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latin - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2018-07-24 Tue

#3375. ָ߽Ťˡ§ [lexicology][french][latin][loan_word][lexical_stratification]

#3373. ּáס ([2018-07-22-1])#3374. ּáס ([2018-07-23-1]) ˰³ϼؤγǰ˸ؤ˱ѤƤߤ륷꡼3ơϡ߽Ťˡ§פ⤸äơָ߽Ťˡ§פͤƤߤ
߽Ťˡ§ (law of superposition) Ȥϡɴʻŵ2ǡ٤ˤС̤Ǥ롥

W. ߥˤäƻϤ줿ذ̳ؤĤδˡ§ΰĤǡ⤷ϢδФ¾δФξ˽ŤʤäƤꡤ¤Ū˵žʤɤƤʤˤϡˤΤФȤ̣Ǥ롥ŤʤĤؤζŪ岼طŪطɤߤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥


ƾQŪ򤷤䤹Ǥ롥Ǥϡ㴳ΤҤͤäʤä˱ѤƤߤ褦äˤĤƶŪ岼طȤΤϥʥ󥻥󥹤ʤΤǡʸŪ岼طʥեޥƥιˤɤؤƤߤ롥

⤷Ϣθä¾θäξ˽ŤʤäƤꡤ¤Ū˵žʤɤƤʤˤϡˤΤäȤ̣Ǥ롥Ťʤ2ĤθؤʸŪ岼طŪطɤߤȤ뤳ȤǤ롥


ε ([2018-07-23-1]) Ǥ⾯줿Ѹä3ع¤ǰƬˤƹͤƤߤ褦̤˱Ѹäϥԥߥåɾ3ع¤ʤƤȤ졤졤ե󥹼Ѹ졤ƥ󡦥ꥷѸ줬줾첼ءءؤ롥ƱֿҤͤפ̣Ǥ ask -- question -- interrogate Τ褦ʸΡʥեޥƥˤ٤ˤä3ʳζ̤ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡˡ
Τ褦ʸŪ岼طλ¤ϼȤơǤϡξ岼طϤϤƻŪط򼨺ΤȤ˰ܤ¡ask ȤƸűѸʰˤ̤ˤĤե󥹼Ѹ question ϽФ15ȾƥѸ interrogate Ϥ٤15ȾȤʤäƤ롥ġñθ̩ʽǯ̤Ȥơե󥹼ѸȾѸˡƥ󡦥ꥷѸȾ϶ѸήȤ򴪰ƤСʸŪ岼طȻŪطϤ褽פȹͤ롥
ѸθóؤˤϤ٤ޤŬѤǤΤΡָ߽Ťˡ§פŪѤ뤫ɤϤ褯狼ʤλ˲äääۤʸŪʾؤ뷹롤ȤȤˤʤΤ⤷ʤɬ⼫ʤȤǤϤʤ
Ȥꤢ׹ͼ¸ȤȤǡָཾˡ§פƤߤ

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2018-07-23 Mon

#3374. ּá [lexicology][old_norse][french][latin][loan_word][lexical_stratification][contact][link][methodology]

ε#3373. ּáס ([2018-07-22-1]) ˰³ϼؤγǰ˸ؤ˱ѤǤ뤫ɤ⤦1ĤλǹͤƤߤ롥ؤǯ˻񤹤뼨ಽФȤ̤ˡ경 (facies fossile) ȤβФ롥ϻǤϤʤĶ˻񤹤βФΤȤǡ㤨Х󥴲ФϡĤƤϤȤƩǤäȤ롥Ǥϡ˱ѤơּáפʤΤˤĤƸ뤳ȤϤǤ
פĤΤϡѸä䤽¾ΰκܤȤǤ롥#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1]) Ǹ褦ˡťΥɸ줫μѸˤϡȸޤۤŪܶʸä¿ζä٤¤ˤĤơѸˤǤϰ̤˼Τ褦ʤ롥űѸüԤȸťΥɸüԤϡƱޥ̱²Ȥ转⤪褽Ƥꡤߤθ⤢٤Ǥʸ٥⤪褽ƱǤꡤҲŪʴط⤪Ǥä餳å٥θäߤθήΤȡĤޤꡤΤ褦ŪʼѸ¸ߤϡξԤΤο̩ǻʸܿäȤ򼨺롥
⤦1ĤΡּáפȤʤꤦϡ#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʱѸȥե󥹼ѸȤκ˴ؤΤǤ롥ưʪɽ魯 calf, deer, fowl, sheep, swine, ox ʤɤФơɽ魯ñ veal, venison, poultry, mutton, pork, beef ʤɤμѸǤ롥ŪʲˤСθŪΩϡ̱饢󥰥ͤȾήΥޥͤȤҲŪΩȿǤ롥Τ褦ʸáʸäΤΤȤϸʬۡˤϡѸμδĶ򼨺ΤȤƼŪǤȤΤǤϤʤ
ŪˤСѸä3ع¤ŵȤó (lexical_stratification) ¸ߤ⡤ĤƤθܿҲΤʤˤǼŪǤ롥ºݤΤȤû˸ˤơּáפȤȯۤϡѸ줳Ȥ鷺Ȥ⡤Τ褦˼Ƥ褦ˤפ롥
ǿ줿ưʪ3ع¤ˤĤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#331. ưʪȤɽñ ([2010-03-24-1])
#332. ưʪȤɽñפοá ([2010-03-25-1])
#1583. swine vs pork μҲŪյ ([2013-08-27-1])
#1603. ưʪȤɽñפǽ˻Ŧ͡ ([2013-09-16-1])
#1604. ưʪȤɽñפ򼡤˻Ŧͤ ([2013-09-17-1])
#1966. ʡʤäƤѸΰʪ˥塼 ([2014-09-14-1])
#1967. ˴ؤե󥹼Ѹ ([2014-09-15-1])
#2352. ưʪȤɽñפο (2) ([2015-10-05-1])

