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latin - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-09-30 Wed

#2347. Ӥȯãˤե󥹸졤ƥαƶˤĤ [comparison][french][latin][contact][register]

ε#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1]) ǡӤȯãˡե󥹸ƥб빽¤ͿƤǽ˿줿ä˥ե󥹸ƶϤФеƤѸȥե󥹸ζӤι¤ۤʤäƤȡ줫ե󥹼Ѹ줫Ȥˤ餺ӤѤƤȤʤɤ顤ƶǧʤΩ⤢롥
Mustanoja (280) ϡե󥹸졤ƥ줫ƶβǽˤĤƿŤ˵ĤĤ⡤̣ͿƤ롥

It is not easy to assess the influence of Latin and French on the development of English comparison. It is perhaps not altogether impossible that Latin influence has played a part in this process, particularly in the earlier stages. And considering the fact that periphrastic comparison begins to gain ground in English at a time when French influence is particularly strong, it seems reasonable to assume that the influence of this language has considerably strengthened the position of more and most in the English system of comparison. Another point which seems to speak for foreign influence is that the periphrastic mode of comparison does not seem to be favoured by living popular speech. 'The comparison of adjectives is formed in the [modern English] dialects by adding the comparative suffix -er and the superlative -est to practically all adjectives, polysyllabic as well as monosyllabic. More and most are as a rule only used to supplement or intensify the regular comparison, as more beautifuller, most worst' (Elizabeth M. Wright, Rustic Speech and Folk-lore, London 1913, p. 145).


⤷ǸȤСӤζӤλȤʬϡ衤βȤ (medium) ʸ (style) ʤɤλѰ (register) ˰¸ƤȤˤʤ롥ޤλȤʬϡѸΥ󥰥ɤˤȥե󥹸졤ƥμҲŪϰ̤κбȤˤĤʤäƤ¾Ūʸ椬˾ޤ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2015-09-29 Tue

#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã [comparison][french][latin][contact][synthesis_to_analysis][french_influence_on_grammar]

ѸˤϡƻӵȺǾΤˡ̾2Ĥˡ롥 -er, -est դӤȡmore, most ֤뱪ŪʶӤǤʡֶӡפθƾΤˤĤƤϡ#456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡξʤʬۤȤʬˤˤĤƤϡ#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1]) ȡ#773. PPCMBE COHA ӡ ([2011-06-09-1]) ǴϢ夲٤äΤǡϤ⤦겼
ӤϡޥħŪʼʤǤꡤѸˤƤűѸǤ롥űѸǤ϶Ӥʤä13˽ ma, mo, mara, more; mast, most ʤɤˤӤ롥εϡűѸˤ , bet, swīþor; betst, swīþost ʤɤ줬ưʬ֤줿¤ˤȤ롥
ӤȯãطʤˤϡĤװä1ĤˤϸűѸˤߤ줿 inemest (inmost), norþmest (northmost) ʤɤ -mest αƶäȻפ롥츻ŪŪˤ -mest ϡȤ˺Ǿɽ魯 m est ӤĤ2źǾθǤꡤΩ mæst ȤϴطʤΤξԤƱ˻äʴϢơ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) ȡ#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1]) ⻲ȡˡۤˡե󥹸ƥбӤαƶ⤢ä⤷ʤ (ex. plus beau, le plus beau; magis dignus, maxime dignus) Ūˤϡ礫ʬϤؤȤѸ෿ŪѲȤ⡤ӤȯŸߤ뤳ȤǤˡΧװθ٤Ǥ롥
Ӥ14ޤǤϻȯŪä15ˤʤȤˤȤʤä-ly ζӤѸǽФФ餯ϵä14ˤȤʤä
ʤӤνλѤˤƤϡѸηȤϰۤʤꡤष12û㤬¿Ȥ̣ޤless, least ˤӤϸűѸ̤ꡤmore, most ᤤȤΤ⤪⤷ʾ塤 (13) Mustanoja (278--80) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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2015-09-28 Mon

#2345. űѸ diglossia Ѹ triglossia [diglossia][sociolinguistics][bilingualism][oe][me][latin][french]

ҲؤȤƼ夲 diglossia ϡФбѸˤˤŬѤƤˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǤʲεʤɤǼ夲Ƥ

#661. 12󥰥ɿͤäդȽ񤭸ա ([2011-02-17-1])
#1203. 󥰥ɤˤʩλȤʬμҲ񲽡 ([2012-08-12-1])
#1486. diglossia ˤä Chaucer ([2013-05-22-1])
#1488. -glossia Υʥߥ ([2013-05-24-1])
#1489. Ferguson diglossia ʸ󥰥ɤ triglossia ([2013-05-25-1])
#2148. Ѹ diglossia ̤ bilingualism ʸ ([2015-03-15-1])
#2328. Ѹ¿ѡ ([2015-09-11-1])

ñ㲽ƽҤ٤СűѸ diglossia λ塤Ѹ triglossia λǤ롥󥰥νˤϡƥϤޤ礭ʤäꥹȶդƤ椯ˤĤ졤μҲŪʽ󥰥Ҳ diglossia ȤʤäNevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade (272) ˤС

. . . Anglo-Saxon England became a diglossic society, in that one language came to be used in one set of circumstances, i.e. Latin as the language of religion, scholarship and education, while another language, English, was used in an entirely different set of circumstances, namely in all those contexts in which Latin was not used. In other words, Latin became the High language and English, in its many different dialects, the Low language.


פʤΤϡѸΥ衼åѤǤ㳰ŪˡˡΧʸؤȤŵŪ High variety λѤդ路ȤʬˤƤѤ줿ȤǤ롥űѸ diglossia ϡǤ§ŪǤ롥
Ѹȡ󥰥ɼҲˤѤʣ롥Ƥ Nevalainen and Tieken-Boon van Ostade (272--73) Ѥ롥

This diglossic situation was complicated by the coming of the Normans in 1066, when the High functions of the English language which had evolved were suddenly taken over by French. Because the situation as regards Latin did not change --- Latin continued to be primarily the language of religion, scholarship and education --- we now have what might be referred to as a triglossic situation, with English once more reduced to a Low language, and the High functions of the language shared by Latin and French. At the same time, a social distinction was introduced within the spoken medium, in that the Low language was used by the common people while one of the High languages, French, became the language of the aristocracy. The use of the other High language, Latin, at first remained strictly defined as the medium of the church, though eventually it would be adopted for administrative purposes as well. . . . [T]he functional division of the three languages in use in England after the Norman Conquest neatly corresponds to the traditional medieval division of society into the three estates: those who normally fought used French, those who worked, English, and those who prayed, Latin.


