108--114֤ˤ錄ꡤΩرѸ춵鸦ˤŤǡLancaster ̾ Geoffrey Leech θֱ줿ϡ2ܤ "The British National Corpus: Both a Triumph and a Failure" ꤹֱΤߤλääİ˹ԤäBNC ԼԤκäʤɡ⤷ää
̾ˤ "triumph" "failure" ˤĤơLeech Ϥ줾켡Τ褦ʹܤƤ
A triumph:
It has been claimed that the BNC is the most widely used corpus in the world.
It was the first text corpus of its size to be made widely available.
It is available from a wide range of different sources.
It is widely regarded as a 'standard reference corpus' for the English language.
It has been licensed to over 1300 institutions throughout the world, over 1800 users have signed on for access to it through the BNCweb online interface, etc.
A failure:
It never reached 100 million words! (98,300,000)
The design criteria were never totally achieved.
It hardly ever contains complete texts.
The spoken materials are poorly transcribed.
The metadata are incomplete and can be erroneous.
The part-of-speech tagging contains many errors.
It is out of date! (dating from the late 20th century)
Leech θդüˤϡtriumph γ˼Ƥ褦ˡӤդ줿ߤʤäƤΥѥԽˤĤơФ褫äФ褫äȤθȤ⤤ȿ¿ƤΤŪǤ롥BNC ΥդѤ줿ץ CLAWS4 ٤97%ۤɤHoffmann et al. 43 ˤȡ98--99%ˤȤΤϡ϶ä٤ȤȻפäƤѥϤ礭ΤǿѡȤΥ顼ȤϤäƤ300ˤΤܤȤ¤ϸȤƤäȤХѥˤĤƤϡѥΤ1ۤɤޤʤäȡǡ transcription μäȡѤǡեޥå TEI äȤФΥդˤɬŬڤǤʤäȡʤɤƤ
ʤǤ⡤ʳ鸽ߤ˻ޤǰӤƤ³Ƥɽ (representativeness) ˤĤơBNC ǤϴṲ̄ʤäȤˡˤޤƤʳ顤ꤹ Text Domain ΥХ䥵˴ؤŤͤƤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥1桼ȤƤϡ¤줿ΤʤǡɽݤȤϰζȤɾƤ뤬Leech ˤȤäƤϡǤ¤ΤȤϤäȤȿ̤Ȥơ̤ۤʤäȤפ褦Ʊˡ䤫ʸĴǤϤäBNC Ӥ¾Τ٤Ƥ絬ϥѥɽۤɽŻ뤷ƤʤȽƤ༫ȤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡѥɽˤĤȼϤäƤ뤬ǽŪˤ "impressionistic" ȽǤȹͤƤ褦ǤꡤˤޤƤˤ衤Leech ɽؤμǰζˡ٤ʥץեåʥꥺ
ʤ[2012-07-05-1]ε#1165. ѹǥѥ椬ˤʤäطʡפǿ줿̤ꡤǰʤBNC³ԤϤʤȤȤLeech Ƥ
礭ۤʤ뤬Ѹ쥳ѥ The LAEME Corpus ɽˤĤơ[2012-10-10-1], [2012-10-11-1]εǹͻΤǡȤ
Hoffmann, Sebastian, Stefan Evert, Nicholas Smith, David Lee, and Ylva Berglund Prytz. Corpus Linguistics with BNCweb : A Practical Guide. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.
ѥؤߤޤʤʬʬˡϢϥ־뤳Ȥ¿ʤ褦ˤפ뤬դ˾¿ơȽǤ˺롥ƼʬΤǤʥޤȤƤȻפΤسΥԡɤˤĤƹԤʤ䤬Ǥ褯Ѥ BNC ˴ϢΤ濴ˡŪǤϤ뤬ĥ롥ޤȤϫϡŤ뼰ˤɤ뤫ɸΤۤΨŪȤˤʤĤĤ롦
1. BNC ե
BNCweb ̵Ͽ
BYU-BNC ̵Ͽ
BNC ( The British National Corpus )
2. BNC Υե
Quick Reference for Simple Query Syntax (PDF)
Reference Guide for the British National Corpus (XML Edition)
Reference Guide ܼ
* 6.5 Guidelines to the Wordclass Tagging
* The BNC Basic (C5) Tagset
* 9.8 Simplified Wordclass Tags
* 9.7 Contracted forms and multiwords
* 1 Design of the Corpus
* 9.6 Text and genre classification code
3. ѥϢ祵
David Lee ˤ Bookmarks for Corpus-based Linguists
* Corpora, Collections, Data Archives
* Software, Tools, Frequency Lists, etc.
