ε[2010-09-17-1]³ԡDracula ˸ƱΩɽ³3۷ while, whilst, whiles ٤20ȾʹߤαѼˤ٤٤뤳Ȥˤäơ60?110ǯ餤δ֤˵äѲΰüָѤѥϰʲ̤ꡥ
(1) Dracula ( Gutenberg ǥƥ ): 1897ǯꥹѸ졥
(2) LOB Corpus ( see also [2010-06-29-1] ): 1961ǯꥹѸ졥
(3) BNC ( The British National Corpus ): late twentieth centuryꥹѸ졥
(4) Brown Corpus ( see also [2010-06-29-1] ): 1961ǯꥫѸ졥
(5) OANC (Open American National Corpus): 1990ǯʹߡꥫѸ졥
(6) Corpus of Contemporary American English (BYU-COCA): 1990--2010ǯꥫѸ졥
ƥѥˤ³ȤƤ while, whilst, whiles ٿ3Դ֤Ψϰʲ̤ꡥ
| while | whilst | whiles | |
| (1) Dracula | 14 (12.61%) | 95 (85.59%) | 2 (1.80%) |
| (2) LOB | 517 (88.68%) | 66 (11.32%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| (3) BNC | 48,761 (89.41%) | 5,773 (10.59%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| (4) Brown | 592 (100.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| (5) OANC | 7,893 (100.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| (6) COCA | 246,207 (99.82%) | 447 (0.18%) | 0 (0.00%) |
Ѹ˻ĤοʤԵ§ʣ1Ĥ ox ͺפʣ oxen 롥ɸѼǤϡűѸμѲ̾ľܤͳ褹ͣʣǤ롥ȤǶᥢꥫѸ oxes ϤƤ롥ѤȤƤǤϤʤإ˥缭ŵ٤ˤ ox θ2ȤƼΤ褦ˤꡤθǤʣˤ oxes ⤢ꤦȤ
2 Τ褦(϶), ꤷ, Τޤο // a dumb ox ((ά))(ΤǤ)Τ.
OED ˤȤŪʰ̣16餢롥ߤǤϥꥫѸǤ ox ϤθʳˤϤޤѤʤ褦ǤϤȤȤǡBritish National Corpus (BYU-BNC) Corpus of Contemporary American English (BYU-COCA) Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
BNC Ǥ oxes 2ҥåȤ뤬 ox Ե§ʣ̾ȶǶƤȤʸ̮ oxes ѤȤƾҲ𤷤ƤʤΤǡ¾奼ȹͤƤ褤
COCA ǤϴͿ㤬6㤢ääդ˥塼ѸǡŪʸ̮ˤƻȤƤꡤgore ֡ʳѤǡͤɤĤפȤưоݤȤѤƤ롥㤨СʲΤȤǤ롥
Now our oxes are being gored more directly, not with malice, but out of some perverse ego game.
The establishment, we are sometimes -- you knows, in some cases, convenient oxes to gore. But I think there's no question they represent an important political constituency in the country.
