L mōns, montem "mountain"), torr (L turris "tower, rock"), wīc (< L vīcus "village") Ǥ롥Ǥ츻˰ΤΤ⤢ꡤȸͳǸűѸäƥѸγμ¤ȤϤʤʤ⤷ʤ¾̾ǤȤƤ street, wall, wine ʤɤäƤ뤬ˤ褽Τ褦ʥ롼ȤǸűѸäƥѸ찮ꤷʤ
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1])#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ ([2014-08-24-1]) ʤɤǿ줿褦ˡѸˤˤƥƥñμѤȤȷϩϲ٤ä Baugh and Cable θƤ֤ȤΥƥñѤ1˴ؤƤϡ٤Τä˾ʤȸäƤBaugh and Cable (78) η

At best . . . the Latin influence of the First Period remains much the slightest of all the influences that Old English owed to contact with Roman civilization.


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2016-03-18 Fri

#2517. ŵȤϲ [variety][sociolinguistics][terminology][language_death][standardisation][religion][history][latin][greek][sanskrit][arabic]

ѸˤϤ˸ؤˤؤǤȡФŵ (classical language) ȤѸ˽Ф魯ŵŵŪϡΡʻˡˤθŵʸŵȷӤĤȤƤΥƥ (Latin) ŵꥷ (Ancient Greek) Ǥ롥ŵϸ (modern language) ΩΤǤꡤָŵ (dead language)פȤϢۤ줽ۤñʤΤǤϤʤ (cf. #645. Ѹ ([2011-02-01-1])) ŵ°ȤƤϡ (vitality) ΤۤΧ (autonomy) ɸ (standardisation) פǤ (see #1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1])) Trudgill (22) Ѹ콸

classical language A language which has the characteristics of autonomy and standardisation but which does not have the characteristic of vitality, that is, although it used to have native speakers, it no longer does so. Classical European languages include Latin and Ancient Greek. The ancient Indian language Sanskrit, an ancestor of modern North Indian languages such as Hindi and Bengali, is another example of a classical language, as is Classical Arabic. Classical languages generally survive because they are written languages which are known non-natively as a result of being used for purposes of religion or scholarship. Latin has been associated with Catholicism, Sanskrit with Hinduism, and Classical Arabic with Islam.


ܤˤƤϡŤ졤ʸŵȤưƤʸϡߤǤŪѼԤʤȤ̣ vitality 礤Ƥ뤬ˤ autonomy standardisation ǧ졤䡦ۤȶӤĤƤ񤭸դѼǤ롥
ʤŵΤ⤦1Ĥ°Ȥơΰˤ⼨ƤΤΡŪʸ (historical authority) Ū˲äƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȻפ롥

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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2016-03-11 Fri

#2510. Johnson Ƴ2ñ졦ֻΡ˶ [johnson][spelling][orthography][lexicography][doublet][latin][french][etymology]

