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latin - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2019-05-30 Thu

#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 [gvs][vowel][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][stress][analogy][suffix][latin][sobokunagimon][-ate]

ɸˤĤƼ䤬󤻤ޤȤ appropriate ưȤƤϡֻѤ˶סƻȤƤϡŬڤʡפǤơȯ /əˈproʊpriˌeɪt/, /əˈproʊpriˌɪt/ Ȥʤޤ첻 /eɪt/ ̸ /ɪt/ ǰۤʤäƤޤϤʤǤ礦
ư /eɪt/ ȯϡֻȾȤ餷碌Ф狼褦ˡ첻 (gvs) θ̤Ƥޤ<-ate> Ȥֻɽ蘆ȯ /-aːt(ə)/ Ѹ첻ܤˤ /eɪt/ ؤѲǤޤƱֻ̾졦ƻ -ate ǤϡΤ褦ȯѲϵäƤޤ󡥤Ѳϡष첻μ岽Ǥꡤ/ɪt/ ؤȵ뤷Ƥޤ
ΰ㤤ϡ첻ܰζΤΰ㤤˵ޤŪˤСappropriate Τ褦Ĺñξ硤ưˤƤϸβ2֤ޤƻ졦̾ˤƤ֤ʤȤޤappropriate ˤĤƶŪˤСưȤƤ4 -ate ˡ2˶֤ޤ̾졦ƻȤƤϤ줬֤ʤȤȤˤʤޤ
ǻפФ٤ϡ첻ܤϡֶΤĹ첻פˤƺѤ벻ǤȤȤǤĤޤꡤ-ate ưˡˤƤϡ2ǤϤޤ˶֤Τǡξ˹פ /-aːt(ə)/ /eɪt/ ޤ̾졦ƻˡˤƤϡ֤ʤΤ첻ܤȤ̵طˤळȤˤʤޤ̾졦ƻˡǤϡ /-aːt(ə)/ ֻȤƤ <-ate> ݤʤ⡤ȤƤ϶򼺤ȤȤ /-at/ ؤû /-ət/ /-ɪt/ ؤۣ첻ΤǤ
Τ褦ʷаޤǡ-ate ʻˤäȯ㤨Ȥʤޤä󤳤ηޤꡤѥ󤬤Ǥȡθϼºݤȯ䶯֤ˤ餺ȤˤΩѥŪŬѤ褦ˤʤޤơ-ate ȯ롼뤬ΩΤǤ
Ϣơ#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) ⤴Ȥ-age ʤɤ˴ؤƤ⡤ۤƱƤϤޤȻפޤ (310, 313) ׻ȡ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-16-1] [2019-05-31-1]

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2019-05-25 Sat

#3680. إ륺ν٤饤 [manuscript][celtic][literature][link][book_of_kells][bible][manuscript][literature][ireland][latin]

ɤȥ󥰥󤬤ߤȤͻ礷ܤηإ륺ν (The Book of Kells) 饤󲽤ꡤܤ̩Ǥ롥ξ "The Medieval Masterpiece, the Book of Kells, Is Now Digitized & Put Online" ȤΤä


The Book of Kells, Chi-Rho Page The Book of Kells



إ륺ν٤ϡinsular half-uncial ΤΥƥǽ񤫤줿4ʡǤ롥680ڡʤΤȤɤ˶ˤ̩ܤƤꡤηݽŪͤؤ롥7Ⱦ9ˤơ餯Υɽƻǡ֤򤫤Ի줿ΤμܤȤСޤμܤ̾󤬤ȤۤɤΥȥĤΰʤǤ롥Encyclopaedia Britannica ˤȡΤ褦˲⤬롥

Illuminated gospel book (MS. A.I. 6; Trinity College Library, Dublin) that is a masterpiece of the ornate Hiberno-Saxon style. It is probable that the illumination was begun in the late 8th century at the Irish monastery on the Scottish island of Iona and that after a Viking raid the book was taken to the monastery of Kells in County Meath, where it may have been completed in the early 9th century. A facsimile was published in 1974.


֥˹ԤȤ⡤ʤˤƤηį褦ˤʤäˤʤäʤ

Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008.

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2019-05-02 Thu

#3657. mountain, mount, Mt. [etymology][latin][french][loan_word][abbreviation]

Mt. Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan. ˤϡMt. (= mount) mountain Ȥֻפ̣2Ĥñ줬롥ͭ̾ȤȤ˸ˤ mount ɽϤƤά Mt.ˤѤ̾ȤƤ mountain Ѥ롥
űѸ̤ˡֻפ̣ beorg ʥɥĸ BergˤäǤ˸űѸ顤ƥǡֻפ̣ mōns, mont- Ѹ munt ȤäƤꡤѤ뤳ȤϤäѸˤʤȡƱ츻Ǹťե󥹸θ mont ˤ⶯뤫Ѥ褦ˤʤäMED mount n.(1) 򻲾ȡˡѸǤϡ̾ȤƤʸ졦ŸȤƤζͭ嵭Τ褦 Mt. ȤƸͭ̾ΰȤѤΤ̤Ǥ롥
mountain 13Ⱦ˽Ф롥츻ˤ⤢ƥ mōns, mont- ηƻȤ⤤٤Τǡ¯ƥ *montānea(m) (regiōnem) (= "mountainous region") ťե󥹸 montagne ФơѸ mountain(e n. ȤäƤΤǤ롥ߤޤǤ˺Ǥ̤Ρֻפɽ魯̾ȤȯŸƤʹͤƤߤȡmountainous Ȥƻϡ츻ŪˤϷƻΡΤޤƻȤȤˤʤäƤ⤷
¤ Mt. ȤάɽλѤˤˤĤΤꤿȻפĤ˼ǤθƤߤΤۤȤɾ󤬤ʤ̤λˤäĴ٤ƤߤɬפꤽʤߤˡϢ뤫⤷ʤȻפäĴ٤Ƥߤ Mr Mrs ʤɤɽˤĤƤϡ褽̤Ȥcf. #895. Miss ϲξά ([2011-10-09-1]

