hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 / page 3 (3)

bnc - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2010-09-18 Sat

#509. Dracula ˸ whilst (2) [corpus][lob][brown][bnc][oanc][coca][lmode][conjunction]

ε[2010-09-17-1]³ԡDracula ˸ƱΩɽ³3۷ while, whilst, whiles ٤20ȾʹߤαѼˤ٤٤뤳Ȥˤäơ60?110ǯ餤δ֤˵äѲΰüָѤѥϰʲ̤ꡥ

(1) Dracula ( Gutenberg ǥƥ ): 1897ǯꥹѸ졥
(2) LOB Corpus ( see also [2010-06-29-1] ): 1961ǯꥹѸ졥
(3) BNC ( The British National Corpus ): late twentieth centuryꥹѸ졥
(4) Brown Corpus ( see also [2010-06-29-1] ): 1961ǯꥫѸ졥
(5) OANC (Open American National Corpus): 1990ǯʹߡꥫѸ졥
(6) Corpus of Contemporary American English (BYU-COCA): 1990--2010ǯꥫѸ졥

ƥѥˤ³ȤƤ while, whilst, whiles ٿ3Դ֤Ψϰʲ̤ꡥ

 whilewhilstwhiles
(1) Dracula14 (12.61%)95 (85.59%)2 (1.80%)
(2) LOB517 (88.68%)66 (11.32%)0 (0.00%)
(3) BNC48,761 (89.41%)5,773 (10.59%)0 (0.00%)
(4) Brown592 (100.00%)0 (0.00%)0 (0.00%)
(5) OANC7,893 (100.00%)0 (0.00%)0 (0.00%)
(6) COCA246,207 (99.82%)447 (0.18%)0 (0.00%)


Dracula whilst Ψ۾˹⤤ϤƱΥꥹѸʸħʤΤɽįȡ20Ⱦ˥ꥹѸ whilst 㸺ƱȾʹߤ10%٤ǰꤷɤ롥ꥫѸǤ20ȾǤ whilst Ϥ̵ۤˤʤʤwhiles ˻äƤϡؿȯüǤä Dracula Ǥ2Τߡ¾ȤƤ1㤢äˤǡȤϤɤõƤ⸫Ĥʤä⡤ Dracula 2ȤΤϤ¤ζѸäͰ Van Helsing θȯƤΤǡƱ奤ꥹѸǤɤ spontaneous form Ǥäʬʤ
ĴϤȤηŪĴǤϤʤζ̤ȤʸΤռƤʤӤδֳ֤Ϥޤǽʥѥ˰¸ˤʤѼǤӤȤΤפĤǤ롥̣䤤ޤ줿ΤǡĴ򤷤Ƥߤ

Dracula Ʊ¾ΥꥹʸǤϳư۷٤ϤɤʤΤ
20Ⱦ whilst 㸺褦˸ΤʤΤȤ餽طʤ˲Τ
ꥫѸΤŤʳǤ whilst Ϥä٤⤫äȹͤƤ褤Τ
whiles Ϥĺޤ̤˸줿Τ뤤Ϥ⤽̤˸֤ǤϤʤäΤ
the while the whilst ʤɤʣˤĤƤ٤ϤɤäΤ

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2010-08-22 Sun

#482. oxes νи [plural][coca][bnc][ame]

Ѹ˻ĤοʤԵ§ʣ1Ĥ ox ͺפʣ oxen 롥ɸѼǤϡűѸμѲ̾ľܤͳ褹ͣʣǤ롥ȤǶᥢꥫѸ oxes ϤƤ롥ѤȤƤǤϤʤإ˥缭ŵ٤ˤ ox θ2ȤƼΤ褦ˤꡤθǤʣˤ oxes ⤢ꤦȤ

2 Τ褦(϶), 󤰤ꤷ, Τޤο // a dumb ox ((ά))(ΤǤ)Τ.


OED ˤȤŪʰ̣16餢롥ߤǤϥꥫѸǤ ox ϤθʳˤϤޤѤʤ褦ǤϤȤȤǡBritish National Corpus (BYU-BNC) Corpus of Contemporary American English (BYU-COCA) Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
BNC Ǥ oxes 2ҥåȤ뤬 ox Ե§ʣ̾ȶǶƤȤʸ̮ oxes ѤȤƾҲ𤷤ƤʤΤǡ¾奼ȹͤƤ褤
COCA ǤϴͿ㤬6㤢ääդ˥塼ѸǡŪʸ̮ˤƻȤƤꡤgore ֡ʳѤǡͤɤĤפȤưоݤȤѤƤ롥㤨СʲΤȤǤ롥

Now our oxes are being gored more directly, not with malice, but out of some perverse ego game.


