űѸޤޥ졤̥ޥ졤ƥƥʤɤˤˤѻƤ rhotacism ϡ첻֤ [s] [z] ʤɤ [r] Ѳ벻ѲǤ롥IJ (sonorisation) üȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤷 "lenition" 1ȤߤʤȤǤcf. #4684. æ ([2022-02-22-1])ˡBybee (32) ΤȤ˸ڤƤ롥
Another form of sonorization is rhotacism, a change by which an [s] or [z] becomes an [r]. Such a change occurred in Latin as exemplified by the alternation corpus, corpora 'body, nom./acc.sg. and pl.', opus, opera 'work, nom./acc.sg. and pl.' and In Germanic where Old English infinitive cēosan 'to choose' has a past participle coren, and wæs alternates with wǣre/wǣren 'were'. This change involves voicing and loss of fricative closure; it takes place intervocalically.
ѸˤˤƤ⡤ޤѸθäͤǤ⡤űѸƥǤ rhotacism θ̤ǧƤȤϽפǤ롥Ѥˤ was/were ˤȤɤޤ餺us/our, lose/lorn, raise/rear, ƵŪˤ is/are δط⡤rhotacism λŶȤǤ롥
ƥѸ줫ϡѤˤߤ opus/opera, corpus/corpora ñʣΤۤcorpus/corporal, Venus/venereal, virus/viral Τ褦̾졦ƻδطˤ rhotacism θ̤ߤƤȤ롥
rhotacism ˿ˤϡεʤɤȡ
#36. rhotacism ([2009-06-03-1])
#393. Venus ˾θ ([2010-05-25-1])
#3192. ̡쥲ޥ췲δ֤ˤߤ벻֡μפʺ ([2018-01-22-1])
#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])
Bybee, Joan. Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.
Ѹ <ae> ȤڥϵǤ롥2ʸȤ߹碌1ʸȤ (ligature) Ǥ <æ> ˻äƤϡȯСˤޤޤɤ̾ϤܤˤʤΰǤ encyclopædia mediæval ʤɤΥڥ̤ˤߤ줿ߤǤϹǤϤʤ2ʸʬ encyclopaedia mediaeval ֤褦ˤʤꡤꥫǤϤ⤽ <ae> Ѥ <e> ǺѤޤ encyclopedia medieval ΥڥŪǤ롥
űѸ衤<æ> <ae> Υڥ֤ƤűѸǤ <æ> ϥե٥åȤʸǤꡤ̤Ѥ줿Ȥ12--13ˤϿषб첻ñ <a> ֤褦ˤʤäcf. #3998. ʤ apple a ̤Ρ֥פǤϤʤ֥פ˶ᤤȯʤΤǤ ([2020-04-07-1])ˡ
Ȥꥷƥ줫Ѹ줬̤ή16ˡθŵ˴ޤޤƤ ai ae ѸˤƤ <æ> ʸǼޤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤХХ̤嵭Τ褦˶ḽˤƹ <æ> 2ʸ <ae> ֤ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ <e> ˴ά뤳Ȥ¿ʤꡤߤ˻롥ߤǤ <ae> <æ> ܤʤڥ̤ƤƤ (Upward and Davidson 179--80)
<ae> ΥڥݻƤΤϡۤܤ٤ƥꥷ <ai> ޤѸ졤뤤Ϥ줬ƥͳ <ae> ѲΤͳ褹ȤäƤ褤ѸǤϸŤϸ§Ȥ <ae> /eː/ бطä첻 (gvs) ФơǤ <ae> /iː/ бطŪǤ롥Carney (283) ꡤĤñ
in Greek words --- aegis, aeon, aesthetic, anaemia, anaesthetist, archaeology, encyclopaedia, leukaemia, paean, etc.;
in classical names --- Aegean, Aeneas, Aesop, Athenaeum, Caesar, Judaea, Bacchae, Mycenae, Thermopylae;
the Latin feminine plural in scientific terms --- alumnae, aortae, lacunae,, lamellae, ulnae, etc.
Ȥ<ae> <r> ³˴ؤƤȼλ𤬤ꡤ <aer> /ɛə(r)/ ΩƤ롥aeration, aerial, aerobic, aerodrome, aeronaut, aerosol, anaerobic ʤɤǤ롥ۤܤ٤Ƥꥷͳ褷μѸ졦¤ȤϢ (combining_form) aero- ޤǤ (Carney 282) 츻Ūˤ̣Ūˤ air /ɛə(r)/ ȴϢ뤿ᡤ ߤȯӤĤ줿ȤưפǤ롥ʤߤˡԵפ̣ airplane ˤĤơꥹѸǤ aeroplane θֻ
ʤܵϡMond˴줿 aerobics ʤɤƬ aero- ֥פȯΤϤʤǤ礦Ȥ䤤ʲĤƼɮؤβɤ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Ѹ줬ƻܿƤȤδط̤ƱѸθûˤȤϡѸˤΥɤ1ĤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#1526. Ѹܸθûоɽ ([2013-07-01-1])#2615. Ѹä ([2016-06-24-1])#2966. Ѹä (2) ([2017-06-10-1])#3381. ֺ¡ˤؤֱñθ츻ס ([2018-07-30-1])#4130. Ѹä¿Ͳȳˤв "The OED in two minutes" ([2020-08-17-1]) ʤɤǷ֤Ҳ𤷤Ƥ
Ȥ褽ϢưϤΤΩߤȤơѸ줬ƻܿƤȤδط̤ƱѸΥڥˤȤǤ롥ơλߤɬ⥹ɤǤϤʤѸˤΤʤǤΰϾäȤäƤ褤
ѸΥڥˤȸܿ ˤĤ Horobin (113) Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
English spelling is a concoction of written forms drawn from a variety of languages through processes of inheritance and borrowing. At every period in its history, the English lexicon contains words inherited from earlier stages, as well as new words introduced from foreign languages. But this distinction should not be applied too straightforwardly, since inherited words have frequently been subjected to changes in their spelling over time. Similarly, while words drawn from foreign language may preserve their native spellings intact, they frequently undergo changes in order to accommodate to native English spelling patterns.