#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2072. Ѹäλع¤ ([2014-12-29-1])
#2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])
#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1])
#387. trisociation triset ([2010-05-19-1])
#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-16-1] [2018-07-24-1]

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2018-07-19 Thu

#3370. frequent ΰ̣Ѳ [semantic_change][latin][french][loan_word][cawdrey][johnson]

frequent ˤʡӤӤΡˤϡʸ̤ˤѤѸθȯΤϰճȿ϶äƤ1596ǯΤȤΤäθϡƥư frequentāre ʵͤˤƻ frequēns ʺ߹äˤե󥹸 fréquent Фơ15ȾФ˱ѸäƤθϡե󥹸ä֤Ӥ˭٤ʡפǤꡤֺ߹ä¿ͿΡפθǤ19ޤǻȤ줿ֺ߹ä¿ͿΡפȤƤϡDiscourse concerninge the Spanish Fleet Invadinge Englande (1590) 18ˤơ"There was generally made throughout the whole realm a most frequent assembly of all sorts of people." ȸ롥
θ塤frequent ϡ֤դ줿פۤɤŪʴްդȯãShakespeare ǤϤ "addicted" ־ャŪÿŮƤ ۤɤθǻȤƤ롥The Winter's Tale (1611) Ȥơ"I have missingly noted he is of late much retired from court, and is less frequent to his princely exercises than formerly he hath appeared".
ˤθ塤ŪʴްդΩѤ־ャŪʡסˤʡפθȯãϾҤΤ褦16Ǥ롥1604ǯ Ѹ˾αѸ켭 A Table Alphabeticall Ǥ "often, done many times: ordinarie, much haunted, or goe too" ȤꡤǤ˿夷Ƥ褦Ǥ롥
1755ǯ Johnson μǤ⡤ʲΤ褦ˡֺ߹ä¿ͿΡפȤŤޤϿƤʤȤϤäƤ⡤ȤƵ󤲤Ƥ frequent and full 17 Milton ΤΤǤϤäˡ

1. Often done; often seen; often occurring.
2. Used often to practise any thing.
3. Full of concourse


ñˤ⡤̣ѲˤǤΤǤ롥"Chaque mot a son histoire." (= "Every word has its own history.")

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2018-07-17 Tue

#3368. ֥ƥϡ׸üѤλȷϩ [contact][latin][greek][french][borrowing][lexicology][loan_word]

֥ƥϡ (Latinate) ѸȤϡȤƥƥȥե󥹸򥽡ȤѸؤˤᤷơ¾Υޥ󥹽줫μѸޤळȤ⤢СꥷƥͳƱѸ˼ޤ뤳Ȥ¿äȤ顤ꥷѸľܼѤ줿ΤˤޤǸ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ѹ˾塤ƥϤθüѤ줿ȷϩϡʲΤ褦˿޼ǤСp. 113 οޤ򻲾Ȥˡ


                               Greek                                  

                                                                  
                                                                  
          
          Latin    Old and Middle French   Modern French    
          
                                                              
                                            
                                                              
          
                                                      
                                                      
                                                      

?Germanicrehistoric OEld English ?Middle English?Modern English?


ޤ򸫤ȡѸΥѡȥ꡼ѤäƤʤΤΡˤäƷϩޤ᤿ѸȤδؤ줾ħŪǤ뤳ȤƤ褯ʬ롥ѸθäˤȤ櫓ƶڤܤƤȤС嵭 "Latinate" languages иťΥɸ̾󤬤뤯餤Ǥꡤ֥ƥϡפ¸ߴƳǧǤ
ƥϤ˸¤ʤüѤηϩޤȤƤϡ#1930. ȱƶθ줿ɥ衼åѸ²δطޡ ([2014-08-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

ůȡ6ϡѲä ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإ꡼ȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ106--30ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-12-23-1]

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2018-06-27 Wed

#3348. Ѹ˼ѷϤܼΤ˿ĥ [word_formation][prefix][suffix][neologism][french][latin][loan_word][lexicology][renaissance][emode]

Wersmer (64, 67) Nevalainen (352, 378, 391) 򻲾Ȥ Cowie (610--11) ˤСܼѤˤơϤܼѤΤȼѷϤΤΤΨѸ礭ѲȤ

The relative frequency of nonnative affixes to native affixes in coined words rises from 20% at the beginning of the Early Modern English period to 70% at the end of it . . . . The proportion of Germanic to French and Latin bases in new coinages falls from about 32% at the beginning of the Early Modern period to some 13% at the end . . . . Together these measures confirm the emergence of non-native affixes as independent English morphemes over the Early modern period. They also seem to contradict claims that the native affixes in Early Modern English are just as, if not more productive, than ever . . . , although it is always less likely that words coined with native affixes would be recorded in a dictionary . . . .


λνˤϼѷϤ20%äˤ70%ˤޤäƤ롥ΤܤȡѷϤФϤΨϡ32%ۤɡ13%ۤɤǤ롥ΤȤơѸˡѷϤܼӴΤΩĤ褦ˤʤäƤȤϵʤѤκǸâ񤭤ϽפǤϤ롥
Ϣơ#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external ([2017-12-26-1])#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) ([2018-03-29-1])#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) ([2018-03-30-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Wersmer, Richard. Statistische Studien zur Entwicklung des englischen Wortschatzes. Bern: Francke, 1976.
Nevalainen, Terttu. "Early Modern English Lexis and Semantics." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 332--458.
Cowie, Claire. "Early Modern English: Morphology." Chapter 38 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 604--20.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-11-24-1]

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2018-06-12 Tue

#3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ [indo-european][etymological_respelling][latin][french][renaissance][spelling_pronunciation_gap][silent_letter][sobokunagimon]

츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ⹭ƤκǤɽȤäƤ褤 b ޤ doubt ʤˤ夲褦
doubt θ츻ҤȤȡƥ dubitāre ̤롥Υƥñϡĸǡ2פɽ魯 *dwo- θ캬ʱѸ two ƱˤޤǤ롥2Ĥδ֤ФʤФʤʤ׾֤֤餦ס֤ס֤פʤɤθ
θ塤Υƥñϡťե󥹸 douter ֤ס֤פȤƷѾ줿첻˶ޤ줿ȤȤ b ťե󥹸ʳޤǤ˲פüƤ뤳Ȥդ줿äơťե󥹸ǤȯˤƤֻˤƤ b ϸʤʤäƤ
θťե󥹸1200ǯˤۤܤΤޤѸؼѤ졤ñȤƤ doute(n) ޤ줿ʥե󥹸 -er бѸθ -en ؤƼˡΤˤС132Ⱦ˽񤫤줿 Ancrene Wisse ľܥƥֻ򻲾ȤȤܤ doubt 㤬ߤĤΤϵ㳰ȹͤƤ褤
θ塤15ˤʤȡѸǤľܥƥֻ򻲾Ȥ b 䤦츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) λ㤬롥16˻Ϥޤѹͥ󥹤ϡƥ濴Ȥŵؤηݤޤꡤ̤˸츻ŪֻºݤˤϤ15桤ˤäƤ14ƥؤηФϸ졤츻Ūֻ⻶ȯŪ˸ƤƤb 򿷤 doubt ֻܳŪŸƤΤϡΤ16ʹߤΤȤȤäƤ褤
Τ褦ˤƽdoubt ֻ̲ɸಽ˻äȯˤĤƤϽ b ʤȯߤˤޤǷ³Ƥ롥b ȯʤ̵ͭˤ˴ؤƱμŪʥȤϡ#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤Ǥ롥
⤦1ĿƤ٤ϡ¤ϥե󥹸¦Ǥ⡤13ȤᤤʳǡǤ˸츻Ūֻ줿 doubter ڤƤ뤳ȤѸ˱ʩʸˤδط̩äȤͤСѸˤĤƤϡľܥƥֻ򻲾Ȥ롼ȤΤۤˡƥֻ򻲾Ȥե󥹸ֻäȤ롼ȤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) ([2014-12-15-1]) Hotta (51ff) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Hotta, Ryuichi. "Etymological Respellings on the Eve of Spelling Standardisation." Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature 30 (2015): 41--58.

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2018-05-24 Thu

#3314. Ѹˤˤָʸױư [japanese][terminology][medium][writing][emode][latin][style][genbunicchi]

դϡΤδ礭äաפȡֽ񤭸աפʬ롥񤭸դϤˡեޥƥδָΡפȡʸΡפʬ롥¼ (5) 򻲾Ȥƿ޼ȼ̤ꡥ

          ä
ա                    
          񤭸ա
                                ʸ

ˤͻˤϡФиԤζʬˤĤưռŪ򤷤ƤȤοǤ롥ߤܸǤС񤭸դȤС̾ϸΤΤȤؤεʸϤ⤦ʹǤⶵʽǤ⾮Ǥ⡤ŪɤǤΤΤۤȤɤäդȤˤΤǤ롥ޤǤϴʸŵܸ˴ŤʸΤ̤äʸױưϡʸΤΤؤΰܹԤưä櫓
ѸˤˤƤ⡤ΤʸΤζ̤ռƤΤ褤ˤơ󥰥ɤˤ礿񤭸դȤХƥʤӥե󥹸ˤäŪˤäդDZѸȤäƤʤ顤ɮݤˤϤ˴ŤΤǤϤʤǤƥѤƤΤǤ롥ѸˤˤʸΤȤϡʤƥΤȤǤ롥
ѸˤʸΤΰ㤤ϡܸǤϸŵܸ˴ŤΤǤꡤѸǤϳ˴ŤΤǤȤŪѤƤäդЪΥǤϰפƤ롥ˤƤΥ󥰥ɤǤϡ񤭸դƥ줫ѸؤڤؤäưϤθʸױưɽ뤳ȤǤ롥ʤ̩ɽܻؤֻ (spelling_reform) ʸױưΰȤߤʤȤǤ뤬Ǥϸŵ줿ƥ줬¯줿Ѹ˥ʥߥå֤äƤʤ񤭸դ vernacularisation ؤơָʸױưפȸƤǤ
αѸˤˤָʸױưפˤĤƤϡȤ櫓#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1]) #2580. Ѹιռʳ ([2016-05-20-1])#2611. 17˽񤭸դDZѸ줬ʤƥ줬षƤäͳ ([2016-06-20-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

¼ ˡäդܻˡ١ʸۡ2011ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-30-1] [2018-08-29-1]

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2018-05-14 Mon

#3304. ϼ18Ĺطʡ2 [language_myth][prescriptive_grammar][sociolinguistics][johnson][latin]