gore (one's) ox Ȥǥϡ¯ "to goad or intentionally try to piss someone off" ͤäĤƤ롤餻פȤ̣ɽꥫѸͭΤ褦Ǥ롥 ox ϥǥΰȤѤƤꡤäˡ֤ΤפȤ̣ǤϤʤʥǥΰ̣ˤĤƤ ȡΥǥʣ oxes Ǥʤ oxen ѤƤ㤬4㤢뤳Ȥ顤ɽŪʣ oxes νи˲̤ƤȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ϡưʪȤƤǤʤԥ塼ޥʣȤƤ mouses 䡤ФȤƤǤʤƥʤʣ antennas ʤɡŪȯỴ̈˵§Ūʣ -s ղäΤ븽ݤgore (one's) ox ox ϸΡͺפΥäƤꡤ줬 oxes Ȥ֤뤳ȤǽˤƤΤǤϤʤΤȤͺפΰ̣ʣȤ oxes ƤȤڵϡʸѰʳˤϡˤʤ褦
ե奢Ȥμ¶ʤɤǽơ Gorgeous! ȴòΤʹȤ롥ޤꥹαˤޤ֤˷ä̼ȱؤơäˤʤäƤꥹͽ Gorgeous! ȸˤƤΤФƤ롥֥㥹פܸˤѤƤֲʡڤʡפȤ̣夷Ƥ뤬ܸǤϾɽ魯ӤȤƤѤʤȻפΤǡ嵭αѸɽʹˡ㤦ΤʤȵŤOALD7 ˤȡƻ gorgeous 1ϰʲ̤Ǥ롥ߤǤϡŨʡפθפʻȤˤʤäƤ褦
1. (informal) very beautiful and attractive; giving pleasure and enjoyment
ƻ gorgeous ϥե gorgias "fine, elegant" μѤǡˤȸ촴 gorge "bosom, throat" Ǥ뤳Ȥ "ruff for the neck" ּΤˤդ路ҤߡפȴϢŤΤǤϤʤȤƤ롥̤ǤϥꥷνȤʤȤ Gorgias (c483--376BC) ͳ褹Ȥ⤵졤θ츻Ͼܤ餫ǤʤOED ˤȤθ15꤫ѤƤֲʡڤʡפȤܤäɽ魯ɽȤƤˡ19Ⱦ鸽ФɽȤƤˡ̲Τ20äƤǤꡤȤ櫓ݥԥ顼ˤʤäΤ20Ⱦ21ˤƤΤȤǤϤʤȵ롥
ͤ뺬1Ĥϡ20ȾμĴ٤櫓ǤϤʤ㤨 Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828) Ĵ٤¤ꡤgorgeous Υȥ˸ŪɽбͿƤʤ
⤦1ĤκϡBNCWeb gorgeous ٤פäƤߤ̤Ǥ롥Ḥ̤̂Фޤ餫ʤΤϡ"informal" Ȥ졼٥뤫ͽۤȤꡤθϽդäդ٤˹⤤ȤǤ롥100νи٤ϡդ4.8Фäդ17.39Ǥ롥äդ˸ꤷʬۤĴ٤Ȥä˲ʸ٤ι⤤Ȥʬä
ơ⤪⤷ΤϻѼԤ̤ǯʬۤǤ롥gorgeous 100桤ˤ8.89ѤƤʤˤ34.64ȤƤ롥ʣα¼ѱѼ٤ơּ˽졦άפȤƥ졼٥뤬ŽƤΤϡإ˥缭ŵ٤äۤ˽餫Ǥ¾μǤֽפΥ졼٥뤬ߤȤޤѼԤǯȤƤ24аʲŪǤ롥BNC ɽ20ȾΥꥹѸäդ˴ؤ¤ꡤgorgeous ϼǯؤνˤȤ櫓ݥԥ顼ɽȤȤʬ롥̤ˤϤޤꤳθѤʤ⡤ǯؤ˸¤äƤϻ٤Ū⤤Ȥ̤ФΤȤơgorgeous λѤϤ1?2δ֤˻Ѥ礷Ƥȹͤ줽Ǥ롥
٤ĴɬפϤ뤬ʾξȽǤ¤ gorgeous ˡޤܤѲƤȤȤˤʤ롥Ūʾɽ19ȯãƤǯǼǯؽҤλѤˤäƥ֥쥤줬ǯˤȤĤĤ롥¾ǯؤˤڤǤƤޤޤݥԥ顼ˤʤ뤫⤷ʤήɽȤƤܤǤ⤷ʤ
塤ˡιäƤⵡä̡ǯ̣ˡ That's gorgeous! ȶǤߤ뤳Ȥˤ褦
ε[2010-08-01-1] OANC η̤˰ꤺˡƬ <h> ֤뤬 /h/ ȯʤñ¿õ٤BNC ǤƱȤäƤߤΤۤ⤷̤ФΤǡ𤹤 OANC ܴݤĤ֤졩ˡ
216θ줬줿ͭ̾Ƭ줬¿Ƥ⤢ޤꤪ⤷ʤʸHTMLȡˡޤʻΥդ˸꤬⤢äΤǡϤޤdzפΤ뤿νĴȤ줿̾ƻ˹ʤä117ե٥åȽ˼
habitual, habituated, habitué, haemoglobin, half, half-hour, hallucination, hallucinatory, hallucinogenic, handful, haphazardly, happy, haute-couture, hazard, heap, heartening, hedonistic, heir, heir-apparent, heiress, heirloom, hell, heparin, hepatic, heraldic, herbaceous, herbalist, hereditary, heretical, hermaphrodite, heroic, heterogenous, heterologous, heuristic, hexadecimal, hexagonal, hi, hiatus, hibiscus, hide, hierarchical, hierarchically, hierarchy, high, higher, hilarious, historian, historic, historically, historically-created, historically