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latin - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-05-12 Fri

#5128. 17ʸؤδؿϥƥΰҿοब [writing_system][alphabet][latin][prestige][emode][history_of_linguistics][orthoepy][orthography][pictogram]

ڥ󥰤αѸˤ路 Horobin ˤȡ17αѸҲˤϽΥޥ󡦥ե٥åȤǤϤʤ̤ʸͰƤ褦ȤưƤ
16--17ˤ (orthoepy) ȯãȼäˡ (orthography) ؤδؿޤäǾ뤵줿Τϥޥ󡦥ե٥åȤԴäռΤȤǡʤŪʸηϤϺ뤳ȤˤʤäȤɬȤɬä17ʸιͰƤưˤϤ⤦1ġƱͭװäΤǤϤʤȤĹ餯衼åѼҲ׸ȤǧƤƥοǤ롥Ťסָפ줫ȤˡסʸפϺ褦ˤʤäȤΤϡήȤƤ⤷Horobin (25) Ѥ롥

Attempts have also been made to devise alphabets to overcome the difficulties caused by this mismatch between figura and potestas. In the seventeenth century, a number of scholars attempted to create a universal writing system which could be understood by everyone, irrespective of their native language. This determination was motivated in part by a dissatisfaction with the Latin alphabet, which was felt to be unfit for purpose because of its lack of sufficient letters and because of the differing ways it was employed by the various European languages. The seventeenth century also witnessed the loss of Latin as a universal language of scholarship, as scholars increasingly began to write in their native tongues. The result was the creation of linguistic barriers, hindering the dissemination of ideas. This could be overcome by the creation of a universal writing system in which characters represented concepts rather than sounds, thereby enabling scholars to read works composed in any language. This search for a universal writing system was prompted in part by the mistaken belief that the Egyptian system of hieroglyphics was designed to represent the true essence and meaning of an object, rather than the name used to refer to it. Some proponents of a universal system were inspired by the Chinese system of writing, although this was criticized by others on account of the large number of characters required and for the lack of correspondence between the shapes of the characters and the concepts they represent.


21θߡʸȤƤγʸԥȥ (pictogram) βǽܤ󤻤Ƥ롥ˤ׸Ȥ٤Ѹ줬17ΥƥΤ褦˿षƤ櫓ǤɬʤΤΡʸȤƤΥԥȥϺؤδؿޤäƤȤΤ϶̣17ȸξϤɤΤ褦оȤǤ
Ϣơ#2244. ԥȥβǽ ([2015-06-19-1])#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-10-29-1]

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2023-04-29 Sat

#5115. ե٥åȤεȯãˤĤƤ2ĤΥƥ [voicy][heldio][start_up_hel_2023][hel_contents_50_2023][alphabet][grammatology][etruscan][greek][latin][history][khelf]

4⽪˶ŤGW Ϥޤޤοǯ١khelfʷѸ˥եˤǤϡֱѸ˥ȥåס״ (cat:start_up_hel_2023) ΰĤȤֱѸ˥ƥ50򳫺ǤĥĤȥƥĤѤ߾夬ꡤǤ14ܤƤޤϢϵٻߤޤ줫ޤޤ³ޤ
ϤޤǤΥȥåΤʤ顤ե٥åȤˤ˴ؤرΥƥĤҲ𤷤ޤ礦419˸줿#6. <b> <d> ʶ路Ǥȥ뤫Ǥʤ⤷ޤ󤬡ƥĤȾϥե٥åȤεȯãȤ櫓޻ˤ˾ƤƤޤ


#6. <b>  <d> ʶ路



ΤӡƱƥĤԤȤ̤Ȥǥ饸ޤVoicy [ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פ#698. ե٥åȤˤ򶵤Ƥ --- ߷Ȥ̡ȤۿƤޤΤǡ碌Ƥİ



ܥ֥ꥢե٥åȤˤ˴ؤ뵭ȤƤϰʲ򻲾Ȥ

#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1])
#490. ե٥åȤε North Semitic ̤롩 ([2010-08-30-1])
#2888. ʸˤˤե˥ʸν ([2017-03-24-1])
#1849. ե٥åȤηޡ ([2014-05-20-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-01-1]

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2023-03-22 Wed

#5077. publish ֽǤפϯʸȷӤĤƤ [printing][manuscript][latin][french][etymology]

ε#5076. ꥹȶڤȴܤܤ --- ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ ([2023-03-21-1]) ǾҲ𤷤髙ԡˡνʪˤؤ٤ꡤ publish ʸˤϤ롥
publish ϥƥηƻ pūblicus (public) ư pūblicāre ͳ褷ե󥹸ˤѷФ14˱ѸäƤ̣ϸ츻˽äơָˤפǤꡤ줬ֽʪȤƸˤפФơŪʡֽǤפؤȯŸ
䤿ϡpublish ʹȤޤʪפ⤫٤ñϼºݤˤϰѤȯˤѤƤȤȤϡष˽ФʸϤɤ߾夲ϯʸȷӤĤƤ髙 (75--76) Ѥ롥

Υ衼åѼҲˤäƤϡͤȤˤ뿷ϯɤϡֽǡפȤǰȷӤĤƤǤˤѸư publish Ǥ뤬ϤȤȰոʪ (public) ˤȤ̣ǤꡤѤѤƱʤ¿ǰ٤˽Ǥ¸ߤԤ򸶹Ƥϯɤˤѥȥ󤫤ž̤εĺפ뤳ȤνǷ֤äȤäƤ褤㤨СΥ󥰥ɲإ꡼˻Ť˲Ȥλʺץɥ֥󥷥ʥ륺Υɡˤϡ󲦻Ҥ˿ԤθȤˡȬȬǯˡإϻ١ڼҡϻˤޤʤϡ٤β꤬лϤ᤿եɤǡ֤䤷ƥƥ츶Ƥɤ³¸ܤˤϡʸϯˡפȤʸȡ֥إ꡼ŲؤΤפȤνʸդƤ롥


Ĥޤꡤpublish ϡֽǤפȤ֤Ϫܤפ˶ᤫäȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϼƥĤ͡Τ publish Ǥ褦ˤʤäƤ뤬ñΤȤȤθ츻طʤ򲡤Ƥ̣襤

髙 ԡνʪˤؤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ2023ǯ

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2023-03-09 Thu

#5064. notwithstanding [preposition][participle][grammaticalisation][conjunction][adverb][loan_translation][french][latin]

ε#5063. ֻ̾ʳʸ뤷ָֻפˤʤ ([2023-03-08-1]) Ǽ夲ֻ notwithstanding ~ˤ⤫餺פˤĤơ⤦겼Ƥߤֻ (preposition) ǤʤŪθ֤뤳Ȥ⤢ȤѤnotwithstanding + NP NP + notwithstanding ʸơ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

Notwithstanding some members' objections, I think we must go ahead with the plan.
Notwithstanding his love of luxury, his house was simple inside.
They started notwithstanding the bad weather.
His relations with colleagues, differences of opinion notwithstanding, were unfailingly friendly.
Injuries notwithstanding, he won the semi-final match.
She is an intolerable person, her excellent work notwithstanding.