Samuel Johnson (1709--84) A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ϡѸ˾θäֻ˴ؤˤȤäƤ褤μȤʪԻԤˤĤƤϡ#1420. Johnson's Dictionary ħȳס ([2013-03-17-1])#1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1]) ۤjohnson εۤ󶡤ƤϡѸν񤭼ˤȤä practice ̾ˤ practise ưˤΤ褦2ñ졦ֻζ̤ˤĤơJohnson ͿƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿
Horobin (148) ˤСѸǤ practice practise ߤ˸򴹲ǽʤΤȤѤƤJohnson μνǤˤ긽ζ̤ΩȤƤ롥Johnson ϸФȤ̾ˤ practice ưˤ practise ΩƤƤꡤռŪ˶̤ĤƤ롥ȤJohnson Ȥ̤ʬǤʻˤ餺 practice ֻ򹥤פ롥㤨СTo Cipher Τʤ "To practice arithmetick" Ȥ뤷Coinage Ȥ "The act or practice of coining money" ߤ롥
Johnson Ƴ̤Τ⤦1ĤȤơcouncil counsel 󤲤롥2ϵŪˤϸ츻ŪʤĤʤϤʤơϥƥ concilium ʽˤ consilium ʽˤͳ褹롥ѸǤϰ̣Ūˤֻ⺮ƱƤꡤ򴹲ǽȤäƤ褫äȤ츻 Johnson ϡƥޤ̤äξԤ̤뤳Ȥ褷ȤΤǤ (Horobin 149)
ˤ⤦1ĴϢ󤲤СѸǤʶ路2Ĥηƻ discreet ʻθΤˤ discrete ʬΥˤζ̤롥ξϸ츻ŪˤƱǤꡤ2Ÿ (doublet) 뤬ѸˤϤθˤƤ⡤ե󥹸 discret ȿǤ discrete ֻΤ̤ۤäȤ16ޤǤ discreet ֻɤȴͥȤʤꡤȤ櫓ֻθפθˤƤϤηȤʤä2ĤηƻˤĤƤϡJohnson ľ˶̤ƳȤ櫓ǤϤʤä̤Ƥζ̤򹭤Ω뤳Ȥ˹׸Ϥ (Horobin 149)
Τ褦 Johnson ϸ츻Ūʥݥꥷ䴸ʤȯˤޤ³ʸΥڥ򤤤ĤƳ뤤夵̯ʤȤˡǤϤĤƤ̤ Johnson ǤΤˤ϶̤ƤʤȤդߤΤ#2440. flower flour (2) ([2016-01-01-1]) Ǽ夲Υڥ1ۤˤ⸽ licence ̾ˤ license ưˤζ̤˴ؤΤ롥Johnson Ϥ2ޤäʬƤ餺ʻˤ license ֻǸФΩƤƤ롥Johnson ȤŦƤ褦̾ϥե󥹸 licence ˡưϥե󥹸 licencier ͳ褹ȤȤǤС츻ŪˤϡʻǤ <c> ֻΤۤդ路ϤȻפ뤬Johnson ΤäΤϡʤդΤۤ <s> Ǥ (Horobin 148) Johnson ϡΤ褦̯ʤȤ򤹤롥ʤdefence Ȥ̾ξˤ⡤Johnson ϵƥ defensio Ǥ뤳ȤǧƤˤ⤫餺<c> ֻѤƤ뤫顤Ʊ褦̯Ǥ (Horobin 149) Johnson Ȥɤ⡤ͤλҤȤȤ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1]

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2016-02-21 Sun

#2491. ե󥹸ˤߤ20ˡε [french][latin][celtic][old_norse][numeral][contact][substratum_theory][hfl]

#2473. ե󥹸ˤߤ20ˡλ ([2016-02-03-1])#2474. ˤθס ([2016-02-04-1])#2477. Ѹˤߤ20ˡλ ([2016-02-07-1]) ǡե󥹸ȱѸʤɤεˡˤĤƹͤϡεǤ⾯줿ե󥹸20ˡεˤ˴ؤǤ롥
ե󥹸Ǥϡ10 (dix), 20 (vingt), 30 (trente), 40 (quarante), 50 (cinquante), 60 (soixante) ޤǤϳơΩ֤򼨤70 soixante-dix (60+10)80 quatre-vingts (4x20)90 quatre-vingt-dix (4x20+10) Ȥ䤳Ǥ롥ޤ6179ޤǤü8199ޤǤüϡ㤨79 soixante-dix-neuf (60+10+9) 99 quatre-vingt-dix-neuf (80+10+9) Τ褦ˡؤ䤳ü­ˤ衤80ɽ魯ɽˤ衤ظ20ñ̤Ȥͤʤ20ˡǤȤȤˤʤ롥ե󥹸οηϤϡ10ˡ20ˡκߤȤߤʤȤǤ
嵭ϤޤǸɸե󥹸ˤηϤεҤǤäơŪ˸ꤷƤ櫓ǤϤʤߤǤե󥹸ѼϤаۤʤ뵭ˡ롥ޤˤ򿶤֤ȡ842ǯΡإȥ饹֡٤˻ϤޤǽΥե󥹸줫δ֡Ǥ20ˡ˴ŤˡѤƤ褦12ˤϡquatre-vins (80) 줿̥ե󥹤ΥǤ dis huit vins (360) ʤɤ礭ʿˤ20ˡѤƤ롥ǡƥͳ褹10ˡѤ setante, septante (70); oitante, uitante, octante (80); nonante (90) ʻѤƤȤդɬפǤ롥ʻѾ֤ϡ1539ǯΡ֥졼ᥳȥļװʹ߾ƤäλɬӤΤǤϤʤäԤδ֤ǵϤä褦17ˤϾQŪˤϼʤΤȻפ줽 septante, octante, nonante ϼΤƤ졤ԤΤΤˤۤ夤
ʩΥå졤٥륮Υե󥹸졤Υե󥹸ʤɼդѼǤϡΤ quatre-vingts Ѥ줿ΤΡ10ˡ˴Ť septante nonante soixante-dix quatre-vingt-dix ФƾɸŪʵˡȤ夷Ƥ롥ѼǤ septante, octante, nonante λѤˤĤơ (28) Douzat ζ̣ȯȤƼʸƤ롥֤οϥե󥹤Υե󥹸ϰ衤٥륮Τ褦ʡäȤƥ첽졤δؿƩκǤ⾯ʤϰˤ夷Ƥʤ
ơե󥹸˸20ˡεˡΤ⤽εˤĤƤϤɤե󥹸ˤΤۤܽᤫڤΤǤ뤫顤λ̤ʤФʤʤ (27) ϡХ졤֥ȥ졤ǥޡ20ˡεˡѻ뤳ȤҤ٤ǡΤ褦˵Ƥ롥