18Υꥹ˵ϼĹطʤˤĤơ#1244. ʤϼ18˵Ĺ ([2012-09-22-1]) ϤȤ prescriptive_grammar εǼ夲Ƥ Aitchison ϡ2ĤζϤʼҲŪװطʤˤꡤϼνŪʶˤޤǻ夲줿ΤȹͤƤ롥2ĤȤϡ"The first was a long-standing admiration for Latin, and the second was powerful class snobbery" (10) Ǥ롥
ޤƥؤƴݤˤĤơΤˤƥƥΰҿ֤⤫äΤϡˤƥꥹȶθǤäȡƶΥͥ󥹰ʹߤ˳θȤʤäȤˤ롥Ǥ˥ƥïǤʤäˤ⤫餺Τ褦񤯤ȤۤȤ졤ƥ춵餬˹ԤʤƤBen Jonson 򤷤 "queen of tongues" ȸ路᤿ۤɤǤꡤºݡ¯ʸˡҤݤˤϡ˥ƥʸˡǥȤ줿
ΥƥΰŪʰҿ椨ˡ¯Ф3Ĥ٤뤳Ȥˤʤä1Ĥϡˤϸꤵ줿ˡΤȤͤǤ롥⤦1Ĥˤϡƥ줬񤭸դäˡäդФ񤭸դͥۤȤǸˡƥ줬˭٤ʶޤ򼨤Ǥ뤿ˡޤ˼äѸΤ褦ʸǤȤäޤ줿
ϼ18Ĺ2ܤװϡήҤǤ롥Samuel Johnson ŵǤ롥Johnson Dictionary ԻݤˡήɤԤ񤭸դѤˡˤǺѤդ˲ؤο͡äդˤĤƤϤ
Τ褦ʻطʤΤʤȯŸϼȵʸˡϡθ192021ˤѤ졤ޤʤߤǤ롥ĤοäĹȤäƤ褤

Aitchison, Jean. Language Change: Progress or Decay. 4th ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2013.

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2018-05-06 Sun

#3296. state estate (2) [french][latin][phonetics][euphony][loan_word][doublet]

ĤƤε#1571. state estate ([2013-08-15-1]) ­ε#3295. study <u> û첻Τ櫓 ([2018-05-05-1]) Ǽ夲 study ϡƥ studiāre üȯťե󥹸 estudie ФƱѸ˼Ѥ줿Ǥcf. ե󥹸 étudier) ϡUpward and Davidson (114--15) ˰͵򤷡ťե󥹸˸ e- ܤ
ƥˤ sc-, sp-, st- ǻϤޤϡΤޤޤη֤DZѸ˼Ѥ줿⤢뤬¿ϥե󥹸䥹ڥʤɤͳ esc-, esp-, est- η֤DZѸäƤե󥹸䥹ڥǤϡƥ2ŻҲ˲ (euphony) Ȥ e ΤäŵŪʸƬź (prosthesis) 㡨#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ĤǤˡƥ exc-, exp-, ext- ⤽줾 esc-, esp-, est- ؤȴά줿ᡤˤϤȤȤ sc-, sp-, st- Ʊϩ򤿤ɤ뤳ȤˤʤäʰʲǤϡexc-, exp-, ext- ͳ褹Τ + դˡ
ƬˤΤ褦ʷ֤ĸ췲ʤ餺Ѹ˼Ѥ졤̤ȤƱѸǤϼ3ĤΥǧ롥

(1) ޤʥǤϤ뤬Ƭ e- ĸΤߤä (ex. eschew, +escord, esplanade)
(2) ФСƬ e- ĸȻʤ줬2Ÿ (doublet) Ȥƶ¸Ƥ (ex. +escape/scapegoad, escalope/scallop, escarpment/scarp, especial/special, espy/spy, espouse/spouse, estate/state, +estranged/strange)
(3) Ǥ¿ΤϡƬ e- 򼨤ʤǤ (ex. +scaffold (< OFr eschafalt), +scald (< OFr eschalder), spine (< OFr espine), stage (< OFr estage), stew (< OFr estuve), study (< OFr estudie))

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2018-04-05 Thu

#3265. ޤǹν񤭸ɸϤäȥƥä [latin][french][standardisation][chancery_standard][reestablishment_of_english][statute_of_pleading]

15Ⱦ Chancery Standard Ȥ񤭸ձѸѼ郎ȤˤĤơ#3214. 1410ǯ夫30ǯˤƤ Chancery English ˨ ([2018-02-13-1]) ϤȤ chancery_standard εǽҤ٤ƤϹʸ򵭤Ѥ줿ѸѼؤν񤭸ɸȤȤǤС󥰥ɡʵڤӤθαѹˤˤ뤽18Ⱦ˻ޤǥƥǤ³Ȥ¤ϲƤɬפ롥Ĥޤꡤ "Chancery Standard" ȤϡѸ1ѼΤȤʤɤǤϤʤƥΤȤʤΤǤ롥Schaefer (214) Τ褦˽񤤤Ƥ롥

English was not the language of the administration, but rather the minor partner of French and Latin. As Benskin (2004: 38) unmistakably states: "Chancery Standard was Latin, and save for nine years during the Commonwealth, it remained so until 1731, when for official purposes it was abolished altogether by Act of Parliament.


Ѹν񤭸ɸθĤȤ Chancery Standard ϡ"Standard" ȸƤФ줳졤ºݤˤϤҿι⤤ƥե󥹸ν񤭸դ٤Сޥʡʰ֤ŤˤʤäȤŦ⤷
Τ褦ˤƤΥ󥰥ɤθŪʽ񤭸դŪįȡФбѸ (reestablishment_of_english) ħȤߤʤƤ1362ǯ "Statute of Pleading" ʺȽˤʾټ³αѸ첽᤿ˡΧˤ⡤ϥƥȥե󥹸ФʸҤФ뾮񹳤ˤʤȤ⸫Ƥcf. #324. IJˡDZѸѤǧ줿ǯ ([2010-03-17-1])ˡSchaefer (217) ꡤϢڤ

The so-called "Statute of Pleading" of 1362 --- which is so often judged as having considerably raised the status of English --- indeed mandates that English be the (spoken) language of pleading at court. Yet it does so in French --- and in the complicated left-branching syntax of "courtly style" --- because, at the time, French was the language in which royal statutes where (sic) published; and it also regulates that the pleas be "entered and enrolled" in Latin, because this was the language of permanent record.