̣ȤƤϡin spite of despite ѶŪǶȿФްդΤФnotwithstanding Ͼ㳲뤳Ȥż٤Ǽ夤ޤʼĥäġ
Ȥ Notwithstanding, the problem is a significant one. Τ褦ñΤѤۤ³Ȥ I went notwithstanding (that) he told me not to. Τ褦ʻȤ⤢롥
OED ˤȡñ1400ǯ˽Ф󥰥Υޥťե󥹸 non obstant뤤ϸŵʹߤΥƥ non obstante ΤʤȤ롥פˡʬΩʬ칽ʸȤơ֡㳲Ȥʤ櫓ǤϤʤפۤɤ̣ɽʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ֻȤȤΩȤаޤǤ롥ֻŪϡͳȤƤϤȤʬ칽ʸμ뤿ˡ֤뤳Ȥ⤢Ȥ櫓
ֻΤۤ졤³ȤƤˡ餫鸽Ƥ롥Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

c1400 Bk. to Mother (Bodl.) 113 (MED) And ȝut notwiþstondinge al þis..religiouse men and wommen trauelen..to make hem semliche to cursed proude folk.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos vi. 23 This notwystondyng, alwaye they be in awayte.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 5474 Not-wiþstondynge þat he trouþe ment, ȝit for a worde he to exile went.
?a1425 tr. Catherine of Siena Orcherd of Syon (Harl.) (1966) 22 (MED) Which synne worþily askide and disceruede a peyne þat schulde haue noon eende, notwiþstondynge þe deede of synne had eende.
1425 Rolls of Parl. IV. 274/1 Which proves notwithstondyng, yat hie and myghti Prince my Lord of Glouc'..and your oyer Lordes..will not take upon hem declaration for my said place.

ʤֻΤȤȤʤư withstand Ƭ with ϡ̤Ρ~Ȥäˡפΰ̣ǤϤʤŤ~йơפۤɤΰ̣ɽ路Ƥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2023-03-18-1]

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2023-02-28 Tue

#5055. Ѹˤˤܿ --- 8+3 [contact][loan_word][borrowing][latin][celtic][old_norse][french][dutch][greek][japanese][link]

Ѹ줬ˤ̤¿θܿ (contact) ƤȤϡѸˤδŪμǤ롥ܿκפϡˤǾäƤޤäΤ⤢뤬ߤޤǻĤäƤΤ¿פΤʤܤ䤹ΤϼѸäʸˡȯ񵭤ʤɸðʳǤܿΥѥȤ뤳ȤǰƬ֤Ƥ
Ѹθܿˤû󤹤ΤϻζȤSchneider (334) ˤ븷8ʻ¤٤Ƥˤͤˤʤ롥

continental contacts with Latin, even before the settlement of the British Isles (i.e., roughly between the second and fourth centuries AD);
contact with Celts who were the resident population when the Germanic tribes crossed the channel (in the fifth century and thereafter);
the impact of Latin through Christianization (beginning in the late sixth and seventh centuries);
contact with Scandinavian raiders and later settlers (between the seventh and tenth centuries);
the strong exposure to French as the language of political power after 1066;
the massive exposure to written Latin during the Renaissance;
influences from other European languages beginning in the Early Modern English period; and
the impact of colonial contacts and borrowings.


褯ФƤ8ȻפȤƤϤ3ۤդä1ĤϡŪʱѸˤǤ礭夲ʤΤΡѸʹߤĹˤ錄äƷ³ȤܿǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#4445. ʤѸˤˤϽ줫αƶᾮɾƤΤ ([2021-06-28-1]) 䤽δϢ򻲾Ȥ줿
2ܤϡ嵭Ǥϥͥ󥹴θܿȤƥƥʽ񤭸աˤΤߤ󤲤Ƥ뤬ŵꥷʽ񤭸աˤθƥۤΩʤΤϻ¤ͥ󥹴ʹߡꥷαѸؤΥѥȤ礭#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1]) ӡ#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥȡ ([2021-07-02-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ǸܸüԤȤƤΤҤܤǤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤19ȾʹߡѸ줬ܸȰճǻܿƤ¤θ줿ˤĤƤϡ#126. 7ˤѸؤαƶӡ ([2009-08-31-1])#2165. 20ȾμѸ쥽 ([2015-04-01-1])#3872. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸμǯ ([2019-12-03-1])#4140. Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ܸΡ֤ġפȡ֤ɤΤ餤ס ([2020-08-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ
Schneider 8ˡ3äǤθ11δ

Schneider, Edgar W. "Perspectives on Language Contact." Chapter 13 of English Historical Linguistics: Approaches and Perspectives. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton. Cambridge: CUP, 332--59.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-02-18-1]

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2023-02-04 Sat

#5031. -ism εȯã [suffix][greek][latin][french][polysemy][productivity][hellog_entry_set][neologism][lmode][derivation][derivative][word_formation]