Τ褦ˤߤƤȡ20ˡϥե󥹸ͭΤΤǤϤʤ衼åѤ˺ǤĤ븽ݤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ȤǤĶˤäơĸΥƥˤϤʤ20ˡ򡤥ե󥹸ϤɤȤ줿Τquatre-vingts soixante-dix ϡȥ֥륯˥åפ12˽ФȤƤΤǤ뤬ºݤˤϤ꤫ʤ͸ˤΤܤäƤϤǤ롥εˤĤơؼԤΰոϤۤܰפƤ롥޿ͤꥢϤ˿ν̱²ȿͤ⤿餷ΤȤǤ롥Ĥ²ʬƤ̱²ˤϡΤ20ˡѤƤ²⤤ä˥륺ΥȿͤˤĤƤϡ˸ŤڤˤäƳǧƤȤΥꥢˤȿͤ˴ؤϻĤäƤʤ椨ե󥹿ͤǤ륬ޥͤ˥ȿͤ줬äȤ򴹾ڤ뤳ȤϺΤȤԲǽʤΤǤ롥ȵʳˤϡޥ󥹸ʸؼԤȤΤƤե G. Rohlfs ˤΥޥ󵯸⤬롥󥰤ȸƤФ줿Υޥͤϡ800ǯʩ˽פϤ᤿θϤϥǥʥȥǥޡǤäϡ911ǯ˥3Ȥδ֤Ǹ路ˤäơߥΥޥǥȸƤФƤϰ꽻Marcel Cohen ˤСΥޥǥΥɥĮ Bayeux ˤϡ12ޤǥǥޡ줬ĤäƤȤ꽻ΥΥޥͤϡ1066ǯ˥ꥹ˹ΤǤ뤬Ʊΰϥꥢȥꥢ˸饻ͤ뤷ƤˤΥޥ󲦹ߤߤꥢ䥷ꥢ20ˡߤ뤳ȤʸˡȤϻŦƤ롥ե󥹸20ˡɤ褿ˤĤơ⡤ΥޥΤɤȤˤ衤ϥե󥹸ˤΤܤ뤳ȤǤꡤڤϺʤ褦Ǥ롥


֥ե󥹸οˤĤơסʽصסʸϡˡ271995ǯ19--32ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-04-19-1]

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2016-02-03 Wed

#2473. ե󥹸ˤߤ20ˡλ [french][latin][numeral][indo-european][contact][etymology]

ե󥹸οηϤʣǤ뤳ȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥1Ȥơvingt (20) ϡ80ɽ魯 quatre-vingts 4Ĥ20פˤ⸫褦ˡΩñ̤Ƥ롥ϤĤƤ20ˡ̾ĤȤ롥ѸǤ⡤ɽȤ three scores (60) Τ褦20ñ̤Ȥ score Ȥ줬뤬ŪǼŪ20ˡλˤʤե󥹸ʤɤηŪ20ˡοηϤݻƤΤϡ衼åѤǤϥȸϤΤߤϤХƥ줬̩20ˡοηϤĤȤΤƤ롥20Ȥϡʹ֤μ­λؤο˴Ťȹͤ롥
ե󥹸Ǥ⡤20ˡλϡ̤и⹭Ϥ˸줿褦ե顼 (37--38) ϸŤե󥹸礤˽ФΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ƥƱե󥹸Ǥ <vingt (20)> ȤηϡʥƥǤ vigintiƥǤ vintiˡ20Ȥˤƿ̾ĤʤƤ롥ʤʤ顤θ餫 <deux (2)> (duo), <dix (10)> (decem) Ȥ̵طǤ롥ˡŤե󥹸Ǥϡե󥹸 quatre-vingts (80) Τ褦ʷ𡧡һͤĤ20Ӥΰ̣ͤʤꤿ󸫤줿㤨60, 120, 140ϡ̤ trois-vingts ʻĤ20ˡsix-vingts ϻĤ20ˡsept-vingts ʼĤ20ˤȸƤ櫓ǡѥԤ220̾ηٻ̾Τ1120 Corps des Onze-VingtsӤȤʤäΤǤ롥ˡ륤913ܤϷʼ300ͤƤ뤿Ƥ줿±ˤϡ1520± Hôpital des Quinze-VingtsӤȤ̯̾դ줿ʤΤޤ޸ߤ˻äƤˡ