* References, Papers, Journals
* Conferences & Project
4. hellog ε
#568. ѥȱѸ쥳ѥ: [2010-11-16-1]
#506. CoRD --- Ѹ˥ѥξ: [2010-09-15-1]
#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ: [2010-03-01-1]
ѥϢ: corpus
BNC Ϣ: bnc
COCA Ϣ: coca
5. ġ
Corpus Frequency Wizard
Paul Rayson's Log-likelihood Calculator
VassarStats
hellog Ρ#711. Log-Likelihood Tester CGI, Ver. 2: [2011-04-08-1]
Hoffmann, Sebastian, Stefan Evert, Nicholas Smith, David Lee, and Ylva Berglund Prytz. Corpus Linguistics with BNCweb : A Practical Guide. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.
ɸΤ褦 here there 1ǤȤֻ2ǤȤʣ¿롥ϡhere this ȡthere it that ɤؤơֻθ˲Ọ̇̄ŪɸθϤ줾 by this, of this, to that, with that ۤɤ̣롥Ǥ˷ĥä뤬űѸ줫ѸˤƤϤ褯Ѥ졤μ٤ϤषƤۤɤǤ롥17ʹߤϵ˸äƤ椭Τ褦ʸ¤줿Ѱ (register) ؤɤޤ줿ͳȤƤϡѸι¤ȤŵŪǤʤȤĤޤ礫ʬϤؤαѸμήȿȤŦƤ (Rissanen 127) ʸˡȤơޤǸꤵ줿֤ǼѤ줿ϡtherefore ΤߤȤäƤ褤
ѸdzǧѰФϡǤѸˤ˨꤬롥here-, there- ʣϡѸǤϤޤ̤˻ȤƤ뤬ǤߤˡΧʸǤλѤݤäƤ롥ʲϡRissanen (127) Helsinki Corpus ˤĴ̤Ǥʿ١åο1٤ɽ魯ˡ
| Statutes | Other texts | |
|---|---|---|
| ME4 (1420--1500) | 68 (60) | 621 (31) |
| EModE1 (1500--70) | 77 (65) | 503 (28) |
| EModE2 (1570--1640) | 84 (71) | 461 (26) |
| EModE3 (1640--1710) | 126 (96) | 191 (12) |
ε[2012-05-05-1]˰³ grey eyes ꡥϡѸޥ grey eyes ˤĤƹͤζɽϸˤ³Ƥ롥BNCWeb ǡ"(grey|gray) {eye/N}" ȤƸȡ287㤬ҥåȤgrey eyes ̤ηƻԤƤߤȡclear, dark, deep, pale Ū¿beautiful bright 鷺ʤ餢ä
Τ褦㤫ȽǤȡgrey Τϵ̵ͭɽ魯̣ôƤʤ褦˻פ롥⤷ôƤȤСष pale ΡΤʤפȤ˰ѱѼdzǧ¤ꡤѸ grey ΰŪʸ촶ϡܸΤȤ褯ơnegative ϷǯµͫݵŷΥäơѸ grey eyes ϡnegative ʥ˥奢ä˴ްդʤɤߤȤʤС˿ȤƤΡֳפ뤤ϡĤߤΤ֤äפɽ魯Τȹͤ롥뤤ϡgrey eyes ϡ̣ޤäɽȤѤƤˤʤȤǽ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
ȡޤޤѸŵṲ̄ȤƤ grey eyes 狼ʤ⤷MED Silverstein Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸ grey ɽ路ΤȤСѸεΤʤ grey 180٤ΰ̣ѲФȤˤʤ롥
gradation ΤǤꡤĤʤäƤϰϤ̣ꤷ뤳ȤϡʤʤѸΤߤʤ餺ܸˤƤ⡤̸Ǥ롥
ʤŵṲ̄ƤBrewer (258) ϡMatthew of Vandôme ˤ Helen of Troy ̤ʲ̤ꡤ1ĤηǤȤƤ롥
. . . her hair is golden, forehead white as paper, eyebrows black and thin. The space between the eyes (in contrast to the Greek ideal) is white and clear, a 'milky way'; the face is a shining star; the eyes are like stars. She has a little smile, a nose neither too big nor too small. Her face is rosy, her colouring white and red, like rose and snow. Teeth are like ivory, lips are small, slightly swelling, honeyed. Her mouth smells like a rose, her neck is smooth, shoulders radiant, well-spaced (dispatiati), breasts small, and figure incomparable.