Ѹ -ism Ȥ (suffix) Ϲ⤤äƤ롥racism, sexism, ageism, lookism ʤɼҲ̤˴ؤ븽Ūǿȶñ¿Ȥ褯 Buddhism, Calvinism, Catholicism, Judaism ʤɤ뤫ȻפСۤȤ Liberalism, Machiavellism, Platonism, Puritanism ʤɤ󤲤롥
嵭Τ褦ˡּפΰ̣Τäñ줬¿ǡaphorism, criticism, mechanism, parallelism ʤɤ̾̾⤢ǤϤʤޤ Americanism Britishism ʤɤΡ֡ˡפΰ̣ñ¿cf. #2241. Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles ([2015-06-16-1])ˡơǤǤϤʤΩȤƤ ism ¸ߤcf. #2576. æʸˡȸò ([2016-05-16-1]
-ism θ츻ϥꥷ -ismos Ǥ롥ꥷư -izein ʱѸ -ize θˤб̾Ǥ롥Ѹʸ̮Ǥϡư -ize б̾Ȥ -ization פ⤫֤츻Ūˤ -ism Τۤͳ̾ȤȤˤʤ롥ʱѸ -ize/-ise ˤĤƤϡεå򻲾ȡ
ꥷ -ismos ƥ졤ե󥹸ˤ줾 -ismus, -isme ȤƼѤ졤줬ѸˤäƤơѸʹߤ¿Ѥ褦ˤʤäȤ櫓Ѹˡޤꡤ¿ο줬иGörlach (121) -ism ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The 19th century can be seen as a battleground of ideologies and factions; at least, such is the impression created by the frequency of derivatives ending in -ism (often from a personal name, and accompanied by -ist for the adherent, and -istic/-ian for adjectival uses). The year 1831 alone saw the new words animism, dynamism, humorism, industrialism, narcotism, philistinism, servilism, socialism and spiritualism (CED).


λ۾ʬǤʹԤƤ21 -ism ꤨ뤳ȤϤʤ

Görlach, Manfred. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.

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2023-01-30 Mon

#5026. -age [suffix][french][latin][word_formation][noun][borrowing][loan_word]

-age ̾ (suffix) Ȥư츫ΩʤճȴŪñˤѤƤ롥㤨 percentage, marriage, usage, passage, storage, shortage, mileage, voltage, baggage, postage, luggage, breakage, bondage, anchorage, shrinkage, orphanage ߤ
츻ȤƤϡŵʹߤΥƥ -agium ̤⤢СƱŵʹߤΥƥ̤θ -aticumʸŵƥηƻ -āticus ˤե󥹸 -age ȤäΤͳ褹⤢롥Ȥ̾ȤƵǽƤ
ñ᤯Ѹ˥ե󥹸ƥ줫ѤƤѸˤʤ peerage, mockage ʤɱѸǸ줿Τ⸽졤η϶ѸˤʤȤȤ櫓ʤäѸˤƤ⤢٤ܼͭǡ1949ǯˤ signage ʤɤθ줬Ƥ롥
μʰ̣ȤȤ˵󤲤Ƥߤ褦

1. 硧 cellarage, leafage, luggage, surplusage, trackage, wordage
2. ư coverage, haulage, stoppage
3. ̡ breakage, shrinkage, usage
4. Ψ̡ acreage, dosage, leakage, mileage, outage, slippage
5. ȡꡧ orphanage, parsonage, steerage
6. ֡ bondage, marriage, peonage
7. ⡧ postage, towage, wharfage

Τ褦 -age ϱѸǤϸ§Ȥ̾ƥηƻ -āticus 굡ǽѤƻȤƥե󥹸äƤ savage Ȥ󤲤Ƥ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-01-01-1]

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2022-12-26 Mon

#4991. -ise -ize --- 2Ĥ [spelling][suffix][z][greek][latin][french][verb][oed][academy][orthography]

ε#4990. ư -ize/-ise ˡ ([2022-12-25-1])ӰΡ#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) εȹ碌ơ -ise -ize ˤĤƹͤʸȤ̤2Ĥۤɲä롥
εǡOED -ize ֻܤȤƺѤƤݤҲ𤷤<z> Ѥۤꥷθ츻¤Ǥꡤ <z> /z/ δطȥ졼Ȥ顤ȤΤѤͳǤ롥 OED μĥˤĤơCarney (433) -ise/-ize ⤷Ƥսǵ褷Ƥ롥ͭѤʤΤDzΤѤƤ

17 /aɪz/ in verbs as <-ise>, <-ize>

The <-ize> spelling reflects a Greek verbal ending in English words, such as baptize, organize, which represent actual Greek verbs. There are also words that have been made up to imitate Greek, in later Latin or in French (humanise), or within English itself (bowdlerise). Some printers adopt a purist approach and spell the first group with <-ize> and the second group with <-ise>, others have <-ize> for both.
   Since this difference is opaque to the ordinary speller, there is pressure to standardize on the <s> spelling, as French has done. To standardize with a <z> spelling as American spelling has done has disadvantages, because there are §Latinate verbs ending in <-ise> which have historically nothing to do with this suffix: advertise, apprise, circumcise, comprise, supervise, surmise, surprise. If you opt for a scholarly <organize>, you are likely to get an unscholarly *<supervize>. The OED argues that the pronunciation is /z/ and that this justifies the <z> spelling. But this ignores the fact that <s>/z/ happens to be the commonest spelling of /z/. To introduce more <z> spellings would probably complicate matters for the speller.


⤦1ĤϡꥹѸ -ise ϥե󥹸켰ֻ򿿻Τ򤷤Ƥ褤Ūʾܺ٤ˤĤƤĴɬפȤȤΤϡե󥹸ǤĹ餯 -ize ϻȤƤ褦ǡե󥹸ǤĤɤΤ褦 -ise ֻ̲ΤȤʤ롥ޤʥꥹ˱Ѹ줬ĤɤΤ褦ˡΤ褦ʥե󥹸Ǥ -ise ؤΰ̲˹碌-ise 򹥤褦ˤʤäΤפ䤤Ȥʤ롥Upward and Davidson (170--71) βΰҥȤˤʤ롥

          The suffix -IZE/-ISE

There are some 200 verbs in general use ending in the suffix -ISE/-IZE, spelt with Z in American usage and s or z in British usage. The ending originated in Gr with z, which was transmitted through Lat and OFr to Eng beginning in the ME period.

Three factors interfered with the straightforward adoption of z for all the words ending in /aɪz/:
   - The increasing variation of z/s in OFr and ME.
   - The competing model of words like surprise, always spelt with s (-ISE in those words being not the Gr suffix but part of a Franco-Lat stem).
   - Developments in Fr which undermined the z-spelling of the Gr -IZE suffix; for example, the 1694 edition of the authoritative dictionary of the Académie Française standardized the spelling of the Gr suffix with s (e.g. baptiser, organiser, réaliser) for ModFr in accordance with the general Fr rule for the spelling of /z/ between vowels as s, and the consistent use of -ISE by ModFr from then on gave weight to a widespread preference for it in British usage. American usage, on the other hand, came down steadfastly on the side of -IZE, and BrE now allows either spelling.