ûˤȥڥˤϡФϢư뤬§ȤΩˤǤ롤ȤªϤȤƤȻפHorobin ƱͤΤʤǡѸˤγƻ头Ȥ˥ڥ˱ƶڤܤ졦ˤĤƼΤ褦ʸޤƤ롥ͤΥȥȴФǤޤȤƤߤ褦
3ΤȤǤ122ڡˤˡҤȡȤХեΥݥָˤȸŪץå оȸˡפλפΰĤȤơֽѸˤóȽλߡפä뵡ޤZoom ˤ륪饤ȯɽǤθΥǥåޤᡤؤٶˤʤ֤ǤżԤϤᡤݥ¾żԤʼԻüԤγͤ˴տ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ȯɽϡǤ͡ʵ˸ɽƤȤȤؤˤޤǤϥݥ˴ޤޤоȸˡ (contrastive_linguistics) ռơȤ櫓ܸˤˤóȽˤȤоȤռʤޤ
Ѥ饤ޤ饤ɤܥ֥ؤΥ¿ĥƤޤΤǡ碌ƤȤ
1. ҤȡȤХեˤȸŪץå оȸˡפλѸˤóȽλ
2. ѸˤóȽλ
3. ܼ
4. 1. Ϥ --- 16ɼҲѲ
5. 2. 缺ĴɤαѸ --- ƥؤΰ¸ȥƥ줫Ω
6. Ѹ줬Ƥ3ĤǺ
7. 3. Ωܻؤ
8. 4. ¸ɤοޤ (1) --- 츻Ūֻ
9. 5. ¸ɤοޤ (2) --- óȽ
10. ץѡäĤѡ
11. 6.֥פ̼
12. 7. ̼Ѥؤȿ
13. 8. 졤ץ졤ʸоȸ
14. 9. ޤȤ
15. óȽȡѤоȸ
16. ʸ
ѸˤǤϡ8ȾФ11ޤǡˤˤѸȸťΥɸ (old_norse) ǻ̩ʸܿ (contact) ФȤʤ롥ܥ֥ǤϢ¿εƤȤƤΤξüԡˤ褽δطˤäȤȤ
2δؤܿ¿ΥǤϡҲŪʾ岼ζ̤ΤǤ롥Υ֥ƥ翯άαѸȥȸθܿǤϡѸ줬 (superstratum) ǥȸ줬 (substratum) äޤΥޥʸαѸȥեθܿǤϡѸ줬 (substratum) ǥե줬 (superstratum) ä
ҲŪʾ岼ΤǤϤʤ2Ĥθ줬¤ (adstratum) Ȥʤ륱⤢롥嵭αѸȸťΥɸθܿϡŵȤƵ뤳Ȥ¿
Τ褦⤦1ĵȤȡޥȸȥեθܿȤʤ롥츫ȻۼԤǤե줬̤ǡۼԤǤޥȸ줬̤ȤҲŪʴطΩƤȹͤ뤫⤷ʤMillar (4--5) ˤȲ¤ӤȹͤΤǤŬڤȤ
In post-Roman Gaul, for instance, the relationship between the military dominant Franks and the Romano-Celtic population whom they ruled was not one of a genuinely superstratal versus substratal type. Instead, the relationship between the two groupings are best described as adstratal. While the military power of the Franks was considerable, their administration for Roman tradition and lifestyle was perpetually present; they were often bilingual. By the same token, the Gallo-Roman elite appear to have been happy to take on aspects of Frankish culture --- in particularly, names --- from an early period. No doubt they were more than aware of the centre towards which power, influence and capital of various sorts was now flowing. The Frankish influence upon the ancestor of modern French are visible, therefore, but they tend to be concentrated in particular semantic fields, such as the technology and practice of warfare and fortification, where the Franks' primary expertise and power base lay. A good example of this is Modern French maréchal 'supreme war leader', but originally 'leader of the cavalry', borrowed early on from Frankish.
Ѹˤȥեˤ˴ؤ "adstratal relationship" 2ȤõƤ
Millar, Robert McColl. Contact: The Interaction of Closely Related Linguistic Varieties and the History of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2016.
ѸϸǺǤͭϤʥե (lingua_franca) ǤꡤELF (= English as a Lingua Franca; cf. elf) ȸƤФƤ롥˾塤λ夽λǡפȤªƤΰˤơۤʤüԤȤ͡δ֤Ƕ̸ȤѤƤͭϤʥե¸ߤƤ㤨Сåȸ졤ꥷ졤ƥ졤ӥ졤ݥȥ졤ե졤ʤɤϤƼΤʤǥեȤƵǽƤˤġ
21θˤơʤäϵ嵬ϤΡפǤˤˤƤϡѸ줬եôäƤ櫓Υե٤ưۤʤϤΤELF κݤäħϲʤΤJenkins (549) ϡ(1) Ϥ礭ȡ(2) ¿αѸüԤȤƤαѸüԡ Kachru Τ "expanding circle" °͡ǤȤ2Ƥ (cf. #217. ѸüԤƱߥǥ ([2009-11-30-1]))
ENGLISH as a Lingua Franca (henceforth ELF) has much in common with other lingua francas (contact language used by people who do not share a first language) that have existed over many centuries. Languages such as Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Arabic and Portuguese among others have all, at various times, served lingua franca functions, while English itself has been a lingua franca since the late 16th century, when the countries of the outer circle . . . were first colonised by the British. ELF differs from all the previous lingua francas, however, in terms of its scale. Because English has become so closely bound up with the phenomenon of globalization . . . , it is spoken by larger numbers of people across a far wider range of countries than is true of any other lingua franca past or present, including earlier manifestations of English. And the majority of these people, perhaps as many as two billion . . . , come from the countries of the expanding circle . . . . These are countries, particularly in mainland Europe, East Asia, and, to a lesser extent, Latin America, where English is neither a mother tongue nor a postcolonial language. So although ELF is used as a contact language both across and within all three of Kachru's circles, inner, outer, and expanding, it is above all an expanding circle phenomenon . . . .
ͤƤߤ2ĤȤ⼫ħΤ褦˻פ뤬˺줺˲Ƥɬפ롥ELF ˾ΰյϡ˾¿οؤäƤȤȡƲ "expanding circle phenomenon" ǤȤȤ
եȤѸ줽켫ΤˤĤƤϡ#1086. lingua franca (1) ([2012-04-17-1])#1087. lingua franca (2) ([2012-04-18-1])#1088. lingua franca (3) ([2012-04-19-1]) ȡ
ޤեȤƱѸȤФӤƥˤĤƤϡ#4504. ƥ褷ȱѸιԤ ([2021-08-26-1])#4505. פȤƤΥƥȱѸȤǡƱDzۤʤ뤫 ([2021-08-27-1]) ȡ
Jenkins, Jennifer. "English as a Lingua Franca in the Expanding Circle." Chapter 27 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 549--66.