ΤȸѸˤƥե󥹸λѤꡤѸˤϥƥλʬ⤺äȸ¤褦ˤʤꡤ̤Ȥƥ󥰥ɤ monoglossia ҲذܹԤʹߡѸϤषϤ diglossia triglossia ˡ High variety ȤƴͿƤΤǤ롥

Nevalainen, Terttu and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. "Standardisation." Chapter 5 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 271--311.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-02-1]

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2015-09-25 Fri

#2342. ̾ˤĤ -ic -ics [plural][greek][latin][french][loan_word][suffix][renaissance]

̾ˤϡacoustics, aesthetics, bionomics, conics, dynamics, economics, electronics, ethics, genetics, linguistics, mathematics, metaphysics, optics, phonetics, physics, politics, statics, statistics, tectonics Τ褦 -ics ΤĤΤŪ¿-ic ǽ arithmetic, logic, magic, music, rhetoric Τ褦⾯롥ǯdialectic(s), dogmatic(s), ethic(s), metaphysic(s), physic(s), static(s) ʤɡ -ics Фơɥĸե󥹸ˡ˱ƶ -ic Ѥ񤭼ФƤƤꡤ䤳
-ic -ics ΰ㤤ϡüŪˤзƻ줫ž̾ñʣΰ㤤Ǥ롥?˴ؤפ̣ƻ̾첽ơ?˴ؤ뤳ȡפȤˤäƤϤʣˤơ?˴ؤפȤơΤȤμɽ魯Ȥ츻ºݾ塤ñʣΤ˰̣Ūʶ̤ĤƤ櫓ǤʤΤǡ򾷤䤹
-ic -ics Τ줫뤫Ȥϡ̣Ȥϡ֤ˤ˾Ȥ餷ƹͤɬפ롥ʥǤ륮ꥷޤ̤äƤߤ褦ꥷǤϡ̾ technē, theōria, philosophia ʤɽ̾ɽ蘆Τ̤Ǥꡤƻ -ikos ͳ褹̾⤽ν -ikē ȼäɽ蘆줿ēthikē, mousikē, optikē, rētorikē ǡǤ롥
-ikos ʣ -ika ϡ?˴ؤפۤɤθȼäʸ̾ȤѤ뤳Ȥä (ex. ta politikē) ʸ̾ϡΤޤ޳̾ؤỌ̇̄ŪȯŸ뤲뤳Ȥäᡤʣ -ika νñ -ikē ϤȤ˳̾ɽ魯ƱȤʤä (ex. physikē / physika, taktikē / taktika)
θ줬ƥؼѤ줿Ȥʤ뺮Ʊꥷ -ika -ikē ϡƥǤƱ -ica ȤƼѤ줿ΤǤ롥ƥǤϡŪˤθ줬ñͳ褹Τʣͳ褹Τ̤ĤʤʤäΥޥ󥹽ɥĸǤϡϰӤñʽ˷ͳ褹ΤȲᤵ졤ߤ˻롥
ѸǤϡ1500ǯμѸ˴ؤƤϡñȲᤵ졤ե󥹸臘 arsmetike, economique, ethyque, logike, magike, mathematique, mechanique, musike, retorique ʤɤ֤줿15顤ꥷʣ̤Ȥ˴ŤαѸΤʤȤ etiques ʤɤη롥16ȾϡꥷǤ⤿ɤäʤʸ̾ͳƳ̾ؤȯŸѸǤ֤ⷫ졤1600ǯʹߤϡ-ics ̾ɽ魯ŪȤ夷Ƥ-ics γ̾ϡ־ʣȤ뤬ѸǤ졦̣ǤñȤʤäƤ롥
绨ĤˤСѸˤȤäƸŤ -ic -ics Ȥʬۤ򼨤Ȥˤʤ뤬ζܤ16դȤ̣⡤ŵؤƴݤħŤ줿ѹͥ󥹤θŪȿǤ⤷ʤ

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2015-09-17 Thu

#2334. ѸȵIJȯŸ [law_french][register][french][bilingualism][latin][reestablishment_of_english][history][parliament][hundred_years_war]

Υޥ (norman_conquest) Ǥäϰ̤βѸ줬ѸȾФե󥹸ƥ˹ƽƤˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ reestablishment_of_english γƵǼ夲ƤѸϿˤ錄ʲǤ뤿ᡤγʳǤζŪʾȤ館ˤǡƱ˿ʹԤ#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]) Ȥ롥μŪ褯򤹤뤿ˤϡƱ͡ʳ٤įᡤΩŪ夲Ƥʤ
ϢȤơ#2330. 13--14󥰥ɤˡΧޤλѸ ([2015-09-13-1]) 夲ϡǤ줿ФΡɤߤ䤹ľδˤ륤ꥹ˳ꡤƱˡΧޤλѸȤ顤ѸˤĤƿƤս꤬ΤǡѤ

֥Υޥװʸ塤󥰥ɵ²ϥե󥹸Ǥꡤʸʤɤˤϥƥ줬ѤƤ줬ˤ֥ΥޥӼװʹߡ²δ֤ǤѸ줬Ū˻Ȥ졤ɥ3ΰ컰ϻǯϵIJǤ˱Ѹ줿̱ˤϥե󥹸줬Ǥʤؤ¿ȤȤؤäƤ
IJθʸΤۤϡȾޤǤϥƥȤȤ˥ե󥹸줬ȤƤȬǯˡƤѸȤʤäʵIJˡΤϥƥΤޤޡˡŪˡȤǧֹ񲦤ˤ۲ġסʥ롦ȡˤ⡤켷ȾޤǤϥե󥹸줬ȤƤʰϻͶǯˤȤȤ˱Ѹľ졤ʸ庣ޤ³Ƥ롥 (134--35)


ѤǤ⼨ƤȤꡤѸϡIJȯŸȾʤ餺¹ԤƤ롥13ʹߡ󥰥ɤβϡJohn μäΦϤåԤ٤ʩ򤷤Ƥ椯Ѥ롥ä14ɴǯ˺ݤơEdward III ĴãΤ˹̱ФǤ׵ᤷǤˤλޤǤˤϡ񲦤ǤǼԤɽޤIJξǧʤƤϼ¸ˤƷȤʤäƤˤIJ䤬礭ʤꡤơ³ʤɤƤΤEdward III μ (1327--77) äλˡѸ줬ŪʻѤǧƤ椯褦ˤʤȤΤϡǤϤʤ
äդǤϾ嵭Τ褦˱Ѹ塹ȿʤ񤭸դǤϤޤޤʪե󥹸ȥƥ줬Ф餯ѸȤƤϰ̤³뤳ȤˤʤäǤ⡤ñ̤ǤߤСϤŪʱѸĬήϡѸȾФˤϤǤޤƤȤߤƤ褤

ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ

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2015-09-13 Sun

#2330. 13--14󥰥ɤˡΧޤλѸ [law_french][register][anglo-norman][french][bilingualism][latin][norman_conquest][reestablishment_of_english]

Υޥ (norman_conquest) Υ󥰥ɤǤϡˡΧϢѤʣäˡΧθȰˤäƤ⡤񤭸դäդȤä (mode of discourse) Ȥѥ᡼⤢äˡʸȽϿʸƬʤɤȤäξ (field of discourse) Ȥѥ᡼⤢äѸϡɥȤǤϰۤʤäƤ⤷ʤȽεˤäƤѰۤƤǽ롥ơȤȤˡƥե󥹸ءƥե󥹸ѸؤȤĬή⤢äѸˤˡΧʬǤ塦ʩѸλȤʬμ֤ϡĤ줿˴Ťơ餫ˤ뤳Ȥϲǽ¿οɬפȤʤ롥
#1443. ˡΧѸˤƱ ([2013-04-09-1]) Ƭ˵褦ˡάȤƤϡ13ˤϥƥäƥե󥹸줬ˡΧطɽˤͥȤʤäƤ椯ե󥹸ˡʸˤƤƥȶ礤14ˤͥȤʤ롥15ˤϡLaw French Law English ˽˼äƤ椯˻ޤǥե󥹸ΰ仺ϼѤ줿פȹͤƤ褤Brand ϡˡΧޤäλѰʬǡ13--14󥰥ɤˡΧޤλѸĴƤ롥
Υޥ塤ˡΧطʸˤƥƥ줬Ǥ̤θǤäȤϴְ㤤ʤȽѤˤĤƤϤɤäΤBrand (66) ϡHenry II (1133--89) ΩȽΩ餫顤ǤλѸϱѸǤϤʤե󥹸äȤߤƤ롥

It seems much more likely that French had been the language of the royal courts from the very beginning of the system of central royal courts established by Henry II and that French was their language because in that period it was the first language of the men appointed as royal justices and of many of the litigants. French seems then to have remained the language of the courts in part because of cultural conservatism, the absence of any really compelling reason for changing accepted practice; in part because there were advantages to the professional elite who came to dominate legal practice in using a language which needed to be learned and mastered by outsiders and which enhance their mystique; in part also because the courts had developed a technical French vocabulary that was not easily translatable into English.