Schaefer, Ursula. "Standardization." Chapter 11 of The History of English. Vol. 3. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. 205--23.
Benskin, Michael. "Chancery Standard." New Perspectives on English Historical Linguistics. Selected Papers from 12 ICEHL, Glasgow, 21--26 August 2002. Vol. 2. Lexis and Transmission. Ed. Christian Kay, Carole Hough, and Irené Wotherspoon. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2004. 1--40.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-09-21-1]

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2018-04-02 Mon

#3262. Ѹɸಽˤ "intensive elaboration" [lme][standardisation][latin][french][register][terminology][lexicology][loan_word][lexical_stratification]

#2742. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ ([2016-10-29-1]) #2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Haugen θɸಽ (standardisation) ΥǥǤϡ (form) ȵǽ (function) ֤ˤɸಽȤ館Ƥ롥ˤȡɸಽȤ "maximal variation in function" "minimal variation in form" ħŤ븽ݤǤ롥Ԥ codification (of form)Ԥ elaboration (of function) бȹͤ롥
"elaboration" ȤѸդɬפǤ롥Haugen ɸಽεǰտޤƤΤϡ͡ʻѰ (register) ǹѤ뤳ȤǤȤ̣Ǥ "elaboration of function" ΤȤ "elaboration of form" Ȥ̤β⡤ѸˤɸಽȿϢ뤫򤱤뤿ˡHaugen Ȥạ̈Ǥ "elaboration of function" "extensive elaboration" ȸƤӡ"elaboration of form" Τۤ "intensive elaboration" ȸƤǤ⤤ (Schaefer 209)
Ǥϡ"intensive elaboration" 뤤 "elaboration of form" ȤϲؤΤSchaefer (209) ˤСβˤƤ "the range of the native linguistic inventory is increased by new forms adding further 'variability and expressiveness'" ȤѸθȾޤǤϡ񤭸դɸȤСѸβ餫ǤϤʤषƥե󥹸ȤäˤƱѸ줬ƤȡѸ줬γäɸϰ̤˽Ȥˤʤäκݤɸ줿ƥե󥹸줫̤θäѤѸä¿ݤäޤޤˡ˾褻ơե󥹸θäȥƥθä졤ΤȤƽʤع¤θä˻äʤλˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) ε򻲾ȡˡѸä̤ߡ񤭸վ塤Ѹθä󲽤줿ȤʤСϸɸಽħŤ "minimal variation in form" Ȥϡष "maximal variation in form" ظäƤ褦ʰݤͿ롥μ variation 뤤 variability äؤơ"intensive elaboration" 뤤 "elaboration of form" ȸƤ֤ΤǤ롥
ĤޤꡤɸಽˤϷѰۤʤ¦̤⤢Сۤʤ뼡ǡѰۤ礭ʤ¦̤⤢ꤦȤȤǤ롥ΰ츫̷⤹褦ɸಽΤSchaefer (220) ϼΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥

While such standardizing developments reduced variation, the extensive elaboration to achieve a "maximal variation in function" demanded increased variation, or rather variability. This type of standardization, and hence norm-compliance, aimed at the discourse-traditional norms already available in the literary languages French and Latin. Late Middle English was thus re-established in writing with the help of both Latin and French norms rather than merely substituting for these literary languages.


Schaefer Ursula. "Standardization." Chapter 11 of The History of English. Vol. 3. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. 205--23.

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2018-02-28 Wed

#3229. 2Februaryǡ [calendar][etymology][mythology][latin][dissimilation]

ˤʤäƤޤä̾꡼᤯Ȥơ2פϤ롥
Ѹ February εˤθ츻Ծܤƥǡκפפؤ februa (pl.) ͳ褹Ȥ롥κפεϥꥢȾ륢ڥ˥̮θ̱ӥ˿ͤˤȤ졤פ215˹Ԥʤ줿Ȥ februa ղä februārius (mēnsis) ȷ̾ꡤ줬¯ƥ *fabrāriu(m) ͳơޥ󥹽ؤäťե󥹸Ǥ feverier ʸե󥹸 févrierˤȤʤꡤ줬Ѹ fever(y)er, feverel ʤɤηäƤѸǤν1200ǯȤ롥
fever(y)er ˤ2Ҳ b ǤϤʤե󥹸ˤʤä v ߤ뤬15ޤѤ줿ʤfeverel θ l ϰ۲ (dissimilation) ˤΤǤcf. laurel, marble, purple; #72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1]) ⻲ȡ ߤΥƥŪ b ķϡѸǤ februarie ʤɤֻ14鸫졤ˤ v 򼨤ֻ֤ƤäƥΤη februārius ϡ¤ϸűѸ˼ޤƤȤոƤ
February ȯˤĤƤϡɤΤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥Ūˤ /ˈfɛbruəri/ ȯ뤬, ǽ r ä /ˈfɛbjuəri/ 褯ʹ롥LDP3 Preference Poll ˤȡ㤤ΥꥫѸǤϸԤȯǤ64%ãƤ롥ꥹѸǤбͤ39%褷㤯ʤ⤤ǤϱƤǤŪ㤤ͤȤʤäƤꡤޤˤñˤȯѲ塹ȿʹԤƤΤȤߤƤ褤
űѸǤ solmōnaþ "mud-month" ֤̤ߤηפɽƤޤܸDZ2ΰ۾Ρǡʤ餮ˡפϡΤǹ˾Ȥ⡤ڤιפηΰդȤ⤤
ơǷ̾꡼Τǡʲ˥꡼γƵؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤ

#2910. ̾ͳ ([2017-04-15-1])
#3187. 1Januaryӷ ([2018-01-17-1])
#3229. 2Februaryǡ ([2018-02-28-1])
#2890. 3March ([2017-03-26-1])
#2896. 4April ([2017-04-01-1])
#2939. 5May ([2017-05-14-1])
#2983. 6June̵ ([2017-06-27-1])
#3000. 7Julyʸ ([2017-07-14-1])
#3046. 8Augustշ ([2017-08-29-1])
#3073. 9SeptemberĹ ([2017-09-25-1])
#3103. 10October̵ ([2017-10-25-1])
#3167. 11November ([2017-12-28-1])
#3168. 12December ([2017-12-29-1])