-evolved, historicist, historiographical, history, histrionic, hitherto, hockey, hole, holiday, holistic, holoenzyme, holy, home-grown, homogeneous, homologous, hon., honest, honest-to-god, honest-to-goodness, honestly, honesty, honorable, honorarium, honorary, honour, honour-able, honourable, honourably, honoured, honouring, hopeful, horchata, horizon, horizontal, horrendous, horrific, horror, hors-d'oeuvre, horse, hospital, host/target, hotel, hotel-keeper, hour's-worth, hour-an-a-half, hour-and-a-half, hour-glass, hour-long, hourglass, hourglass-shaped, hourly, hours, howitzer, human, humanities, humble, hundred, hydraulic, hydraulically, hydroxyapatite, hydroxyl, hypnotic, hypostasised, hypothesis, hypothetical, hysterical, hysterically
history, honest, honour, hour δϢϤϤ¿⤷Ȥꤢȡhabitual, hallucination, hepatic, hereditary, heretical, heroic, hierarchical, hilarious, homogeneous, horizon, horrendous, horrific, hypothetical, hysterical 1˼綯ʤΤǸƬ /h/ ä˼ޤ䤹1˼綯⾯ʤʤȤϳΤǤ롥
OANC Ǥη̤ȤƽФ herb homage BNC ǤϽФʤäθ /h/ ΤʤȯϥꥫѸȯΤߤǤȤεҤȰפƤ褦
ˤƤ⡤BNC OANC μϿ˺ȤϤꥹѸ줫μ˭٤ϺΩäƤ롥Τ˥ꥹѸˤ h-dropping ̾⤤ Cockney ʤɤ⤢뤷/h/ ꤵΤǤϤʤͽۤϤƤޤꥫѸǤ֤ȯ ( spelling-pronunciation ) ηȤȤƤʬäƤ BNC OANC ǤνĴη̤ͽۤȰפΤäܤĴ٤Ƥȷ빽⤷ơޤȯŸƤ椯⤷ʤ
ϡε[2010-04-10-1]ǰä˴ؤǡ٤ѤƸƤߤ100٥뤫6000٥ޤǤγ٥٥οͤɸಽơñ줫7ޤǤ٤٤褦ˤΤǤ롥ʿͥǡϤΥڡHTMLȡ

ΥդǤɤˤäĤΥݥȤƤ
оݸä礭ʤФʤۤñΨϸ뤬1000٥ʾ夫θŪ
2Ψϡ1000٥ʾǤϤۤȤѲƤʤ
500٥ʾ夫34줬¸ߴƤ
ȤϤ2000٥ʾ夫ŪʬۤѲϾΤȤưꤷĤĤ褦˸
ε[2010-04-09-1]³ꡥBNC Word Frequency List 6318θФ첽줿 ( lemmatised ) ѸꥹȤȤơʬۤɤΤ褦ˤʤäƤ뤫ĴƤߤ
ޤϥꥹȤٽįƤߤǡ٤θƤϤĤ[2010-03-02-1]εָѸδܸ100εȳפ餫ʤȤꡤѴܸˤϥޥϤ줬¿ΤȤϡñ줬¿ȤȤˤĤʤ롥ꥹȤä٤Τ㤤ܤȡ2졤3줬ܤˤĤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥äơ٤Ǿ̤ɤΤ餤ޤǤоݤˤ뤫ˤäơŪʬۤѤäƤ뤳Ȥͽۤ롥ǡޤ6318줹٤ƤβФǡ100졤200졤500졤1000졤2000졤3000졤4000졤5000졤6000Ȥ٥DzʬۤĴ٥֤ӤǽȤʤ褦˥ղΤޤǤ롥ʿͥǡϤΥڡHTMLȡ

Υդ餤Ĥζ̣¤ɤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ɤΥ٥Ǥñ줬Ǥ¿
оݸä礭ʤФʤۤɡ2ñ
ѸäΰŪ¿ñ줫2Ǥ
оݸä礭ʤФʤۤɡʿѲ
ˤñʿѲϤ2ۤɤǤ
Ϻ6000٥θäĴоݸäɤɤ礭Ƥ椯ȤɤΤ褦ʷ̤ФΤ˵ˤʤä䤬Ƥ2줬ñɤȴʿѲ³Τ 뤤ʿѲʾѤʤȤ³¸ߤΤ non-lemmatised ʸåꥹȤˤʿѲϤɤΤ餤ѲΤ ˵䤬
ʤߤˡ5000٥ǽƸ7줬Ĥ롥ѸʿѲ餹Ȱ۾ĹĶ¿Ū褯ܤˤñȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥ뤫Ǥ ϡ4657ܤ˸
telecommunication
ʢåˤǤ롥ʤۤ?