Ǥϡ#661. 12󥰥ɿͤäդȽ񤭸ա ([2011-02-17-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡǤ12ȾˤϥΥޥϵ²ޤ।󥰥ɹ̱¿ѸȤƤȹͤ뤬ˡΧȽȤŪʻѰˤƤϡե󥹸ѤŪ˻³ƤȤꤵƤ롥
1314ˤƤ³षȯŸ餷ե󥹸ˡʸˤƥƥȶ礷1275ǯ˽ƥե󥹸ˤŪꤵ줿ˡʸ񤬸ȡ1300ǯʹߡե󥹸 "the language of the future in 1300 for English legal instruction" (Brand 72) Ȥʤä
ե󥹸αɸĹ³ʤä14ȾФˤϡ#324. IJˡDZѸѤǧ줿ǯ ([2010-03-17-1]) #131. Ѹ ([2009-09-05-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ줬ˡΧʬؤ⿯ƤǤ롥
Brand (75--76) ϡ1314Ⱦˤơե󥹸줬ˡΧʬѤ줿ˤĤơΤ褦󤷤Ƥ롥

The languages of English law in the thirteenth and fourteenth century were primarily Latin and French. Latin was and remained the language of formal record at all levels of the court hierarchy. It was also the language of some of the thirteenth-century instructional literature of English law and even perhaps of some of the actual instruction. Its status as the language of formal legislation appears to have gone unchallenged prior to the last quarter of the thirteenth century but thereafter was increasingly challenged by the Anglo-Norman French of the common lawyers. Anglo-Norman French was the language actually used in pleading not just in the royal courts but also in county and city courts and came to be the invariable language of the law reports which recorded such pleading and which were also used to teach the following generation of law students. Anglo-Norman was also the language of oral legal instruction and of the legal literature which grew out of such instruction and of some other instructional literature as well. Anglo-Norman may always have been the language for the drafting and discussion of legislation but was also from 1275 onwards one of the two languages used for the formal enactment of legislation as well. The third language used in thirteenth- and early-fourteenth-century England, English, is little in evidence here. It may have been used in the local proclamation of legislation, but it was not for the most part one of the written languages used in legal contexts.


ϢơLaw French ˤĤƤϡ#336. Law French ([2010-03-29-1]) ڤ law_french γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

Brand, Paul. "The languages of the Law in Later Medieval England." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000. 63--76.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-02-1] [2015-09-17-1]

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2015-09-12 Sat

#2329. ѸμѸ [borrowing][loan_word][me][lexicology][contact][latin][french][greek][italian][spanish][portuguese][welsh][cornish][dutch][german][bilingualism]

ѸθüѤȤСޤե󥹸줬פ⤫ (#1210. ѸΥե󥹼Ѹΰ ([2012-08-19-1]))˥ƥ줬󤬤 (#120. ճ¿äѸΥƥѸ ([2009-08-25-1]), #1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ ([2012-08-20-1])) μϥޥ졤ťΥɸʤɤθ̾󤲤뤬ե󥹸졤ƥαǤۤϴʤ
ºݤΤȤѸϾ嵭ʳ¿θȤܿƤΤˤ¾θ줫μѸο¿ϤʤäۤȤɤľܤǤϤʤȤƥե󥹸ͳƴŪäƤѸǤ롥¿ (multilingualism) ȤѸ򹭤̣ǼСѸ쥤󥰥ɼҲϳΤ¿ѼҲäȤΤǤ롥ѸˤѸȡΤ褦ˤʤ (Crespo (28) ɽƷ)

LANGUAGESDirect IntroductionIndirect Introduction
Latin--- 
French--- 
Scandinavian--- 
Low German--- 
High German--- 
Italian through French
Spanish through French
Irish--- 
Scottish Gaelic--- 
Welsh--- 
Cornish--- 
Other Celtic languages in Europe through French
Portuguese through French
Arabic through French and Spanish
Persian through French, Greek and Latin
Turkish through French
Hebrew through French and Latin
Greek through French by way of Latin


#392. antidisestablishmentarianism ˤߤѸΥޥ󥹸첽 ([2010-05-24-1]) ǰѤ̤ꡤ"French acted as the Trojan horse of Latinity in English" Ȥ⤤ϻ¤ե󥹸ѸˤϡƥΤߤʤ餺äȤä¿θ줫μѤΡפȤƵǽƤΤǤ롥
Ϣơ#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1])#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crespo, Begoña. "Historical Background of Multilingualism and Its Impact." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000. 23--35.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-22-1]

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2015-09-11 Fri

#2328. Ѹ¿ [me][bilingualism][french][latin][contact][sociolinguistics][writing][diglossia][register]

Ѹˤ롤Ѹ졤ե󥹸졤ƥ3ѤҲŪŪˤĤƤϡޤǤεǤ¿夲Ƥ㤨Сʲ򻲾ȡ

#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
#661. 12󥰥ɿͤäդȽ񤭸ա ([2011-02-17-1])
#1488. -glossia Υʥߥ ([2013-05-24-1])
#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1])
#2025. 󥰥ɤϾ¿ä ([2014-11-12-1])

Crespo (24) ϡѸˤƸμҲŪʰ֤ŤŪˤϻѰ衤Ρϰ̤򡤤֤޼ǤϤ뤬ʲΤ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥

LANGUAGERegisterMediumStatus
LatinFormal-OfficialWrittenHigh
FrenchFormal-OfficialWritten/SpokenHigh
EnglishInformal-ColloquialSpokenLow


Crespo (25) Ϥޤ3 (trilingualism) ֤ȤȤ2 (bilingualism) ءƺǽŪ1 (monolingualism) ؤȲäƤʳ򡤼Τ褦˿޼Ū˼Ƥ롥

ENGLANDLanguagesLinguistic situation
Early Middle AgesLatin--French--EnglishTRILINGUAL
14th--15th centuriesFrench--EnglishBILINGUAL
15th--16th c. onwardsEnglishMONOLINGUAL


ºݤˤϡ3Ѥ2ѤƤĿͤοΤ鸫и¤ƤȤդ٤Ǥ롥Crespo (25) 2ܤɽˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ̤ꡤ"The initial trilingual situation (amongst at least certain groups) developed into oral bilingualism (though not universal) which in turn gradually resulted in vernacular monolingualism" ȤȤǤ롥ɽ⡤ѸΥޥҲŪΰ̤򤦤ޤɽƤޤǤϤ롥