ʽǤ礦ҲäƤߤ
Silverstein, Theodore, ed. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983.
Brewer, D. S. "The Ideal of Feminine Beauty in Medieval Literature, Especially 'Harley Lyrics', Chaucer, and Some Elizabethans." The Modern Language Review 50 (1955): 257--69.
2֤ε[2012-04-17-1], [2012-04-18-1]˰³lingua franca Ȥΰ̣ˡˤĤƤꡥϼ˼ͤˤϥѥ˸㤫 lingua franca θԤΰ̣ꤿ
BNCWeb "lingua franca" ñ㸡ȡ34㤬ҥåȤKWICϤįƤߤȡѸ줬ȤʤäƤʸͽۤۤ¿ʤԥѸʤɤޤȱѸΥŪ˹⤤Ȥǧˤ衤ƥ졤ꥷ졤ե졤ҥʤɤν˴ؤʸ褷ƾʤʤϳؽѱѱѼlingua franca ʸˤƱѸӤǤ뤳ȤԤ lingua franca λѤǤϡΤ褦ʱѸؤΥХäˤʤȤѥ㤫餫ޤlingua franca ФơפȤĤ뤳ȤŬڤǤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ǥ
ѥϡΤ褦ŪǹΡְջã̤Ρפ⸫줿
Mr Tsurumaki was successful at 315 million francs, generally translated into lingua franca dollars at $51.4 million.
. . . the user has to resort to good old ASCII, the lingua franca of all computer systems . . . .
Τ褦줫̸ؤžȤ¤˿ʤǤ褦Ǥ롥ΰ̣ŪˤʤȤȤϡ줬äƤ̣ζ̤ȤȤǤ롥μΰ̣ѲӻǤꡤŪˤоݤȤ侩оݤȤʤʤѸȤƤ lingua franca Τ٤ʴߤݤIJͤ褦˻פϡŦlingua franca ΡüԤΥʤǤ롥ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ˡüԤϴؤäƤʤǡüԤλä̵ͭˤ狼餺ŪѤ붦̸ȤƤαѸˤˤ EIL (English as an International Language) ȤѸ줬Ŭڤ餹٤ƤĶۤѸȤ (English as a) Global Language ȤѸˤʹ褦ˤʤäƤ
̩פʤŪʸ̮ǸߤαѸϰ̤˸ڤˤϡlingua franca global language 纹ʤȤƤ褦˻פ뤬嵭Τ褦ˡξԤζ̤ϤĤƤΤ褤ȹͤ롥üԤԴͿФ lingua franca ȡüԤδͿԴͿĶۤ global language Ωˤϡñʤζ̤Τߤʤ餺طʤˤѸѤΰ㤤ѸΤɤ¦̤֤ΰ㤤ȿǤƤ褦˻פ롥
ʸɤǤơthe choice is between rhyme or prose Ȥ˽Ф路between ˤ³ and ԤȤchoice θ촶˰ or ѤƤΤ餷˥缭ŵǤϡˡˤĤưʲΤ褦˿Ƥ롥
1(3) between 1980 to 1990 choose between war or peace Τ褦 and to or ѤΤ((ޤ))to from A to B䡥or choose, decide ʤɤưϢ줹Ȥ¿Ѥ롥 choice [decision] A or B ȹͤʢ2ˡ
2[̡ʬ] Ĥδ֤[]ĤΤɤ餫?choose ? peace and war ʿ¤褫Τ줫֡Ԣand or Ѥ뤳Ȥ롨 1 [ˡ](3)
OED Ǥϡ"between" 18 ̡ʬۤˡƤ뤬or ѤʸϵƤʤƱMED Ǥ bitwene 7 ˡб뤬Ϥ or ʸϤʤ"between A or B" 㤬ĸ줿ΤȤ䤤ˤϡܤ˥ѥĴ٤ɬפꤽ
ѸˤĤơBNCWeb ư "{choose/V} between_PRP + or_CJC" ȤƸʸʬȤۤ8ǤϤ뤬㤬줿 Written books and periodicals Ǥ롥Ū狼䤹4褦
. . . in 1627 Emperor Ferdinand ordered all his Bohemian subjects to choose between Catholicism or exile.
The main characters are all glorified psychopaths, with little to choose between hero or villain in terms of basic humanity.
