[2011-06-28-1]εshe --- Ǥ٤ι⤤츻Ծܤθפǿ줿̤ꡤѸɸŪ3;νñ̾εޤƤ롥[2011-06-29-1]εshe --- 奤ˤ۷ʬۡפǸ褦ˡǤ⥤Ǥ͡ʷ֤ѤƤ뤬she ϤΤ褦ʰ۷1Ĥˤʤä⤽ she ʤ뤤ϽǤ scæ ˤ۷ȤƸ줿аޤԾܤʤΤǤ롥
she εˤϿ⤬ƤƤ롥פʤΤޤȤ褦
(1) űѸλؼ̾ se [2009-09-28-1]εˤѥȡˤνñʷ sēo 뤤 sīo ȡ;̾[2009-09-29-1]εˤѥȡˤνñʷ hēo (blend) Ȥ⡥
(2) Ҥ sēo ΰưˤ siō Фơshō ȯŸ
(3) wæs hēo ʤ -s ǽư֤줿ȤˡϢ (sandhi) ơsēo ȤʤäȤ ("sandhi-theory") 뤤ϡhēo ˤϡưĸƬ h æ yo Ȥ۷ǧ뤳Ȥ顤 wæs yo ľ sjo ˤ sho Ȥͤ⤢롥
(4) hēo ζư [hjoː] > [çoː] > [ʃoː] ȲѲȤ ("Shetland-theory") Ѳ˳ǧ롥
(5) ťΥɸλؼ̾ν sú, sjá Ѥ졤;̾ȤѤ줿Ȥ⡥ʤȤ̤ˡ (2) ζΰư˸ťΥɸαƶäΤǤϤʤȤ⤢롥
(2), (3), (4) ϽϤ줿첻 ē ǤϤʤ ō Ǥ뤳Ȥդ she ˶ᤤ֤˻ˤϡ첻꤬ĤäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥첻ˤϡ2ĤβƤФƤ롥1Ĥϡ̾ hē 2;ʣ̾ ȝē ˴Ťˤꡤ첻 ē ˤäִ줿ȤΤǤ (cf. [2009-12-25-1], [2011-07-06-1]) ⤦1ĤϡűѸνñʷ hēo ǤϤʤñгʷ hīe ˴ŤƸɸȯãȤǤ롥
첻βΤߤʤ餺Ҳβ [ʃ] ȯŸаޤ⤦Ĥ礭Ǥ롥(2), (4) Τ褦ˡβѲȤȯãȤ⡤(3) Τ褦 sandhi Ȥ⡤뤤 [ç] ޤǤϲѲȤȯŸ /ç/ βǤȤƤϰ̤ŪǤ뤿˺Ǥᤤ /ʃ/ ִ줿ȤʤɤƤ롥
첻ȻҲξɬ⼫ǤϤʤɬפȤȤˡshe 롥餯ϡŪ1ĤϤʤΤƼѲִ䡤ʤɤˤޤ졤Τʤ she ΤȤȤʤ֤ǽŪ줿ȤȤǤϤʤ
ʾεҤˤϡOED, رѸ츻ŵ١Bennett and Smithers (xxxvi--xxxviii), Clark (lxvi--lxvii) Ȥ
߷ ˧ͺ (Խ紴)رѸ츻ŵ١ҡ1997ǯ
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Clark, Cecily, ed. The Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154. London: OUP, 1958.
[2011-01-17-1] blend פˤݤ˾줿 contamination פ롥ξԤϰռŪݤȤ̤뤳Ȥ뤬ä˶̤ƱͤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥̾ϸβȤª뤬[2011-01-17-1]εǿ줿褦˹ʸΥ٥ǤǤⵯꤦ롥㤨СεǤϡ"Why did you do that for?" "different than"
Graddol ˹ʸ contamination ˽вäֻϰѼԡˡ
English is remarkable for its diversity, its propensity to change and be changed. This has resulted in both a variety of forms of English, but also a diversity of cultural contexts within which English is used in daily life. (5)
Ǥϡboth . . . and . . . not only . . . but also . . . ιʸƤ롥BNCweb 긡 "both +** but also" õƤߤȡ6ۤɤĤäֻϰѼԡˡ
- Ion Pacepa, Ceausescu's chief intelligence officer who defected in 1978, takes particular pleasure in his memoirs in exposing Stefan Andrei as both corrupt but also as well aware of the absurdity of the Ceausescus' pretensions, especially Elena's academic titles.