ܥ֥Ǥϡ饤ѤǤ븽ѸΥѥȤơؤ˻Ȥ BNC ( The British National Corpus )ܳŪ˻Ȥ BNCWeb̵ϿˤҲ𤷤ƤBNC Ϥ̾ǡꥹѸΥѥǡۤ1975ǯʹߤαѸ줬1줪Ƥ롥Τ9Ͻա1äդȤǤ롥ߥ饤ѤǤεϤαѸ쥳ѥǤ롥
ϤǤСä礭ʱѸ쥳ѥ¸ߤ롥˳³˥ѥ The Bank of English ǤꡤεϤ55000ˤޤã롥BNC ȰۤʤꡤꥹѸǤʤꥫѸޤ¾Ѽ⥫СƤ롥
Τΰ5600줬 Cobuild Concordance and Collocations Sampler Ȥƥ饤̵ǸƤ롥饤40ԤޤǡΥ100̤ޤǤϤʤ֥ǥǡפǤϤ뤬˴ñʥ꤬ǤʤɡڤŪǤнʬ˻Ȥͤͭ Collins WordbanksOnline ⤢ˡ
ΥȤƤϡT-score MI ( Mutual Information ) ٤롥[2010-03-04-1]Ǥ줿줾Υħñ˽Ҥ٤롥
MI (mutual information): 2줬Ị̇Ū˾Ƥ뷹롥Ѷ硤Ȥ虜ʣ졤Ѹʤäθ˹⤤ͤͿ롥ѥΥ˰¸ʤ3ʾͤä collocate ƤȤߤʤȤ롥ȤƤϡϢۥŪʸȸδط餫ˤʤȹͤȤ褤 ( = lexical collocation )ٸ줬Ĵ뷹ꡤäǤ⤷̤ˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥
T-score: collocation ٤ΤΤλɸȤ⡤ߤ˴Ϣȸڤο٤λɸѥΥƤƤ롥̾ϡ2ʾͤǤ collocation ŪͭդȤߤʤ롥2ζ٤˾Ƥ뤿ᡤɤˤֻ졤Ѳ졤;̾졤ʤɤʸˡ¤θΤۤȤŤƤޤäȡޤʸʤɤ줬̤˥롥ȤƤϡʸ䵡ǽϢ餫ˤʤȹͤȤ褤 ( = grammatical collocation )
䥳νϤϡѸθؽΤǤʤѤȯۥġ롤ϢۥġȤƤȤ롥㤨Сoctopus Υ MI ͤФƤߤȡ̤ squid, dried, october ʤɤ롥̣襤
ˡܲ עؼѥء١ˡ1998ǯ113--15ǡ
[2010-02-26-1]εǼꤢ³ԡεǤϡñˤäΨϰۤʤΤΡꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ξֻԤ뤳ȤBNC ˴Ť餫ˤ20ˤĤƤϡ -ise ֤ΤۤͥȤȤä
̻ŪʴĤⵤˤʤäƤޤʤΤǡǿʵ䤬-ise / -ize ΤΨϡ鸽ߤޤǤ¿ʤȤѲƤΤΤޤǤΤܤʤޤǤ⡤Ѹ30ǯ֤ʬѲƤͭյʷ̤Ф뤫⤷ʤȻפ1960ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ LOB ( Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen corpus ) 1990ǯȾΥꥹѸɽ FLOB ( Freiburg-LOB corpus ) ӤƤߤ뤳Ȥˤ
줾ΥѥǡεǼꤢ٥ȥå20 -ise / -ize ưˤĤơѲʲʬñ -s -ing(s) ˤޤ٤ΨФƤߤʲɽȡˡ
| item | LOB: rate (freq) | FLOB: rate (freq) | ||
| -ise | -ize | -ise | -ize | |
| recognise | 59.6% (99) | 40.4% (67) | 71.8% (127) | 28.2% (50) |
| realise | 63.2% (134) | 36.8% (78) | 68.7% (125) | 31.3% (57) |
| organise | 65.6% (42) | 34.4% (22) | 67.2% (43) | 32.8% (21) |
| emphasise | 37.7% (20) | 62.3% (33) | 62.9% (39) | 37.1% (23) |
| criticise | 52.0% (13) | 48.0% (12) | 80.0% (24) | 20.0% (6) |
| characterise | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (4) | 56.3% (18) | 43.8% (14) |
| summarise | 35.3% (6) | 64.7% (11) | 64.7% (11) | 35.3% (6) |
| specialise | 56.3% (18) | 43.8% (14) | 81.8% (27) | 18.2% (6) |
| apologise | 68.8% (11) | 31.3% (5) | 70.6% (12) | 29.4% (5) |