. . . Mapleton, already out of breath, had to choose between talking or using his energy to keep up.
It is for you to choose between clinical or disciplinary action.
Ʊͤˡ̾ "{choice/N} between_PRP + or_CJC" θ̤⻲Ȥ줿
"between A or B" Ϥޤ˵ʹ¤餫ä˵ʸˡǹ⤵ƤǤʤԤ줬̡ꡤȽ̣ˤ or θ촶ˤ褯Ǥ뤷or λѤˤä¿Ǥ between θꤵΤ顤Τ褦ʸˡϤष侩٤ȹͤ롥
ε#1034. ѸˤɰդŪʡ ([2012-02-25-1]) (4) ǡѸǤϡ1;Τ¾;ΤˡŪɰաפ1;Τ֤뤳Ȥ˿줿ŪʸˡȤäƤ褤2;3;1;ΤȤ̤Ǥꡤ"you and I", "she and I", "you, he, and I" ʤɤȤʤ롥ΤȤƳؤȤϤޤºɤȸθǤꡤܸɤŨɰդθʤɤȴΤǤ롥Quirk et al. (Section 13.56, Note [a]) ˤϼΤ褦ˤ롥
When one of the conjoins is a personal pronoun, it is considered polite to follow the order of placing 2nd person pronouns first, and (more importantly) 1st person pronouns last: Jill and I (not I and Jill); you and Jill, (not Jill and you), you, Jill, or me (not me, you, or Jill), etc.
ƱݤεҤϡHuddleston and Pullum (1288), Biber et al. (338) ˤ⤢롥
ȤѸο;̾ν politeness Ȥ˻Ƥ褤Τɤ路ʤ뵭Ҥ˽Ф路ٹ (191) ˤȡʣǤ1;2;3;ΤνȤĤޤꡤ"we and you", "we and they", "we, you, and they" ʤɤȤʤ롥ǤϡɾˤϤʤʤ
ʣʷˤĤ BNCWeb Ĵ٤Ȥ⤽㤬ʤΤ褦ʤȤΤºݤΤȤ3Ĥο;Τʤɤϳ̵ä
we and you (0), you and we (0);
we and they (11), they and we (7)
you and they (11), they and you (6)
we, you, and they (0), we, they, and you (0)
you, we, and they (0), you, they and we (0)
they, we, and you (0), they, you, and we (0)
ʣˤĤƤϡʸ˭٤˵ΤȾȤٹˤʸäƤʤȤ餹ȡ餫εʸˡäƤΤʤΤ3緿ʸˡˤڤʤ
ñˤĤƤ⡤˼ϤޤǴǤꡤˤäƤϤδ㤫鳰⤢롥㤨СȤȤˤϡ1;Τ˽ФΤ褤Ȥ (ex. I and Bob were arrested for speeding.) ޤʬοʬΤۤ餫˾ξˤϡI and my children I and my dog ꤦ롥ѤϤȤƤ⡤ǽŪˤϥХ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
cannot help doing ϡ?뤳ȤʤפȤ?ˤϤʤ?Τϻʤפ̣봷ɽǤ롥cannot but do ȤƤƱܿͤˤŪȤ䤹ɽɸΤ褦Ӥʸˤ than ΤʤǸƱʸˤդɬפǤ롥
ƤBNCWeb ˤ "(more (_AJ0 | _AV0)? | _AJC) * than * (can|could) (_XX0)? help" ǸȡϢ㤬8ҥåȤۤƱɽϺơ6
. . . the Commander struck out for the shore in a strong breaststroke that did not disturb the phosphorescence more than he could help . . . .
I'm not putting money in the pocket of the bloody Hamiltons more than I can help.
"Don't be more stupid than you can help, Greg!"
Resolutely, and determined to think no more than she could help about it . . . .
And I won't spend more than I can help.
"We'll do our best; we won't get in your way more than we can help."