The establishment, we are sometimes -- you knows, in some cases, convenient oxes to gore. But I think there's no question they represent an important political constituency in the country.


gore (one's) ox Ȥǥϡ¯ "to goad or intentionally try to piss someone off" ͤäĤƤ롤餻򤹤פȤ̣ɽꥫѸͭΤ褦Ǥ롥 ox ϥǥΰȤѤƤꡤäˡ֤ΤפȤ̣ǤϤʤʥǥΰ̣ˤĤƤ 򻲾ȡΥǥʣ oxes Ǥʤ oxen ѤƤ㤬4㤢뤳Ȥ顤ɽŪʣ oxes νи˲̤Ƥ򵿤ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ϡưʪȤƤǤʤԥ塼ޥʣȤƤ mouses 䡤ФȤƤǤʤƥʤʣ antennas ʤɡŪȯỴ̈˵§Ūʣ -s ղäΤ븽ݤgore (one's) ox ox ϸΡͺפΥ᡼󤶤äƤꡤ줬 oxes Ȥ֤뤳ȤǽˤƤΤǤϤʤΤȤͺפΰ̣ʣȤ oxes ƤȤڵϡʸѰʳˤϡˤʤ褦

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2010-08-16 Mon

#476. That's gorgeous! [bnc][corpus][bre][semantic_change][etymology][gender_difference]

ե奢Ȥμ¶ʤɤǽơ Gorgeous! ȴòΤʹȤ롥ޤꥹαˤޤ֤˷ä̼ȱؤơäˤʤäƤꥹͽ Gorgeous! ȸˤƤΤФƤ롥֥㥹פܸˤѤƤֲʡڤʡפȤ̣夷Ƥ뤬ܸǤϾ޻ɽ魯ӤȤƤѤʤȻפΤǡ嵭αѸɽʹˡ㤦ΤʤȵŤOALD7 ˤȡƻ gorgeous 1ϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ߤǤϡŨʡפθפʻȤˤʤäƤ褦

1. (informal) very beautiful and attractive; giving pleasure and enjoyment

  
ƻ gorgeous ϥե󥹸 gorgias "fine, elegant" μѤǡˤȸ촴 gorge "bosom, throat" Ǥ뤳Ȥ "ruff for the neck" ּΤˤդ路ҤߡפȴϢŤΤǤϤʤȤƤ롥̤ǤϥꥷνȤʤ򹥤Ȥ Gorgias (c483--376BC) ͳ褹Ȥ⤵졤θ츻Ͼܤ餫ǤʤOED ˤȤθ15꤫ѤƤֲʡڤʡפȤܤä޻ɽ魯ɽȤƤˡ19Ⱦ鸽ФɽȤƤˡ̲Τ20äƤǤꡤȤ櫓ݥԥ顼ˤʤäΤ20Ⱦ21ˤƤΤȤǤϤʤȵ롥
ͤ뺬1Ĥϡ20Ⱦμ򤤤Ĵ٤櫓ǤϤʤ㤨 Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828) Ĵ٤¤ꡤgorgeous Υȥ꡼˸ŪɽбͿƤʤ
⤦1ĤκϡBNCWeb gorgeous ٤פäƤߤ̤Ǥ롥Ḥ̤̂Фޤ餫ʤΤϡ"informal" Ȥ졼٥뤫ͽۤȤꡤθϽ񤭸դäդ٤˹⤤ȤǤ롥100νи٤ϡ񤭸դ4.8Фäդ17.39Ǥ롥äդ˸ꤷʬۤĴ٤Ȥä˲ʸ٤ι⤤Ȥʬä
ơ⤪⤷ΤϻѼԤ̤ǯʬۤǤ롥gorgeous 100桤ˤ8.89󤷤ѤƤʤˤ34.64ȤƤ롥ʣα¼񡤱ѱѼ٤ơּ˽졦άפȤƥ졼٥뤬ŽƤΤϡإ˥缭ŵ٤äۤ˽餫Ǥ¾μǤֽפΥ졼٥뤬ߤȤޤѼԤǯȤƤ24аʲŪǤ롥BNC ɽ20ȾΥꥹѸäդ˴ؤ¤ꡤgorgeous ϼǯؤνˤȤ櫓ݥԥ顼ɽȤȤʬ롥̤ˤϤޤꤳθѤʤ⡤ǯؤ˸¤äƤϻ٤Ū⤤Ȥ̤ФΤȤơgorgeous λѤϤ1?2δ֤˻Ѥ礷Ƥȹͤ줽Ǥ롥
٤ĴɬפϤ뤬ʾξ󤫤ȽǤ¤ gorgeous ˡޤܤѲƤȤȤˤʤ롥Ūʾ޻ɽ19ȯãƤǯǼǯؽҤλѤˤäƥ֥쥤줬ǯˤȤĤĤ롥¾ǯؤˤڤǤƤޤޤݥԥ顼ˤʤ뤫⤷ʤήɽȤƤܤǤ⤷ʤ
塤ˡι򸫼äƤⵡ񤬤ä̡ǯ̣ˡ That's gorgeous! ȶǤߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦

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2010-08-02 Mon

#462. BNC ФȯʤƬ <h> [corpus][bnc][oanc][ame][bre][h][spelling_pronunciation]

ε[2010-08-01-1] OANC η̤˰­ꤺˡƬ <h> ֤뤬 /h/ ȯʤñ¿õ٤BNC ǤƱȤäƤߤΤۤ⤷̤ФΤǡ𤹤 OANC ܴݤĤ֤졩ˡ
216θ줬줿ͭ̾Ƭ줬¿Ƥ⤢ޤꤪ⤷ʤʸHTML򻲾ȡˡޤʻΥդ˸꤬⤢äΤǡϤޤdzפΤ뤿νĴȤ򤵤줿̾ƻ˹ʤä117򥢥ե٥åȽ˼

habitual, habituated, habitué, haemoglobin, half, half-hour, hallucination, hallucinatory, hallucinogenic, handful, haphazardly, happy, haute-couture, hazard, heap, heartening, hedonistic, heir, heir-apparent, heiress, heirloom, hell, heparin, hepatic, heraldic, herbaceous, herbalist, hereditary, heretical, hermaphrodite, heroic, heterogenous, heterologous, heuristic, hexadecimal, hexagonal, hi, hiatus, hibiscus, hide, hierarchical, hierarchically, hierarchy, high, higher, hilarious, historian, historic, historically, historically-created, historically-evolved, historicist, historiographical, history, histrionic, hitherto, hockey, hole, holiday, holistic, holoenzyme, holy, home-grown, homogeneous, homologous, hon., honest, honest-to-god, honest-to-goodness, honestly, honesty, honorable, honorarium, honorary, honour, honour-able, honourable, honourably, honoured, honouring, hopeful, horchata, horizon, horizontal, horrendous, horrific, horror, hors-d'oeuvre, horse, hospital, host/target, hotel, hotel-keeper, hour's-worth, hour-an-a-half, hour-and-a-half, hour-glass, hour-long, hourglass, hourglass-shaped, hourly, hours, howitzer, human, humanities, humble, hundred, hydraulic, hydraulically, hydroxyapatite, hydroxyl, hypnotic, hypostasised, hypothesis, hypothetical, hysterical, hysterically


history, honest, honour, hour δϢϤϤ¿⤷Ȥꤢȡhabitual, hallucination, hepatic, hereditary, heretical, heroic, hierarchical, hilarious, homogeneous, horizon, horrendous, horrific, hypothetical, hysterical 1˼綯ʤΤǸƬ /h/ ä˼ޤ䤹1˼綯⾯ʤʤȤϳΤǤ롥
OANC Ǥη̤ȤƽФ herb homage BNC ǤϽФʤäθ /h/ ΤʤȯϥꥫѸȯΤߤǤȤεҤȰפƤ褦
ˤƤ⡤BNC OANC μϿ˺ȤϤꥹѸ줫μ˭٤ϺΩäƤ롥Τ˥ꥹѸˤ h-dropping ̾⤤ Cockney ʤɤ⤢뤷/h/ ԰ꤵΤǤϤʤͽۤϤƤޤꥫѸǤ֤ȯ ( spelling-pronunciation ) ηȤȤƤʬäƤ BNC OANC ǤνĴη̤ͽۤȰפΤäܤĴ٤Ƥȷ빽⤷ơޤȯŸƤ椯⤷ʤ

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2010-04-11 Sun

#349. BNC Word Frequency List ˤ벻ʬĴ (2) [syllable][lexicology][bnc][statistics]