Ѹ -ise/-ize α˥ǥߡե󥻡ƯäȤΤϤ⤷ɵᤷƤߤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-10-1]

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2022-12-25 Sun

#4990. ư -ize/-ise [spelling][suffix][z][greek][latin][french][consonant][diphthong][verb][oed][ame_bre]

ư -ize/-ise ˤĤơΥڥ󥰤Ѥ뤫Ȥ顤#305. -ise -ize ([2010-02-26-1])#314. -ise -ize (2) ([2010-03-07-1]) ˤƤ OED εҤ󤷤ʤ顤ˤ⤹롥
-ize/-ise ϥꥷư -ƦŦɦ ̤롥̱ͤ²ɽ魯̾ˤĤơ~̱͡²ˤȤơʤΤ褦ˡ˿񤦡פΰ̣ư뤳Ȥ¿äѸбǤ barbarianize, tyrannize, Atticize, Hellenize Τ褦
34ˤϥƥ -izāre ȤƼޤ졤Ϥ夷ƤäꥹȶůؤѸȤ baptizāre, euangelizāre, catechiizāre, canōnizāre, daemonizāre ʤɤ߽Ф줿䤬ơꥷưѤꡤ路ư¤줹ݤΰŪʷȤ夷
ϡƥʥ顼ˤơ䤬ưŪ˥ƥηƻ̾줫ư뵡ǽȯãεǽΰ̲Ϥ餯ե󥹸ˤƺǽǤ -iser ֤褦ˤʤäciviliser, cicatriser, humaniser ʤɤǤ롥
ѸѸե󥹸줫 -iser ưѤݤˡե󥹸켰˴Ť -ise ֤뤳Ȥ¿äϡ˱ѸǤȼ᤿κݤ˥ƥե󥹸ǤΤȤưˤ -ise 򡤥ꥷǤ˴Ťˤϥꥷ츻ºŤ -ize Ѥʤɤη⸽줿ηϤޤȾüʤΤäˡ-ize -ise Τ䤳꤬˻롥OED ˤȤƤϡ츻ŪǤꡤ /z/ ʸ̤ɽ魯ڥ󥰤Ȥ -ize 줷ƤȤ
ʤѸΤ2첻뤳ȤˤĤơOED ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

In the Greek -ιζ-, the i was short, so originally in Latin, but the double consonant z (= dz, ts) made the syllable long; when the z became a simple consonant, /-idz/ became īz, whence English /-aɪz/.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-10-10-1] [2022-12-26-1]

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2022-12-15 Thu

#4980. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ22֤ʤ衼åѤοͤϱѸ줬ʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][indo-european][comparative_linguistics][reconstruction][germanic][italic][french][latin][german][dutch][spanish][italian][heldio]

δñѸ in English٤1椬ȯ䤵ޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ22Ȥơ֤ʤ衼åѤοͤϱѸ줬ʤΡפƤޤ

δñѸ in English2023ǯ1



Ѥʵϡ绨Ĥǥʥ䤤˶⤷ޤ󡥥衼åѿͤߤʱѸ줬ʤ櫓ǤϤޤ󤷡䥢եꥫޤ᤿γϤ˱Ѹ줬ʿͤϤ󤤤ޤΤȤϾΤξǡεʤ٤¿ϤȤפ顤ƤΤ褦ɽǤǤ
˱ѸؽᤤʳǤҤȤΤäƤ餤פʤȤޤϡѸȥ衼åѤμ׸ȤδطǤؤʤɤ˿ʳؤƱѸʳθؤ֤ȤˤʤäȤ뤤ȳؤ¾ĩǤߤ褦ȻפΩäȤ⤷衼åѤνǰƬˤƤΤǤСұѸ졤ɥĸ졤졤ե󥹸졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɤߴطˤĤƸءŪʴ򤷤ƤƤؽ򤹤ǡȤƤμǤ
ضǤŪդäƤޤΤʤˤϡѸˤμȤʤɤDZѸȥ衼åѤνȤδطΤȡ2ȤơǤϤʤե󥹸졿ɥĸ򤷤ƤФ褫äʤɤȸˤޤ⤦1ǯ2ǯ᤯֤δطΤäƤ颤ǤΤˡȸƤ褦ʤΤǤ
γϡѸʳθؤֲǽΤǤСѸ¾θȤδطˤĤΤäƤۤǤŪ˳ؽǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ǤǽŪˤɤθ֤ˤ衤¿ξäƤ˱ۤȤϤޤ
Ѹ衼åѤμ׸ϡ⥤ɥ衼åѸ²ȸƤФ²ΰǤޤˤи줬ߤ˻ƤΤǤѸӤƤɤǤɤΤ餤ƤΤ뤤ϻƤʤΤϡ줴Ȥ˰ۤʤޤ
ɥĸȥϡѸȤȤ˥ɥ衼åѸ²ΤʤǤ⥲ޥɤȤȶ°ƤꡤʸˡȯˤƸߤ˻ƤȤޤºݤ˥ɥĸ䥪˿ƤߤȡѸƱȶ°ƤˤϡۤɻƤʤȤݤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥻Ƥ뤱ɤƤʤƤʤɤƤ롤Ȥä̯ʵΥǤ
ե󥹸졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɤϡĹ餯衼åѤζ̸äƥȤȤ˥ɥ衼åѸ²ΤʤǤ⥤åɤȤȶ°ƤޤѸȤ礭ۤʤȶʤΤǤѸˤ̤ƥե󥹸ƥ줫¿ñڤƤаޤ뤿ᡤä˴ؤƤϼ¤϶̤ƤΤ¿ΤǤäơθؤǤߤȡɽŪˤϱѸȤ褯ƤȤݤޤ
Ѹϡޥɤ˥롼ĤĤɤ⥤åɤαƶ礭ʤȯŸƤʤΤǤñ㲽ƤСѸϥ衼åѤΤĤθ򺮤碌褦ʺȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦󤬱Ѹμ˳ؤָ򤹤ݤˤϡҤΤȤ򻲹ͤˤƤߤƤ
ȴϢ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ȤƤ#486. Ѹ¾μפʥ衼åѸȤδطʩȸǤҤİ


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2022-12-11 Sun

#4976. ʬΥ׻Ϥ [split_infinitive][prescriptive_grammar][stigma][infinitive][latin][syntax][terminology][word_order]

#301. ѤȤѸθˡ Top 10 ([2010-02-22-1]) Ǥڤ褦ʬΥ (split_infinitive) ϵʸˡΤʤǤ١ʰ̾ˤι⤤ˡǤ롥ϡto boldly go Τ褦ˡto to ưθȤδ֤ʤ¾Ǥǡ줬ʬΥפƤޤˡΤȤ"cleft infinitive" Ȥ̾⤢롥
Ūˤϡ#2992. Ѹˤʸȯã ([2017-07-06-1]) Ǥߤ褦Ѹ㤬ߤ졤̾ʸϵҤˤäƻѤƤаޤ뤬εʸˡ (prescriptive_grammar) ˤѤȤ򲡤졤ߤ˻ޤԤȤưƤ롥OED ˤȡʬΥλѤˤ infinitive-splitting Ȥ̾դƤꡤκͤ infinitive-splitter ȤƸؤؤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤʾСˡ

infinitive-splitting n.
   1926 H. W. Fowler Dict. Mod. Eng. Usage 447/1 They were obsessed by fear of infinitive-splitting.

infinitive-splitter n.
   1927 Glasgow Herald 1 Nov. 8/7 A competition..to discover the most distinguished infinitive-splitters.