εҤˤСƥ viginti ϡduo (2) Ȥ decem (10) Ȥ̵طȤƤ뤬Ʒ줿ĸ *wīkmtī ϡ*wi- (two) + *dkmt- (ten) ̤Τǡ¤ϸ츻Ū̵طǤϤʤŪʵǽȤƤϡ2Ȥ10ȤϢŤƲᤵƤϤʤäȻפΤǡϤƥ viginti ե󥹸 vingt ϻ¾Ωñ̤ȤƤߤƤ褤ʤѸ vicennial 20ǯΡˤϡ210Τ줾θ캬˸Ҳʻ (v, c) ݻƤ롥
ե󥹸ʬŪʤ20ˡοηϤޤޤƤΤϡʤͳˤΤˤˤĤƤϾܤĴƤʤܿ˵⤬Ƥ褦
Ѹˤ˴ؤ¾ο˴ؤƤϡ#100. hundred ȰӸء ([2009-08-05-1])#1150. centum satem ([2012-06-20-1])#2240. thousand "swelling hundred" ([2015-06-15-1])#2285. hundred "great ten" ([2015-07-30-1])#2286. űѸ hundseofontig (seventy), hundeahtatig (eighty), etc. ([2015-07-31-1])#2304. űѸ hundseofontig (seventy), hundeahtatig (eighty), etc. (2) ([2015-08-18-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ե顼른ˡ 졦׽ ȡˡؿˡϿɤΤ褦ˤƤ١ʿ޼ҡ1988ǯ

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2016-01-28 Thu

#2467. 륵ޥ, ressentiment, resentment [french][loan_word][latin][semantic_change][etymology]

ܸΡ֥륵ޥפϡե󥹸 ressentiment μѸǤ롥긵ˤäظѸδμ (2004) ˤСֺߡʰʢΩפäळȡϤͤ٤ԤФ롤ߡﺹ̼Ԥκ̼ԤФ롤ۼԤλۼԤФǰפȤ롥ˡƻη (1887) Ѥθ Max Scheler Max Weber ȯŸǰ
ե󥹸 ressentiment ˤϡֺߡ庨亨פΤۤˡǤ뤬ִ뤳ȡˡդǰפȤ⤢뤫顤ŤɬͥƥʴΤߤ˷ӤĤ줿櫓ǤϤʤȤˤʤäư ressentir δŪʸֶפǤꡤressentir de l'amitié pour qn. ?ͧФˤʤɡݥƥʶ򼨤㤬롥
ΥեñϡѸ resent(ment) б롥ߡԤδŪʸϡԲ˻פʰ롤פۤɤǤꡤ̾ݥƥɽȶ뤳ȤϤʤ츻Ūˤ re- + sentir ʬ򤵤졤θϡַ֤롨פǤ뤫顤ͥƥʸؤθϸȯΤϤǤ롥ºݡ17̾ resentment ե󥹸줫ѸؼѤƤȤ18--19˻ޤǡݥƥʴȤƤΡִաפθԤʤƤƻդ resenting God's favours ʿβФƴդΰդȡˤˤĤƸäƤȤǤꡤޤ OED Ǥ resentment, n. θ5ѵˤȤ "Grateful appreciation or acknowledgement (of a service, kindness, etc.); a feeling or expression of gratitude. Obs." ǧ롥
䤬ƸͥƥФäƤߤΡʰפθ̾ΤΤȤ夷åץ꡼ (533) ϡθΰ̣ΰ (semantic pejoration) ˤĤơֿʹ֤ϰȤ򵭲뷹ŪˤĤΤǡִפǤäˡԲ˴פ̣褦ˤʤäפȤƤ롥åץ꡼ƱͤȤ retaliate 󤲤Ƥ롥ƥ talis ʻˤޤǤ뤳Ȥ顤ϡֻ褦ʤȤ򤹤롤ƱΤ֤פäδȹưʡܤˤܤסˤɽ魯롤֤פؤò