ε#4504. ƥ褷ȱѸιԤ ([2021-08-26-1]) ˰³פȤƤξԤɤäƤˤ٤뤳ȤˤѸ̤ꤦȤǤȤˤĤơ
ƥȱѸᤰ˼ҲŪʾˤĤơפĤޤޤ˥֥쥹ȤƤߤ
Ρ
äդȤƤ͡ʡʤФиߤ̤ʤ˸ѼʬդȤƤ1ĤɸŪѼˤ褽«Ƥ
ŪɸѼ norm-producing ̤ʶȤˤƥޥϳơϤĤ˻äƱƹȤΡ֡ѸפŪȤʤĤĤ
ƥ¿ΤҤ衼åѤˤäƥեȤƵǽѸ¾ΤҤˤäƥեȤƵǽƤ롥
Ρ
ƥϻǤѲʤѸϸθǤѲ³
ƥεϤŪŪѸεϤϲŪήưŪ
ƥϽդäդγ֤꤬礭ԤŪѤͤϤʤʥŪˡѸˤĤƤϡɸѸüԤ˴ؤ¤ǤϤ뤬դäդγ֤ŪԤ˶ᤤѼŪѤͤ⤤Ū
ƥŪ˥衼åѤΤߤĤƤѸʤäƤ
ƥˤʹüԤʤäѸˤüԤ
ƥϳؽѡ濴Ȥ¤줿ʸŪ٤ι⤤ʬˤƼȤƽդȤѤ줿ѸʬˤƤΤˤƤѤ
ƥεϤΤϻѼԿΰǤҲŪ˹⤤ؤο͡ѸεϤΤ⡤18Ȥ¤ꡤѼԿΰǤҲŪ˹⤤ؤο͡ǤꡤǤϻƤȤ뤬21αѸεϤäƤΤϤ餯ĤƤȰۤʤΤǤϤʤ̤αѸѼԤŪ˵˴ͿƤΤǤϡ
ۤʤΤǡΤȤʤϤäȵ뤳ȤǤ롥㤨СؤäƤüԿʤɤӤС23ۤʤ̹ФˤϹ٤Ūʻͤɬפǡñˤϥǥ⤫ФʤǤ礦
Ѹ̤ͤǡѸˤϤۤΩʤȻפäƤޤʹ֤θ̤ͤǡѸˤΩĤȻפäѸˤθ³Ƥޤ
Ĥƥ衼åѤǤϥե (lingua_franca) Ȥƥƥ줬Ĺ餯ɲڤؤä䤬ƳϤ͡ʥޥʬƤ˿ह˻ä˾λ¤ϡѸ̤ͤɬȤݥȤǤ롥Ѹϸǥեô˻äǽѸѼ (World Englishes) ؤʬƤΤ¤⤢ꡤῴϤݻǤΤȵ롥ԤϥƥƱפɤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤȤͽۤΩơ̤ԤϥƥȱѸǤŪۤʤñˤӤǤʤȤߤ롥
ξӤ˴Ť硤ʤ顤Ū¤ΤˤĤǤȤפǤ롥Ȥ櫓ƥ˴ؤơ礭ʸޤäƤΤǤϤʤƥ줬ޥʬɽ硤ȤƤΤϡƥ줬ˤϰäȤȤǤ롥Ȥäդ˴ؤ¤ꡤƥϥޥʬϤѤƤΤǤꡤ̣Ǥϡ֥ޥؤʬפϾ˵äƤȤˤʤ롥ƥ줬ǤȤΤϡޤǽդ˴ؤʤΤǤ롥McArthur (9--10) ϡ"The Latin fallacy" Ȥ1ǤθФդ¥Ƥ롥
Between a thousand and two thousand years ago the language of the Romans was certainly central in the development of the entities we now call 'the Romance languages'. In some important sense, Latin drifted among the Lusitani into 'Portuguese', among the Dacians into 'Romanian', among the Gauls and Franks into 'French', and so on. It is certainly seductive, therefore, to wonder whether American English might become simply 'American', and be, as Burchfield has suggested, an entirely distinct language in a century's time from British English.
There is only one problem. The language used as a communicative bond among the citizens of the Roman Empire was not the Latin recorded in the scrolls and codices of the time. The masses used 'popular' (or 'vulgar') Latin, and were apparently extremely diverse in their use of it, intermingled with a wide range of other vernaculars. The Romance languages derive, not from the gracious tongue of such literati as Cicero and Virgil, but from the multifarious usages of a population most of whom were illiterati.
'Classical' Latin had quite a different history from the people's Latin. It did not break up at all, but as a language standardized by manuscript evolved in a fairly stately fashion into the ecclesiastical and technical medium of the Middle Ages, sometimes known as 'Neo-Latin'. As Walter Ong has pointed out in Orality and Literacy (1982), this 'Learned Latin' survived as a monolith through sheer necessity, because Europe was 'a morass of hundreds of languages and dialects, most of them never written to this day'. Learned Latin derived its power and authority from not being an ordinary language. 'Devoid of baby talk' and 'a first language to none of its users', it was 'pronounced across Europe in often mutually unintelligible ways but always written the same way' (my italics).
The Latin analogy as a basis for predicting one possible future for English is not therefore very useful, if the assumption is that once upon a time Latin was a mighty monolith that cracked because people did not take proper care of it. That is fallacious. Interestingly enough, however, a Latin analogy might serve us quite well if we develop the idea of a people's Latin that was never at any time particularly homogeneous, together with a text-bound learned Latin that became and remained something of a monolith because European society needed it that way.
ѤκǸˤ⤢̤ꡤΡ֥ƥ˴ؤɵפ˴٤ʤ褦դǡƥƥ褷ȱѸιԤӤƤߤȤξ괬˼ҲŪˤϤϤ궦褦˻פ롥Ѹ̤ͽۤ褦ȤݤԳǤ1ĤϡեȤƤαѸɤ줯餤Ƥ뤫Ǥ롥ߵ¸ߤƤ¤ꡤʤȤդˤƤϡƥ줬ä褦ˡ̸ŪݻƤΤǤϤʤ
McArthur, Tom. "The English Languages?" English Today 11 (1987): 9--11.
Ѹ˾塤2ټѤ줿ȤΤ롥ˤƥñʤɤѤ줿塤̤λˤƱ줬餿ƼѤȤΤǤ롥1ܤ2ܤǤϰ̣ʤӾ֤ˤۤʤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿
㤨Сƥ magister ϡűѸᤤʳǼѤ졤㴳Ѹ첽ֻ mægester ѤƤ10ˤ餿 magister ȤƸֻΤޤ줿 (cf. #1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ ([2014-07-05-1])ˡ
ѸȽѸ褦ʻ㤬ߤ롥fastidious Ȥƥñ1440ǯˡ½ʡפθǼѤ줿1ˤϡ֤ʡԲʡפθѤƤʸԤϸΡֵʤʡפθϢʤˡޤChaucer artificial, declination, hemisphere ŷʸѸȤƳθθߤŪʸϡ16κƼѻθ˴ŤѸˤĤƤϡBaugh and Cable (222--23) Τ褦äƤ롥
A word when introduced a second time often carries a different meaning, and in estimating the importance of the Latin and other loanwords of the Renaissance, it is just as essential to consider new meanings as new words. Indeed, the fact that a word had been borrowed once before and used in a different sense is of less significance than its reintroduction in a sense that has continued or been productive of new ones. Thus the word fastidious is found once in 1440 with the significance 'proud, scornful,' but this is of less importance than the fact that both More and Elyot use it a century later in its more usual Latin sense of 'distasteful, disgusting.' From this, it was possible for the modern meaning to develop, aided no doubt by the frequent use of the word in Latin with the force of 'easily disgusted, hard to please, over nice.' Chaucer uses the words artificial, declination, and hemisphere in astronomical sense but their present use is due to the sixteenth century; and the word abject, although found earlier in the sense of 'cast off, rejected,' was reintroduced in its present meaning in the Renaissance.