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2018-01-17 Wed

#3187. 1񎼷anuary?ڨ? [calendar][etymology][mythology][latin]

̾꡼Ȥơ1 = January = ӷ˴ؤ򡥱Ѹ January ϡޤμ Jānus ʥ̥ˤͳ褹롥̥ˤ2Ĥδ餬ꡤ1Ĥ1ĤϸƤ֤ǤйԤǯǯξ˸̤֤äȤˤʤ롥Janus Τ janua ˤͳ褷ֿͤɽ魯Ѹ janitor ϢǤ롥ϵŪˤϰ캬 *ei- ʹԤˤγ *ya- ̤롥Jānus Diānus žΤȤ⤵졤ξˤ Diāna Ȥط
ƥ Jānuārius (mensis) űѸꡤJanuarius ȤѤ줿㤬뤬̾űѸˤ se æfterra ġēola (the later Yule) ȸƤФ줿12ɽ路 se ǣrra ġeōla (the earlier Yule) Ȥӡˡۤ wulfmōnaþ (wolf-month) ȤΤ줿϶ʢϵͤ򽱤Ȥ⤢ʷäȤͳ褹ȹͤ롥ƥñѸ1300ǯ˥󥰥ե jenvier ͳ Jenever ʤɤηDzƳ줿14˸θؤȺƷ줿ʺƷθŤȤƺʤĤäƤˡ
ܸDZɽ魯ӷפϡ͡褷ƤʤĤޤ뤳ȤȤ⡤μ¤˿ּ·פžȤ⤵롥
̾꡼Ȥơ#2910. ̾ͳ ([2017-04-15-1])#2890. 3March ([2017-03-26-1])#2896. 4April ([2017-04-01-1])#2939. 5May ([2017-05-14-1])#2983. 6June̵ ([2017-06-27-1])#3000. 7Julyʸ ([2017-07-14-1])#3046. 8Augustշ ([2017-08-29-1])#3073. 9SeptemberĹ ([2017-09-25-1])#3103. 10October̵ ([2017-10-25-1])#3167. 11November ([2017-12-28-1])#3168. 12December ([2017-12-29-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2018-02-28-1]

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2018-01-10 Wed

#3180. ˹ٸ̤Ƥե󥹡ƥѸ [french][latin][loan_word][borrowing][frequency][statistics][lexicology][hc][bnc]

ѸˤǤϡѸ줫Ѹˤơե󥹸ȥƥ줫̤θüѤʤ줿Τ߾ѤΤˤĤƤϡ餯ѻ饹Ȥƻ֤ȤȤ˻٤ƤΤ롥ȤΤϡѤ줿餫٤Ѥ줿ȤϹͤˤ˱ѸƱﲽƤȤȤ館Τ
β¾ڤΤˤĤˡꤽDurkin ĴԤʤäƤ롥Ѹ졤Ѹ졤ѸΤ줾ˤƥѥ˴ŤǹٸꥹȤꡤΤʤ˥ե󥹡ƥѸ줬ɤΤ餤γǴޤޤƤ뤫Ĵ١γ̻ŪܤӤȤˡŤΥѥǤֻѰۤȤ꤬ؤ뤿ᡤ̩Ĵ褦ȤñˤϤʤDurkin ϤȤꤢˡȤơѸȽѸˤĤƤ Helsinki Corpus 1150--1500ǯ1500--1710ǯΥѤơѸˤĤƤ BNC Ѥưֻ١Ĵ줾٥󥭥󥰤ˤ900--1000̤ۤɤޤǤñֻ˥ꥹȤꡤΤʤǥե󥹡ƥѸ줬ϤФ
̤ϡѸ쥻Ǥ7%ۤɤäΤѸ쥻Ǥ19%ޤǾ徺˸Ѹ쥻Ǥ38%ޤǤ˻äƤ롥ƤĴǤ뤳ȤǧĤĤ⡤ե󥹡ƥѸǸѤƤΤ¿ˤĤƤϡˤΤʤǽ٤夲Ƥ̤ȤơߤŪʤ򼨤Ȥ褯狼ä
ˤ⤷ȤˡѸΥ1500--1710ǯˤ˴ؤͤˤĤơٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤե󥹡ƥѸΤ٤Ƥ1500ǯ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤꡤ⤽2/3ۤɤϳμ¤˥ե󥹼ѸǤȤ¤ǧ (Durkin 338--39)
ޤѸȽѸιٸꥹȤ˴ޤޤե󥹡ƥѸ¿ѸιٸꥹȤˤƸƤ¤ˤ⿨ƤŤ2ˤϸ뤬ϳƤ췲įȡʤȤѲ򴶤Ƥ롥㤨Сhonour, justice, manner, noble, parliament, pray, prince, realm, religion, supper, treason, usury, virtue Ǥ (Durkin 340)
ˤäƺѸꥹȤ䥭ɤۤʤ뤳ȤȤ˱Ѹ쥳ѥѤ͡ʻӤƤߤȤ⤷㤨СѸ쥳ѥ˴ŤɡꥹȤˤĤơ#2332. EEBO ΥɤС ([2015-09-15-1]) 򻲾ȡޤ٤ˤˤĤƤϡ#1243. ٤θ̻ŪΤˡ ([2012-09-21-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-05-1] [2020-08-25-1]

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2018-01-09 Tue

#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ [neo-latin][latin][greek][word_formation][lexicology][loan_word][compounding][derivation][lmode][scientific_english][scientific_name][neologism][waseieigo][terminology][register]