硼 T. åץ꡼ ƻ ϻ إåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ

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2015-12-18 Fri

#2426. York Memorandum Book ˤߤʩ¿¿ͤʺ [code-switching][borrowing][loan_word][french][anglo-norman][latin][bilingualism][hybrid][lexicology]

Ѹ code-switching macaronic ʸˤĤơ#1470. macaronic lyric ([2013-05-06-1])#1625. Ѹν񤭸դˤ code-switching ([2013-10-08-1])#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1])#2271. Ѹ macaronic ʲʸ ([2015-07-16-1])#2348. Ѹˤˤ code-switching ([2015-10-01-1]) ʤɤǼ夲ƤϢơʩκߤ15ηбġȤεϿʸĴ Rothwell ʸɤΤǡƤҲ𤹤롥
ĴоݤȤʤäʸ York Memorandum Book ȸƤФΤǡϼΤ褦ʸǤ (Rothwell 213)

The two substantial volumes of the York Memorandum Book provide some five hundred pages of records detailing the administrative and commercial life of the second city in England over the years between 1376 and 1493, setting down in full charters, ordinances of the various trade associations, legal cases involving citizens and so on.


York Memorandum Book ˤϡʩκߤ뤬ߤμ͡Ǥ롥Rothwell ʬˤС11κߤΤ롥Rothwell (215--16) ʸϤȴФơվ񤭤

(i) "English words inserted without modification into a Latin text"
(ii) "English words similarly introduced into a French text"
(iii) "French words used without modification into a Latin text"
(iv) "French words similarly used in an English text"
(v) "English words dressed up as Latin in a Latin text"
(vi) "English words dressed up as French in a French text"
(vii) "French words dressed up as Latin in a Latin text"
(viii) "French words are used in a specifically Anglo-French sense in a French text"
(ix) "French words may be found in a Latin text dressed up as Latin, but with an English meaning"
(x) "On occasion, a single word may be made up of parts taken from different languages . . . or a new word may be created by attaching a suffix to an existing word, either from the same language or from one language or another""
(xi) "Outside the area of word-formation there is also the question of grammatical endings to be considered"

3Ĥθ줬ؤꡤξ "dressed up" ̵̣ͭαʤɤθȡΤ褦ˤ٤ʬबȤȤ롥(x) Ϥ뺮 (hybrid) ˴ؤǤ (see #96. Ѹȥե󥹸Ǻ褫 ( hybrid ) ([2009-08-01-1])) Τ褦˸ȡüѡαƶˤ뿷ʸȯạ̃θ򴹡code-switching ʤɤν˸ߤ̩ܤ˴ϢƤ뤫ڤʬ˺񤫤롥
Rothwell ϷȤơΤμαʩκߤϡ̵Τʼ̻ˤλʪȤ "recognised policy" (230) äȤߤʤ٤ȼĥƤ롥ޤ14--15ˤϡȼפγˤбġȤεϿʸǰƤ¿ͲȼäŪʸä礷Ƥˤơ񤭼ϸߤθñߤڤꤹɬפ줿˰㤤ʤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥Rothwell (230) ۩

Before condemning the scribes of late medieval England for their ignorance, account must be taken of the situation in which they found themselves. On the one hand the recording of administrative documents steadily increasing in number and diversity called for an ever wider lexis, whilst on the other hand the conventions of the time demanded that such documents be couched in Latin or French. No one has ever remotely approached complete mastery of the lexis of his own language, let alone that of any other language, either in medieval or modern times.


Rothwell ȤԤˤĤƤϡ#1212. 󥰥ɤˤѸˤ붵λϤޤ (2) ([2012-08-21-1])#2348. Ѹˤˤ code-switching ([2015-10-01-1])#2349. Ѹ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1])#2350. Prioress Anglo-French ϰ̤Ϥۤ㤯ʤä ([2015-10-03-1])#2374. Anglo-French Ȥ (1) ([2015-10-27-1])#2375. Anglo-French Ȥ (2) ([2015-10-28-1]) Ǥ⿨ƤΤǡ⻲ȡ

Rothwell, William. "Aspects of Lexical and Morphosyntactical Mixing in the Languages of Medieval England." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. D. S. Brewer, 2000. 213--32.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-06-1]

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2015-12-11 Fri

#2419. ꥷƥѸˤ <ae> [etymological_respelling][spelling][latin][greek][loan_word][diphthong][spelling_pronunciation_gap][digraph]