Crespo, Begoña. "Historical Background of Multilingualism and Its Impact." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000. 23--35.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-09-28-1]

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2015-08-11 Tue

#2297. Ѹ flow ȥƥ fluere [latin][etymology][indo-european][cognate][comparative_linguistics][grimms_law]

ε#2296. flute θ츻ˤĤơ ([2015-08-10-1]) ǥƥư fluere (to flow) ΰ캬 *bhleu- (to swell, well up, overflow) ˿줿ưθ캬Ȥ˥ƥ͡ʸä¿˱ѸؼѤ줿󤲤Сaffluent, confluent, effluent, effluvium, efflux, fluctuate, fluent, fluid, flume, fluor, fluorescent, fluoride, fluoro-, flush, fluvial, flux, influence, influenza, influx, mellifluous, reflux, superfluous
Ʊ캬 *bhleu- ͳ褹Ѹ¸ߤʤޥϤȤƤϸťΥɸͳ bloat (to swell) ѸäƤ롥θθƬҲ b- ʬȤꡤ캬 *bh ϥޥǤϥˡ§ (grimms_law) ˤ b ȤƸ롥Ʊ *bh ϡƥǤϾ˵󤲤¿㤬褦 f ѲƤ롥̤ȤƤߤбѸ b ȥƥ f Ūб뤳ȤˤʤꡤΤȤϡ̤θ캬ˤʤ뤬 bear vs fertile, bloom vs flower, break vs fragile, brother vs fraternal ʤɿ¿󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥
ơ˱Ѹ flow ˤĤƹͤ褦嵭Υƥ fluere Ọ֤̇̄ƤΤǡĤƱȴ㤤Ƥޤ츻Ūˤ̵Ǥ롥Ѹ f ϡˡ§ջСĸ *p ȤƸϤǤꡤԤϥƥؤΤޤ p ȤƼѤ롥ĤޤꡤŪˤϱѸ f ȥƥ p б뤳Ȥˤʤ (e.g. father vs paternal, foot vs pedal, fish vs Pisces) ºݡflow ΰ캬ȤƺƷƤΤ *pleu- (to flow) Ǥ롥
*pleu- 򵯸ȤѸȤƤϡfledge, flee, fleet, fley, flight, float, flood, flow, flutter, fly, fowl ʤɤ󤲤롥ťΥɸͳDZѸäƤΤȤƤϡflit, flotilla 롥¾(flèche, fletcher), flotsam, (flue [flew]), fugleman ʤɤ⥲ޥͳƤñǤ롥
ƥǤϡ캬 *pleu- Ȥˡ㤨 pluere (to rain) ˴Ϣ뤤Ĥθ줬Ѹä (e.g.pluvial, pulmonary) ꥷǤ캬λҲݤäPluto, plut(o)-, plutocracy, pneumonia, pyel(o)- ѸäƤ롥ȸ줫פɽ魯 linn ƱǤ롥
嵭Τ褦ˡѸ flow ȥƥ fluere ϡ줾캬 *pleu- (to flow) *bhleu- (to swell, well up, overflow) ̤ꡤ츻Ūˤ̵Ǥ롥Ūˤξñϰ̣֤Ƥꡤߤ˴طƤϤȻפΤ̵̤ȤǤ롥㤨СȤˡήפ̣ inflow influx 츻Ū̵طȤжäȿиϤ줾 outflow efflux ǤˡűѸǤ⡤ƥ fluere ФȤƤäѤ flōwan (> PDE flow) ƤƤȤ¤ꡤŪξԤӤĤ褦Ȥռä褦˻פ롥
Ӹؤ˴ŤƸ츻ɤäƤȡflow fluere Τ褦ˡߤ˻̣ȷ֤äƤΥڥ¤ϸ츻Ū̵ǤȤ狼äƶä񤬻ޤ롥ŵŪʤΤѸ have ȥƥ habēre ʵڤӥƥбե󥹸 avoirˤǤ롥֤Ƥ뤷ֻäƤפȤ礿ⶦ̤Ǥ뤫ƱȻפ䡤츻Ūˤ̵طǤ롥¾ˤرѸ츻ŵ(pp. 1666--67) Ρֿθ츻ȸθ츻פ򻲾Ȥ줿

߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-20-1] [2018-04-01-1]

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2015-07-28 Tue

#2283. Shakespeare ΥƥѸäλ¸Ψ [shakespeare][inkhorn_term][loan_word][lexicology][emode][renaissance][latin][greek]

ѸΥƥ䥮ꥷ줫θüѤϡ夫鿶֤äƤߤȡμ¸ä#45. ѸäˤޤĤ͡ ([2009-06-12-1]) Ǹ̤ꡤ16˸¤äƤ13000ۤɤѤ졤Ⱦʬʾ7000줬ƥ줫Ǥ롥λθüѤˤĤƤϡʲε䥤 (inkhorn_term) ˴Ϣ뤽¾εǤƻ夲Ƥ

#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#1409. Ĥä졤ä ([2013-03-06-1])
#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])
#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1])

16ȾɽȤȤ Shakespeare Shakespeare θüѤϡ嵭νѸθüѤŪʻ˾Ȥ餷ƤɤΤ褦˰֤ŤCrystal (63) ϡShakespeare ˤƽФäˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

LEXICAL FIRSTS

There are many words first recorded in Shakespeare which have survived into Modern English. Some examples:

   accommodation, assassination, barefaced, countless, courtship, dislocate, dwindle, eventful, fancy-free, lack-lustre, laughable, premeditated, submerged

There are also many words first recorded in Shakespeare which have not survived. About a third of all his Latinate neologisms fall into this category. Some examples:

   abruption, appertainments, cadent, exsufflicate, persistive, protractive, questrist, soilure, tortive, ungenitured, unplausive, vastidity


ä˾ΰѤ2बܤͤ롥Shakespeare νХƥѸä˴ؤơ3ʬ1ѸؼѤʤäȤ¤ŦƤ롥[2010-08-18-1]εǿ줿褦ˡλΥƥѸäȾʬۤɤʤäȤȤǸƤΤǡб Shakespeare ΥƥѸä3ʬ2γΨǻ¸ȤȤǤСShakespeare ϻʿͤ⤯ä˹׸Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Shakespeare ˴ؤ¸ΨŪʹ⤵ϡạ̈ΤϡShakespeare θˤĤƲ򼨺ΤʤΤ뤤ϡʿͤȤκϡϰʤΤˤϸäοȤˡؤäƤ̡̤ͤʤɤӤɬפ⤢Τ褦ͤ϶̣줬̣뤫ŤɾʤФʤʤ

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-18-1] [2020-08-25-1]