ŵŪʣ (neoclassical compounds) Ȥϡaerobiosis, biomorphism, cryogen, nematocide, ophthalmopathy, plasmocyte, proctoscope, rheophyte, technocracy Τ褦ʸʤФвʳѸˤؤDurkin (346--37) ˤСतθä᤯1600ǯ夫ǧ졤㤨 polycracy (1581), pantometer (1597), multinomial (1608) ߤ롥ȯŪ̻褦ˤʤäΤϡʳؤ®ȯŸѸȤ櫓19ˤʤäƤΤȤǤʡ#616. Ѹβʳظäȯ ([2011-01-03-1])#3013. 19񤵤줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])#3014. Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷο¸ߴ19 ([2017-07-28-1])#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ŵŪʣˤĤƶĴƤ٤ϡ줬ѸǤϤʤޤDZѸʤϤȤ衼åѤνˤˤƷ줿ǤȤΤ˥ƥ䥮ꥷʤɤθŵǥȤƤϤ뤬褷ƤѤ줿櫓ǤϤʤΰ̣Ǥϱñݤκۤ򤷤ƤʤñǤϤʤѸפӤ뤳ȤǤ롥ŵŪʣϱѸǤ뤫顤ĤޤֱפȤäƤ褤ѸȤΤäϡԤȤƹŪDzʳŪʸ̮Ѥ뤬ԤϤǤϤʤȤ¤ˤ롥ʤξԤΤˤϻѰˤиߤ롥Durkin ϡŵŪʣˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . these formations typically belong to the international language of science and move freely, often with little or no morphological adaptation, between English, French, German, and other languages of scientific discourse. They are often treated in very different ways in different traditions of lexicography and lexicology; however, those terms that are coined in modern vernacular languages are certainly not loanwords from Latin or Greek, even though they may be formed from elements that originated in such loanwords. (347)


. . . Latin words and word elements have become ubiquitous in modern technical discourse, but frequently in new compound or derivative formations or with new meanings that have seldom if ever been employed in contextual use in actual Latin sentences. (349)


¤ؤơֿŵŪʣפȸƤֱ֤פȸƤ֤ϡǤϤʤѸξˤϡֱѸŪʣפȸƤФʤΤϤʤΰ㤤ϲ˵Τ

Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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2017-12-27 Wed

#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ [waseieigo][latin][greek][scientific_name][compounding][compound][lmode][neo-latin][combining_form][neologism][lexicology][word_formation]

ε#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external ([2017-12-26-1]) ȴϢơƤӡֱפμդꡥѸˤϡʳؤȯŸȼӤʳѸ줬ޤ줿ΤۤȤɤꥷƥͳ褹 (combining_form) Ѥ (compounding) ˤ¤Ǥʡ#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1])#1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1])#3013. 19񤵤줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Kay and Allan (20--21) Τ褦˥ȤƤ롥

While borrowing continues to reflect contact with other cultures, many scientific words are not strictly speaking loanwords. Rather, they are constructed from roots adopted from the classical languages. This has the advantage of a degree of semantic transparency: if you know that tele, graph and phone come from Greek roots meaning respectively 'afar', 'writing' and 'sound', and vision from a Latin root meaning 'see, look', you can begin to understand telegraph, telephone and television. You can also coin other words using similar patterns, and possibly elements from other sources, as in telebanking.


"neo-Hellenic compounds" "neo-Latin compounds" ȤƤФ嵭Τ褦ʸäϡ̣Ǥϥƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸȤߤʤ뤫⤷ʤŬڤˡֱפ뤤ϡֱפȤߤʤΤ褤ΤǤϤʤĤñ줬ñȯ¤줵줿櫓ǤϤʤ¤ηŪѤ줿ˡǤ뤫֥ѥ󲽤줿פȸƤ֤ΤŬڤ⤷ʤ

Kay, Christian and Kathryn Allan. English Historical Semantics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2015.

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2017-12-26 Tue

#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external [waseieigo][latin][borrowing][loan_word][derivation][etymology][suffix][adjective][emode][neologism][lexicology][word_formation][shakespeare]

ɸȴϢϡ#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])#2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1]) 䡤waseieigo γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Baugh and Cable (222) ǡ˱Ѹ줬ƥñݤ˻ܤŬ (adaptation) Ƥ뤬Τ褦1ʸä

. . . the Latin ending -us in adjectives was changed to -ous (conspicu-us > conspicuous) or was replaced by -al as in external (L. externus).


αñϡ̣ǤϼѤ줿Ȥ⤤뤬̣ǤϱѸ줬Ȥ⤤롥ֱפȸƤ֤Τդ路ǤϤʤ
OED ˤСconspicuous ϡƥ conspicuus ˴ŤѸ¦ǤϤƥͳηƻ -ous դȤˤäƿ˷Ǥ롥16ȾФ˽ФƤ롥

1545 T. Raynald tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde Hh vij These vaynes doo appeare more conspicuous and notable to the eyes.


¤ϤΡʼȤƥƥͳ¾θξ⤢ˤղäƼͳ˿ʷƻѥϥޥ󥹽˹줿Τǡե󥹸 -eus դΤ14--15濴ȤƱѸˤ -ous η̤äƤĤޤꡤޤäʩȤ٤Τ졤줬ѸˤήǤȤ櫓Ȥơdangerous, orgulous, adventurous, courageous, grievous, hideous, joyous, riotous, melodious, pompous, rageous, advantageous, gelatinous ʤɤ󤲤OED -ous, suffix ˡ
ޤѸǤե󥹸˽ǤΥѥѶŪѤ conspicuous Τ褦ʱ褦ˤʤäƤƱȤơguilous, noyous, beauteous, slumberous, timeous, tyrannous, blusterous, burdenous, murderous, poisonous, thunderous, adiaphorous, leguminous, delirious, felicitous, complicitous, glamorous, pulchritudinous, serendipitous ʤɤOED -ous, suffix ˡ
ɸΤ⤦1Ĥñ external conspicuous Ȥ褯ѥ򼨤ñϡƥ externus ˴ŤѸ¦ǥƥͳηƻ -al դȤˤäƷǤ롥Ф Shakespeare

a1616 Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) v. vii. 3 Her vertues graced with externall gifts.
a1616 Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) v. ii. 340 If they had swallow'd poyson, 'twould appeare By externall swelling.