ε#2418. ꥷƥѸˤ <oe> ([2015-12-10-1]) ˰³ <ae> ֻˤĤơUpward and Davidson (219--20) 򻲾ȤĤļ夲롥
ꥷ <oi> ŵƥޤǤ <oe> ȤƼ褦ˤʤäƤΤƱͤˡꥷ <ai> ϥƥؤ <ae> ȤƼ줿 (ex. G aigis > L aegis) Ż (digraph) ɽ蘆줿2첻ϸŵʹߤΥƥdz경ᡤֻ <ae> <e> ñΤɽ蘆褦ˤʤääơѸǤϡŵʹߤΥƥե󥹸ʤɤäˤƤ <e> 򼨤ŵƥľܻȤƤμѸ֤ľˤƤ <ae> 򼨤褦ˤʤäñˤäƤϡꥷΥꥸʥ <oi> ȹ碌ơ3ֻβǽˤĤäƤ㤬 (ex. daimon, daemon, demon; cainozoic, caenozoic, cenozoic)
ѸǤ <ae> ֤뤳Ȥ⤢ä <e> ؤñ㲽夷⾯ʤʤ(a)enigma, (a)ether, h(a)eresy, hy(a)ena, ph(a)enomenon, sph(a)ere ʤɤǤ롥ޤ˺ <ae> ݻƤΤϡꥹֻˤäǤ롥aegis, aeon, aesthetic, aetiology, anaemia, archaeology, gynaecology, haemorrhage, orthopaedic, palaeography, paediatrics ʤɤȤʤ뤬ꥫֻǤ <e> ñ㲽뤳Ȥ¿Michael Ȥ̾⡤<ae> ݼ餷Ƥ롥
ʤ20ޤǤϡ<oe> (ligature) <œ> Ȥư뤳Ȥ̤äΤƱͤˡ<ae> ̾ <æ> ȤưƤޤaerial <æ> ñ <e> ֤뤳ȤʤΤϡ줬ꥷ aerios ̤ΤǤꡤ2Ż <ai> ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤޤǸʸȤ߹碌 <a> + <e> ͳ褹ΤǤ롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2015-12-10 Thu

#2418. ꥷƥѸˤ <oe> [etymological_respelling][spelling][latin][greek][french][loan_word][diphthong][spelling_pronunciation_gap][digraph]

Ѹ <amoeba>, <Oedipus>, <onomatopoeia> ʤɤֻ˸Ż () ηˤ꽾 <e> <oe> Ѥ줿ꡤԤƤѤȤʤʤɡñˤäƤɤ줬ä褦㤨 Phoebus, Phoenician, phoenix ʤɤϸ츻ŪֻȿǤƤꡤޤ夷Ƥ뤬<comoedy>, <tragoedy> ʤɤ夷ʤä
Ѹֻ <oe> κѤưŤʹߤ˼Ѥ줿ƥ󡦥ꥷä츻ŪֻηˤȤСʤ줬μθäФäƴѻ뤫롥ޤ<oe> ϡŵͳ褹ͭ̾ŵŪ˸롥Oedipus, Euboea, Phoebe तꥷޤθŵλʪǰɽ魯⡤ <oe> ݻ䤹 (ex. oecist, poecile) ʳѸʤɤä⡤<oe> ڤŵŪʸǤ (ex. amoeba, oenothera, oestrus dioecious, diarrhoea, homoeostasis, pharmacopoeia, onomatopoeic)
ʤ<oe> 16ʹߤΰˤơ (ligature) <œ> Ȥɽ뤳Ȥ̤ä<oe> ȯˤĤƤϡꥹѸǤ /iː/ бꥫѸǤ /i/ 뤤ϵ /ɛ/ б뤳ȤŦƤޤϾʤե󥹼Ѹͳ褹 <oe> ⤢뤳ȤźƤ (ex. oeil-de-boeuf, oeillade, oeuvre)
ʾ OED o ιफεҤ Upward and Davidson (221--22) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2015-11-26 Thu

#2404. <nacio(u)n> <nation> ֻѲ (2) [etymological_respelling][spelling][spelling_reform][consonant][latin][emode]