ʤʸˡȤФΤȤȡƥʸˡȤΤƥǤ϶ޤˤ īre (to go) Τ褦1ɽ蘆롥äơѸΤ褦 to ưθ2줫ʤ櫓ǤϤʤˡʬΥ褦ʤΤ褦ˤ⤽ʬΥʤƥʸˡϤȤơʬΥƤϤʤʤȤ§ѸȤۤʤƤϤ褦ȤƤΤ顤ȤƤäˤʤʤ˻ޤǥƥʸˡΰҿäˡʸˡϤ鼫Ω뤳ȤʤʤǤˤΤǤ롥ơ;Ȥϸˤ³Ƥ롥
ǤϡʬΥѤȤ뵬ϼŪʰϤϤɤɤޤäƤƤ롥äβս뤳ȤʸդΤˤΤͭפʾˤϡʤƤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥2--3ΤʬΥդƤ (stigma) ĤȤƤΤ򡤻䤿ܤˤƤΤǤ롥ޤ˱Ѹˤΰ롥
ʬΥˤĤƤϡAmerican Heritage Dictionary Usage Notes split infinitive ɤߤΤ⤬Τǡ⻲ȡ

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2022-11-17 Thu

#4952. ˤҿ (prestige) Ȥϡ [prestige][terminology][sociolinguistics][sobokunagimon][variety][loan_word][french][latin]

ҲؤΥɤǤҿ (prestige) ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ⥿ȤꤷƤꡤΤ褦ѤƤǧƤߤ褦ȻפΩäŪˤϡ֥餵ס֥å褵פĶƤΤǰΤߤȻפä补
Ȥ긵μҲطϤѸ콸ʤɤϤ᤿ȤճȸФΩäƤʤʬäơǽ˰ääΤ Lyle and Mixco ˸ؤѸ콸äʬˤΤ꤬ߤΤǡѤ뤳Ȥˤ褦 (155--56)

prestige In sociolinguistics, the positive value judgment or high status accorded certain languages, certain varieties and certain variables favored over other less prestigious languages, varieties or variables. The prestige accorded linguistic variables is a factor that often leads to linguistic change. The prestige of a language can lead speakers of other languages to take loanwords from it or to adopt the language outright in language shift. Overt prestige is the most common; it is the positive or high value attributed to variables, varieties and languages typically widely recognized as prestigious among the speakers of a language. The prestige varieties and variables are usually those recognized as belonging to the standard language or that are used by highly educated or influential people. Covert prestige refers to the positive evaluation given to non-standard, low-status or 'incorrect' forms of speech by some speakers, a hidden or unacknowledged prestige for non-standard variables that leads speakers to continue using them and sometimes causes such forms to spread to other speakers.


ʤۤɡprestige ȤϡѼ (variety) ˤĤƤȡѹ (variable) ˤĤƤ礬ȤΤϡΤˤѼˤĤƤ prestige ϥޥŪʳǰǤꡤ (language_shift) üѤ˴Ϳ롥ѹˤĤƤ prestige ϥߥŪǤꡤġθѲθưϤȤʤװǤ롥2Ĥϳǰ̤Ƥɬפ
ͤƤߤ prestige Ȥ켫Τե󥹸 /prɛsˈtiːʒ/ ȯ졤prestigious ʶ롥ºݡե󥹸 prestige ڤꤿΤǡΥեñ켫Τϥƥ praest(r)īgia(illusion) ͳ褹롥켫ΤαѸǤνФϡ17μԻ T. Blount Glossographia ǡǤθϡְҿפǤϤʤΡֺСפǤ ("deceits, impostures, delusions, cousening tricks") ְҿפȤǺǽѤ줿Τϡä٤1829ǯΤȤǤ롥
prestige ΤȤǤƥñθʪŪˡֶդפۤɤǤꡤǧŪŪʡָǡСפФơǸˡְҿפȤʤä«ŪްŪϤ۵̣ѲȤäƤ褯ηа޼Τ̣ĹǤ롥

Campbell, Lyle and Mauricio J. Mixco, eds. A Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Salt Lake City: U of Utah P, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-11-21-1] [2022-11-18-1]

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2022-10-14 Fri

#4918. William Bullokar 8ʻ [history_of_linguistics][latin][emode][bullokar][pos][greek][latin]

#2579. ǽαʸˡ William Bullokar, Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) ([2016-05-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡBullokar (c. 1530--1609) ˤ Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) ȤҤѸ˾αʸˡȤƤ롥 Bullokar ʻʬƤߤ
ޤʻʬˤĤΩǧƤŤ쥯ɥꥢ Dionysius Thrax (c. BC170--BC90) ꥷ8ʻǧ᤿ΤȯǤ롥Υޡ̾졦ƻˡ졼ޡưˡȥʬˡȥʴˡȡ˥ߥ̾ˡץƥֻˡԥ졼ޡˡǥ⥹³ˤǤʺƣp. 11ˡ
ѤΤʱƶϤؤƥʸˡ路 Donatus (c. 300--399) Ǥ롥ƥˤϴʤΤǼ졤줬ä줿̤ȤƿȤƤ8ʻˤȤɤޤäƤ롥̾ (nomen)̾ (pronomen)ư (verbum) (adverbium)ʬ (participium)³ (coniunctio)ֻ (praepositio) (interiectio) Ǥ롥 Priscianus (fl. 500) ⤳˽äʺƣpp. 14--15ˡ
ϲä16Υ󥰥ɡDonatus αƶΤȡ1509ǯ˽Ǥ줿 William Lily Υƥʸˡα Short Introduction of Grammar (1548) ӤƤ˰͵򤷤ƽ񤫤줿Τ Bullokar αʸˡ Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) äΡ
ƥʸˡѤǡBullokar ϱѸˤ8ʻǧ᤿̾졤̾졤ư졤졤ʬ졤³졤ֻ졤Ǥ롥Bullokar (115 (22)) θʸˤȼΤ褦ˤBullokar ͭΥڥ󥰤ˤաˡ

Spech may be diuyded intoo on of thæȝ eiht parts: too wit, Nown, Pronoun, Verb (declyned). Participle, Aduerb, Coniunction, Preposition, Interiection, (vn-declyned).