| advertise | 100.0% (41) | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (55) | 0.0% (0) |
| authorise | 77.4% (24) | 22.6% (7) | 68.2% (15) | 31.8% (7) |
| minimise | 90.0% (9) | 10.0% (1) | 80.0% (16) | 20.0% (4) |
| surprise | 100.0% (182) | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (173) | 0.0% (0) |
| supervise | 100.0% (10) | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% (9) | 0.0% (0) |
| utilise | 70.0% (7) | 30.0% (3) | 83.3% (5) | 16.7% (1) |
| maximise | 50.0% (2) | 50.0% (2) | 50.0% (9) | 50.0% (9) |
| symbolise | 50.0% (3) | 50.0% (3) | 40.0% (4) | 60.0% (6) |
| mobilise | 66.7% (2) | 33.3% (1) | 20.0% (1) | 80.0% (4) |
| stabilise | 58.3% (7) | 41.7% (5) | 33.3% (3) | 66.7% (6) |
| publicise | 81.8% (9) | 18.2% (2) | 84.6% (11) | 15.4% (2) |
ѥȤä collocation ¿ʬǤϹԤäȤʤäΤǡMcEnery et al. (56--57, 210--20) ͤˤĤġ餪ķǤ collocation ΤƤߤä collocation ˤ͡ɸħդƤߤ
ϡgirl Ȥ褯 collocate ƻϲסѤ륳ѥ BNCWeb girl κ¦3ޤǤ˸ƻоݤȤcollocation ζ٤͡ʻɸФơɸȤ˾20ĤޤǤηƻˤΤɽǤ롥
| Rank | raw frequency | observed/expected | t-score | z-score | log-likelihood | MI | MI3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | little | 15-year-old | little | little | little | 15-year-old | little |
| 2 | young | 16-year-old | young | young | young | 16-year-old | young |
| 3 | that | dark-haired | good | 15-year-old | good | dark-haired | good |
| 4 | this | 13-year-old | that | dark-haired | clever | 13-year-old | clever |
| 5 | good | nine-year-old | this | 16-year-old | poor | nine-year-old | pretty |
| 6 | one | 14-year-old | old | clever | pretty | 14-year-old | that |
| 7 | old | four-year-old | poor | pretty | old | four-year-old | 15-year-old |
| 8 | other | year-old | other | teenage | that | year-old | dark-haired |
| 9 | poor | clever | clever | 13-year-old | beautiful | clever | poor |
| 10 | clever | teenage | one | nine-year-old | lovely | teenage | 16-year-old |
| 11 | beautiful | blonde | pretty | four-year-old | golden | blonde | this |
