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ѸˤեüѤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#117. եѸǯʬۡ ([2009-08-22-1])#1210. ѸΥեѸΰ ([2012-08-19-1]) ۤ french loan_word γƵ͡˰äƤե줫ζư (phrasal_verb) μѡΤˤ (loan_translation or calque) ˤĤƤϤޤ夲ƤʤäΤǡˤ
եζưϤȤʣ줫ʤƼɽʤ餺ѸѤƤȤˤĤƤϡԸǤƤ㤨СIglesias-Rábade λȤ F. H. Sykes (French Elements in Middle English. Oxford: 1899.) A. A. Prins (French Influence in English Phrasing. Leiden: 1952.) ˤС623ۤɤζ礬եͳȿǤȤƤ (ex. take lond (< OF prendre terre (disembark))) ¾ŪʸϾʤ˥եɽΤʤʤΤɤ¤ϱѸˤ뼫ȯãȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǽǤϤʤʤɵ䤨ʤ
ǡIglesias-Rábade nime(n)/take(n) ѤưɽŪʤꡤư줬 "light verb" 뤤 "operator" ȤƺѤθư̾줢뤤ֻư̾ȼʸ MED 꽦ФǡΥեбɽ뤫ɤǧ¾ŪʸʤäоݤȤʤ2Ĥιʸ̩ȡʲ̤Ǥ롥
(1) Verbal phrases made of a 'light' V(erb) + deverbal noun: e.g. take(n) ende, take(n) dai, nime(n) air
(2) The 'light' verb nime(n)/take(n) + a 'prepositional' deverbal: e.g. take(n) in gree, take(n) to herte, take(n) in cure
(1) ηˤĤƤϡ306ζ礬졤Τ49Ĥե줫ΰ̣ѤǤꡤ156Ĥե˻ɽߤĤȤΤǤȤ (Iglesias-Rábade 96) (1) ηˤĤƤϡΤϸűѸ줫餢ΤΡե¿ζˤäƱѸǤμѤȤϤȤƤ (99)
. . . this syntactic pattern acquired great popularity in lME with extensive use and a varied typology. I do not claim that this construction is a French imprint, because it occurred in OE, but in my opinion French contributed decisively to the use of this type of structure consisting of a light verb translated from French + a deverbal element which bears the action and the lexical meaning and which usually kept the French form and content.
(2) ηˤĤƤϡIglesias-Rábade (99) ϡΤζаŪ˸űѸ̤Ȥϸˤͥեʤ뤤ϥƥˤѤȹͤΤȤƤ롥
This pattern, too, dates from OE, though it was restricted to the verb niman + an object preceded by on, e.g. on gemynd niman ('to bear in mind'). However, this construction came to be much more frequent in lME, particularly with sequences which had no prototype in OE, and, more intriguingly, most of them were a calque in both form and content from French and/or Latin.
̣ΤϡηˤĤƤ⡤νФ14Ⱦ15ˤƥԡޤȤȤñΤΥեѸŪʥԡ14Ⱦ褿ȤͤȡξμѤΥԡɤƤ褦˸롥ºݡ˴ޤޤ̾ϼѸǤ뤳Ȥ¿Iglesias-Rábade (104) ϡ̲ "It seems plausible that the introduction of foreign single words precedes the incorporation of foreign phrases, turns of speech, proverbial sayings and idioms." ȤȤ館Ƥ롥
ζ礬ѸäƤϩˤĤơIglesias-Rábade ϡʩ2ѼԤäդˤƤ⤿餷ȤϡʸˤƽФ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ顤ȤƽշͳήȹͤƤ (100)Ȥơp. 104 ǤϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
To conclude, I believe that English had borrowed from French an important bulk of phrases and turns of speech which today are considered to be part of daily speech. In my opinion phrasal structures of this type must have been rather artificial and removed from everyday speech when they first appeared in late ME works. I base this conclusion on the fact that such phrases were not common in a contemporary specimen of colloquial speech, the Towneley Plays . . . . I thus suggest that most of them made their way into English via literature and the translation process, rather than through the natural process of social bilingual speech. It is worth noting that most ME literature is based on French patterns or French matter. Most of this phrasal borrowing was the natural product of translation and composition.
Iglesias-Rábade εơΥեζ礬դͳѤäȤơεϡ줬äդؿƩƤäΤϡʤ𤬤äƤΤȤ
Ϣơ#2349. Ѹ˥եѸ줬ȯΤϤʤ (2) ([2015-10-02-1]) ȡĥäε⻲ȡ
Iglesias-Rábade, Luis. "French Phrasal Power in Late Middle English." Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Ed. D. A. Trotter. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000. 93--130.
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