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2019-02-23 Sat

#3589. ֥פФ Ben Jonson [inkhorn_term][lexicology][hapax_legomenon][renaissance][emode][borrowing][latin][loan_word]

ͥ󥹴Υƥ󡦥ꥷǮ⤫줿Τ褦ʡ֥ (inkhorn_term) ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ͡˼夲ƤʤȤ櫓#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])#1410. Ƚ󵢡 ([2013-03-07-1])#2479. ѸθüѤФȿưȤƤθϤɤޤܵä ([2016-02-09-1])#3438. ʤѸΥƥѸΤ ([2018-09-25-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Ʊ夫餷ФȽɤоݤȤƤ Ben Jonson ⡤1601ǯ˽餵줿 The Poetaster ΤʤǥͤƤ롥Crispinus ȤоʪǺޤͿ졤񤷤ñǤפȤǤ롥Ǥ줿˥ꥹȤƤȡΤ褦ˤʤ (Johnson 192; ϸѸѸ)

retrograde, reciprocall, incubus, glibbery, lubricall, defunct, magnificate, spurious, snotteries, chilblaind, clumsie, barmy, froth, puffy, inflate, turgidous, ventosity, oblatrant, obcaecate, furibund, fatuate, strenuous, conscious, prorumped, clutch, tropological, anagogical, loquacious, pinnosity, obstupefact


OED Ǥϡpinnosity ٤Ƥñ줬ФȤΩƤƤ롥Τʤˤ Jonson ηǤȤƤʤ1󤭤ñޤޤƤ롥Ǥ̤ѤΤ⤢ˤϤ뤬ΤΩ³ǤƤϤʤʤñФǤ롥ŵŪʥΥꥹȤȤƻȤ

Johnson, Keith. The History of Early English: An Activity-Based Approach. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016.

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2019-02-20 Wed

#3586. ʣ [plural][latin][greek][french][italian]

ѸԵ§ʣȤ̾ˤϡʣȸƤФ췲롥ȤƶѸʹߤ˥ƥ졤ꥷ졤ե󥹸졤ꥢʤɤѤ줿ؽѡǡˤʣݤäƤΤˤơѸε§Ūʸ -(e)s 褦ˤʤäΤ⾯ʤʤޤɽŪñ򡤡Űʸˡ٤˰͵򤷤ưʲ˼
ä˥ƥ -us ̾˸20ε§ʣήˤĤƤϡHotta 򻲾ȡʴϢơ#121. octopus ʣ ([2009-08-26-1])#161. rhinoceros ʣ ([2009-10-05-1]) ˡ

1. ƥϤ̾
1.1 -us ǽ
a) -us [əs] -i [aɪ]
alumnus ˻´ alumni
bacillus ʥХ륹ݡ bacilli
esophagus ʿƲ esophagi
locus ʵס loci, loca
stimulus ʻɷ stimuli
b) §ʣ -es Ĥ
apparatus ֡ apparatuses
bonus ʥܡʥ bonuses
campus ʹ campuses
caucus ʴġ caucuses
chorus ʥ饹 choruses
circus ʥ circuses
impetus ʵưϡ impetuses
minus οޥʥ minuses
prospectus ʳعʤɤΰ prospectuses
sinus ƶ sinuses
status ϰ̡ statuses
c) -us -i Ѳ -es ξͤΤ
cactus ʥܥƥ cacti, cactuses
cirrus ʴ cirri, cirruses
cumulus ѱ cumuli, cumuluses
focus ʾ foci, focuses
fungus ʤΤʤɤζ fungi, funguses
genius ʼŷ͡ genii ʼˡgeniuses ŷ͡
nimbus nimbi, nimbuses
nucleus ʸҳˡ nuclei, nucleuses
radius Ⱦ¡ radii, radiuses
stratus ر strati, stratuses
syllabus ʶܡ syllabi, syllabuses
terminus üء termini, terminuses
d) ¾
corpus ʽ corpora, corpuses
genus ° genera, genuses
1.2 -a ǽ
a) -a [ə] -ae [iː]
alga algae
alumna ʽ´ alumnae
larva larvae
b) §ʣ -s Ĥ
area ϰ areas
arena Ʈ arenas
dilemma ʥޡ delemmas
diploma ʳذȾ diplomas Τޤ diplomata ⤢
drama ʥɥޡ dramas
era ʻ eras
c) -a -ae -s ξͤΤ
antenna ʿѡƥʡ antennae ʿС, antennas ʥƥʡ
formula ʸ formulae, formulas
nebula nebulae, nebulas
vertebra ǡ vertebrae, vertebras
1.3 -um ǽ
a) -um [əm] -a [ə]
addendum Ͽ addenda
bacterium ʥХƥꥢ bacteria
corrigendum ʥߥץȡ corrigenda ɽ
datum ʥǡ data
desideratum ڼ¤׵ desiderata
erratum ʸ errata ɽ
ovum ҡ ova
b) §ʣ -s Ĥ
album ʥХ albums
chrysanthemum ʵơ chrysanthemums
forum Ƥ forums Τޤ fora ⤢
museum ʪۡ museums
premium ʳ premiums
stadium ʥ stadiums Τޤ stadia ⤢
c) -um -a -s ξͤΤ
aquarium ʿ²ۡ aquaria, aquariums
curriculum ʶ curricula, curriculums
maximum ʺ¡ maxima, maximums
medium ޲ʪ media, mediums media ñmedias ʣȤˡ⤢
memorandum ʥ memoranda, memorandums
millennium ǯ֡ millennia, millenniums
minimum ʺǾ¡ minima, minimums
moratorium ʻʧͱͽ֡ moratoria, moratoriums
podium ʻش, podia, podiums
referendum ʹ̱ɼ referenda, referendums
spectrum ʥڥȥ spectra, spectrums
stratum ء strata, stratums
symposium ʥݥ symposia, symposiums
ultimatum ʺǸ̹ ultimata, ultimatums
1.4 -ex, -ix ǽ
a) -ex [ɛks], -ix [ɪks] -ices [ɪsiːz]
codex ʸżܡ codices
b) -ex, -ix -ices -es ξͤΤ
apex ĺ apices, apexes
appendix Ͽ appendices, appendixes Ρפΰ̣ʣ appendixes
index ʻɸ indices, indexes Ρֺפΰ̣ʣ indexes
matrix Ρ matrices, matrixes
vortex ʱ vortices, vortexes
2. ꥷϤ̾ʣ
2.1 -is [ɪs] ǽ
a) -es [iːz] ˤʤ롥
analysis ʬϡ analyses
axis ʼ axes ax(e) פʣ ȯ [ɪz]ˤȤʤ뤳Ȥա
basis Ūá bases base ִϡפʣ ȯ [ɪz]ˤȤʤ뤳Ȥա
crisis ʴ crises
diagnosis ʿǡ diagnoses
ellipsis ʾά ellipses ellipse Ĺߡפʣ ȯ [ɪz]ˤȤʤ뤳Ȥա
hypothesis ʲ hypotheses
oasis ʥ oases
paralysis paralyses
parenthesis ʴݤä parentheses
synopsis ʳס synopses
synthesis , syntheses
thesis ʸ theses
b) §ʣ -es Ĥ
metropolis ʼԡԲ metropolises
2.2 -on ǽ
a) -on [ən] -a [ə]
criterion ȽǤδ criteria
phenomenon ʸݡ phenomena
b) §ʣ -s Ĥ
electron Żҡ electrons
neutron ҡ neutrons
proton ۻҡ protons
c) -on -a -s ξͤΤ
automaton ʼư֡ܥåȡ automata, automatons
ganglion ʿ ganglia, ganglions
3. ե󥹸Ϥ̾ʣ
3.1 -eau, -eu -eaux, -eux
adieu [əˈdjuː] ̤ adieux [əˈdjuːz] ޤ adieus
bureau [ˈbjʊəroʊ] ʻ̳ɡ bureaux [ˈbjʊəroʊz] ޤ bureaus
plateau [ˈplætou] ʹ⸶ plateaux [ˈplætoʊz] ޤ plateaus
tableau [ˈtæbloʊ] ʳ tableaux [ˈtæbloʊz] ޤ tableaus
3.2 ñʣƱ ʤʣΤȤΤ -s [z] ȯ
corps ġ corps
chassis [ˈʃæsi(ː)] ʼư֤μ桤㥷 chassis
faux pas [foʊ pɑː] ʥåȤȿ뼺ԡ faux pas
rendezvous [ˈrɑːndəˌvuː] «ˤ rendezvous
4. ꥢϤ̾ʣ
4.1 -o -i
libretto ʵܡ libretti [-iː] ޤ librettos
tempo ʥƥݡ tempi [-iː] ޤ tempos
virtuoso ʵ𾢡 virtuosi [-iː] ޤ virtuosos
4.2 §ʣ -s Ĥ
solo աξϡ solos
soprano ʥץΡ sopranos

ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ
Hotta, Ryuichi. "Thesauri or Thesauruses? A Diachronic Distribution of Plural Forms for Latin-Derived Nouns Ending in -us." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture. 106 (2010): 117--36.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-13-1]

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2019-02-19 Tue

#3585. aureate ʸ OED [oed][lydgate][style][latin][aureate_diction][literature][terminology][rhetoric]

ϢˤƤ "aureate termes" ʤ뤤 aureate_dictionˤȴϢơOED aureate, adj. ιƤߤޤ1ȤƸ˶ᤤ "Golden, gold-coloured." Ȥ졤c1450ν㤬Ƥ롥³Ƹ2ˡƤʸءؤѤŪʸǺܤƤ롥

2. fig. Brilliant or splendid as gold, esp. in literary or rhetorical skill; spec. designating or characteristic of a highly ornamental literary style or diction (see quotes.).

1430 Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy Prol. And of my penne the traces to correcte Whiche barrayne is of aureat lycoure.
1508 W. Dunbar Goldyn Targe (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems (1998) I. 186 Your [Homer and Cicero's] aureate tongis both bene all to lyte For to compile that paradise complete.
1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes ii. 1847 If I erre, I will beg indulgence of the Pope's aureat magnificence.
1819 T. Campbell Specimens Brit. Poets I. ii. 93 The prevailing fault of English diction, in the fifteenth century, is redundant ornament, and an affectation of anglicising Latin words. In this pedantry and use of 'aureate terms', the Scottish versifiers went even beyond their brethren of the south.
1908 G. G. Smith in Cambr. Hist. Eng. Lit. II. iv. 93 The chief effort was to transform the simpler word and phrase into 'aureate' mannerism, to 'illumine' the vernacular.
1919 J. C. Mendenhall Aureate Terms i. 7 Such long and supposedly elegant words have been dubbed ???aureate terms???, because..they represent a kind of verbal gilding of literary style. The phrase may be traced back..in the sense of long Latinical words of learned aspect, used to express a comparatively simple idea.
1936 C. S. Lewis Allegory of Love vi. 252 This peculiar brightness..is the final cause of the whole aureate style.