Ĥޤꡤ8ʻ Thrax Donatus Lily Bullokar ȥ졼ʤ顤1700ǯˤ錄ݻƤΤǤ롥ơBullokar θʸˡǤ8ʻ줬ѤƤȤˤʤ롥ޤȷ³Ϥ

ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
Bullokar, William . Bref Grammar and Pamphlet for Grammar. William Bullokar: Book at large, Bref Grammar and Pamphlet for Grammar. P. Gr.: Grammatica Anglicana. Edmund Coote: The English Schoole-maisterٱѸʸݹ亮꡼1Ʋ1971ǯpp. 107--64.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-10-15-1]

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2022-10-14 Fri

#4918. William Bullokar 8ʻ [history_of_linguistics][latin][emode][bullokar][pos][greek][latin]

#2579. ǽαʸˡ William Bullokar, Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) ([2016-05-19-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡBullokar (c. 1530--1609) ˤ Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) ȤҤѸ˾αʸˡȤƤ롥 Bullokar ʻʬƤߤ
ޤʻʬˤĤΩǧƤŤ쥯ɥꥢ Dionysius Thrax (c. BC170--BC90) ꥷ8ʻǧ᤿ΤȯǤ롥Υޡ̾졦ƻˡ졼ޡưˡȥʬˡȥʴˡȡ˥ߥ̾ˡץƥֻˡԥ졼ޡˡǥ⥹³ˤǤʺƣp. 11ˡ
ѤΤʱƶϤؤƥʸˡ路 Donatus (c. 300--399) Ǥ롥ƥˤϴʤΤǼ졤줬ä줿̤ȤƿȤƤ8ʻˤȤɤޤäƤ롥̾ (nomen)̾ (pronomen)ư (verbum) (adverbium)ʬ (participium)³ (coniunctio)ֻ (praepositio) (interiectio) Ǥ롥 Priscianus (fl. 500) ⤳˽äʺƣpp. 14--15ˡ
ϲä16Υ󥰥ɡDonatus αƶΤȡ1509ǯ˽Ǥ줿 William Lily Υƥʸˡα Short Introduction of Grammar (1548) ӤƤ˰͵򤷤ƽ񤫤줿Τ Bullokar αʸˡ Pamphlet for Grammar (1586) äΡ
ƥʸˡѤǡBullokar ϱѸˤ8ʻǧ᤿̾졤̾졤ư졤졤ʬ졤³졤ֻ졤Ǥ롥Bullokar (115 (22)) θʸˤȼΤ褦ˤBullokar ͭΥڥ󥰤ˤաˡ

Spech may be diuyded intoo on of thæȝ eiht parts: too wit, Nown, Pronoun, Verb (declyned). Participle, Aduerb, Coniunction, Preposition, Interiection, (vn-declyned).


Ĥޤꡤ8ʻ Thrax Donatus Lily Bullokar ȥ졼ʤ顤1700ǯˤ錄ݻƤΤǤ롥ơBullokar θʸˡǤ8ʻ줬ѤƤȤˤʤ롥ޤȷ³Ϥ

ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
Bullokar, William . Bref Grammar and Pamphlet for Grammar. William Bullokar: Book at large, Bref Grammar and Pamphlet for Grammar. P. Gr.: Grammatica Anglicana. Edmund Coote: The English Schoole-maisterٱѸʸݹ亮꡼1Ʋ1971ǯpp. 107--64.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-10-15-1]

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2022-10-13 Thu

#4917. 2500ǯ˵ڤֳ֡ؽʸˡפο̮ --- ƣˡܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ [prescriptive_grammar][lowth][history_of_linguistics][greek][latin][elt][review][english_in_japan]

ǯ5˸ҤǤ줿ƣˡܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ɤΥꥷʸˡϤޤꡤƥʸˡ˼Ѥ졤νŸܤˤäƤ2500ǯ˵ڤ֡ʱѡʸˡή˾Ǥ빥Ǥ롥

ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ

Saito-Grammar_front_cover.jpg



ܽ1ϤκǽΥڡˡܤΡֳؽʸˡפˤϡĤ2500ǯ;ˤڤĹʸʬϤޤƤ (p. 8) ȤꡤΤ褦ʸޤƤ롥ޤŬڤǡ˿ͤƤꡤʬ䤹ƴưƤޤä

ڸۥꥷʸˡ
񡤥ȥåζδ
ڡʸ~ۥƥʸˡ
㽡ע
16~18۱ʸˡ
19ꥹΥʽТ
19~20ܤΡֳؽʸˡ


㡡˰ϤޤƤϡư޲פɽ路ƤȤʸˡˤΥå󥹤򡤤ޤüŪˡ7ԤǡŤߤˤޤϤߤȤʤϡ
奮ꥷʸˡƥʸˡФơΥʥ顼ȤƤαʸˡϺ˻ޤǤˡܤˤֳؽʸˡפܤܽδߤȡˡסˤˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ͡˵񤤤ƤȤ櫓ŵȤδϢǤϡΤ褦󶡤ƤΤǡؿΤϤҰʲɤ

#664. littera, figura, potestas ([2011-02-20-1])
#892. ʸˡ Dionysius Thrax η ([2011-10-06-1])
#1256. Τʻʬˡ ([2012-10-04-1])
#1257. ʤгʡפ "accusative case" ʤΤ ([2012-10-05-1])
#1258. ʤ¾ưפ "transitive verb" ʤΤ ([2012-10-06-1])

ܽǤϡѸػˤαǽ뤳ȤǤ롥򺣡Ѹ˴ؤƤϱѸˤȱѸػˤθͻⵯäƤƤΤǡҤΥȥɤĤߤȤ

ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-17 Sat

#4891. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ19֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][stress][prosody][french][latin][germanic][gsr][rsr][contact][borrowing][lexicology][hellog_entry_set]