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2015-07-22 Wed

#2277. ֹԤפΰ̣ repair [etymology][latin][loan_word][homonymy][doublet][indo-european][cognate]

repair ʽˤϴܸȤäƤ褤̸츻ƱƱ۵ (homonym) ȤƤ repair ʹԤˤϤޤΤƤʤǤ̤θǤȤΩƤƤ롥
ֽפ repair ϡƥ reparāre ͳ褷ťե󥹸 réparer ͳơѸ repare(n) ȤäƤƥ캬 parāre "to make ready" ۤɤ̣ĸθ캬 *perə- (to produce, procure) ̤롥εˤθ캬ϡapparatus, comprador, disparate, emperor, imperative, imperial, parachute, parade, parasol, pare, parent, -parous, parry, parturient, prepare, rampart, repertory, separate, sever, several, viper ʤɤθ줬Ƥ롥
ֹԤפ repair ϵۤʤꡤƥ repatriāre ťե󥹸 repairier ȷ֤ơѸ repaire(n) ȤäƤΤǤ롥äơѸ repatriate ܹԤˤȤ2Ÿ롥츻Ūʸ캬ϡpatria ʸιˤ pater ˤǤ뤫顤ֽפȤ餫˶̤ǤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ĸ *pəter- (father) ϡƥͳ expatriate, impetrate, padre, paternal, patri-, patrician, patrimony, patron, perpetrate ޤꥷͳ eupatrid, patriarch, patriot, sympatric ѸäƤ롥
ѸΡֹԤפ repair ϡǷŪʶǹԤ­ˤԤפۤɤ̣롥Ĥʸ󤲤褦ǸΤ褦ˡ֡ʽʤɤơ롤ʤ롤㤭Ĥפθ⤢롥

After dinner, the guests repaired to the drawing room for coffee.
(humorous) Shall we repair to the coffee shop?
He repaired in haste to Washington.
May all to Athens backe againe repaire. (Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream iv. i. 66)
Thither the world for justice shall repaire. (Sir P. Sidney tr. Psalmes David ix. v)


Ѹ줫˭٤ϡMED repairen (v) 򻲾Ȥ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2018-04-01-1]

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2015-07-16 Thu

#2271. Ѹ macaronic ʲʸ [code-switching][me][bilingualism][latin][register][pragmatics]

Ѹαʩκ߷ʸ񡤤 macaronic writing ˤĤƤϡ#1470. macaronic lyric ([2013-05-06-1])#1625. Ѹν񤭸դˤ code-switching ([2013-10-08-1]) ˤѤȤƽѸθ츻ŪֻˤĤơ#1941. macaronic code-switching ȤƤθ츻Ūֻ ([2014-08-20-1]) ε񤤤ʸΤʤǸڤؤưŤϡʤΤ뤤ϼҲŪøŪʰ̣礤ΤƤ
ʬdzȯ˸椷Ƥ Wright (768--69) ϡѸʸ񡤤Ȥ櫓Ĵɥβʸ˸ code-switching ˤϡҲŪøŪưŤäΤǤϤʤƤ

I am led to suggest that macaronic writing should not be taken simply as a reflection of growing ignorance of Latin, nor be explained merely as some kind of partial bilingualism into which users naturally fell because they had been exposed to Latin in their profession. Rather I conclude that macaronic writing formed a deliberate, formal register; with systemic rules for the formation of words and sentences, which underwent temporal change as does any language structure. At this early stage of investigation, I venture to suggest that macaronic writing may be associable with a specific social group (in this case, accountants) whose professional status was defined at least in part by a facility in both languages, and whose emerging position may itself have been marked by the hybrid usage of macaronic writing as a formal register in professional contexts.


ʸˤκߤ code-switching ǤϤʤȤȡξޤȤ˲򤵤ʤȾ (semilingualism) ˴ŤΤǤϤʤȤȤˤĤơWright (769fn) ϥԥ椷ʤ鼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . pidgins develop due to the inability of the interlocutors to understand each other's language, whereas macaronic writing appears to show the ability of the composer to understand both Latin and English. Pidgins depend upon the spoken form as a primary medium for their development, whereas there is no evidence that material so stylistically sophisticated as macaronic sermons or administrative records were first transmitted as speech.


macaronic writing ϾʸΤۤΤⶵˤ⸫뤬λѰˤƤⲿ餫μҲŪŪưŤΤǤϤʤȤǤ롥ʸ˴ؤƤϡѤŪȤDZ캮ߤͭʲ餫ͳäΤ⤷ʤΤⶵǤϻѸˤäơʹνʤ̤ۤʤäƤȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤˤ衤code-switching ưŤäȤơ줬Ū˲äΤǤ롥

Wright, Laura. "Macaronic Writing in a London Archive, 1380--1480." History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics. Ed. Matti Rissanen, Ossi Ihalainen, Terttu Nevalainen, and Irma Taavitsainen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. 762--71.

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2015-06-15 Mon

#2240. thousand "swelling hundred" [etymology][indo-european][numeral][latin][loan_word]

thousand θ츻Ĥ줢äɴפǤ뤳ȤΤäѸ thousand űѸ þūsendhund(red) ƤȤ餷ʤäĴ٤Ƥߤ PGmc *þūs(h)undi- ̤Ȥʤۤ hund Ƥ롥ĸȤƤ *tūskm̥ti ƷƤꡤ1Ǥ *teu(ə)- (to swell, be strong) Ǥ롥ϥƥư tumēre (to swell) ߡ͡DZѸؤѤ졤tumour, tumult ʤɤäƤ롥ꥷͳ褹 tomb 衤͡פ⤢롥ޤޥ줫ѸؼѤ줿ȤƤ thigh, thumb ʤɤ롥ܤƻؤ⡤Ĥ줢äȸФΤȤơthousand ϡĤ줢äɴפۤɤΰդȤʤä
ƥ mille (thousand) ϡޤäۤʤꡤthousand ȤϤʤ褦Ǥ mille εϲȤȡ줬ԾܤǤ롥ĸˤϡפɽ魯ϺƷƤ餺μ¤ƱߤʤѸˤᤤʳ mile Ѥ졤millenium, millepede, milligram, million ʤɤθǤ combining form (cf. #552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1])) ȤѤʤɳƤΤ¿촴Ǥ롥
hundred ɽ魯캬ˤĤƤϡ#100. hundred ȰӸء ([2009-08-05-1])#1150. centum satem ([2012-06-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2015-05-11 Mon

#2205. proceed vs recede [spelling][latin][french][spelling_pronunciation_gap][orthography]

ɸθϡ츻Ūˤ϶̤θ촴ƬۤʤʤΤѸǤϤ줾 <proceed>, <recede> ȰۤʤֻѤ롥ϰΤʤʤΤȡαԤ䤬󤻤줿
ʤۤɸ촴ϥƥ -cedere (go, proceed) 뤤ϤΥե󥹸 -céder ͳ褹Τǡ츻Ūˤ <cede> ֻդ路Ȥˤä <ceed> <cede> ޤäƤ롥Upward and Davidson (103) ϡ10󤲤Ƥ롥

-<ceed>: exceed, proceed, succeed
-<cede>: cede, accede, concede, intercede, precede, recede, secede

θ⡤ѸѸ˺ǽ˸줿Ȥֻ -<cede> äΤФơξ˼ޤäȤѸǤ interceed, preceed, recead/receed ʤɤԤƤɸŪˤϤʤʤä֤äƤߤ -<cede> ͥä褦˸뤬ȵη֤ˤꡤơۤȤɥ˷ޤäȤäƤ褤ΤǤϤʤֻȯΰ¿δط褯ɽ魯
Τ褦ʺ˾褸ơƱñ줬2ʬ줿㤬롥discrete discreet ƥ discretus ̤뤬ֻκռ˼뤫Τ褦ˤơ2ĤΰۤʤʬȤäƲʬ䤹ʤä櫓Ǥʤ
ѸǤ <e>, <ee>, <ea> λäκʤcomplete, compleat, compleet ʤɤܤޤ뤷äκȤҤȤ⤤٤Τspeak vs speech Τ褦Ω˻¸Ƥ (Upward and Davidson 104; cf. #49. /k/ θڥ ([2009-06-16-1])) Ϣơ#436. <ea> ֤ε ([2010-07-07-1]) ׻ȡ
-<cede> vs -<ceed> ˸¤餺Ĺ첻 /iː/ бֻ¿ܤĥ롥Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