1819ǯ, 1908ǯɾŪʸϡareate terms ŪȤͥƥɾ롥ޤ1919ǯ Mendenhall ʸϡareate terms Τ⤦1Ĥɽ路Ƥ롥
٤Фʤ顤ñθ츻ϥƥ aureāus (decorated with gold) Ǥ롥ʤַ˴͡פɽ魯 poet laureate aureate ȵӱƧबɽ1429ǯ Lydgate ФǤʤ laureat poete ηǤϤ᤯ Chaucer ˸Ƥˡ

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2019-02-18 Mon

#3584. "The dulcet speche" ȤƤ aureate terms [lydgate][style][latin][aureate_diction][literature][terminology][rhetoric]

ε#3583. "halff chongyd Latyne" ȤƤ aureate terms ([2019-02-17-1]) ˰³Lydgate ȯŸ aureate terms ȤʸΤƱɾȤˤɤΤ褦˼ƤͤƤߤ̩ˤ Lydgate μλ°뤬Henry VII ˻Ť󥰥ɻ Stephen Hawes (fl. 1502--21) The Pastime of Pleasure (1506ǯ˴1509ǯ˽ǡˤΤʤǡaureate terms ΤȤ򼡤Τ褦Ƥ (Cap. xi, st. 2; ʲNichols 521fn ư)

So that Elocucyon doth ryght well claryfy
The dulcet speche from the language rude,
Tellynge the tale in termes eloquent:
The barbry tongue it doth ferre exclude,
Electynge words which are expedyent,
In Latin or in Englyshe, after the entente,
Encensyng out the aromatyke fume,
Our langage rude to exyle and consume.


Hawes ˤС "The dulcet speche" Ǥꡤ"the aromatyke fume" Ǥꡤ"the language rude" жˤˤΤäΤǤ롥
ϥƥѸФ16ƬɾǯƱθȾˤʤȡܳŪʥƥѸή --- Ϥ֥ƥ줫֤פȤۤɤǮ --- Ϥޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʸλŪˤѸŪˤ⡤Chaucer ³1Ĥ礭ήǧʤ櫓ˤϤʤ
Ϣơ#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1])#1463. euphuism ([2013-04-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Nichols, Pierrepont H. "Lydgate's Influence on the Aureate Terms of the Scottish Chaucerians." PMLA 47 (1932): 516--22.

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2019-02-17 Sun

#3583. "halff chongyd Latyne" ȤƤ aureate terms [lydgate][chaucer][style][latin][aureate_diction][literature][terminology][rhetoric]

ɸ "aureate diction" ȤΤ롤15 Lydgate ʤɤȯŸƥñˡ¿ѤֶԤʡʸΤǤ롥θˡ John Lydgate (1370?--1450?) ι׸ˤĤƤϡ#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1])#2657. Ѹ˾ Lydgate ([2016-08-05-1]) Ǽ夲Ȥä "aureate terms" ȡФƱȿˤĤƸƤߤ
J. C. Mendenhall ϡAreate Terms: A Study in the Literary Diction of the Fifteenth Century (Thesis, U of Pennsylvania, 1919) Τʤǡ"those new words, chiefly Romance or Latinical in origin, continually sought under authority of criticism and the best writers, for a rich and expressive style in English, from about 1350 to about 1530" (12) Ƥ롥Mendenhall ϡChaucer 򤳤οˡȤߤʤƤ뤬15 Chaucer ɿԡȤ櫓åȥɤ Robert Henryson William Dunbar ѤȯŸȤƤ롥
Nichols 餫ˤ褦ˡaureate terms θϫԤ Lydgate ȤäƤ褤⤽ aureat(e) ȤƻѸƳʪ Lydgate Ǥ뤷ηƻ켫Τ1Ĥ aureate term ʤΤǤ롥ˡMED aurēāt (adj.) ȡäȤˡ󤲤Ƥ20㤹٤Ƥ Lydgate νʤƤ롥
θˡ Lydgate ȶӤĤƤȤϡƱλ John Metham ɾ狼롥Metham ϡ1448--49ǯ Romance of Amoryus and Cleopes ΥԥΤʤǡͤȤƤ Chaucer Lydgate 򼡤Τ褦ɾƤʰʲNichols 520 ưѡˡ

                 (314)
And yff I the trwthe schuld here wryght,
As gret a style I schuld make in euery degre
As Chauncerys off qwene Eleyne, or Cresseyd, doth endyght;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
                 (316)
For thei that greyheryd be, affter folkys estymacion,
Nedys must be more cunne, be kendly nature,
Than he that late begynnyth, as be demonstration,
My mastyr Chauncerys, I mene, that long dyd endure
In practyk off rymyng;---qwerffore proffoundely
With many prouerbys hys bokys rymyd naturally.
                 (317)
Eke Ion Lydgate, sumtyme monke off Byry,
Hys bokys endyted with termys off retoryk
And halff chongyd Latyne, with conseytys fantastyk,
But eke hys qwyght her schewyd, and hys late werk,
How that hys contynwaunz made hym both a poyet and a clerk.


üŪˤСMetham Chaucer ϵӱλͤLydgate aureate terms λͤɾƤΤǤ롥ơѤνˤƤβս "termys off retoryk / And halff chongyd Latyne, with conseytys fantastyk" Ȥ뤬Ϥޤ areate terms ƱŪȤäƤ褤ˤƤ "halff chongyd Latyne" Ȥϸ̯Ǥ롥#3071. Pig Latin ([2017-09-23-1]) ۵ˤʤ

Nichols, Pierrepont H. "Lydgate's Influence on the Aureate Terms of the Scottish Chaucerians." PMLA 47 (1932): 516--22.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-18-1]

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2019-02-16 Sat

#3582. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (2) [french][latin][loan_word][lexicology][etymology][borrowing]

ε ([2019-02-15-1]) ǡɸ˴ؤ Ellenberger ɾҲ𤷤Ѹγ (= "mots savants") Υ˴ؤŪʸϡ˥ե󥹸ǤϤʤȤ󵯤Ǥ롥ǤϡEllenberger ȤϡˤĤƤɤΤ褦ʻΤդ路ȹͤƤΤʸνˡ4վǤƤ (149--50)

   1. Words are borrowed not once and for all but many times and from many sources.
   2. A Latin word borrowed into either of Anglo-French or English would be given an ending prescribed by Anglo-Norman scribal tradition.
   3. Words could be borrowed from Latin or French depending on what spheres of society the borrowers moved in. Clerics would be more likely to borrow from Latin than would laics.
   4. As the medieval libraries of England contained mainly Latin books and school curricula concentrated on Latin texts, learned words borrowed into French from written Latin sources would be more likely also to have entered English from those same sources than through French.