ˤäƤϡ嵭ΥǤϡƱñ줬2ټѤ줿Ȥϡ¸μѸФƱѸ¦ǰ̣ѹäȤۤŬڤǤϤʤȤոϤ֤Ϣ³ȤСִ¸ؤѹפȤʤꡤϢ³ȤС2٤μѡפȤʤ롥Baugh and Cable ǻŦƤ褦ˡ츻ŪˤƱΥƥñˤΤܤȤƤ⡤Ѹˤδϡ¼Ūˤϰۤʤ˰ۤʤѸ줿ȤߤۤŬڤǤ롥
OED Τ褦Ū§˴ŤԻǰƬˤȡfastidious ʤ artificial ʤФơ1ĤθФΩơβ˸1ʵˤȸ2ʿˤʤɤ֤ΤQŪƻüԤζŪʴФ¤ǤȤʤСष fastidious1 fastidious2 Τ褦˸Ф̤ΩƤƤ褤餤ΤΤǤϤʤԤθʤСˤΤʤǵѤƤä硤ѵ (dead sense) ȤѸ (dead word) Ȥ٤Ȥʤ롥ʡΤˤѸù (dead lexical item; dead lexeme) ȸƤ֤٤
ȴϢơ#3830. űѸΥƥѸϸޤ³ݤ ([2019-10-22-1]) ⻲ȡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ <b> ΤȤΤϱѸֻ˴ؤѤʵ֤Ǥ롥ޤǤ¿εǼ夲ƤפʤΤĤƤ
#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1])
#3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ ([2018-06-12-1])
#3227. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ4doubt <b>--- ѸΥڥס ([2018-02-26-1])
ְŪʢѸȯ֤꤬פʤͳȤʹ˹Ԥä顤ȿͤˤƤΡָɡפȡפäDMMѲå֥ˤ륤ӥ塼
doubt <b> ˤĤƤϡ16ͭ̾ʸڤ롥Shakespeare ˤδ Love's Labour's Lost Τʤǡоʪ1͡ʳؼԤ Holofernes (ˤϼºߤ Richard Mulcaster ǥȤȤˤ <b> ȯ٤ȼĥ뤯꤬롥δ1593--94ǯ˽줿Ȥ뤬ޤ inkhorn_term 褬깭ƤΤäcf. #1408. ([2013-03-05-1])ˡλطʤǰƬ Holofernes ɤȡ̣襤ѤäƤ롥γ˿ʬϡ#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1]) ǰѤ⤦Ĺˡ1623ǯ1եꥪưѤSmith Ǥ pp. 195--96 ˡ
Actus Quartus.
Enter the Pedant, Curate and Dull.
Ped. Satis quid sufficit.
Cur. I praise God for you sir, your reasons at dinner haue beene sharpe & sententious: pleasant without scurrillity, witty without affection, audacious without impudency, learned without opinion, and strange without heresie: I did conuerse this quondam day with a companion of the Kings, who is intituled, nominated, or called, Dom Adriano de Armatha.
Ped. Noui hominum tanquam te, His humour is lofty, his discourse peremptorie: his tongue filed, his eye ambitious, his gate maiesticall, and his generall behauiour vaine, ridiculous, and thrasonical. He is too picked, too spruce, to affected, too odde, as it were, too peregrinat, as I may call it.
Cur. A most singular and choise Epithat,
Draw out his Table-booke,
Ped. He draweth out the thred of his verbositie, finer than the staple of his argument. I abhor such phnaticall phantasims, such insociable and poynt deuise companions, such rackers of ortagriphie, as to speake dout fine, when he should say doubt; det, when he shold pronounce debt; d e b t, not det: he clepeth a Calf, Caufe: halfe, hawfe; neighbour vocatur nebour; neigh abreuiated ne: this is abhominable, which he would call abhominable: it insinuateth me of infamie: ne inteligis domine, to make franticke, lunaticke?
Cur. Laus deo, bene intelligo.
Ped. Bome boon for boon prescian, a little scratched, 'twill serue.
1եꥪΤΤΰѤʤΤǡɤΤ⤷ʤΤȤ Holofernes (= Ped) ʳؿ꤬ƥѡʤȤѡˤ褯ºݤˤʤƤǥեᤷΤȻפ뤬줫400ǯʾ夿äߤʤ֤ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ <b> ΤפȤѤʵηǵ³ƤȤΤϡʤȤ©ĹǤ롥
Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.
ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿ʹԷ ing äƸʬʤΡư̾ʤΡǤưοʹԷˤҤȤϸʬιʸήǤ뤬ǽư̾ιʸήǤ뤳ȤŦƥĤǤ
be + -ing ȤɽʹԷ (progressive form) εȯãˤĤƤϡѸ˾¿εʤƤޤʶȤƤꡤʤȸƤ٤Τ뤫ɤǤˤˤĤƤ Mustanoja (584--90) ˤ褯ޤȤޤäƤޤʲ˰͵ƳάҤ٤ޤ礦