ơιʸϡտޤƤ̣äƤˤ롥㤨СɤƤӡ3դϰޤˤʤͤФƤ̿ʸȯȡ3դޤǤϵ4դϰʡפȤݤȤʤʤǤä狼䤹뤿տϼȤˡʤȤ⡤줬ȯüԤΰտޤǤȹͤ롥Ū˹ͤȡyou can help ȹǤ뤫顤̤ϡȤޤˤ館뤮꤮̡4դؤϤ¿ϰʤȤȤ顤4դޤǤϵ5դϰʡפȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤȯüԤΰտޤΰ̣ȤäƤޤޤŪˤΤǤС*Don't drink more pints of beer than you cannot help. ȤʤϤμιʸ BNCWeb Ǥʸڤʤ
Ǹо嵭Τ褦ˤʤ뤬Ԥΰտޤʸȯ뵡ϤۤȤɤʤ졤Ū˺뤳ȤϤʤޤ[2011-12-03-1]ε#950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3)פǸ褦ˡǤǤ̣ѤʤȤˤ狼ˤϿʤ褦칽¤Τ¸ߤ롥Ȥȡɸ칽¤ƤỤ̄Ū;ϤϤȤȤˤʤ롥
ʤߤˡɸʸϺǯλɸ1ĤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡġĤǤᤷƤ
Ѹǡa (large) number of + ʣ̾פΩĤȤưʣ˰פΤ§Ǥ롥ˤǤΤΤ褦ʸ˽Ф路
A large number of native speakers is perhaps a pre-requisite for a language of wider communication . . . . (Graddol 12)
ǡμʸˡҤä֤ƤߤۤȤɤ٤ƤλͽζʣȤƤꡤʬϤͿƤΤˤĤƤϡnumber ǤϤʤξǸ native speakers (head) ȤߤʤƤ롥äˡOALD8, LDOCE5, COBUILD English Usage ȤäŵŪʳؽѱѱѼǤϡʣưǰפ褦ŪͿƤ롥ޤʸˡΤո Fowler "number" ιˤˤȼ̤ǡñפˤĤƤŪʸڤϤʤä
. . . as a noun of multitude in the type 'a number of + pl. noun', normally governs a plural verb both in BrE and AmE.
Ĵ٤եΤʤǡñפˤĤƸڤƤΤϰʲΤΤǤ롥
CGEL: "A (large) number of people have applied for the job. [2]" ȤʸˤĤơ"Use of the singular . . . would be considered pedantic in [2] . . . ." (765) ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
CALD3: ñפʸ "(slightly formal)" Ȥ졼٥ͿĤĵƤ"A large number of invitations has been sent."
إ˥缭ŵ: ñפ(())פȤƤ"A ? of passengers were [(()) was] injured in the accident."
ǡformal or pedantic Ȥ register Ǥޤ˻Ѥ餷ȤȤʬäǤϡBNCWeb dzΤƤߤ褦ȡ"a (very)? (large|great|good|small)? number of ((_AV*)? _AJ*)* _NN2 (_VHZ|_VBZ|was_VBD|_VDZ|_VVZ)" ȤƸΤߤȤǽФƤߤ25㤢ä1Ƥ٤ƤդʸǤꡤΤ12㤬 Academic prose ΤΤäΤȤơɽ academic or pedantic ضȤϳΤʤ褦
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1]) Ǽꤢ Rayson et al. ǤϡüԤ̤ǤʤǯˤäѰۤĴƤ롥ǯȤäƤ⡤35̤ʾ夫Ǿ岼ʬ绨Ĥʬ̤ϤĤζ̣ͿƤ롥ʲϡχ2 ξ19̤ޤǤΰǤ (142--43)
| Rank | Under 35 | Over 35 | ||
| Word | χ2 | Word | χ2 | |
| 1 | mum | 1409.3 | yes | 2365.0 |
| 2 | fucking | 1184.6 | well | 1059.8 |
| 3 | my | 762.4 | mm | 895.2 |
| 4 | mummy | 755.2 | er | 773.8 |
| 5 | like | 745.2 | they | 682.2 |
| 6 | na as in wanna and gonna | 712.8 | said | 538.3 |
| 7 | goes | 606.6 | says | 443.1 |
| 8 | shit | 410.1 | were | 385.8 |
| 9 | dad | 403.7 | the | 352.2 |
| 10 | daddy | 380.1 | of | 314.6 |
| 11 | me | 371.9 | and | 224.7 |
| 12 | what | 357.3 | to | 211.2 |
| 13 | fuck | 330.1 | mean | 155.0 |
| 14 | wan as in wanna | 320.6 | he | 144.0 |
| 15 | really | 277.0 | but | 139.0 |