- Their economy and population were both suffering, but also they were becoming wary of the Dzhungars' increasing strength.
- In fitting statistical models to study relationships, it is important to take account of such hierarchies, both for technical reasons but also because influential factors can be present at any or all levels of aggregation.
- The changes that have been introduced into South Africa [pause] forced upon the white minority government by both international pressure but also by the magnificent work at the A N C in Cosatu [pause] must be supported as well but we cannot treat South Africa as anything but a pariah [pause] a, a, a national pariah [pause] until we see one person one vote, and a black majority government in South Africa.
- 'Committees' means both actual committees but also individuals or organisers listed as committees.
- I mean that can be both pleasurable, but also make somebody feel uncomfortable.
contamination ϡŪˤüԤȯû2ĤδϢʸκȤƲᤵ뤬줬ƱΤ˹äƤ٤ǧ٤ȡʸȤΩ夹뤳Ȥ롥Τ褦ʾˤϡcontamination ̻Ūʴ饢ץ뤳ȤǤʲϸѸ˸빽ʸ contamination 餬ĺ˸졤ߤޤǤˤɤ٤ǧ٤ƤȤϡѸˤǤ롥
(1) these kinds of things: these things this kind of things κ
(2) different than: different from other than κ
(3) different to: different from opposed to κsimilar to ȤȤͤ롥
(4) cannot help but do: cannot help doing cannot but do κ
(5) It is no good for us complaining about it.: It is no good for us to complain about it. It is no good we complaining about it. κ
(6) no sooner . . . when: no sooner . . . than scarcely . . . when κ
(7) I am friends with him.: I am friendly with him. He and I are friends. κ
(8) a man whom she thought was a murderer: a man who she thought was a murderer a man whom she thought to be a murderer κ
(9) the cleverest of all the other boys: cleverer than the other boys the cleverest of all the boys κ
Ĵ٤ƤߤȤȤ褦(9) Τ褦Ͼʤʤ褦ǡж (127) ϼΤ褦˥ȤƤ롥ȤƤ⤷
Sunday's action was the most brilliant and fruitful of any fought up to that date by the fighters of the Royal Air Force. [the most . . . of (all) + (more . . . than) any]---W. Churchill / This is the greatest error of all the rest. [the greatest . . . of (all) + (a greater . . . than) all the rest]---Sh., Mids. N. D. v. i. 250. ǸΤ褦ˡǾ˽̣̾ϤޤޤʤϤΡ֤¾פ礵ɽȤǾ (Inclusive superlative) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥϶αѸˤȤɤ롥
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ε[2011-02-02-1]ǡbillion ʾñ̤ɽ魯ͤѸȸʥꥹѸδ֤ǿäƤꡤѤˤդפ뤳ȤˤĤƽҤ٤billion ˤĤǤˡmillion ʾ礭ñ̤αѸɽˤĤɽǤޤȤƤߤ
million -on ϥե缭 ( augmentative ) ǡ礭 mille ˡפΰդǤ ( see [2009-08-30-1] ) 礭ñ̤Ǥϡmillion -(i)llion ڤФ졤˥ƥοƬ֤ȤˤʤäƤ롥-(i)llion ŪʷǤȤڤФ줿Ȳ᤹ΤǤϤʤbi- + million 줿blend ֺפǤȤ⤢ꤦ ( see [2011-01-18-1] )
| AmE and BrE | old-fashioned BrE | ܸ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| million | 106 | million | ɴ |
| billion | 109 | milliard | ?????? |
| trillion | 1012 | billion | |
| quadrillion | 1015 | ?????? | |
| quintillion | 1018 | trillion | ɴ |
| sextillion | 1021 | ?????? | |
| septillion | 1024 | quadrillion | |
| octillion | 1027 | ||
| nonillion | 1030 | quintillion | ɴ |
| decillion | 1033 | ||
| undecillion | 1036 | sextillion | |
| duodecillion | 1039 | ||
| tredecillion | 1042 | septillion | ɴ |