ѸˤǤϡѸμѸȤХե󥹸줬äƤ˴ؤ¤ꡤѸΥƥ줫μѤϡ̤˻פƤ⤺ä˭٤äȤդϢơ#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1])#1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])#2961. ͥ󥹤ǤϤʤƥ줫֤λ塩 ([2017-06-05-1])#292. aureate diction ([2010-02-13-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ellenberger, Bengt. "On Middle English Mots Savants." Studia Neophilologica 46.1 (1974): 142--50.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-05-1] [2021-07-06-1]

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2019-02-15 Fri

#3581. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (1) [french][latin][loan_word][lexicology][etymology][borrowing]

#653. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])#848. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1]) Ƥ褦ˡȤ櫓Ѹ˥ƥ졦ե󥹸줫äƤѸϡθ򥽡ȤΤȽȤʤ¿ƥʤΤƥ첽ե󥹸ʤΤե󥹸ʤΤե󥹸첽ƥʤΤ
OED 濴Ȥ롤ФŪнˡȤơ֥ե󥹸ʸڤХե󥹸ѸȤǤʤ˸¤äƥƥ򥽡ȤߤʤפȤŪä⤦äƤޤСȽȤʤˤϡե󥹸򥽡ȤߤʤΤǥեȤȤ褦Ȥ󥹤Ellenberger (142) ϡΩҲ𤷤ʤ顤ФȽŪʸ򼨤Ƥ롥

. . . the 'learned words' . . . could have been taken either from French or directly from Latin. The difficulty of determining the exact source has been recognized with varying hesitation. Foremost in Francophilia stands the Oxford English Dictionary, which regards as borrowed from Latin only those words that have not been recorded in French; in addition, French forms are often postulated. To the author's knowledge, no scholar before Marchand has openly criticized this procedure.


Ellenberger Ʊո֤Ȥư礤˽ФƤ H. Marchand ϡThe Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation (2nd ed. München, 1969) p. 238 ǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (Ellenberger 142fn)

It would . . . be an erroneous standpoint to be always looking for the Latin original or the French pattern of a word (which the OED often does). The existence of an actual pattern is irrelevant so long as, potentially, the coinage is Latin. . . . the principle of assuming an actual original is wrong.


Ѹη֤ʸڤ뤫ե󥹸ǤȤǤʤƥǤȤΤ褦ʵϤ餯ΩʤȤȤEllenberger (148) ȤθդǤСΤ褦ʵȤʤ롥

The clerks knew about adaptation and suffixation; they were used to latinizing English names, and sometimes words, and we may trust them to have been able to anglicize a Latin word in the same way as they or the French would have Frenchified it. To request a French intermediary for each and every word is to deny the knowledge of Latin in England. To regard an English word as a loan from French because a corresponding French loan is recorded a few years earlier in an ever so obscure source is to fall a victim to the perilous argument of post hoc, ergo propter hoc; as far as we know, no annual lists of new French words circulated among English clerks. Whether a learned word occurs first in French or English is simply a matter of chance, need, and literary activity.


Ѹγ (= "mots savants") Υե󥹸ʤΤƥʤΤȤ뤳ȤʤȤϡष줬̤Υե󥹼ѸȤϰۤʤ٥°뤳Ȥǧ뤳ȤEllenberger (150) ʸκǸǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ̤Ǥ롥

A far more useful distinction than that between learned words that might have and those that could not have been mediated by French is that between Romance popular and learned words. Middle English mots savants are latinisms and should be treated as such.


ʤEllenberger ǤϡOED 嵭Τ褦̤˵󤲤Ƥ뤬ԻʤǤOED3 ԼԤ1ͤǤ Durkin ϡ˽٤򼨤Ƥ뤳ȤդäƤ#848. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Ellenberger, Bengt. "On Middle English Mots Savants." Studia Neophilologica 46.1 (1974): 142--50.

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2018-12-02 Sun

#3506. ƥβŪΩ [suffix][latin][phonotactics]

ƥˤ첻ǻϤޤΤ¿ˤϻҲǻϤޤΤ¿ (113--14) ɤޤǡλ¤ˤϵŤʤäκۤطʤˤϡƸηŪħȡȴϢ벻λ𤬤褦

PE ΥƥϤƬˤ첻ǻϤޤΤŪ¿ϥƥϤηǹ¤󡦲˽äƤѸ줫顤θ촴ݤĤȤͥ褷ơФˤ촴˻ҲĤʬϤ򤹤뤿Ǥȹͤ롥ȤСdivinity ξ硤ƻ divine Ȥطռ졤divin-ity Ȥդ첻ڤ뤳Ȥǡ-ity Ȥȹͤ롥Lieber (2005: 384--388) ΥꥹȤǤϡƥϤȤưʲ26ĤƤ뤬-ment /mənt/ -ure /jə/ 2İʳϤ٤첻ǻϤޤäƤʲĤƱ۵صŪ˶̤Ρˡ

-able, -age, -al1, -al2, -an/-ian, -ance/-ence, -ant, -ate, -ation, -ee, -ery, -esque, -ess, -ette, -ic, -ify, -ism, -ist, -ite, -ity, -ive, -ize, -ment, -ory, -ous, -ure

ϻҲǻϤޤΤ¿ϸΩΤǤ岽ˤʤäǤȹͤ롥嵭 Lieber ΥꥹȤȤƤƤ14ĤΤĤΩǤäȹͤΤϰʲ7Ĥ롥줾̤Ǹ츻򼨤

-dom (< dōm 'jurisdiction, state, statute'), -ed, -en1, -en2, -er, -ful (< full), -hood (< hād 'state, rank, order, condition, character'), -ish, -less (< lēas 'devoid of'), -ly (< līc 'body'), -ness, -ship (< -scipe 'shape'), -some (< -sum 'same, one'), -y