ϡε[2010-04-10-1]ǰä˴ؤǡ򡤳٤ѤƸƤߤ100٥뤫6000٥ޤǤγ٥٥οͤɸಽơñ줫7᲻ޤǤ٤٤褦ˤΤǤ롥ʿͥǡϤΥڡHTML򻲾ȡ

Rate of n-Syllables at Words Levels by BNC Word Frequency List

ΥդǤɤ߼ˤäĤΥݥȤƤ

оݸä礭ʤФʤۤñΨϸ뤬1000٥ʾ夫θŪ
2Ψϡ1000٥ʾǤϤۤȤѲƤʤ
500٥ʾ夫34줬¸ߴƤ
ȤϤ2000٥ʾ夫ŪʬۤѲϾΤȤưꤷĤĤ褦˸

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2010-04-10 Sat

#348. BNC Word Frequency List ˤ벻ʬĴ [syllable][lexicology][bnc][statistics]

ε[2010-04-09-1]³ꡥBNC Word Frequency List 6318θФ첽줿 ( lemmatised ) ѸꥹȤȤơʬۤɤΤ褦ˤʤäƤ뤫ĴƤߤ
ޤϥꥹȤٽįƤߤǡ٤θƤϤĤ[2010-03-02-1]εָѸδܸ100εȳפ餫ʤȤꡤѴܸˤϥޥϤ줬¿ΤȤϡñ줬¿ȤȤˤĤʤ롥ꥹȤ򲼤ä٤Τ㤤ܤȡ2졤3줬ܤˤĤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥äơ٤Ǿ̤ɤΤ餤ޤǤоݤˤ뤫ˤäơŪʬۤѤäƤ뤳Ȥͽۤ롥ǡޤ6318줹٤ƤβФǡ100졤200졤500졤1000졤2000졤3000졤4000졤5000졤6000Ȥ٥DzʬۤĴ٥֤ӤǽȤʤ褦˥ղΤޤǤ롥ʿͥǡϤΥڡHTML򻲾ȡ

How Many Syllables in Words by BNC Word Frequency List

Υդ餤Ĥζ̣¤ɤ߼뤳ȤǤ롥

ɤΥ٥Ǥñ줬Ǥ¿
оݸä礭ʤФʤۤɡ2ñ
ѸäΰŪ¿ñ줫2Ǥ
оݸä礭ʤФʤۤɡʿѲ
ˤñʿѲϤ2ۤɤǤ

Ϻ6000٥θäĴоݸäɤɤ礭Ƥ椯ȤɤΤ褦ʷ̤ФΤ˵ˤʤä䤬Ƥ2줬ñɤȴʿѲ³Τ 뤤ʿѲʾѤʤȤ³¸ߤΤ non-lemmatised ʸåꥹȤˤʿѲϤɤΤ餤ѲΤ ˵䤬
ʤߤˡ5000٥ǽƸ7줬Ĥ롥ѸʿѲ餹Ȱ۾ĹĶ¿Ū褯ܤˤñȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ뤫Ǥ ϡ4657ܤ˸ telecommunication ʢåˤǤ롥ʤۤ?

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2010-03-23 Tue

#330. Cobuild Concordance and Collocations Sampler [corpus][bnc][cobuild][collocation]

ܥ֥Ǥϡ饤ѤǤ븽ѸΥѥȤơؤ˻Ȥ BNC ( The British National Corpus )ܳŪ˻Ȥ BNCWeb̵ϿˤҲ𤷤ƤBNC Ϥ̾ǡꥹѸΥѥǡۤ1975ǯʹߤαѸ줬1줪Ƥ롥Τ9Ͻ񤭸ա1äդȤǤ롥ߥ饤ѤǤεϤαѸ쥳ѥǤ롥
ϤǤСä礭ʱѸ쥳ѥ¸ߤ롥˳³˥ѥ The Bank of English ǤꡤεϤ55000ˤޤã롥BNC ȰۤʤꡤꥹѸǤʤꥫѸޤ᤿¾Ѽ⥫СƤ롥
Τΰ5600줬 Cobuild Concordance and Collocations Sampler Ȥƥ饤̵ǸƤ롥󥳡󥹡饤40ԤޤǡΥ󥭥󥰤100̤ޤǤϤʤ֥ǥǡפǤϤ뤬˴ñʥ꤬ǤʤɡڤŪǤнʬ˻Ȥͤͭ Collins WordbanksOnline ⤢ˡ
ΥȤƤϡT-score MI ( Mutual Information ) ٤롥[2010-03-04-1]Ǥ⿨줿줾Υħñ˽Ҥ٤롥

MI (mutual information): 2줬Ị̇Ū˾Ƥ뷹롥Ѷ硤Ȥ虜ʣ졤Ѹʤäθ󤷤˹⤤ͤͿ롥ѥΥ˰¸ʤ3ʾͤä collocate ƤȤߤʤȤ롥᡼ȤƤϡϢۥŪʸȸδط餫ˤʤȹͤȤ褤 ( = lexical collocation )ٸ줬Ĵ뷹ꡤäǤ⤷̤ˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥

T-score: collocation ٤ΤΤλɸȤ⡤ߤ˴Ϣȸڤο٤λɸѥΥƤƤ롥̾ϡ2ʾͤǤ collocation ŪͭդȤߤʤ롥2ζ٤˾Ƥ뤿ᡤɤˤֻ졤Ѳ졤;̾졤ʤɤʸˡ¤θΤۤȤŤƤޤäȡޤʸʤɤ줬̤˥󥯥󤹤롥᡼ȤƤϡʸ䵡ǽϢ餫ˤʤȹͤȤ褤 ( = grammatical collocation )

󥳡󥹤䥳νϤϡѸθؽΤǤʤѤȯۥġ롤ϢۥġȤƤȤ롥㤨Сoctopus Υ MI ͤФƤߤȡ̤ squid, dried, october ʤɤ롥̣襤

ˡܲ עؼѥء١͸ˡ1998ǯ113--15ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2011-03-03-1] [2011-02-24-1]

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2010-03-07 Sun

#314. -ise -ize (2) [spelling][bre][bnc][lob][flob][corpus][suffix][z]

[2010-02-26-1]εǼꤢ³ԡεǤϡñˤäΨϰۤʤΤΡꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ξֻԤ뤳ȤBNC ˴Ť餫ˤ20ˤĤƤϡ -ise ֤ΤۤͥȤȤä
̻ŪʴĤⵤˤʤäƤޤʤΤǡǿʵ䤬-ise / -ize ΤΨϡ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ʤȤѲƤΤΤޤǤΤܤʤޤǤ⡤Ѹ30ǯ֤ʬѲ򸫤Ƥͭյʷ̤Ф뤫⤷ʤȻפ1960ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ LOB ( Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen corpus ) 1990ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) ӤƤߤ뤳Ȥˤ
줾ΥѥǡεǼꤢ٥ȥå20 -ise / -ize ưˤĤơѲʲʬñ -s -ing(s) ˤޤ᤿٤ΨФƤߤʲɽȡˡ

itemLOB: rate (freq)FLOB: rate (freq)
-ise-ize-ise-ize
recognise59.6% (99)40.4% (67)71.8% (127)28.2% (50)
realise63.2% (134)36.8% (78)68.7% (125)31.3% (57)
organise65.6% (42)34.4% (22)67.2% (43)32.8% (21)
emphasise37.7% (20)62.3% (33)62.9% (39)37.1% (23)
criticise52.0% (13)48.0% (12)80.0% (24)20.0% (6)
characterise0.0% (0)100.0% (4)56.3% (18)43.8% (14)
summarise35.3% (6)64.7% (11)64.7% (11)35.3% (6)
specialise56.3% (18)43.8% (14)81.8% (27)18.2% (6)
apologise68.8% (11)31.3% (5)70.6% (12)29.4% (5)
advertise100.0% (41)0.0% (0)100.0% (55)0.0% (0)
authorise77.4% (24)22.6% (7)68.2% (15)31.8% (7)
minimise90.0% (9)10.0% (1)80.0% (16)20.0% (4)
surprise100.0% (182)0.0% (0)100.0% (173)0.0% (0)
supervise100.0% (10)0.0% (0)100.0% (9)0.0% (0)
utilise70.0% (7)30.0% (3)83.3% (5)16.7% (1)
maximise50.0% (2)50.0% (2)50.0% (9)50.0% (9)
symbolise50.0% (3)50.0% (3)40.0% (4)60.0% (6)
mobilise66.7% (2)33.3% (1)20.0% (1)80.0% (4)
stabilise58.3% (7)41.7% (5)33.3% (3)66.7% (6)
publicise81.8% (9)18.2% (2)84.6% (11)15.4% (2)


100쵬ϤΥѥʤΤǡȥå20ȤϤäƤⲼ̤Τۤθ٤Ϥۤɹ⤯ʤŪʰݤȤƤϡ-ise ֻ30ǯΤˤ露ƤƤ褦Ǥ롥Ψ礭ѲθʤΤΤˤ뤬ӤΤȤ emphasise, criticise, characterise, summarise, specialise ʤɤ롥ϤޤǰݤʤΤǡŪˡ뤤ϸ̤ñˤĤŪͭպΤɤ̤˸ڤɬפ롥ޤLOB ˤ characterise ϰڤʤ characterisation ϳǧ줿Ȥ⡤ưǤʤ̾ -isation / -ization 碌Ĵɬפ롥ˤϡб륢ꥫѸξĴꥹѸ̻ŪѲʤ⤷ȤФǤ뤬ˤȴطΤɤõɬפ롥