| quattuordecillion | 1045 | ||
| quindecillion | 1048 | octillion | |
| sexdecillion | 1051 | ||
| septendecillion | 1054 | nonillion | ɴϺ |
| octodecillion | 1057 | ε | |
| novemdecillion | 1060 | decillion | ͳ¾ |
| vigintillion | 1063 | ͳ¾ | |
| 1069 | undecillion | ̵ | |
| 1072 | duodecillion | ||
| 1078 | tredecillion | ||
| 1084 | quattuordecillion | ||
| 1090 | quindecillion | ||
| 1096 | sexdecillion | ||
| 10102 | septendecillion | ||
| 10108 | octodecillion | ||
| 10114 | novemdecillion | ||
| 10120 | vigintillion | ||
| centillion | 10303 | ||
| 10600 | centillion |
ε[2011-01-17-1] blending ֺסblend ֺסportmanteau word ֤ФפȤäѸҲ𤷤ϱѸˤ blending ̻ŪˤĤƳ⤷Ĥġblend
Ѹˤϡ餫ϤۤȤɤʤChaucer nifle ( nihil + trifle ) "trifle" ȤƵ뤳Ȥ뤬MED θ츻ˤ Anglo-French μѸȤѸʹߤϾĺ줬Ϥᡤ2ΰ̣Ȥεǽ˲äơΡ顦Фʤɤθ̤äΤФƤ롥foolosopher ( fool + philosopher ), balloonacy ( balloon + lunacy ) ʤɤǤ롥Lewis Carroll (1832--98) Ϻεǵ slithy, mimsy Τۤˤ chortle ( chuckle + snort ) galumph ( gallop + triumphant ) ʤɤ߽ФƤꡤޤ portmanteau word ߤοƤȤ롥
ΰ̣ȯΤ20äƤǤ롥ʸʳؤʤɼҲΤ¦̤Ǿ̤ȯŪäȼäơäμפʤ¿ξͤ "densification" Ĭή ( see [2011-01-12-1] ) ˹פ륹ޡȤʸ1ĤäΤǤ롥
嵭ηаޤǡѸˤϤ¿κ줬¸ߤ롥ˤȤޤʤι⤵ȳѤιĤिˡƤߤ褦
| blend | 1st element | 2nd element |
|---|---|---|
| avionics | aviation | electronics |
| brunch | breakfast | lunch |
| docudrama | documentary | drama |
| Ebonics | Ebony | phonics |
| edutainment | education | entertainment |
| electret | electricity | magnet |
| electrocute | electro | execute |
| Eurovision | Euro- | television |
| flush | flash | blush |
| Franglais | Français | Anglais |
| infomercial | information | commercial |
| liger | lion | tiger |
| motel | motor | hotel |
| Oxbridge | Oxford | Cambridge |
| Paralympics | parallel | Olympics |
| podcast | pod | broadcast |
| simulcast | simultaneous | broadcast |
| Singlish | Singapore | English |
| smog | smoke | fog |
| telethon | telephone | marathon |
blend פ blending פȤˤäƺǤ롥Ǥͭ̾ʺ1Ĥ brunch breakfast + lunch ĤŤΤǡ21˰̤ΤǤ롥ʣΤΤ1Ĥʪ˵ͤ।ǡФ ( portmanteau word ) ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ¿ portmanteau OADL8 ˤ "consisting of a number of different items that are combined into a single thing" ˡ
portmanteau word ȤɽϡLewis Carroll Through the Looking-Glass (1872) 6Ϥ Alice Humpty Dumpty 路Ƥäޤ줿ɽǤ롥Alice ϡιԻĤʻ "JABBERWOCKY" κǽ1 Humpty Dumpty ˼
'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
Ф Humpty Dumpty ⤷Ƥ椯Τ1ܤ slithy ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
'Well, "slithy" means "lithe and slimy." "Lithe" is the same as "active." You see it's like a portmanteau --- there are two meanings packed up into one word.'
Ʊͤ3ܤ mimsy ˤĤƤ⡤"flimsy and miserable" portmanteau word ȤäƤ롥
Ѹ餷 blending ȤƾΤˤĤƤϡOED ˤȽ Henry Sweet "New English Grammar" (1892) ˸롥
Grammatical and logical anomalies often arise through the blending of two different constructions.
̾ blending Ȥ2ˤռŪ¤ؤ2ΰ̣Ʊ۵ˤä̵ռκ˴Ť needcessity ( need + necessity ) Τ褦ޤߤ롥Ԥ contamination ֺƱפȤƶ̤뤳Ȥ⤢롥
blending ϸΰȤƹΤƤ뤿ˤαǤޤΤƤʤʸˡŪʡֺפθݤ⤢롥"Why did you do that?" "What did you do that for?" "Why did you do that for?" ʤɽɽФꡤ"different from" "other than" 鿷 "different than" ꤹǤ롥ܸΡֲгڤפȡڤäȤפơֲгڤäȤפȤʤΤƱͤǤ롥
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