ˤ첻ǻϤޤϾʤ櫓ǤϤʤ嵭ΩϤޤǷȤ򤹤ɬפ뤬طʤ˳ƸηֲħȤŦϰ̣ĹǤ롥
βǻȤƤСספȤѸˤĤƤϡ#3480. С ([2018-11-14-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ůȡ6ϡѲä ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ106--30ǡ

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2018-11-19 Mon

#3493. address <dd> ˤĤ (2) [etymological_respelling][latin][prefix][spelling]

ε ([2018-11-18-1]) ˰³ƤꡥƥƬ ad- ϡ³캬Ƭ˱ ac-, af-, ag-, al-, ap-, as-, at- ʤɤȻѤѤ롥б벻Ʊ (assimilation) 椨ΰ۷ (allomorph) Ǥ롥Ȥơaccuse, affirm, aggression, allude, appeal, assemble, attend ʤɤ󤲤롥դˤС캬ƬȤδطDzؤʤˡ ad- ѤȤȤaddress ˤ衤嵭ñ췲ˤ衤ƬλҲŤʤä֤Ƥ롥餯ΤۤȤɤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ʤΤǤϤʤˤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤťե󥹸ѸǤλҲϤ褽1Ĥ֤ƤѸˤơ츻Ǥƥ򻲾ȤƻҲ֤餻ΤǤϤʤȡ
ˤĤơBarnhart ǸŪʵҤͿƤ롥ޤϡХ address ˤĤơ

The present spelling with -dd- is a refashioning of the prefix a- into ad- in English, after the Latin form, and occasionally occurs in Middle French.


ơŪʲ⤬ ad- θФΤȤͿƤ롥

Words formed with ad- found in modern English do not always reflect a direct passage from Latin into English. The prefix ad- was transformed to a- in Old French, and so appeared in words that entered Middle English through Old French. In the 15th century many of these words were respelled with the ad- to restore the connection with Latin. . . . When the process went too far, as in advance, English acquired a d that had no historical justification.


Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-11-18-1]

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2018-11-18 Sun

#3492. address <dd> ˤĤ (1) [etymological_respelling][latin][prefix][spelling][sobokunagimon]

ʤ address Ǥ <dd> ȽŻҲѤƤΤȤʥˤĤƤβYahoo!ηޤǥХäƤȤñadressaddressɤ餬ڥǤ礦ˡϡ̾ĥüŪ˼Ƥ̤Ѹ˥Хä츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ǥ롥
ȯռϤ狼롥ե󥹸ѸǤ adresser, adressen ʤɤ <d> 1ĤǤꡤǤɤʤΤˡѸǤϤʤ <d> ŤͤΤ˸츻ŪˤƱƥƬ ad- դΤǤ⡤adapt, admire, adnominal, adopt, adverb ʤɤǤ <d> ŤʤäƤʤȤ⤢롥
Upward and Davidson (101) ˡƥƬ ad- ղäȴϢƼεҤߤ롥

Lat AD- attached to a stem beginning with D results in Lat and ModE -DD-: add (< Lat addere), addiction, address, adduce. (OFr and ME often wrote such words with single D.)
D has been doubled in developments from Fr where there has been a stress shift to the first syllable in ModE: boudin > podyng > pudding, sodein > sodayn > sudden.
Some words with single medial D (e.g. hideous, medal, model, study) were occasionally written with DD in EModE.


2ܤ3ܤεҤ狼뤳Ȥϡ֤˱ơŪʡֻ§פɤ˻ҲŤͤŤͤʤäꤹ㤬Ѹ˸줿ȤȤܲľܿƤ1ܤǤϡѸťե󥹸Ǥ϶֤ιθʤƤ褦ѸʹߤˤϤʤƤ餺षƥֻ˰줿̤Ǥ뤳ȤƤ롥̤ȤΩ address, addict, adduce ʤɤֻϡ֤첻ĹʤɤȿǤɽŪֻȤϡad- ޤǤƬǤꡤʹߤʬ캬Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤ɽŪֻȤ٤ơϸ츻ŪֻǤ⤢ä
ѸˤζʽʤɤǤϡƬ ad- 򻲾Ȥ d 츻ŪֻŵȤ admonish, advance, advantage, adventure, advise ʤɤФе󤲤ʺǸθˤĤƤϡ#1153. ̾ adviceư advise ([2012-06-23-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ캬Ǥ d ǻϤޤ뺣Τ褦ʸˤơƬˤޤ d ̤Ȥ <dd> ȤʤˤϤޤǵŤʤäष줳ƥߤ츻ŪֻιȤȤǤ뤫⤷ʤȤޤ졤Ū ad- ˤƸ츻ŪֻȤ d 줿ϡޤǻ䤬פäƤ⤫ʤ¿褦Ǥ롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2018-11-02 Fri

#3476. ̾θ츻 [etymology][greek][latin][mythology][calendar]

Ѹη̾θ츻ˤĤơ#2910. ̾ͳ ([2017-04-15-1])뤤Ϥܤ#3229. 2Februaryǡ ([2018-02-28-1]) ȤΥǼ夲Ƥ̾ˤĤƤϡ#2595. Ѹ̾ˤߤ̾Ρּѡפλ ([2016-06-04-1]) #1261. Wednesday ȯֻ츻 ([2012-10-09-1]) Ǽ夲ƤϻȤʤ褦˥åץ꡼θ츻ŵ (674) Ǥ

Sunday ---the day of the sun ۤ
Monday ʷ ---the day of the moon ʷ
Tuesday ʲ ---the day of Tiw ʥƥˡTiw ϥޥͤοǤꡤޤ Martis dies ʥޥ륹ˤȤƻȤ褦ˤʤäʤߤ˥ե󥹸Ǥ mardi Ǥ롥Tiw ϥƥ deus ʿˤ䥮ꥷ Zeus Ʊ²Ǥ롥
Wednesday ʿ ---Woden's day ʥǥˡWoden ̲οβǤ롥
Thursday ---Thor's day ʥȡˡThor (thunderer) Ǥ롥ĤƤƱȤ Thunderday ä
Friday ʶ ---the day of Friya or Frigga ʥե⤷ϥեåˡե̲ΰνǤꡤեåϥǥκʤǤ롥
Saturday ---the day of Saturn ʥˡϥޤȤοǤ롥


week ΤϸűѸ wicu, wucu ʽˤ̤ꡤ wīce š̳ˤƤ롥̤Сޥĸ *wikōn "turning, succession" ͳ褹롥֤ʤ7ˤοΡš̳θؽפȤȤ餷OED ˤȡ