űѸˤϡѸ be + -ing ΤȤ٤ʸȤ wesan/beon + -ende ޤθʬ -ende Ȥ֤äƤꡤ˹ä -ing ֤줿Ȥаޤޤcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])#2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])ˡűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϡΤ˷³ްդʸ̮Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤǤʤȤ¿ǽŪˤϸοʹԷľܤĤʤΤɤԳΤǤޤȤƤϥƥб빽ʸǤȤƤޤѸȡιʸϤषΩʤʤޤˤäƤ٤Ф꤬ߤޤѸˤ¤ĹϤᡤḽѸοʹԷϢʤήФޤŵŪ˷³ɽ魯ŪˡȯãΩΤϡ16ʹߤΤȤǤ
ʹԷεȯãäȳѤޤξܺ٤ϼ¤ʣǡѸ˸塤ε깭ƤޤűѸбʸ³ȯãǤȤ⤢СΡon + ư̾פιʸǤȤ⤢ޤ2ĤȤ߹碌3ƤƤꡤ줬ƤȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ
¾줫αƶˤȯãȤ¿ޤҤ̤ꡤűѸ wesan/beon + -ende ϥƥбʸ路ΤǤȤΤͭϤǤѸǤλѤˤĤƤϡťեбʸαƶ⵿ƤޤˡȸƶޤƤƤޤcf. #3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])ˡ
ʹԷϡΤ褦˱Ѹ˸̥ŪǤ³Ƥޤ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ֱѸƳ2021Τ˺ɽ줿ƥĤϡرˤSynonyms at Three LevelsǤϲΤȤȤȡֱѸäλع¤פǤֶ졤ݡפ̣ñȤ fear -- terror -- trepidation ʤɤޤΥåȤˤϥѥޤfear ϰפѸǡterror Ϥե줫μѸ졤trepidation Ͽͤդʤ⾰ʶĥƥ줫μѸǤѸˤ̤ơΤ褦줬ۤʤ˰ۤʤ줫鶡뤵äΤʤѤƤä̤ع¤Ȥ櫓Ǥ嵭ƥΤۤ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) #1296. ع¤ɲá ([2012-11-13-1]) ƤߤƤ
ơֱѸäλع¤פϱѸˤǤ֤Ǥ֤ƿòƤȤäƤǤϤޤܵǤϡƤæòޤȻפޤʲϱѸ˾ԤˤʤޤΤǤդǤˡ#2643. Ѹäλع¤οá ([2016-07-22-1]) #2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1]) ǤʬŪ˼夲ƤǤ嵭ƥ˰͵ʤ fear -- terror -- trepidation Ȥ31 (triset) ˾ƤƵƤߤޤ
(1) ƥǤϡ triset Τ褦ʡʤפȽҤ٤Ƥޤ伫ȤѸ˳͡ʵƱݤʸϤӤӽƤΤǤ¤ϡפϤʤꤢΤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤҤƤߤơפȸƤ⤿ʤΤ¤Ǥ֤줤פʤȸȡǤ
(2) fear - terror - trepidation Ϥʤ֤줤פΤ褦ˤߤޤɤޤˡ֤줤פȤΤռǤ̤αѸ켭θ츻ǤϳΤ terror ϥե줫顤trepidation ϥƥ줫äȤƤޤȤξȤƥˤΤܤꡤԤ terrōremԤ trepidātiō 츻ȤʤޤʤʤߤˡȤ˰캬 *ter- ˤΤܤ궦̤Ǥˡterror ϤȤȥƥñäɤեͳƱѸäƤȤ̣ˤơ֥ե줫μѸפɽ뤳Ȥϡ츻Ҥδ˱äΤǡޤäϤޤ
ȤOED terror θ츻Ҥߤ "Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin." Ȥޤ֥ե줫μѸǤפȤꤷƤʤΤǤ츻Ūˤäơμñϥե줫äΤƥ줫äΤۣʥ¿˾¿εʤƤޤε˴ؿΤεå
ǤȤƤ terror ҤȤޤեѸȲᤷƤ褤ȤϹͤƤޤκ1ĤϡѸǤνֻͥե <terrour> äȤǤƥǤ <terror> ȤʤϤǤդˤСѸֻ <terror> ϡ˥ƥֻȤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤȤˤʤޤפˡ terror ϡ夫ƥ̣ޤ줿եѸȤȤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤ
terror νмۣ椵θȡ triset ŵŪʡֱѸ -- ե -- ƥפηˤäϤޤǤϤʤȤˤʤޤʤȤȤƤΡ֤줤פϡ100%80%餤ޤǤܸꤷ褦˻פޤ
(3) trepidation ˤĤƤǤOED ˤХƥ줫ľܼѤ줿ΤȤޤҤΡرѸ츻ŵ٤ϡե trépidation 뤤ϥƥ trepidātiō(n)- ͳ褹ΤȤŤʻȤäƤޤʤñαѸǤνФ1605ǯǤOED 2ǤξˤȡեǤϤǤ15 trépidation ʸڤƤȤȤǤterror ³ trepidation νмˤۣʤȤФƤޤ triset Ρ֤줤פϡ80%餵70%餤ޤDzäޤ
(4) ƥǤƤ褦ˡع¤ؤեѸؤϡºݤˤϲؤѸؤȤͻ礷Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿Ǥ (ex. clear, cry, fool, humour, safe) 줤ʻع¤ƤȤϡʩؤҤäꡤʩؤҤäꤷơع¤˶ʤȤ¦̤ޤ
ˡֵžع¤פȸƤ֤٤ŵŪǤʤޤ㤨СƱëפǤؤôϤΥեѸ valley ŪʶޤؤôϤαѸ dale ϤäʸŪǹ⾰ʶĤȤ⤤ޤaction/deed, enemy/foe, reward/meed Ǥcf. #2279. Ѹäεžع¤ ([2015-07-24-1])ˡѸäλع¤ϡΤȤɾȽۤɡ֤줤פǤʤΤǤ
ʾ塤ֱѸäλع¤פæòޤäƤߤޤȤƤΡֱѸäλع¤פꤹ뵤Ϥޤäޤ伫ȤʤȤǽƤޤƤ椯ĤǤɬ֤줤פǤϤʤ¦̤뤳ȤˤαդƤȻפΤǤ
Ѹäλع¤ν¦̤˴ؿäεåɤ
ǯٽᤫ5ޤdzֱѸƳ2021ȾäƤޤرɽ줿ƥĤ֤ȤФˤҤסǤstar astrology ѡˤ濴Ȥñθ츻泌åǡܴμݤ˥ԥåǤޤŸǡä disaster, consider, desire, influenza, disposition ˤޤǵڤǤޤäȱñθ츻˶̣勞ȤȻפޤ
λ⡤ʺ¡ˤ˴طĤƤޤΤǾҲ𤷤ޤޤ嵭ƥδؿȽŤʤ star θ츻ˤĤơ#1602. star θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-09-15-1]) ɤ
Ѹ star ȥƥ stella cf. ե etoileˤ٤ r l ΰ㤤ޤϤɤȤȵ˻פä#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])
star η֤ˤĤƤǤűѸǤ steorraѸǤ sterre ʤɤֻǸΤ̤ǡ첻 /a/ ǤϤʤ /e/ äȹͤޤʤ줬 /a/ ؤѲֻȤƤ⤽ȿǤ star Ȥ줿ΤǤ礦¤ϡѸ heart, clerk, Derby, sergeant ʤɤȯֻˤؤ뤪⤷ȥԥåǤ#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) ɤ