| 12 | pretty | pretty | beautiful | head | nice | pretty | old |
| 13 | small | head | nice | 14-year-old | 15-year-old | head | beautiful |
| 14 | any | little | lovely | poor | teenage | little | teenage |
| 15 | nice | wee | big | blonde | dark-haired | wee | lovely |
| 16 | big | eldest | small | good | head | eldest | head |
| 17 | another | brave | golden | golden | 16-year-old | brave | golden |
| 18 | lovely | golden | tall | beautiful | tall | golden | nice |
| 19 | new | silly | dear | lovely | this | silly | tall |
| 20 | golden | young | teenage | year-old | dear | young | blonde |
ϡʡѸȤˤϥꥹ֤ѤƤ롥ѹα桤Ƴ -ize / -ization θ -ise / -isation ƤռǤ롥ΤäȤʤäΥڥϡ̤ˤϡꥫѸǤϤäѤ -ize ѤꥹѸǤ -ise ѤȤ롥
ꥹѸǤɤͳȤƤϡꥫѸαƶ䡤θ츻Ȥƥꥷ -izein ̤뤿 -ize դ路ȴ뤳Ȥʤɤñˤäɤϰۤʤ褦ºݤΤȤꥹѸǤ -ise -ize ΤɤϤɤ٤Τ
ˤĤơTieken-Boon van Ostade (38) BNC ( The British National Corpus ) Ѥߥ˸Ƥgeneralise, characterise, criticise, recognise, realise 5 -ise -ize ΨĴ٤ȤΤǤ롥Υߥ˸˿ȯơ⤦ŪɤĴ٤Ƥߤ褦ȻפΩBNC-XML Ƿ399Ĥ -ise / -ize ɤΤߤưˤĤƤ줾٤ФƤߤʲϡ-ise / -ize 碌٤ȥå20ưǤ롥ʤߤˡ399ĤưˤĤƤǡ
| item | -ise rate (freq) | -ize rate (freq) | -ise + -ize |
|---|---|---|---|
| recognise | 61.1% (9143) | 38.9% (5812) | 14955 |
| realise | 63.2% (9442) | 36.8% (5492) | 14934 |
| organise | 62.3% (5540) | 37.7% (3359) | 8899 |
| emphasise | 60.0% (2998) | 40.0% (1998) | 4996 |
| criticise | 54.9% (2054) | 45.1% (1688) | 3742 |
| characterise | 52.2% (1398) | 47.8% (1278) | 2676 |
| summarise | 61.4% (1164) | 38.6% (731) | 1895 |
| specialise | 70.7% (1163) | 29.3% (481) | 1644 |
| apologise | 68.8% (1084) | 31.2% (492) | 1576 |
| advertise | 99.5% (1542) | 0.5% (7) | 1549 |
| authorise | 64.5% (987) | 35.5% (543) | 1530 |
| minimise | 65.4% (984) | 34.6% (521) | 1505 |
| surprise | 99.9% (1345) | 0.1% (1) | 1346 |
| supervise | 99.8% (1303) | 0.2% (3) | 1306 |
| utilise | 68.9% (798) | 31.1% (360) | 1158 |
| maximise | 63.2% (719) | 36.8% (418) | 1137 |
| symbolise | 49.2% (324) | 50.8% (334) | 658 |