#2018. <nacio(u)n> <nation> ֻѲ ([2014-11-05-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥnation Ȥ1ñˤȤɤޤ餺̤˥ƥ -tiō ̤ĸäֻѸ -<cion> Ѹ -<tion> ؤѲܤ롥
εǼ褦ˡ <c> <t> Ѳϸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȹͤ롥츻Ūֻϡ٤෿ǤΤΡƤϤĤθˤñȯŪΤǤꡤηŪʸݤǤϤʤΤʤǤƥ -tiō 򻲾Ȥ <c> <t> ѲϤ褽§Ū褦Ǥꡤ٤ˤưռŪäȤ롥§ŪǰռŪäȤȤϡˤФѲֻ (spelling_reform) ̤äȸʤʤѸֻפˤˤơ¿ʤȤߤ Noah Webster ΤΤ餤ʤʤȤƤޤʬŪˤȸ뤬Ѹ <c> <t> Ϥ⤦1Ĥ㳰ŪȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Venezky (38) ϡ-<tion> Τߤʤ餺 -<tial> ޤơѲˤĤưʲΤ褦˿Ƥ롥

. . . a number of graphemic substitutions, introduced mostly between the times of Chaucer and Shakespeare, must be treated separately. One of these is the substitution of t for c in suffixes like tion and tial, e.g., nation, essential (cf. ME, nacion, essenciall). Early Modern English scribes, instilled with the fervor of classical learning, brought about in these substitutions one of the few true spelling reforms in English orthographic history.


Venezky, Richard L. The Structure of English Orthography. The Hague: Mouton, 1970.

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2015-11-07 Sat

#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) [oed][statistics][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][latin][greek][french][italian][spanish][portuguese][romancisation]

#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸäס ([2015-10-10-1])#2369. Ѹˤˤ륤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥ줫θüѤˡ ([2015-10-22-1]) ǡCulpeper and Clapham (218) ˤ OED ١Υޥ󥹷ϼѸפҲ𤷤ʸδˡŪʿͤɽηǷǺܤƤΤǡˤ2ĥդʥǡϡHTML򻲾ȡˡ1Ĥ4ȾȤγƸ줫μѸ2ĤϤƱΤ򡤳ƻθФΤˤɴʬΨǼΤǤ롥

Classical and Romance Loanwords in OED

Classical and Romance Loanwords (%) in OED

ϢפȤơ#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1]) ǿ줿 Wordorigins.org "Where Do English Words Come From?" ⻲ȡ

Culpeper Jonathan and Phoebe Clapham. "The Borrowing of Classical and Romance Words into English: A Study Based on the Electronic Oxford English Dictionary." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 1.2 (1996): 199--218.

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2015-10-10 Sat

#2357. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä [oed][statistics][lexicology][loan_word][borrowing][latin][greek][french][italian][spanish][portuguese][romancisation]

ɸ˴ؤ롤OED2 CD-ROM ǤѤܳŪŪȯCulpeper and Clapham ˤΤǡĴˡ򸫤뤫ꡤ츻󸡺εǽȤʤ٤κʤ褦忴褦OED ʤɤѤŪϾʤʤˡθ̩˴դߤơĴ⿮Τ̤ȤƼƤ褤ΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥äȤ⡤ɮԤȤ OED ѤƸפ뤳ȤΰյפˤĤƿŤƤꡤ̤⤽˱ƿŤ˲ᤷʤФʤȤ⤷Ƥ롥äơʲεҤ⡤â񤭤ʬ˰ռĤIJᤵ줿
Culpeper and Clapham ΰäŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽ȤϡŪˤϥƥ졤ꥷ졤ե󥹸졤ꥢ졤ڥ졤ݥȥ濴ȤǤ롥ͤȤƤ٤礭ˤʤΤϡǽ4ۤɤǤ롥ɮԤϡOED Ǻܤ2,314,82θФ줫顤θľθȤѸ77,335Ф̡̤׿Ȥ⡤Ȥ˽Фäˤ뤽μѸγŻ뤷ơƼθͤ򻻽Ф
ĤҤȤĤοͤŪǤꡤ줾̣ᤷƤΤ⤪⤷ΤǤ Culpeper and Clapham (215) ʸκǸ󤷤Ƥ礿ȯ7Ѥ褦

   (1) Latin and French have had a profound effect on the English lexicon, and Latin has had a much greater effect than French.
   (2) Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese are of relatively minor importance, although Italian experienced a small boost in the 18th century.
   (3) The general trend is one of decline in borrowing from Classical and Romance languages. In the 17th century, 39.3% of recorded vocabulary came from Classical and Romance languages, whereas today the figure is 15%.
   (4) Latin borrowing peaked in 1600--1675, and Latin contributed approximately 7000 words to the English lexicon during the 16th century.
   (5) Greek, coming after Latin and French in terms of overall quantity, peaked in the 19th century.
   (6) French borrowing peaked in 1251--1375, fell below the level of Latin borrowing around 1525, and thereafter declined except for a small upturn in the 18th century. French contributed over 11000 words to the English lexicon during the Middle English period.
   (7) Today, borrowing from Latin may have a slight lead on borrowing from French.