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2010-03-04 Thu

#311. girl Ȥ褯 collocate ƻϲ [corpus][collocation][bnc]

ѥȤä collocation ¿ʬǤϹԤäȤʤäΤǡMcEnery et al. (56--57, 210--20) 򻲹ͤˤĤġ餪ķǤ collocation ΤƤߤä collocation ˤ͡׻ɸħդƤߤ
ϡgirl Ȥ褯 collocate ƻϲסѤ륳ѥ BNCWeb girl κ¦3ޤǤ˸ƻ򸡺оݤȤcollocation ζ٤򼨤͡ʻɸФơɸȤ˾20ĤޤǤηƻˤΤɽǤ롥

Rankraw frequencyobserved/expectedt-scorez-scorelog-likelihoodMIMI3
1little15-year-oldlittlelittlelittle15-year-oldlittle
2young16-year-oldyoungyoungyoung16-year-oldyoung
3thatdark-hairedgood15-year-oldgooddark-hairedgood
4this13-year-oldthatdark-hairedclever13-year-oldclever
5goodnine-year-oldthis16-year-oldpoornine-year-oldpretty
6one14-year-oldoldcleverpretty14-year-oldthat
7oldfour-year-oldpoorprettyoldfour-year-old15-year-old
8otheryear-oldotherteenagethatyear-olddark-haired
9poorcleverclever13-year-oldbeautifulcleverpoor
10cleverteenageonenine-year-oldlovelyteenage16-year-old
11beautifulblondeprettyfour-year-oldgoldenblondethis
12prettyprettybeautifulheadniceprettyold
13smallheadnice14-year-old15-year-oldheadbeautiful
14anylittlelovelypoorteenagelittleteenage
15niceweebigblondedark-hairedweelovely
16bigeldestsmallgoodheadeldesthead
17anotherbravegoldengolden16-year-oldbravegolden
18lovelygoldentallbeautifultallgoldennice
19newsillydearlovelythissillytall
20goldenyoungteenageyear-olddearyoungblonde


ƻɸɤʲ˥⡥

raw frequency: ѥ١׷׻äΥ١Ȥʤͤǡ켫Τ collocation ζٷ¬ˤϤۤȤΩʤ
observed/expected: collocate Ƥǽɤ֤äƤ뤫collocation λɸȤƤƤ
t-score: ȤɸѥΥƤƤ롥̾ϡ2ʾͤǤ collocation ŪͭդȤߤʤ롥collocation ٤ΤΤλɸȤ⡤ߤ˴Ϣȸڤο٤λɸʸ嵭2010/03/21(Sun)2ζ٤˾Ƥ뤿ᡤɤˤֻ졤Ѳ졤;̾졤ʤɤʸˡ¤θΤۤȤŤƤޤäȡޤʸʤɤ줬̤˥󥯥󤹤롥Ĥޤꡤʸ䵡ǽϢ [ grammatical collocation ] ˴Ϳ롥
z-score: ξ줽줾Υѥ٤򴪰Ƥǡ collocation ͤɤ⤤٤ǸƤ뤫򼨤ȤƤɸǡʬۤʤȤΩäƤꡤ¿ξɬŬڤǤʤѥ礫뤤ϡʤƤؿʤĶٸоݤˤΤǤʤ¤ꡤ꤬롥ٸ줬Ĵ뷹롥
log-likelihood (LL test): ǡʬۤȤʤѥΥǤͭٸˤٸˤͭ͡
MI (mutual information): LL ۤŪ˸ʤǤϤʤz-score LL ػɸȤƹȤƤ롥3ʾͤä collocate ƤȤߤʤȤ롥ͤФȡषξ줬ȿ礦Ȥ̣ˤʤ롥ѥΥ˰¸ʤz-score Ʊͤٸ줬Ĵ뷹롥unique collocation ΤʤɼŪӤˤΩĻɸѸ춵ѤˤԸʸ嵭2010/03/21(Sun)2줬Ị̇Ū˾Ƥ뷹롥Ѷ硤Ȥ虜ʣ졤Ѹʤäθ󤷤˹⤤ͤͿ롥
MI3: MI ٸĴʷɸΰġѸ춵Ѥ˸Ƥ롥ƱͤμݤλɸȤơlog-log test ȤΤ⤢롥

ľʤȤɤɤ߲򤱤ФΤ褯狼ʤʤޤʤΤǡˡlittle, young, good, clever ʤɤλɸǤ󥯤ι⤤ΤϤꡤ餫˶ collocation ȤߤʤƤ褤ۤˤϡ z-score MI 15-year-old ʤɤαƶ㤷ȿǤƤΤФơ log-likelihood Ѥߤ MI3 ͤ -year-old Ū褯ϤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ΤȤ顤-year-old girl Ȥ褯 collocate 뤳ȤϳΤʤ⡤Ĥλɸ褦ʺǾ̤Υ󥯤ǤȤΤϸ᤮ǤȤǤ롥MIͤξ̤ˤϤŪȻפƻޤޤƤꡤ㴳ΤͤȤȤȩǴ뤳ȤǤͤβɤϤʤʤ񤷤

McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.