<ae>: Caeser, mediaeval
<ay>: quay
<e>: be, he, mete
<ea>: lead, meat, sea
<ee>: feet, meet, see
<ei>: either, receive, seize,
<eigh>: Leigh
<eip>: receipt
<eo>: feoff, people
<ey>: key
<i>: chic, machine, Philippines
<ie>: believe, chief, piece
<oe>: amoeba, Oedipus

õСۤˤ⤢Ȼפ롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-30-1] [2019-07-11-1]

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2015-03-29 Sun

#2162. OED ˤե󥹸졦ƥ줫μѸο [oed][loan_word][statistics][french][latin][lexicology]

Wordorigins.org "Where Do English Words Come From?" ꤹ뵭ǤϡOED 򥽡ȤΨ̻ŪܤĴ𤬤롥űѸ줫鸽Ѹؤγˡ츻̤ˤɤο줬ä˲ä줿ȤȤ˥դǼƤ롥ʸˤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡФθ츻˴ؤ OED θ츻Ф줿ϡäĤƲᤷʤФʤʤȤΤϡ츻ˤ줬ڤƤȤƤ⡤줬Ѹθ츻ɽȤϸ¤ʤ褽λͤˤʤ뤳ȤϳΤǤꡤ̻ŪʳѤΤͭѤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ǤϡCSVEXCELǸƤ̤Ǹ츻̤οͤҼڤե󥹸ȥƥ줫Ѹäɲä줿Ѹοܤ򥰥ղ¤٤Ƥߤ

Historical Influx of French Loanwords by OED Historical Influx of Latin Loanwords by OED


줿ϡŪʳǽҤ٤ƤΤȰפ롥ե󥹸ΥԡϸѸ졤ƥΥԡϽѸǤ롥ӤȡƥεϤ褯狼롥ե󥹸ȥƥ줫μѸ˴ϢפˤĤƤϡǤ˰ʲΤ褦¿εǼ夲ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿

[2009-08-22-1]: #117. ե󥹼Ѹǯʬ
[2009-11-15-1]: #202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ
[2010-06-30-1]: #429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ
[2010-12-12-1]: #594. ѸʹߤΥե󥹼Ѹħ
[2011-02-16-1]: #660. ѸΥե󥹼ѸηƻΨ
[2011-08-20-1]: #845. Ѹθäεȳ
[2011-09-18-1]: #874. Ѹοˤ륽ʬ
[2012-08-11-1]: #1202. Ѹθäεȳ (2)
[2012-08-18-1]: #1209. 1250ǯ򶭤Ȥե󥹼Ѹζʬ
[2012-08-20-1]: #1211. ѸΥƥѸΰ
[2012-09-03-1]: #1225. ե󥹼Ѹʬۤð
[2012-09-04-1]: #1226. Ѹˤäǯʬ
[2012-11-12-1]: #1295. ե󥹸ȥƥ2Ÿ
[2014-08-24-1]: #1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ

ޤOED Ѥ˺ݤƤϡʲε⻲Ȥ줿

[2010-10-10-1] #:531. OED ΰѥǡ򥳡ѥȤƻȤ뤫
[2010-10-14-1] #:535. OED ΰѥǡ򥳡ѥȤƻȤ뤫 (2)
[2010-10-15-1] #:536. OED ΰѥǡ򥳡ѥȤƻȤ뤫 (3)
[2011-01-05-1] #:618. OED θ̤äȤʬह CGI
[2011-01-29-1] #:642. OED ΰѥǡ򥳡ѥȤƻȤ뤫 (4)

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2015-01-31 Sat

#2105. Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤ [writing][grammatology][alphabet][phonetics][greek][latin][etruscan][grapheme]

ε#2104. ޽ޡ ([2015-01-30-1]) ν˥ե٥åȤˤĤƿ줿ΤǡϤ򡥤ʤѸѤ륢ե٥åȤϡABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZפȤ¤ӽʤΤ
ʸθȤơ4ब̤̾, p. 155ˡ

(1) Ūʬˡθ˴ŤΤǡ޽ޤΤۤ󥹥åȸʸʼޡˡϥ󥰥ʤɤ롥
(2) Ūʬˡθ˽Τǡ¼ŵʤɡ
(3) յŪʬˡ̣δϢθΡ¼ŵϰǤ⤢ΤǡʬŪˤϰյŪʬˡ˽äƤ롥ޤǸŤλʸ٤Ǥϡʸ¤Ӥ켫Ȥ̣äƤȤǡյŪʬΰȹͤ롥ʸ֤Ĥλס֤ϡ (cf. #1005. ʿ̾ˤǸŤΡ֤ϲΡפȯ줿 ([2012-01-27-1])ˤʤɤ⡤¤ӤΤȤƾ϶Ƥǡʬ°롥
(4) ǯŪʬˡʸä줿ꤷ¤٤븶㤨С<Z> ϥƥ󡦥ե٥åȤˤƸ夫ä줿ΤǡʸåȤκǸۤƤ<G>, <X>, <I--J>, <U--V--W-Y> Ʊ̾Ρ֤פ⡥

Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤϥƥ󡦥ե٥åȤΤǤꡤԤ6˥֥ƥư衤ʸդäʤɡĤβѤФƸ˻롥äơѸ쥢ե٥åȤϡ§Ȥƥƥ󡦥ե٥åȤˤʤäƤͤƤ褤Ǥϡƥ󡦥ե٥åȤϲ˴ŤƤΤϡꥷե٥åȤǤ롥ꥷե٥åȤ󤬴ȤʤꡤˤĤβѤä졤ƥ󡦥ե٥åȤΩ
ꥷե٥åȤƥ󡦥ե٥åȤ˻аޤˤϡԤѼ (cf. #1837. ޻ȥꥷʸλκۡ ([2014-05-08-1])) 䥨ȥꥢ (Etruscan) ͿƤꡤʣǤ롥β <C> <G> (cf. #1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1])) <G> ꥷե٥åȤǤ <Z> Ƥ֤夷ꡤ<Z> 夫Ƴ줿ꤷޤ<F> ϡ#1825. ޻ <F> εȯŸ ([2014-04-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʷаޤǸߤΰ֤Ǽޤä<I--J> ʬ <U--V--W--Y> ʬ (cf. #1830. Y ̾Ρ ([2014-05-01-1])) ơ줾줪褽٤礦֤ۤ줿Τ褦˼βѤϤäΤȤƤϥꥷե٥åȤ󤬴פˤ뤳Ȥϵʤ
ǤϡΥꥷե٥åȤθϲ#1832. ꥷե٥åȤʸ̾ (1) ([2014-05-03-1])#1833. ꥷե٥åȤʸ̾ (2) ([2014-05-04-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡꥷե٥åȤϡࡦե٥å (Semitic alphabets) 1ѼǤե˥ե٥å (Phoenician alphabet) ͳ褹롥äơŪˤϥե˥ե٥åȤʤɤθ饢ե٥åȤ򤷤ʤФʤʤ
#1832. ꥷե٥åȤʸ̾ (1) ([2014-05-03-1]) ˷Ǥʸɽαü2󤬡ˤʸ̾ΤỌ̇̄Ǥ롥¤ӹäƤ1Ȥʸΰּ̣ (yod) ȡֶʤ (kaf) ֿ (mēm) ȡֵ (nūn) Τ褦˲餫δطäƤȤͤȡʤȤʬŪˤϰյŪʬˡ˽äƤΤǤϤʤȻפ᤬롥bet, gaml, delt ɽhé, wau ʥǤϤΰ֤ˤä, zai ໤ɽlamd, mém, nun ήɽʤɡŪʬˡθʬŪƯƤ褦ˤߤ롥ΤȤƤ⡤褽ҲĴ֤ء첻첻첻ؤ¤Ǥ뤫Τ褦̾p. 157ˡ
ʾޤȤȡѸ쥢ե٥åȤϡյŪŪʸ󤵤줿Ȼפե˥ե٥åȤ˵إꥷե٥åȤȥƥ󡦥ե٥åȤγʳˤƼȤǯŪʸ§ˤ꿷ʸäʤɼβѤʤ줿̤Ǥ롤Ȥ롥Ϣơ#1849. ե٥åȤηޡ ([2014-05-20-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ

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2015-01-18 Sun

#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ [grammatology][grapheme][vowel][alphabet][greek][latin][spelling][digraph][diacritical_mark]

#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1]) Ǽ夲򤵤˿䤷ʤȡɸΤ褦ˡ֥ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯ΤפȸäƤޤȤǤ뤫⤷ʤطʤˤ3ǯĶ륢ե٥åȤˤ롥
#423. ե٥åȤˡ ([2010-06-24-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ奮ꥷͤϻҲʸǤե˥Υե٥åȤǺȤƺ3ǯۤ˽첻ϰƤȤ뤬ϰƤϡꥷλҲɽˤȤä;Ūʥե˥ʸΤĤ򥮥ꥷ첻ƤƤߤ褦Ȥɤ餫ȤȾöŪưŤ˴ŤƤĤޤꡤ첻ɽ첻ȯ褦ȤѶŪưä櫓ǤϤʤºݡꥷ͡첻Τɽ綠ȤʤСե˥ե٥åȤΤĤ;ŪʸǤ餫˿­ƤȤäƿ첻ФȤϡޤŪʸåȤѤƻҲƱˤĤ첻֤ɽ碌褦˹פȤȤե˥ʸʸΥޥ󡦥ե٥åȤŪȯŸεҤ Horobin (48--49) 󤹤ȡΤ褦ˤʤ롥

The Origins of the Roman alphabet lie in the script used by Phoenician traders around 1000 BC. This was a system of twenty-two letters which represented the individual consonant sounds, in a similar way to modern consonantal writing systems like Arabic and Hebrew. The Phoenician system was adopted and modified by the Greeks, who referred to them as 'Phoenician letters' and who added further symbols, while also re-purposing existing consonantal symbols not needed in Greek to represent vowel sounds. The result was a revolutionary new system in which both vowels and consonants were represented, although because the letters used to represent the vowel wounds in Greek were limited to the redundant Phoenician consonants, a mismatch between the number of vowels in speech and writing was created which still affects English today.


ξöŪ첻ϰƤȤϡΤޤޥȥꥢʸ줫޻ؤꡤŪˤϸѸˤĤʤäƤ롥󡤱Ѹˤޤᡤθ޻ѤƤ¿θѼŪʳˤơ첻Τɽ魯ˡԤ߽ФƤѸˤ˸¤äƤ⡤Ż (digraph) ʤʸȤ߹碌ˤꡤ첻ɽȤȤϤФйԤƤmagic <e> (cf. #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1])) ˤߤ褦ȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])) Ū <e> λѤˤä첻β䲻̤ɽߤʤƤѸˤƤ⡤ˡϴŪ첻ɽˤȤɤޤꡤФ1ʸľܤ첻ɽȤѤϸŪǤ롥ǯȤĹ֤Ū¤ΩĤΤǤСϥե٥åȤҲʸȤƻϤޤäȤμȤΤΤ⤷ʤ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2014-12-29 Mon

#2072. Ѹäλع¤ [lexicology][loan_word][latin][french][register][synonym][romancisation][lexical_stratification]

Ѹäع¤ˤĤơ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])#335. ܸäλع¤ ([2010-03-28-1])#1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1])#1960. ѸäΥԥߥåɹ¤ ([2014-09-08-1]) ʤɡ¿εǸڤƤ#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡäλع¤椨˱Ѹ̱ŪʸǤȤ뤳Ȥ뤬ѸäΤħϸˤäƤȤȤʤतΤΤǤ롥
Jespersen (121--39) 󤷤Ƥ롥ޤĹ꤫顥

(1) ʩͳ褹줬¿Ȥˤꡤ̣ "subtle shades" ɽ褦ˤʤä
(2) ʸŪŪɽ򤬲ǽˤʤä
(3) ѸˤĹñ줬¿ΤǡȤüԤϹθΤλ֤ݤ뤳ȤǤ롥
(4) ƥѸˤôݤ롥

ޤ (1) (2) ϴϢƤꡤɽϤ礭ȤϳΤȤ٤ܤܸäλع¤ӤСɽԤˤȤäƤΥåȤϼ´褦ʹؽԤˤȤäƤħȤ⤤ϤޤŪʤΤǤȤȤ˺ƤϤʤʤ(3) Ϥ⤷ŦǤ롥üԤȤƱѸäݤˤϡߥñ̡ʡˤΤϤʻֲԤǤΩĤȤ롥ĹñǻֲԤȤΤϡˤ뤬άȤƤϳΤˤΤǤϤʤ(4) ϥƥѸǤϤʤꥷѸˤĤƤϢơ#512. ̾ ([2010-09-21-1]) #1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ˡJespersen 󤲤Ƥû󤹤롥

(5) ɬסŬڤʥƥѸλѤˤꡤ̣ξܤ䤱뤳Ȥ롥
(6) ȯֻʤɤˤĤƵô롥㤨С#859. gaseous ȯ ([2011-09-03-1]) γƼΥꥨ#573. ̾ȷƻбطʣǤ3Ĥλ ([2010-11-21-1]) Ǥߤ labyrinth ƻʤɤǤ롥
(7) ʳؤﲽˤꡤϢäˤϹǤˤʬ䤹褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥㤨 insomnia sleeplessness Τۤʬ䤹ͭѤǤȤ롥
(8) ͳǤƳˤꡤ֤ζ֤꤬ (ex. Cánada vs Canádian)
(9) ƥʣ (ex. phenomena, nuclei) Ѹؤ⤽Τޤ޻ۤʤɤŪ줿
(10) ä̱Ūˤʤä

Ȥϥɽ΢δطˤꡤŪȽǤϲˤȤ狼ɤΤȤѸθù¤켫ΤȤϡѼԤ˻ȤȤʤΤѸθù¤ϡƻθܿʤɤ߽ФƤ͡ʸû񸻤Ūʪˤ켫ΤɤⰭʤäơ̱Ū뤤̱ŪȤ褦ɾäȤȤϡɾԤѸä򸫤뼫Ω֤ɽƤȤȤǤ롥Jespersen (139) ϼɾ򤯤Ƥ롥

While the composite character of the language gives variety and to some extent precision to the style of the greatest masters, on the other hand it encourages an inflated turgidity of style. . . . [W]e shall probably be near the truth if we recognize in the latest influence from the classical languages 'something between a hindrance and a help'.