It has been argued that the Germanic base underlying the attested words had an earlier sense referring to changes of duty, which was then applied to the sequence of deities governing the weekly cycle, and finally transferred to the week itself. Such an earlier sense may be reflected by Old Icelandic vika unit of distance travelled at sea (perhaps with reference to the periodical change of rowing teams, although this cannot be independently substantiated), Gothic wiko order in which something happens (in an isolated example in Luke 1:8 with reference to the allocation of religious duties, translating ancient Greek τάξις order, arrangement . . .), and also Old English wīce office, duty, function . . . .


ֽפȤñ̤䳵ǰεϰ²ˤϤʤΤΤΤͤ𤷤ƥꥷ͡޿ͤꡤ饭ꥹȶŤȤȤ˥衼åѤ˹ä

硼 T. åץ꡼ ƻ ϻ إåץ꡼Ѹ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ

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2018-10-29 Mon

2018-10-11 Thu

#3454. ʤ󥰥ɤ˥ƥ̾ޤĤʤäΤ [latin][roman_britain][anglo-saxon][toponymy][onomastics]

ε#3453. Υޥ󥰥ɤ̾Ϳƶ ([2018-10-10-1]) ˰³󥰥̾ꡥޥ󡦥֥ƥˤϡʤߤ줿ԻԤˤϥƥ̾դƤɽ#3440. ޷λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬۡ ([2018-09-27-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ-chester ޤԻ̾ä櫓Ǥ롥5Υ󥰥ơ¸Υƥ̾¿ΤƵ졤ޤǻĤʤäϤʤ
ǥȥå (82--83) ϡ޿ͤȥ󥰥ͤǤϡ֥ƥˤäƤŪۤʤäƤܤƤ롥

ƥ̾ϡѸ줬ήƤϰǤϱѸοƩˤäƾǤޤǤޤǽҤ٤ƤȤդäơƥ̾Ĥʤä⤦ҤȤĤνפʸϡ󥰥ͤϥ޿ͤȤϤʤۤʤäʸäƤȤȤǤ롥󥰥ͤϡサ뤿ԻԤ褿ΤǤϤʤ̤ϤƤΤǤ롥󥰥ͤϼʬκä̾ɬפȤ޿ͤκä֤ԻԤϥ󥰥ͤˤΩʤä޷κ֤ϡ޷ű󤫤饢󥰥ͤ˻֤ˡ褿ڿͤάå줿󥰥ͤλ˹ʤä֤줿Ǥ롥ԻԤƱͤ˺֤Ѥ졤̾ޤǤ˺줿


㤨СDee ΤۤȤΥ޷ Deva ϡޥ󡦥֥ƥĹˤ錄äƷĤƤƤ֤äإ󥰥ǯ嵭٤ǤϡҤΥפȸڤƤ롥ޤΰ仺ϡ֤Ȥ̾ΤƵ줿ΤǤ롥

ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ 󡦾 ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-09-06-1] [2019-09-03-1]

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2018-09-27 Thu

#3440. ޷λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬ [toponym][latin][loan_word][oe_dialect][roman_britain]

#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1]) #2578. ȸ̤ƱѸؼѤ줿찮Υƥñ ([2016-05-18-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡޥ󡦥֥ƥ˥޷ߤȹͤĮ̾ˤϡƥ castrum ϡˤͳ褹ǤޤΤʤʤΥƥñϡǤΦ˥ޥ˼ѤƤȹͤ롥
ɸΤ褦ˡѸ̾ǤȤƤϤĤΰ۷ꡤΰ۷ʬۤˤϷ롥Ϥ꽻󥰥ɤŪϰǤϡ-chester ȤʤΤ¿ (ex. Colchester, Dorchester, Manchester, Rochester, Winchester)
󥰥Ϥ꽻˥ǡͤǤ -caster ȤʤȤ¿ (ex. Doncaster, Lancaster, Tadcaster)
ޤϤȥ󥰥Ϥͻ礷ȤϰǤ -cester ¿ȯϤĤŤޤä /-stə/ Ȥʤ (ex. Bichester, Gloucester, Leicester, Worcester) رѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡȯ Anglo-French ȯȿǤƤȤ롥ˡ륺Ȥζ᤯ǤϸƬҲ x ȤʤꡤExeter, Wroxeter ʤɤ㤬롥
嵭ʬۤϡޤǷ򼨤ˤɬ⤭줤ˤϤʤ褦̾ءʲ˳ء˳ؤθ򸫤Ƥ褦Ƕ̣Ԥʤʾ塤ǥȥåȤ25--26ڡ򻲾ȤƼɮ

ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ 󡦾 ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ

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2018-09-26 Wed

#3439. St. Ives Ρ̤פɽ [toponym][loan_word][french][latin][old_norse][italian]

Ѹ̤̾Ѥ̤פ̾ϡब˭٤Ǥ롥ܸǤϡ?̤ס?ƻס?ƻפ٤ѸǤ͡ʸ츻ͳ褹̾Ѥ롥ʲϡǥȥåȤαѸ̾ (8--9) ǾҲ𤵤Ƥ Cambridgeshire ĮSt. Ives ˸Ρ̤פɽ魯츻ȤǤ롥

ΡѸ졡
mews ʤ޲뤤ĻΤä̤ˡroad Ͼ졤ride 첻ؤˤ̾ˡlane ʾϩˡyardrow ʲȤˡhillwaywalkdrove ʲܤηɤݤ̤ƻdrive ̾ˡgrove ʾοˡlealey ʶˡϡϡ