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2010-02-26 Fri

#305. -ise -ize [spelling][ame_bre][bnc][corpus][suffix][z]

ϡʡѸ񤯤Ȥˤϥꥹ֤ѤƤ롥ѹα桤Ƴ -ize / -ization θ -ise / -isation ƤռǤ롥ΤäȤʤäΥڥϡ̤ˤϡꥫѸǤϤäѤ -ize ѤꥹѸǤ -ise ѤȤ롥
ꥹѸǤɤͳȤƤϡꥫѸαƶ䡤θ츻Ȥƥꥷ -izein ̤뤿 -ize դ路ȴ뤳Ȥʤɤ󤲤ñˤäɤϰۤʤ褦ºݤΤȤꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ΤɤϤɤ٤Τ
ˤĤơTieken-Boon van Ostade (38) BNC ( The British National Corpus ) Ѥߥ˸Ƥgeneralise, characterise, criticise, recognise, realise 5 -ise -ize ΨĴ٤ȤΤǤ롥Υߥ˸˿ȯơ⤦ŪɤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפΩBNC-XML Ƿ399Ĥ -ise / -ize ɤΤߤưˤĤƤ줾٤ФƤߤʲϡ-ise / -ize 碌٤ȥå20ưǤ롥ʤߤˡ399ĤưˤĤƤǡ

item-ise rate (freq)-ize rate (freq)-ise + -ize
recognise61.1% (9143)38.9% (5812)14955
realise63.2% (9442)36.8% (5492)14934
organise62.3% (5540)37.7% (3359)8899
emphasise60.0% (2998)40.0% (1998)4996
criticise54.9% (2054)45.1% (1688)3742
characterise52.2% (1398)47.8% (1278)2676
summarise61.4% (1164)38.6% (731)1895
specialise70.7% (1163)29.3% (481)1644
apologise68.8% (1084)31.2% (492)1576
advertise99.5% (1542)0.5% (7)1549
authorise64.5% (987)35.5% (543)1530
minimise65.4% (984)34.6% (521)1505
surprise99.9% (1345)0.1% (1)1346
supervise99.8% (1303)0.2% (3)1306
utilise68.9% (798)31.1% (360)1158
maximise63.2% (719)36.8% (418)1137
symbolise49.2% (324)50.8% (334)658
mobilise45.5% (286)54.5% (342)628
stabilise53.5% (334)46.5% (290)624
publicise69.4% (419)30.6% (185)604


ɽ advertise, surprise, supervise 3ˤĤƤ -ise §ȤߤʤƤ褤ʳŪ -ise ͥʤ餤ǡꥹѸǤ -ize Ͻʬ˰ŪǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥399ʿѤȡ-ise Ψ51.6%Ȥʤꡤ-ize ȤۤɹƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ܤĴ٤иġưδѤȤΤΤ⤷ʤꥹѸ֤ȤƤϡҤȤޤ-ise פȹͤƤΤ꤫⤷ʤ

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

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2009-10-05 Mon

#161. rhinoceros ʣ [plural][etymology][bnc][corpus][clipping][drift]

[2009-08-26-1] octopus ʣϲȤ򰷤ä rhinoceros /raɪnˈɑsərəs/ ֺԡפʣϲȤʬꤿ
θϥꥷˤΤܤꡤrhīno- "nose" + -kerōs "horned" ʣǤ롥Ѹˤ1300ǯ˼Ѥ줿
θϡ䤬ΤäƤñΤʤǡʣ֤μबǤ¿Ǥ롥ޤ OED Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡ8ʣʬ롥

rhinoceros, rhinocerons, rhinocerontes, rhinoceroes, rhinocero's, rhinoceri, rhinoceroses, rhinocerotes