ܸˤ̤줿ʥץ˴20ˤ⤿餵줿ʸˤ⡤褦ɾä뤳ȤǤʡ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1]) Ȥĥä򻲾ȡˡ
ѸȤ̱̱ȤˤĤƤϡ#134. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2009-09-08-1])#1366. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ ([2013-01-22-1])#1845. Ѹ줬̱ŪʸȸƤФͳ (2) ([2014-05-16-1]) Ǽ夲Τǡ⻲Ȥ줿ޤѸäΥޥ󥹲 (romancisation) ˴ؤɾˤĤƤϡ#153. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary Asset ([2009-09-27-1]) #395. ѸΥޥ󥹸첽ˤĤƤɾ ([2010-05-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 10th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982.

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2014-12-16 Tue

#2059. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (2) [etymological_respelling][latin][grammatology][manuscript][silent_reading][standardisation][renaissance]

ε#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) ([2014-12-15-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ
Ѥ Perret ե󥹸ˤˤƻŦΤƱݤǡScragg (56) ϡѸˤˤۻȯŸɽʸؤžȤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥

. . . an important change overtook the written language towards the end of the fourteenth century: suddenly literacy became more widespread with the advent of cheaper writing materials. In earlier centuries, while parchment was expensive and wax tablets were cumbersome, the church easily retained control of education and writing, but with the introduction of paper, mass literacy became both feasible and desirable. In the fifteenth century, private reading began to replace public recitation, and the resultant demand for books led, during that century, to the development of the printing press. As medieval man ceased pointing to the words with his bookmark as he pronounced them aloud, and turned to silent reading for personal edification and satisfaction, so his attention was concentrated more on the written word as a unit than on the speech sounds represented by its constituent letters. The connotations of the written as opposed to the spoken word grew, and given the emphasis on the classics early in the Renaissance, it was inevitable that writers should try to extend the associations of English words by giving them visual connection with related Latin ones. They may have been influences too by the fact that Classical Latin spelling was fixed, whereas that of English was still relatively unstable, and the Latinate spellings gave the vernacular an impression of durability. Though the etymologising movement lasted from the fifteenth century to the seventeenth, it was at its height in the first half of the sixteenth.


ۻΩƤȡɼԤϰϢʸΤĤʤ򡤤ȯߤˡľܤ˸Ȥñ̤طӤĤ뤳ȤФֻġʸѤ餺ɽɸ֤륢ե٥åȤǤꡤɽɽ180žȤȤȤˤϤʤʤɽζˤؤȤޤǤŤȤϳΤ
˽פȻפΤϡѤθȾ Scragg ŦƤ褦ˡƥֻκѤɽؤή˹׸ֻɸಽήˤ׸Ȥͥ󥹴ΥƥǮֻɸಽĬή츻ŪֻɽʸɽȤäװϡ٤ͭŪ˴ؤäƤΤǤ롥

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2014-12-15 Mon

#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) [french][etymological_respelling][latin][grammatology][manuscript][scribe][silent_reading][renaissance][hfl]

ε#2056. ե󥹸ȱѸˤ츻Ūֻδط (1) ([2014-12-13-1]) ǡե󥹸θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ʊ۵ɤ̤ΤäȤ˿줿ե󥹸ˤƸ츻ŪֻΤ褦ʵǽȤȤϡ̤δСե󥹸νηϤɽ (phonographic) ɽ (logographic) ؤȰŤȤɽǤ롥Τ褦ɽʸηϤؤܶ᤬ѸǤѸ줫ѸˤƤΤƱͤˡե󥹸Ǥϸʩ줫ʩˤƤषե󥹸ǤξѸ˿ʤǤcf. #1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1])
ե󥹸ξ˴ؤƤϡʤѸˤǤϤʤե󥹸ˤΰʤΤǡե󥹸˳äƤߤʲPerret (138) Ѥ褦ޤϡʩνηϤɽŪǤȤ꤫顥

L'ancien français : une écriture phonétique
. . . . dans la mesure où l'on disposait de graphèmes pour rendre les son que l'on entendait, l'écriture était simplement phonétique (feré pour fairé, souvent pour quí) . . . .


Perret (138--39) ³ơʩνηϤɽˤĤƼΤ褦˳⤷Ƥ롥

Le moyen français : une écriture idéographique
À partir du XIIIe siècle, la transmission des textes cesse d'être uniquement orale, la prose commence à prendre de l'importance : on écrit aussi des textes juridiques et administratifs en français. Avec la prose apparaît une ponctuation très différente de celle que nous connaissons : les textes sont scandés par des lettrines de couleur, alternativement rouges et bleues, qui marquent le plus souvent des débuts de paragraphes, mais pas toujours, et des points qui correspondent à des pauses, généralement en fin de syntagme, mais pas forcément en fin de phrase. Les manuscrits deviennent moins rares et font l'objet d'un commerce, ils ne sont plus recopiés par des moines, mais des scribes séculiers qui utilisent une écriture rapide avec de nombreuses abréviations. On change d'écriture : à l'écriture caroline succèdent les écritures gothique et bâtarde dans lesquelles certains graphèmes (les u, n et m en particulier) sont réduits à des jambages. C'est à partir de ce moment qu'apparaissent les premières transformations de l'orthographe, les ajouts de lettres plus ou moins étymologiques qui ont parfois une fonction discriminante. C'est entre le XIVe et le XVIe siècle que s'imposent les orthographes hiver, pied, febve (où le b empêche la lecture ‘feue’), mais (qui se dintingue ainsi de mes); c'est alors aussi que se développent le y, le x et le z à la finale des mots. Mais si certains choix étymologiques ont une fonction discrminante réelle, beaucoup semblent n'avoir été ajoutés, pour le plaisir des savants, qu'afin de rapprocher le mot français de son étymon latin réel ou supposé (savoir s'est alors écrit sçavoir, parce qu'on le croyait issu de scire, alors que ce mot vient de sapere). C'est à ce moment que l'orthographe française devient de type idéographique, c'est-à-dire que chaque mot commence à avoir une physionomie particulière qui permet de l'identifier par appréhension globale. La lecture à haute voix n'est plus nécessaire pour déchiffrer un texte, les mots peuvent être reconnus en silence par la méthode globale.


ѤκǸˤ褦ˡɽʸηϤȯãɽȯãȴϢŤƤȤ¤˱ԤƶǤ롥˽Фɤ߾夲ݤˤϡȯľ˷ӤĤɽʸηϤΤۤդ路ɤε񤬸ꡤɤ̾ɤˤʤäƤȡľ뤷䤹ȹͤɽɽաʸηϤդ路Ȥ⤤ (cf. #1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])) ɤɤؤžɽʸɽʸؤžȻŪˤ褽פȤȤˤʤСξԤδط򵿤虜ʤ
ե󥹸ˤѸˤ衤츻Ūֻϥͥ󥹴ΥƥǮȤδϢΤʸδߤСɽɽؤνηϤΥݥžȤȤʤ뤷ʪʸˤδߤСɤɤؤžȤȤʤ롥<doubt> <b> ظˤϡ¤˳غŪäƤΤǤ롥

Perret, Michèle. Introduction à l'histoire de la langue française. 3rd ed. Paris: Colin, 2008.

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