Ρե󥹸ʡƥ㥮ꥷˡ
place, gardens, court, avenue, square, crescent ʻ̤ˡclose ޾ϩˡterrace ʻμ˷Ƥ줿¤ߡˡpassagemarket ʻԾΤ̤

Ρƥ졡
street, circus ʤƻ;˱ӤƤ빭

ΡťΥɸ졡
gate ̤ꡤ뤤

Ρꥢ졡
villa μšΤ̤

St. Ives Ǥϡ1ĤĮΤʤ͡ʸͳ褹̤פɽߤƤ롥St. Ives ̤ʤ櫓ǤϤʤषꥹĮ¤ߤ̾ħ1ˤʤȤȤ館٤̾1ĤҤȤĤˡϤˤޤƤΤ̾ؤ̥Ϥ򴶤롥

ǥC. S.J. åȡˡ աʴˡʡ 󡦾 ˡرѸˤǤ狼륤ꥹ̾١Ѹҡ2005ǯ

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2018-09-25 Tue

#3438. ʤѸΥƥѸΤ [emode][renaissance][loan_word][borrowing][latin][inkhorn_term][lexicography]

16Ⱦ˥ԡãͥ󥹴ΥƥѸήˤĤơܥ֥͡˼夲ƤѸ˾äȤ̩٤ǻüѤλäȤ뤬ʤۤɤޤǤ˼Ѹ줬ΤϼäѸθä䤦ȤɬԲķʬŪˤäƤ뤬ƥΰҤڤȤŪͳä礭äȻפ롥ʤˤ#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1]) Ǹ褦ˡߤ䤿˼Τ
Görlach (162--62) դλ򤦤ޤƤ롥λˤϥƥ줽ΤΤޥ뤳Ȥơä¯줿Ѹϰ̤˾徺٤ΥƥѸ줬ѤƤ16Ⱦϡƥ줽ΤΤȤ⡤Ѹ˼ޤ줿ƥѸȤʤȤҲŪ˽פʥȤʤäȤϤƥؽƤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿ο͡ˤȤäơƥѸ׷Ọ̇̄ǻȤʤȤϴñǤϤʤδ㤤ˤ˵ạ̈ˤĤƤ⡤ˤб¸ȤΥ˥奢󥹤κΤ˽뤳ȤϤ䤹ʤäΤ褦ʾǤ⡤͡Ϥ̣Ǥϴ㤤򶲤줺ѶŪ˥ƥѸȤȤʤʤСλ߼ΤüԤΥơȿƤǤ롥
㤨СHart ϰʲΤ褦ʷδְ㤤󤲤ʤ顤Ĭ񤷤ƤʥåηȤƤϡפΡˡtemporall (temperate), sullender (surrender), statute (stature), obiect (abiect), heier (heare), certisfied (certified or satisfied), dispence (suspence), defende (offende), surgiant (surgian). Ƥ˴ؤƤϡancient antique old ƱˡĤޤ old ñʤ븫ɤΤ褤ȤѤƤ㤬Ȥ
17ᤫ³Ф켭ϡΤ褦ʸѤŬڤʥƥѸ򶵰餹뤿˽Ǥ줿Ȥ⤤뤬¤ΤȤषŪʼѸλѤ¥̤Τ⤷ʤ̤ȤơƥѸϡο͡θոĬˤܤǡƤäȹͤηаޤGörlach (162) ޤɽƤ롥

To judge by the success of Cockeram and his imitators . . ., there was a large market in the seventeenth century for dictionaries translating common expressions into elevated diction. This indicates how difficult it must have been to limit loanwords to a moderate number. The issue was obviously not the objective need to fill lexical gaps for the sake of unambiguous reference, but the pairing of common words with their Latinate equivalents, the implication being that use of the elevated term was more prestigious --- even if it was unintelligible and therefore useless for communication.


Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-09-09-1] [2019-02-23-1]

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2018-09-21 Fri

#3434. ѸޤǤĤ줳ѸθѸ첽 [reestablishment_of_english][me][french][latin][law_french][norman_conquest]

Υޥˤꡤ󥰥ɤθѸϥե󥹸줪ӥƥȤʤäѸθȤϲä櫓θο򤫤Ƥäȡ¤뤲ƤäηаޤˤĤƤϡreestablishment_of_english οεǼ夲ƤȤ櫓ʲε󤲤Ƥ

#131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1])
#324. IJˡDZѸѤǧ줿ǯ ([2010-03-17-1])
#336. Law French ([2010-03-29-1])
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#3096. ѸѸϽˡ ([2017-10-18-1])
#3265. ޤǹν񤭸ɸϤäȥƥä ([2018-04-05-1])

(134--35) ϡѸȤƤαѸ13ʹߤήΤʤƤ뤬νϤȤСä1649ǯǤ롥

ʤ֥Υޥװʸ塤󥰥ɵ²ϥե󥹸Ǥꡤʸʤɤˤϥƥ줬ѤƤ줬ˤ֥ΥޥӼװʹߡ²֤ǤѸ줬Ū˻Ȥ졤ɥ3ΰ컰ϻǯϵIJǤ˱Ѹ줿̱ˤϥե󥹸줬Ǥʤؤ¿ȤȤؤäƤ
IJθʸΤۤϡȾޤǤϥƥȤȤ˥ե󥹸줬ȤƤȬǯˡƤѸȤʤäʵIJˡΤϥƥΤޤޡˡŪˡȤǧֹ񲦤ˤ۲ġסʥ롦ȡˤ⡤켷ȾޤǤϥե󥹸줬ȤƤʰϻͶǯˤȤȤ˱Ѹľ졤ʸ庣ޤ³Ƥ롥


˸⤢롥ˡΧޤ᤿ʸ񤬱Ѹǽ񤫤ʤФʤʤʤ롤֥ƥѡפϡϥΡī1713ǯΤȤǤ롥󥰥ɤϡΥޥʹߡѸŪʾ˴˼᤹Τˡä650ǯפȤˤʤ롥

ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ

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