δñѸ in English٤10椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ19ϡ֤ʤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȥΰ֤ޤäƤΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ10



ñΥǤñ줴Ȥ˥Ȱ֤ޤäƤޤˤ100%ε§ʤǤʵ§ʤȤǡͽ¬ǤȤΤ¤ʤΤǤϤǤϤޤ
㤨Сnature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤפȤ̣Ȥޤ hellog ǡ#3652. nature mature 1ʸ㤤Ǥʤȯʤ˰ۤʤΤǤ ([2019-04-27-1]) ε񤤤ƤޤλϤȤƤ⤪⤷ΤǺϢܵΤʤǤ夲Ǥ
ñʥεϥΥޥǤθűѸǤϡȤΰ֤ϸ§Ȥ1˸ǡΤʵ§ޤΥޥ˻ϤޤѸ³Ѹˤơե󥹸ƥ줫̤ñ줬ѤƤޤμѸϡħѤơɬ1˥Ȥ⤿ʤΤ¿äᡤˤѸΥηϤϺ˴٤뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ϢܵǤϡդλפߺդƲ⤷ޤ10ƥȤ˼äƤФȻפޤ
ѸΥȰ֤ˤĤƤϡhellog εå stress γƵɤߤ

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2022-08-15 Mon

#4858. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ18֤ʤѸˤ줬¿Ρ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][lexicology][synonym][loan_word][borrowing][french][latin][lexical_stratification][contact][hellog_entry_set][japanese]

δñѸ in English٤9椬ȯȤʤޤϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפ18ϡ֤ʤѸˤ줬¿ΡפǤ

δñѸ in English2022ǯ9



Ѹˤ ask -- inquire -- interrogate Τ褦줬¿ޤ¿ξ硤äγؽϰŵ˿ԤȤΤϻ¤ǤΤǡ줬¿ȤΤϱѸؽ礭ʾɤȤʤޤϱѸ˸¤ääǤϤʤܸǤֿҤͤסּ䤹סֿ䤹פʤˤϻ礫ʤ櫓ʤΤǡɤäɤäǤϤΤǤŪˤϱѸؽԤˤȤäƹ⤤ϡɥˤϤޤ
ѸˡʤƼ¤ܸˤ줬¿Τϡˤ̤͡ʸܿƤǤѸˤȤäƤȤ櫓פܿϥե󥹸ȥƥǤѸϡ̣ɽ魯򤹤Ǥ˼ˤäƤˤ⤫餺ƱΥե󥹸ñƥñѤƤȤаޤޤ̤Ȥơ줬Ѥ߽Ťͤ졤ؤΤ褦ؾȤʤäƺ˻ĤäƤΤǤθäؤϡŵŪ˲ءαѸס֥ե󥹸ס֥ƥפ3ؤѤ߾夲ƤΤǡѸäΡ3ع¤פȸƤǤޤ
3ع¤ˤĤƤϡhellog Ǥ֤ⷫ夲Ƥޤå lexical_stratification γƵɤߤ
ϢܵǤϡˤʬ褦˰פ⤷ƤޤҼ˼äƤФȻפޤ

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2022-07-19 Tue

#4831. رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰 --- βǤ [khelf][hel_education][hel_contents_50_2022][link][hel_herald][sobokunagimon][notice][prescriptive_grammar][prescriptivism][caxton][printing][semantic_change][loan_word][french][latin]

711 khelfʷѸ˥եˤˤرѸ˿ʹ2ȯԤ줿Ȥϡ#4824. رѸ˿ʹ2 ([2022-07-12-1]) ǤΤ餻ޤ24̤4αѸ˥ꤵƤޤôԤ碌Ȳ2022ǯ7泰Ȥư̸ޤɤ

رѸ˿ʹ2022ǯ7泰



伫Ȥ⺣ΥȴϢƤˤĤƵƤޤΤǡʲ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ­ŪˤȤ

ΡQ1 Ƥ뵬ʸˡΩǯˤĤơ

hellog #2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1])
hellog #2592. Lindley Murray, English Grammar ([2016-06-01-1])
hellog #4753. ֱʸˡפ250ǯۤ˵Ū˺夲줿 ([2022-05-02-1])
YouTube ֱʸˡʤߤʤ󡪶ˤȿͤ18εʸˡȤǤڰʼδѸظإͥ # 19 ۡ
heldio 18ȾФ˱ʸˡ夲 Robert Lowth ȤϤäԡ

ΡQ2 ƤǰλϤޤäǯˤĤơ

hellog #241. Caxton αѸ1475ǯ ([2009-12-24-1])
hellog #297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
hellog #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
hellog #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
hellog #1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
hellog #3243. Caxton ֻɸಽˤɤΤ褦˹׸ ([2018-03-14-1])
hellog #3120. ²˱Ѹΰʪ뤳Ȥˤ Caxton ([2017-11-11-1])
hellog #3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ ([2017-11-12-1])
hellog #337. egges or eyren ([2010-03-30-1])
hellog #4600. egges or eyrenʤ egges ե󥹸ȴ㤤ΤǤ礦 ([2021-11-30-1])
heldio #183. egges/eyren륭㥯ȥͭ̾ʰá

ΡQ3 Ƥ뿩̾ˤĤơ

ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#23. äư󡩡
hellog #85. It's time for the meal --- time meal δط ([2009-07-21-1])
hellog #221. dinner ([2009-12-04-1])

ΡQ4 Ƥưʪפ̣ñˤĤơ

ֱѸ˥ƥ50פ#4. deer ̣Ѳء̣ѲѸˤء
hellog #127. deer, beast, and animal ([2009-09-01-1])
hellog #128. deer Ρưʪפΰ̣ϤĤޤǻĤäƤ ([2009-09-02-1])
hellog #1462. animal νǯˤĤơ ([2013-04-28-1])
heldio #117. ưʪפ̣ deer, beast, animal

ι泰ޤرѸ˿ʹ2ˤĤơոۡޤ顤khelf ĥå @khelf_keio ꤪ󤻤ȤΥեꤤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-21-1] [2024-03-04-1]

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2022-07-05 Tue

#4817. standard θ츻 [etymology][latin][french][terminology][oed][standardisation][pchron]

ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯξҲȴϢơФ餯δ֡ɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤƵ뵡¿ʤäƤƤ롥⤽ standard θ츻ϲʤΤޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤȤʤäΤǡܤƤߤ
OED standard, n., adj., and int. Ƥߤȡ󡤸츻󡤸ӸŪ¡ƸҤ˻ޤǾܺ٤ʾͿƤ뤳Ȥ˰ݤ롥ɤ߲򤯤ǤϫѸȤȳƮƤ OED ԼԤΡθؤλפζҤҤäƤ롥ˤȤä standard ͡ʰ̣ǡֽŤñʤΤ  *
standard ϸʩ줫ᤤѸǡѸǤνФ12ȾФΤȤǤ롥ѸκǽʸȤ The Peterborough Chronicle (pchron) The Final Continuation ꡤ1138ǯεҤΤʤǡַפΰ̣ǽФ롥

?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1138 Him [sc. the king of Scotland] com togænes Willelm eorl of Albamar..& to [read te] other æuez men mid fæu men & fuhten wid heom & flemden þe king æt te Standard.