ȤƤĤʤʤΤǡJespersen ʸˡʤɤǤꤢƤ뤷رѸǯ٤ˤ⵭롥ˤϡ˺ԤӤäꤷƤ뤳Ȥ
ܳεˤС1905ǯ Sir Charles Eliot ʤʪƬǺޤƤȤϿ롥rhinocerotes ʳŪǤꡤȤä rhinoceroses ϸĴɤʤǤξά rhinos ǤϰҸʤñʣƱ rhinoceros Ǥ򤷤Ƥ˲᤮ʤȤ
ޤ1938ǯˤ Julian Huxley ʤʪؼԤrhinoceri ϸѤǤꡤrhinoceroses äȤ񹳤ʤǤʳŪʶؤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ȤƤ rhinos ʣȤ褦ƤƤ롥
ͤεϿƶ¤˼ƹͤƤߤ褦1905ǯλ rhinocerotes ˤϤǤʳŪʶäȤȤֵ§ʣפ rhinoceroses ˤäʳŪʶäȤϿƤʤ1938ǯˤ rhinoceroses ǤʳŪˤʤäƤȤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥餳rhinos Ƥ櫓Ǥ롥
Ȥȡ1938ǯޤǤοܤνϰʲΤ褦˿ǤΤǤϤʤޤrhinocerotes ޤ᤿¿ΡԵ§ʣפ20ƬˤϤǤʳŪäǡֵ§ʣפ rhinoceroses Ūˤʤ꤫ĴͳǤǽŪˤϹޤ줺ݤˤϤʤΤΡά˵§Ū -s դ­ rhinos ̲Ф
ܳΤ褦ˡ30ǯ;δ֤ˤֺԡפʣοܤϡJespersen Τ simplification monosyllabism ȤѸ̻ŪɽΤ褦˻פ rhinos ξ硤̩ˤ monosyllabism ؤѲȤϤʤθǤ뤳ȤϳΤǤˡޤԵ§§Ǥ˰­ꤺڤ ( clipping ) ˤ
ơߤäܤܳε1938ǯΤΤǤꡤ줫鸽ߤޤǤˡֺԡפʣϤɤΤ褦ѲBNC ( The British National Corpus ) ñ㸡ˤȡԵ§ʣפΥҥåȤϳ̵äʥդǤϤʤᡤñʣƱ rhinoceros ʣȤƤΥҥåȿˤĤƤ̤ǧˡ§ˤĤƤϡҥåȿϰʲ̤ꡥ

rhinoceroses13
rhinos100


ʣγؽԱѱѼǡrhino ˤϺǤָפȤ졼٥뤬ĤƤΤΡΤ٤ȤƤ rhinoceroses ͤƤ롥ܳε70ǯɤϤǤ˽ФȤäƤ褵Ǥ롥

Jespersen, Otto. Growth and Structure of the English Language. 2nd Rev. ed. Leipzig: Teubner, 1912. 143 fn.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922. 39.
ܳ 졡Rhinoceros ʣסرѸǯ803桤1938ǯ81ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-02-20-1] [2010-01-23-1]

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2009-08-26 Wed

#121. octopus ʣ [plural][greek][bnc][corpus]

octopus ʣϲμ٤Ƥ餦Ȥ狼뤬٤Ƥμǵ§Ū octopuses 󤬤äƤ뤳Ȥä˵ҤΤʤǤ octopuses ȤߤʤƤξά˰㤤ʤ
礭μŤμȡoctopodes ʤʣʻƤ롥㤨 OED Ǥϡoctopodes /ɒkˈtəʊpədi:z/ ˵󤬤äƤꡤθ octopuses ɵƤ롥
Web3 ( Webster's Third New International Unabridged Dictionary ) ˤäƤϡ軰ʣȤ octopi /ˈɑktəˌpaɪ/ 󤲤Ƥ롥
ʣ֤˴ؤ뤳ʣʾϡñ줬ꥷ줫ͥƥФơ18˱ѸؼѤƤȤаޤˤ롥ꥷζޤ˽ octopodes ȤʤꡤƥζޤŬѤ octopi ˤʤ see sg. alumnus -- pl. alumni )ƥ˽स octopi ϡCOD11 ( The Concise Oxford English Dictionary 11th ed. ) ˤȸѤȤƤ롥
θŵ˴ŤԵ§ʣϡߤǤʳŪŪʶ̤ˤѤʤȹͤƤ褤ΤȤϡ¿γؽԱѱѼŵ octopuses Τߤ󤲤Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥
BNC ( The British National Corpus )Ĵ٤Ƥߤȥҥåȿϰʲ̤ä

octopuses29
octopi11
octopodes4


ĤǤܸǤϥȤˤĤϡɤפǤ褤ƱաפǤ褤ȤΤʤä

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