ѤȤвƻܤ¤̾ϢƤޤˡѸˤ̤ưޤƤó (lexical_stratification) ζѻ뤳ȤǤޤ֤¡פ the Fish ǤؽŪˡеܡפȤˤ Pisces Ȥʤޤ͡ҡ#3846. ƻܡ̾θóء ([2019-11-07-1]) ɤߤޤѸǤ̾ΰϡ#3707. 88¡ ([2019-06-21-1]) ꡥ
star ǺΤߤѤƱѸˤ뤳Ȥʬ˲ǽǤʾ夹٤ƤҤäɤߤϡεå
²Ǥϡֵפȡ2פ̩ܤʴطˤޤܸǤסʡʿġˤȤ褦ˡ2Ĥδ֤ɤưɽݤˡ2פؤäƤȤΤǤ뵤ޤǤξԤδطϤϤ뤫ǻ̩ǡäΥ٥ηŪ˸߲ƤΤǤ
ֱѸƳ2021Τر줿ֵϤĤ 2 ġϡλ¤ˤĤӸؤδܺ٤˲⤷ƥĤǤӸؤ츻˴ؿΤɼԤˤȤäơ˳ڤƤȤʤäƤޤ
嵭ƥɤСθäΤʤˡֵפȡ2פǻ̩ʴطФȤǤޤǵ䤬ͯޤʤ²ΰǤѸθäˤϡΤ褦ʴطۤȤɸʤΤǤ礦ƥĤ1ˡΤ褦ˤޤ
ɸŪʱѸˤϥޥΡ2ͳΡֵפ̣ñϻĤäƤʤEnglish Dialect Dictionary Online ˤХΥåեɥ㡼٤Υåץ㡼 tweag/tweagle ֵǡפȤñ줬ĤäƤ롥
ǸΡĤäƤפ˥ҥȤޤƥǤƤȤꡤŤϱѸˤɥĸ¾ΥޥΤ褦 "two" ˤȤŤֵפδϢ줬̤¸ߤΤǤűѸ켭ȡäȼΤ褦ʸФĤ뤳ȤǤޤ
twēo "doubt, ambiguity"
twēogende "doubting"
twēogendlic "doubtful, uncertain"
twēolic "doubtful, ambiguous, equivocal"
twēon "to doubt, hesitate"
twēonian "to doubt, be uncertain, hesitate"
twēonigend, twēoniendlic "doubtful, expressing doubt"
twēonigendlīce "perhaps"
twēonol "doubtful"
twīendlīce "doubtingly"
ΤĤϽѸޤѤƤޤθ塤٤ƻ¾ѤȤʤäƤޤͳϡ1066ǯΥΥޥ;ȤǡȵŪˤƱǤƥե줫μѸˡä֤ƤޤäǤޥŪ "two" 饤åŪ "duo" ء줤äѤñۤȤ櫓Ǥ/t/ /d/ δطˤĤƤˡ§ (grimms_law) ȡˡѸǡֵ2פƤߤȡ
doubt, doubtable, doubtful, doubting, doubtingly, dubiety, dubious, dubitate, dubitation, dubitative, indubitably
ʤɡˤ٤ /d/ ǻϤޤ륤åϼѸǤΤʤ dubious Τ褦ֻ <b> ̤ /b/ ȯ륱ȡdoubt Τ褦 <b> ȯʤʤ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling)ˤߤƤΤѸŪˤϤ⤷Ǥ (cf. #3333. ʤ doubt ֻˤȯʤ b Τ ([2018-06-12-1])ˡ
Τ褦˥ޥϤθűѸñ줬Ѹʹߤ˥åϤμѸ֤줿ȤΤϡѸ˾Ϥդ줿ݤǤΥ⤷ΤϡñȯǤ֤ǤϤʤϢ줬ä֤줿ȤǤŪˤϤؤ̣ݤȹͤƤޤ (cf. #648. űѸθäѸ ([2011-02-04-1])ˡ
ƸѸǤ "two" ǡֵ2פɽ魯ϤۤȤɸʤʤäΤǤǸ1ĤοѤɽȤ be in/of two minds about sb/sth (= to be unable to decide what you think about sb/sth, or whether to do sth or not) Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ礦ʸȤ I was in two minds about the book. (= I didn't know if I liked it or not) ʤɡ
ǯٽΥ٥ȤȤΩ夲ֱѸƳ2021ǤϡѸˤ˴ؤ륳ƥĤåפƤ롥ϱˤֱѸ --- English --- Ȥϡɽ줿ѸΥ롼ĤĸˤΤܤ뤳ȤҲ𤹤롤ޤ˱ѸƳƥĤǤ롥
ܥ֥ˬƤɼԤ¿ˤȤäƤΤȤȻפ뤬Ѹϥޥɤ°1Ǥ롥̤ˤϱѸ줬ƥʥåɤ1ˤޤ줿Ȥä̢䤷ƤΤ¤Ǥ롥ƥ϶ʹߤäषƤȤϤѸȤȴ̾٤ؤäƤꡤƱΤθȤƱѸȴϢˤʤȻפƤ뤫
ѸˤȡѸˤϥƥ줫μѸ줬䤿¿ȤȤʹΤǡξθäˤ϶̤ΤΤ¿ʤ̤Υ롼ĤĤΤȤ¤ϤޤäŪǤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ䤹
ѸϥޥϤθǤȤȤʹȤȡ⤦1̤θ䤹Ѹϥɥĸ줫ޤ줿ȤѸǥɥĸɽ魯 German ȥޥɽ魯 Germanic ƱǤ뤳Ȥ⡤θ֤롥
ܥ֥ɼԤ¿ˤȤäơ嵭Τ褦ʸ̢䤷Ƥ뤳ȤϿʤȤˤʤǤϡΤ褦ʸƤͤĤ顤ɤΤ褦ˤθƤФ褤ΤñʤΤϡ嵭ƥǤ⼨Ƥ줿褦˰ޤ뤳Ȥ
λ礫顤Τ褦ʷޤïκ˴ŤƺäΤʤΤȵռ䤵줿顤ɤФ褤ϼ¤ΤȤؽŪʤΤǤ롥19ӸؼԤƷ (reconstruction) ȤʤʤƺäΤȲ뤳ȤϤǤƷȤϤɤˤ뤫ȤοʵȤʤȡ⤦̤θԤμˤ館ʤγؽѾοǰ˶ᤤΤǤ⤢뤫ǤʤСֱѸΥ롼ĤϡǤʤƢפȤĥΤΤ⡤¸ΩפȤȤˤʤʤͤͤȡä䤤ʤΤ
ֱѸƳ2021ΥڡȤΤˡäƤޤäष˶̣ͯȤϡʲεʤɤɤ
#369. ˤȱƶ ([2010-05-01-1])
#371. ȱƶɬ̤Ǥʤ ([2010-05-03-1])
#862. Ʒϼºߤݤ (1) ([2011-09-06-1])
#863. Ʒϼºߤݤ (2) ([2011-09-07-1])
#2308. Ʒϼºߤݤ (3) ([2015-08-22-1])
#864. Ʒ줿̾ ([2011-09-08-1])
#2120. ƷϵǤ ([2015-02-15-1])
#3146. ˤְŪطפȤϲ (1) ([2017-12-07-1])
#3147. ˤְŪطפȤϲ (2) ([2017-12-08-1])
#3148. ˤְŪطפδñ̤ϸΤ狼 ([2017-12-09-1])
#3149. ʤŪʬहΤ ([2017-12-10-1])
#3020. οҤȤƤӸ (1) ([2017-08-03-1])
#3021. οҤȤƤӸ (2) ([2017-08-04-1])
45˥ȤֱѸƳ2021⡤3ܤޤΥưƤΡ5ޤ³©ĹʤΤǤܥ֥ɼԤγˤĨꤺˤդ礤Τۤɤꤤ夲ޤƥĤΥåĤʤ顤伫Ȥ˥ԥ졼åȤƤޤǯٽȤơʤʤեåǥʥʥץ˥Ǥ
ơǤϡ餷ۤɤ˥ʸȤݤƤߤޤѸ줬ʿ͡ʸʿͤˤϡäǤƼΤƤʤ褦ʸϤȻפޤʤࡤʤʸϡˡܴ褿˱ꥢåפ줿ƥĤֱѸʿͤΤαѸˡꤹ롤Υʸ˴źäͻǤƬ2ĤνФȤڤ褯Ϥ褤Ǥ͡
ְѸȤʤƤ⤤Ķ餷ƤסġĤΤ褦ʺߤĤߤΤäϡѸοʹ֤ʤа٤ȯȤơǯۤäɮԼȤΤ褦ˤܤƤդǤ⤢ä
Ѹοʹ֤פΤϡޤäơƤ벣ʸ¿Ǥ쥬ߥåȡӥƥġĤʤDZѸʤ뤤ϱѸͳѸ˻ȤʤФʤʤΤȡ˥塼ʤɤʤͤùߤʤǤ롥