ȿո internal Ʊͤλ𤫤Ȼפ䡤ϰΤȤ post-classical Latin Ȥ internalis ǧȤθΥƥȤƤλѤ "14th cent. in a British source" ȤȤʤΤǡϤϤפפ󤹤롥ѸǤνϡ15 Polychronicon

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 53 The begynnenge of the grete see is..at the pyllers of Hercules..; after that hit is diffusede in to sees internalle [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. þe ynnere sees; L. maria interna].


֡פϷ褷ʤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2017-11-12 Sun

#3121. ְѤȯȱѸפΤޤȤ [slide][printing][history][link][hel_education][emode][reformation][caxton][latin][standardisation][spelling][orthography][asacul]

ѸˤˤѤȯΰյˤĤơ饤 (HTML) ˤޤȤƤߤޤɤϰʲ̤Ǥ

1. ƥ٥륯ˤѤΡֲɡסʡȯפǤϤʤ
2. ѤϡפͻӤǶȤƤαѸƬ岡
3. ѤϡֻɸಽˤαƶͿ

ܺ٤ϳơΥڡܥ֥εƼؤΥ󥯤˭٤ĥäƤޤ

1. ѤȯȱѸ
2.
3. (1) ѤΡȯ
4. ѡʤˡˤ
5. Ϣǯɽ
6. Johannes Gutenberg (1400?--68)
7. William Caxton (1422?--91)
8. (2) ȤƤαѸ
9. פȰѤͻ
10. ռβ
11. (3) ֻɸಽؤι׸
12. ְѤƳֻɸಽʤؤε
13. ֻɸಽϤޤǴ˿ʹԤ
14. ޤȤ
15. ʸ
16. : Prologue to Eneydos (#337)

¾Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1])#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3107. ֥ΥޥȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-29-1]) ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-19-1] [2017-12-17-1]

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2017-10-25 Wed

#3103. 10October̵ [calendar][month][latin][numeral][analogy]

̾꡼ (month) Ρ10פϤ롥űѸǤ10ϡwinterfylleð "winter fill" ߤˤȸƤǤ¾η̾ƱͤˡűѸˤϥƥ줫 October äƤƤ롥ŵʹߤΥƥǤϡSeptember, November, December Ф Octembre Ȥ֤Ѥ졤줬űѸѤ줿ߤĤ롥OED ε󤲤ƤǤϡƥ֤Ƥ롥

OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Julius) Oct. 225 On ðam teoðan monðe on geare bið xxxi daga; þone mon nemneð on Leden Octember, ond on ure geðeode Winterfylleð.


October θ촴 octo- ϡƥ octō- 뤤ϥꥷ oktō- ͳ褷8פ̣롥ϡѸ eight ƱǤ롥8ܤη10ɽ路ƤΤϡǤǯϤ1ǤϤʤ3Ƥoct(a)- ȤƱѸǤ⡤Τ褦ˤĤ롥

octaacetate, octachord, octad, octagon, octahedral, octahedron, octameter, octan, octane, octant, octave, octavo, octet(te), octocentenary, octogenarian, octonary, octoploid, octopod, octopus, octoroon, octose, octosyllabic, octuple


October -ber ˤĤƤϡ#3073. 9SeptemberĹ ([2017-09-25-1]) ǿ줿̤츻ԾܤʤȤ October ξ˴ؤƤϲη̤ȤϹͤʤΤǡSeptember ʤ¾η̾θ
ܸDZ10ɽ魯̵ֿפϡֿηפΰդȤ⤵뤬ȬɴοбҤ˽뤹Ǥ뤿ᡤ¾ι񤫤ʤʤȤ̣ǤȤ¯˸롥бǤϡäơषֿ߷סʤߤŤˤȾΤΤȡۤˤϡǼɽ魯־ʤʡˤפȤ⡤ΤʤȤ졤⤬롥

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2017-10-24 Tue

#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤 [slide][christianity][history][bible][runic][alphabet][latin][loan_word][link][hel_education][asacul]

Ѹˤˤ륭ꥹȶΰյˤĤơޤȤ᥹饤 (HTML) äΤǸ롥ɤ礭ǤꥹȶϱѸ (1) ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤˤܳŪʸʸƳ(2) ƥ줫μѸ¿⤿餷(3) 򳫻ϤȤ3ĤˤơѸ˾˷פΤʤյĤȷŤޤ

1. ꥹȶȱѸ
2.
3. ֥ƥؤΥꥹȶ (#2871)
4. 1. ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤƳ
5. 롼ʸȤϡ
6. ¸ǸŤαʸϥ롼ʸǽ񤫤Ƥ
7. űѸ쥢ե٥å
8. űѸʸ (#2526)
9. 2. ƥαѸäؤαƶ
10. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ (#206)
11. 3. γ
12. ¿δɽ
13. ޤȤ
14. ʸ
15. 1: Beowulf Ƭ11 (#2893)
16. 2ּεפγƻΥ (#1803)

¾Ρ֤ޤȤ᥹饤ɡפȤơ#3058. ֱѸˤˤ¤ΰյפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-10-1])#3068. ֽפȱѸˡפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-09-20-1])#3089. ֥ꥫΩȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-11-1]) ⤴

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