7ȤäƤ⡤θǤۣäĴ̤ϿͤȤƶβƤꡤ狼䤹(1) ϡե󥹸ȥƥǡɤ餬Ū¿μѸäѸˤ⤿餷ƤȤ䤤üŪΤǤꡤƥι׸Τ֤ۤä礭פȤƤ롥(7) ˤСΥƥ̤ͥϡ㴳κʤ⡤ѸˤĤƤ褦Ϣơ(6) 顤ι׸줬ե󥹸줫ƥڤؤäΤ16ȾǤ뤳ȤȽ뤷(4) 顤ƥΥԡ16Ȥ17Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼롥
(3) ǤϡʹߡˤѸΨäƤƤ뤳ȤƤ뤬ϡ#879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1]) ǤߤȤ礹롥(2) (5) Ǥϡƥȥե󥹸ʳν줫αƶϡΤȤƶϾ뤤λˤ串ȤʤäȤ٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼롥
ѸˤˤѸפˤĤƤϡcat:lexicology statistics loan_word γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿ܵȴϢơäˡ#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Culpeper Jonathan and Phoebe Clapham. "The Borrowing of Classical and Romance Words into English: A Study Based on the Electronic Oxford English Dictionary." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 1.2 (1996): 199--218.

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2015-10-01 Thu

#2348. Ѹˤˤ code-switching [code-switching][me][emode][bilingualism][contact][latin][french][literature][borrowing][genre][historical_pragmatics][discourse_analysis]

ܥ֥Ǥ code-switching (CS) ˴ؤƤĤε񤤤ƤȤ櫓Ѹˤλϡ#1470. macaronic lyric ([2013-05-06-1])#1625. Ѹν񤭸դˤ code-switching ([2013-10-08-1])#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1])#2271. Ѹ macaronic ʲʸ ([2015-07-16-1]) Ƥ CS ˴ؤ븦ȯŸ˸岡ǡޤ˸ (historical_pragmatics) ήԤˤ٤ǡŪˤ CS θ⾯ĿӤƤƤ褦ǤꡤѸˤˤƤ⤤ĤʸФ褦ˤʤä
˱Ѹˤ CS μ֤ϡޤޤƤʤȤ¿⤽⡤CS ѻ˥ƥȤϤɤٻĤäƤΤSchendl ϡѸ줫Ѹˤơʣ줬ߤƥȤϷ褷ƾʤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

There is a considerable number of mixed-language texts from the ME and the EModE periods, many of which show CS in mid-sentence. The phenomenon occurs across genres and text types, both literary and non-literary, verse and prose; and the languages involved mirror the above-mentioned multilingual situation. In most cases Latin as the 'High' language is one of the languages, with one or both of the vernaculars English and French as the second partner, though switching between the two vernaculars is also attested. (79)

CS in written texts was clearly not an exception but a widespread specific mode of discourse over much of the attested history of English. It occurs across domains, genres and text types --- business, religious, legal and scientific texts, as well as literary ones. (92)


鷺͡ʥƥȤ CS 褦ʸإƥȤȤƤϡŪˤ "(i) sermons; (ii) other religious prose texts; (iii) letters; (iv) business accounts; (v) legal texts; (vi) medical texts" 󤲤ƤꡤʸإƥȤȤƤ "(i) mixed or 'macaronic' poems; (ii) longer verse pieces; (iii) drama; (iv) various prose texts" ʤɤȤ (Schendl 80)
Ѹˤ뤤˸ؤˤ CS ʤޤƥȡˤ򸦵椹յϾʤȤ3롥1Ĥϡ2Ѥȸܿξβ˻񤹤2ĤϡCS ȼѤζܤ˴ط롥üѤ¿ѸˤˤȤäơѤβ餫ˤ뤳ȤϡŪˤºŪˤˤƽפǤ (see #1661. Ѥ code-switching ζ֡ ([2013-11-13-1])#1985. Ѥܿˤ봳Ĥζ֡ ([2014-10-03-1])#1988. Ѹ츦 to-do list (2) ([2014-10-06-1])#2009. ؤˤܿ2 ([2014-10-27-1])) 3ĤˡŪ CS ̻ŪʼͿ뤳Ȥˤꡤ򿼲뤳ȤǤ롥

Schendl, Herbert. "Linguistic Aspects of Code-Switching in Medieval English Texts." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000. 77--92.

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