ʩ졿󥰥Υޥ estandart, standarde ѤΤȤȤΥեñ켫Τθ츻˽⤢ꡤʣʤ褦Ǥ롥OED θ츻Ѥ롥

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French standarde, estandart.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman standarde, Anglo-Norman and Old French estandart, Old French estendart (Middle French estandart, estendart, French étendard) military flag or banner, also as a (fortified) rallying point in battle (c1100), (figuratively) person worth following (c1170), upright post (a1240), large candle (a1339, only in Anglo-Norman), of uncertain origin, probably either (a) < a West Germanic compound with the literal sense 'something that stands firm' < the Germanic base of STAND v. + the Germanic base of HARD adv., or (b) < classical Latin extendere to stretch out (see EXTEND v.), or (c) < a Romance reflex of classical Latin stant-, stāns, present participle of stāre to stand (see STAND v.) + Old French -ard -ARD suffix.


3Ĥθ츻⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ뤬(a) ȤСޥ stand + hard ե󥹸ꡤ줬˲ƱѸäȤȤˤʤ롥ޤδ餤СľΩƤΡפֿӤƤΡפȤ2Ĥθ츻⤬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-06-1]

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2022-06-05 Sun

#4787. Ѹȥե󥹸δ֤ˤϻƤñ줬󤢤ޤ [french][latin][loan_word][borrowing][notice][voicy][link][hel_education][lexicology][statistics][hellog_entry_set][sobokunagimon]

Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio) ˤ#368. Ѹȥե󥹸ǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥȤǤäޤ˴󤻤줿ǡ#370. ѸäΤʤΥե󥹼Ѹγϡ --- ꥹʡ󤫤μޤΤǡҤİ



Ѹȥե󥹸ξؤǤ¿ȻפޤVoicy Ǥⲿ٤Ҥ٤ƤޤȤƤξ˳ؤ֤Ȥ򤪴ᤷޤˡξμĤʤΤȤơֱѸˡפͭѤǤȤȤ⡤ȻפޤѸˤؤ٤гؤ֤ۤɡե󥹸ˤؿͯޤ򲡤Ĥĥե󥹸ؤ֤ȡѸ褯Ǥ褦ˤʤޤơˤäƥե󥹸줬狼äƤȡξ֤δط˰ռ褦ˤʤꡤϤ̡˹ͤ뤳ȤԲǽʶϡʡˤ˻ޤѸؽե󥹸ؽ⡤Ȥ˳ڤʤ뤳礤Ǥ
ºݡä˴ؤ¤ꡤѸä1/3ۤɤե󥹸ַϡפñˤäޤե󥹸ַϡפȤΤϡե󥹸ȡߤοƤǤƥ碌ˤǤ˥ե󥹸λǤݥȥ졤ڥ졤ꥢʤɤμѸäʤСΤΤʤǤΥե󥹸ַϡפγϤ⤦ޤޤ
ơ1/3ΤʤǤξǤƥ줬ե󥹸äƤ 2:1 뤤 3:2 ۤɤǤ礦ξƱʤΤǸۤȤƱȤñ¿Ѹ줬θ줫ѤΤȽȤʤ⤷ФиޤǼºݾϡե󥹸ַϡסʤ뤤ϥƥַϡסˤθäȤƴˤäƤΤȤ櫓Ǥ
Τ褦ʱʩθä˴ؿΤϡҴϢ heldio β hellog ̤ƴؿ򿼤ƤФȻפޤʲ˼פؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤ¤ꤢξ줪ӱѸˤγؤӤ

heldio β

#26. Ѹä1/3ϥե󥹸졪
#329. ե󥹸ؤӻϤʤСұѸ˳碌ơ
#327. ǯ٤˥ե󥹸ؤӻϤƤ볧ءѸˤ碌Ƴؤ֤Ф˳ؤӤ⤷ʤ«ޤ
#368. Ѹȥե󥹸ǻƤñ줬5ĤΥѥ

hellog βʰ祢

#202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ ([2009-11-15-1])
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#845. Ѹθäεȳ ([2011-08-20-1])
#1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2) ([2012-08-11-1])
#874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬۡ ([2011-09-18-1])

#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸοܡ ([2015-03-29-1])
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#2385. OED ˤ롤ŵ줪ӥޥ󥹽줫μѸä (2) ([2015-11-07-1])
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#4138. ե󥹼ѸΤѸ˼ڤ줿Τ4䶯ǡĽ׸ ([2020-08-25-1])
#660. ѸΥե󥹼ѸηƻΨ ([2011-02-16-1])
#1209. 1250ǯ򶭤Ȥե󥹼Ѹζʬ ([2012-08-18-1])
#594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħ ([2010-12-12-1])
#1225. ե󥹼Ѹʬۤð ([2012-09-03-1])
#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])

#1205. Ѹ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ȯΤϤʤ ([2012-08-14-1])
#2349. Ѹ˥ե󥹼Ѹ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1])
#4451. ե󥹼ѸΥԡ14 ([2021-07-04-1])
#1638. ե󥹸ȥƥ줫̸üѤΥߥ󥰤ζ ([2013-10-21-1])

#1295. ե󥹸ȥƥ2Ÿ ([2012-11-12-1])
#653. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ̡ ([2011-02-09-1])
#848. Ѹˤե󥹼ѸȥƥѸζ (2) ([2011-08-23-1])
#3581. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (1) ([2019-02-15-1])
#3582. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥѸ졤"mots savants" (2) ([2019-02-16-1])
#4453. ե󥹸줫ѤñʤΤե󥹸ñʤΤ ([2021-07-06-1])
#3180. ˹ٸ̤Ƥե󥹡ƥѸ ([2018-01-10-1])

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