| mobilise | 45.5% (286) | 54.5% (342) | 628 |
| stabilise | 53.5% (334) | 46.5% (290) | 624 |
| publicise | 69.4% (419) | 30.6% (185) | 604 |
[2009-08-26-1] octopus ʣϲȤä rhinoceros /raɪnˈɑsərəs/ ֺԡפʣϲȤʬꤿ
θϥꥷˤΤܤꡤrhīno- "nose" + -kerōs "horned" ʣǤ롥Ѹˤ1300ǯ˼Ѥ줿
θϡ䤬ΤäƤñΤʤǡʣ֤μबǤ¿Ǥ롥ޤ OED Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡ8ʣʬ롥
rhinoceros, rhinocerons, rhinocerontes, rhinoceroes, rhinocero's, rhinoceri, rhinoceroses, rhinocerotes
ȤƤĤʤʤΤǡJespersen ʸˡʤɤǤꤢƤ뤷رѸǯ٤ˤ롥ˤϡ˺ԤӤäꤷƤ뤳Ȥ
ܳεˤС1905ǯ Sir Charles Eliot ʤʪƬǺޤƤȤϿ롥rhinocerotes ʳŪǤꡤȤä rhinoceroses ϸĴɤʤǤξά rhinos ǤϰҸʤñʣƱ rhinoceros ǤƤ˲ʤȤ
ޤ1938ǯˤ Julian Huxley ʤʪؼԤrhinoceri ϸѤǤꡤrhinoceroses äȤʤǤʳŪʶؤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ȤƤ rhinos ʣȤ褦ƤƤ롥
ͤεϿƶ¤˼ƹͤƤߤ褦1905ǯλ rhinocerotes ˤϤǤʳŪʶäȤȤֵ§ʣפ rhinoceroses ˤäʳŪʶäȤϿƤʤ1938ǯˤ rhinoceroses ǤʳŪˤʤäƤȤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥餳rhinos Ƥ櫓Ǥ롥
Ȥȡ1938ǯޤǤοܤνϰʲΤ褦˿ǤΤǤϤʤޤrhinocerotes ޤ¿ΡԵ§ʣפ20ƬˤϤǤʳŪäǡֵ§ʣפ rhinoceroses Ūˤʤ꤫ĴͳǤǽŪˤϹޤ줺ݤˤϤʤΤΡά˵§Ū -s դ rhinos ̲Ф
ܳΤ褦ˡ30ǯ;δ֤ˤֺԡפʣοܤϡJespersen Τ simplification monosyllabism ȤѸ̻ŪɽΤ褦˻פ rhinos ξ硤̩ˤ monosyllabism ؤѲȤϤʤθǤ뤳ȤϳΤǤˡޤԵ§§Ǥ˰ꤺڤ ( clipping ) ˤ
ơߤäܤܳε1938ǯΤΤǤꡤ줫鸽ߤޤǤˡֺԡפʣϤɤΤ褦ѲBNC ( The British National Corpus ) ñ㸡ˤȡԵ§ʣפΥҥåȤϳ̵äʥդǤϤʤᡤñʣƱ rhinoceros ʣȤƤΥҥåȿˤĤƤ̤ǧˡ§ˤĤƤϡҥåȿϰʲ̤ꡥ
| rhinoceroses | 13 |
| rhinos | 100 |
octopus ʣϲμ٤Ƥ餦Ȥ狼뤬٤Ƥμǵ§Ū octopuses äƤ뤳Ȥä˵ҤΤʤǤ octopuses ȤߤʤƤξά˰㤤ʤ
礭μŤμȡoctopodes ʤʣʻƤ롥㤨 OED Ǥϡoctopodes /ɒkˈtəʊpədi:z/ ˵äƤꡤθ octopuses ɵƤ롥
Web3 ( Webster's Third New International Unabridged Dictionary ) ˤäƤϡ軰ʣȤ octopi /ˈɑktəˌpaɪ/ Ƥ롥
ʣ֤˴ؤ뤳ʣʾϡñ줬ꥷ줫ͥƥФơ18˱ѸؼѤƤȤаޤˤ롥ꥷζޤ˽ octopodes ȤʤꡤƥζޤŬѤ octopi ˤʤ see sg. alumnus -- pl. alumni )ƥ˽स octopi ϡCOD11 ( The Concise Oxford English Dictionary 11th ed. ) ˤȸѤȤƤ롥
θŵ˴ŤԵ§ʣϡߤǤʳŪŪʶ̤ˤѤʤȹͤƤ褤ΤȤϡ¿γؽԱѱѼŵ octopuses ΤߤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
BNC ( The British National Corpus )Ĵ٤Ƥߤȥҥåȿϰʲ̤ä
| octopuses | 29 |
| octopi | 11 |
| octopodes | 4 |
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