ɤߤʤ륳ƥĤǤϤʤǤ礦ƤȤƤϡܤDZѸȸäƤ̡ȡ17ɤǥƥȸäƤ̱Ȥ֤֡ĶӤѸˤιƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
ܸˤ륫ʸȥͥɤΥƥѸоȤϡоȸ (contrastive_language_history) δ鶽̣οԤʤơޤǤ̤2ĤΤΤӤ褦ȤݤˤϡǤʤαդ뤳ȤפǤ嵭ƥǤϡտŪξԤζФƶŤƸƤ櫓Ǥܤ뤳Ȥǡζΰյ⤫Ӿ夬餻뤳ȤǤޤʲ2ŦƤޤ礦
1ܡܤDZѸȸäƤ̡Ȥ櫓ֱѸʤƷפǤΤƤ륿פȡ17ɤǥƥȸäƤ̱ȤǤϡƸФפʤۤʤޤֱѸʤƷפطʤˤϡŪ˱ѸФƴפΤǤϤʤȤƥĤǤλŦäƤȻפޤ17ɤν̱ϥƥַפǤΤƤƤϤʤäǤ礦ƥϡäȽʡƴסϤʤȤˤ֥פ˶ᤤΤǤϤʤäǤ礦
ξԤΰ㤤ϡüŪˤСؤФƤ뤫ݤˤޤܤǤϡȤѸ줬ƴפäȤƤ⡤̳ǶŪ˳ؤФȤ̣Ǥϡ¤γؽΡֶϫפåȤˤʤäƤޤعdzؤ֤٤ֲܡפȤʤäƤƤϡʤΤǤϤʤʤϤǤ17ɤǤϡ̱ˤȤäƥƥؽϤεΤΤޤβ֤Ǥꡤ¤γؽΡֶϫפȤ̵ʤˡƴפϽƴȤΤǤ
2ܤϡ17ɤǤϥƥѸ줬 inkhorn_term ȤȽ줿ȤΤϻ¤ǤȽμϡ㤤̡Ǥʤн̱ǤʤХХμͤǤSir John Cheke (1514--57) Τ褦ʥ֥åؤθŵ춵ѸȽƤۤɤʤΤǤξϡɤˤߤƤ⡤ܤαѸ̡ʸ˰֤ĤƤΤȤӤǤʤ褦˻פޤ
2ĤΤΤоȤȤˡŻ뤷ơӡפεˤäƤŻ뤷ơоȡפεˤäƤϡԤ˼Ǥ⤢ꡤäƤޤХȥåǤ⤢ޤˤƤӤˤˡоȤˤ϶դƤȹͻޤ롤ȤȤҤ٤Ƥޤ礦
Ϣϡܥ֥ȤƤϡ#1999. Chuo Online ε֥ʸΩŪ˻ס ([2014-10-17-1])#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) ¾εǰäƤޤȥĥäƤΤǡɤ
ѸΤˡܸŪʡַɤߡסʤֲɤߡסˤȤѸФΤϴۤʰݤͿ뤫⤷ʤ¤ϱѸˤⲻζ̤롥Τ褦ƤʤǡݤȤƤ̤¸ߤΤɽΤ褦 No. 1 ȤɽѸ "number one" ɤ߲ΤϡäȤɤߤǤ롥
ʤˡ⤽ʤ "number one" No. 1 ɽΤ¿οͤԻĤ˻פѤʵˤĤƤϡֱѸƳ2021κΥƥNumber ά줬 nu.ǤϤʤ no.Ǥͳ˾ܤΤǡˬܥ֥Ǥ#750. number ξάɽʤ no. ˤʤ뤫 ([2011-05-17-1]) #4185. ʤ number ξάɽ no. ȤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-11-1]) Ǽ夲ƤΤǡǧƤ
ơ嵭ΥƥꡤNo. 1 Ȥɽƥåʷ numerō ξάɽͳ褹뤳ȤǧǤȤȻפѸˤȤäƳǤƥδŪɽѸ˻ۤ줿Ȥ̣ǡNo. 1 ϸǤȤƤϴˤ褽ԤǤ롥ΰ̣äƼǤѸ˰Ĥ"number one" ɤ߲ƤΤ顤ɤߤϡַɤߡפȤȤˤʤ롥
ϡֺסֺספȤʳǤʣˤΤޤܸɽˤѤʤ⡤줾֤Τס֤礦ס֤פܸ˰Ĥɤ߲ΤƱǤ롥ܸǤϤɽФƥեޥʻѰǡ֤ġס֤ˤס֤ߤ礦ˤפȤɤߤԤʤ뤬ѸǤ No. 1 ƥФ "numero unus" ʤɤȡֲɤߡפ뤳ȤϷ褷ƤʤˤƤϱӤΩʤȤǧƤ
Ūˤ No. 1 "number one" ɤΤϡפ֤פɤΤƱȤǤꡤפˡַɤߡפʤΤǤ롥λ¤ʸδߤСNo. 1 ⡤ǤɽʸǤϤʤɽʸȤơĤޤΤ褦ʤΤȤƵǽƤ롤ȸФ褤β˴줿ܸѼԤˤȤäơNo. 1 Ϥޤää٤ǤϤʤΤǤ롥
Ϣơ#1042. Ѹˤ벻ɤߤȷɤߡ ([2012-03-04-1]) ⻲ȡ
ɸϡޤᡤƬ𤷤Ƥñ췲ǤֻϤ䤳Ƥ뤷γˤȯƱäۤʤäƤꤹ롥̣Ƥ褦ʡǤʤ褦ʡñϳؽǼ¤˺ޤΤ䤳ϸ츻̤äƤ⤿ƲäʤΤǤǯ٤αѸƳڡȤȤ⤢ꡤŪˤߤƤߤȻפޤcf. #4357. ǯ٤αѸƳڡϤޤ ([2021-04-01-1])ˡ
ޤϡäȤ꤬ʤǡΤʤƤ褤٥ñǤ dissert v. /dɪˈsəːt/ Ԥޤ礦פ̣ưǡǤϡԸդȤΥ졼٥뤬ŽƤޤñΤ褦ֻ <s> ʣˤϡ§Ȥ̵ /s/ Ȥʤޤʤʲ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ㳰ޤˡư줫̾ dissertation ֳؽʸäʸˡפΤäƤƤ褤ñǤ͡
츻ȤƤϡƥǡפ̣ư dissertāre ̤ޤդƬ dis- ˡ촴 serere ʸդĤʤʸˤȿĤʤΤǡ֤äդĤʤ碌פۤɤǤcf. Ʊ촴 series ˡ
ˡ֥ǥȡפ̣ dessert /dɪˈzəːt/߿̾Ȼפޤ<ss> ֻǤ嵭®㳰ǡͭ /z/ ȯޤñϡեư desservir ʶդˤβʬͳ褷ޤĤޤ줿˽ФΡޤˡֿΥǥȡפʤ櫓ǤեνƬ des- servir ʱѸˤ serve ȤֿФפΰաˤȤʤΤǡǼǤ
˼˿ʤߤޤ֥ǥȡפ dessert ȤޤäƱȯʤ⡤<s> 1Ĥ desert ʤñ줬ޤʣʻ뤿ˡʲǤϡΰۤʤ desert 1 desert 2 2̤Ƥޤǽ desert 1 äޤ礦desert 1 ϡּΤƤ롤פ̣ưǤʸȤơShe was deserted by her husband. פ˼ΤƤ줿ˤƤޤưθ츻ϥե déserter ǡ̤ȥƥ dēserere ȿ˹Ԥ夭ޤ캬 serere ʤΤǡҤ dissert Ȥⶦ̤ǤñˤĤƤƬ dis- ǤϤʤ de- ǤĤʤ (serere) Ȥߤ (de) ȤȯۤǡּΤƤ롤ΤƤפȤ櫓Ǥ
ơư desert 1 Τޤޤη֤Ƿƻ첽̾첽ΤּΤƤ줿ϡˡפȤƤΡֺפǤѸǤ̾ư (diatone) ηˤꡤֺפȤƤ desert ȯϡ1˰ܤä /ˈdɛzət/ ȤʤΤդǤ
desert 2 /dɪˈzəːt/ ˰ܤޤ礦̾ǡ٤ȳפ̣ޤ嵭ΤޤǤθȤϤޤäۤʤʷϵǤ̸츻 deserve /dɪˈzəːv/ ?ͤˤȤưβʬͳ褹̾ǤΤȤͤ٤ʪ줬ȳȤȤǤθ deserve ʤưϥե deservir μѤǡ켫Ȥϥƥ dēservīre ̤ޤƬ dē- ϶ա촴 servīre ϡֻŤפΰ̣ǡԤϸ serve ȤƱѸ˼ޤޤ?˻Ť뤳ȤǤۤɤע?ͤפȤạ̈ȯŸȹͤޤ
ơ𤷤䤹ñ췲θ츻̤뤳Ȥǡäƺ𤷤⤷ޤʰ餺ˡʤǸ˼夲ư deserve ϡʤʤȤưǤ⤢ޤThe report deserves careful consideration., He deserves to be locked up for ever for what he did., Several other points deserve mentioning. ʤɼʸΥꥨ˭٤Ǥ̣ŪʴõäƤ⤪⤷ưȻפޤ̣Ūʴ顤ֱѸƳ2021ˤرˤ륳ƥ"You deserve it." ȡּȼסɽޤ⤴ɤ
Samuel Johnson μ A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ˤϡ̾άȤơ߸Ƥ n. ǤϤʤ n.s. ѤƤ롥̾ stone ιܤƬߤƤߤ褦

Ф³ơåΤ n. ʃ. 롥ξʸ <s> Ϥ long <s> ȸƤФΤǡߤΤΤȰۤʤΤաlong <s> ˤĤƤϡ#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#2997. 1800ǯ˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹνդ˵ڤܤƶ ([2019-11-30-1])#3875. Ǥ19ޤǤĤäƤ long <s> ([2019-12-06-1]) ʤɤȡ
n.s. ϡŪ̾ؤ noun substantive ξάǤ롥ߤδФϤषĹ̾Τ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤƥʸˡѸ츯餹ƥʸˡǤϡʤˤޤࡤʤ̾ȷƻҤä "noun" ȤߤʤƤˤʤä̾ȷƻʪȤ븫ޤ졤Ԥ "noun substantive"Ԥ "noun adjective" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤäޤ "noun" ޤޤƤǤϡѤǤȤ⤤롥Dixon (97) ϢѤ褦
Early Latin grammars used the term 'noun' for all words which inflect for case. At a later stage, this class was divided into two: 'noun substantive' (for words referring to substance) and 'noun adjective' (for those relating to quality). Johnson had shortened the latter to just 'adjective' but retained 'noun substantive', hence his abbreviation n.s.
Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤƻΤۤ n.a. ǤϤʤ adj. ȤƤΤǡӤƤʤȤФ̤ƻ stone ιܤߤƤߤ褦

ʤߤˡˤư to stone θФ⸫뤬ʻά v.a. ϡverb active ɽ魯Ǥ¾ư (transitive verb) ƤǤΤǤ롥ư (intransitive verb) ϡv.n. (= verb neuter) ä
ʸˡѸŪˤĤƤϡ#1257. ʤгʡפ "accusative case" ʤΤ ([2012-10-05-1])#1258. ʤ¾ưפ "transitive verb" ʤΤ ([2012-10-06-1])#1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1])#3307. ʸˡѸȤƤ participle ʬס ([2018-05-17-1])#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) ([2020-03-23-1])#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1])#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) ([2020-03-25-1])#4317. ʤֳʡפ "case" ʤΤ ([2021-02-20-1]) ʤɤȡ
Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
ϢεǡѸ˾κǽαѱѼȤμդˤĤ Dixon ˵ʤͻƤ (cf. #4324. ǽαѱѼ Coote The English Schoole-maister? ([2021-02-27-1])#4325. ǽαѱѼؤȤĤʤ Coote ΰյ ([2021-02-28-1])#4326. ǽαѱѼΥ饤 Coote -- Cawdrey -- Bullokar ([2021-03-01-1])) ѱѼϴ饤Ȥ Mulcaster -- Coote -- Cawdrey -- Bullokar Ȥɤ뤳ȤǤȼƤMulcaster ˤˤդʧɬפ롥Mulcaster Ȱʸ⡤ŪˤϢ³ΤƤ뤫
άŪ˽Ҥ٤СΤ Mulcaster bilingual ѼλǤꡤʸ monolingual ʱѱѼλǤΤǡ츫 Mulcaster ˼Ū褦˸뤫⤷ʤԤ monolingual ʱѱѼȤϾΤƤΤΡ֤ȤƤϡ켭פǤꡤФϥƥ줫μѸ줬Ū¿äȤοǤ롥Ĥޤꡤƥη֤ΤΤǤϤʤȤ⾯Ѹ첽٤Ρ֤ʤäƥƥñפФΩƤƤ櫓ǤꡤCoote -- Cawdrey -- Bullokar 饤 monolingual ϡ֤ȤƤ "1.5-lingual" ȤǤ⤤٤ΤäΤĤޤꡤMulcaster ʸαѱѼή⡤ѼηϢʤȤȤǤ롥
Dixon (42) ˽15--16Ѽηñ˼褯ΤƤΤϡ1430ǯդʬŪʼǤĤäƤ Hortus Vocabulorum Ǥ롥1500ǯ˽Ǥ졤27,000Υƥñ줬̣̤˷ǺܤƤ롥弭ˤĤƤϡ1440ǯμǤΤƤ Promptorium Parvalorum sive Clericum 1499ǯ˽Ǥ졤ʸ1528ǯޤDz뤳ȤȤʤä
16Ⱦ¸ߴѼϡThe Dictionary of Sir Thomas Elyot knight (1538) Ǥʥȥ뤬ѸǤ뤳աˡԤ Hortus Vocabulorum αƶۤȤɼƤ餺ष Ambrogio Calepino 弭١ˤƤ (Dixon 43) ȾФ1565ǯ Bishop Thomas Cooper ˤѼ Thesaurus Linguae Romanae & Britannicae ǤӤȾ1587ǯ Thomas Thomas ˤǤ줿Ѽ Dictionarium Linguae Latinae et Anglicanae ˤϰ̤åƤȤˤʤäơ Thomas Thomas ѼMulcaster Coote -- Cawdrey -- Bullokar 饤αѱѼ --- ʤѸ˾αѱѼ --- θäȤ¤ŦƤ (Dixon 48)
Ϣơ#3544. Ѹ켭ˤάǯɽ ([2019-01-09-1])#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1])#604. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (2) ([2010-12-22-1]) ȡ
Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.
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