| 16 | okay | 257.0 | perhaps | 136.0 |
| 17 | cos | 254.4 | that | 131.3 |
| 18 | just | 251.8 | see | 122.1 |
| 19 | why | 240.0 | had | 118.3 |
ɸä Rayson et al. ʸɤBNC ǡŪʴʬव줿äդϿ֥ѥ4,552,555ˤоݤȤơä˽ǯҲŪϰ̤ˤ뺹餫ˤ褦ȤǤ롥װΤʤǡŪѰۤŪ˺Ǥ줿Τˤ뺹äȤȤʤΤǡܵǤϤη̤Ҳ𤷤
ޤʲ˵ͤβˤμɬפʤΤǡ˿ƤBNC ˼Ͽ줿äդϻִԤ2֤μʲä Walkman ˿ǤäǡΤǤꡤλִԤ73̾75̾Ǥ롥äо줹ִʳüԤˤĤƤ⡤Τۤ¿äơ֥ѥؤλΨǤСΤȤƽ⤯ʤ뤳ȤԻĤǤϤʤ
ƧޤǤ⡤ΤȤƽΤۤ褯äȤȤͤФѤ줿 word token ǤС1.00ȤȽ1.51äͭΨǤϡ1.00ȤȽ1.33ä˽βäǤΤۤ⤤ͭΨȤԸ椬뤬BNC Υ֥ѥǤϽƱΤβä¿äȤȤ嵭η̤طʤˤΤ⤷ʤˤ衤̣ͤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ˡ٤äˤ˽Ƥߤ褦˽ٹ礤ι⤤ɤȴФˡϡȤƤ[2010-03-10-1], [2010-09-27-1], [2011-09-24-1]εǾҲ𤷤ΤƱˡǤ롥ѥȽѥ̤줾줫줿ɽͤ碌Ū˽ (χ2) ι⤤¤ؤФ褤ʲϡ25̤ޤǤΰǤ (136--37)
| Rank | Characteristically male | Characteristically female | ||
| Word | χ2 | Word | χ2 | |
| 1 | fucking | 1233.1 | she | 3109.7 |
| 2 | er | 945.4 | her | 965.4 |
| 3 | the | 698.0 | said | 872.0 |
| 4 | year | 310.3 | n't | 443.9 |
| 5 | aye | 291.8 | I | 357.9 |
| 6 | right | 276.0 | and | 245.3 |
| 7 | hundred | 251.1 | to | 198.6 |
| 8 | fuck | 239.0 | cos | 194.6 |
| 9 | is | 233.3 | oh | 170.2 |
| 10 | of | 203.6 | Christmas | 163.9 |
| 11 | two | 170.3 | thought | 159.7 |
| 12 | three | 168.2 | lovely | 140.3 |
| 13 | a | 151.6 | nice | 134.4 |
| 14 | four | 145.5 | mm | 133.8 |
| 15 | ah | 143.6 | had | 125.9 |
| 16 | no | 140.8 | did | 109.6 |
| 17 | number | 133.9 | going | 109.0 |
| 18 | quid | 124.2 | because | 105.0 |
| 19 | one | 123.6 | him | 99.2 |
| 20 | mate | 120.8 | really | 97.6 |
| 21 | which | 120.5 | school | 96.3 |
| 22 | okay | 119.9 | he | 90.4 |
| 23 | that | 114.2 | think | 88.8 |
| 24 | guy | 108.6 | home | 84.0 |
| 25 | da | 105.3 | me | 83.5 |
ѸθäˤȼѸΨˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲ƤĤĥäƤ
[2010-12-31-1]: #613. Academic Word List ˴ޤޤγ
[2010-06-30-1]: #429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ
[2010-05-16-1]: #384. ÿȥޥΨǸűѸȸѸθäӤ
[2010-03-02-1]: #309. Ѹδܸ100εȳ
[2009-11-15-1]: #202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ
[2009-11-14-1]: #201. ѸμѸεȳ (2)
[2009-08-15-1]: #110. ѸμѸεȳ
οŪĴˤϡݤΥˤ뤫type-count token-count ɤΤ餤θõϤ츻ˤޤĤΤɤΤ褦˽뤫ʤɤιθ٤ब͡ꡤԤˤäƷ̤ޤޤȤʤ뤳Ȥ롥ʣĴ٤С褽ʿͤƤΤΤǤ롥
äƤ ICOME7 (The Seventh International Conference on Middle English) ǡ84OED3 μ紴츻ؼ Philip Durkin "Some neglected aspects of Middle English lexical borrowing from (Anglo-)French" ꤹֱǴϢˤĤƿƤΤǡ⤷Ƥ
Durkin BNC 1000ΥꥹȤФ츻ʬϤη̡Ѹ줬489졤եƥ줬489졤Υɸ줬32졤ʳθ줬10Ȥͤ줿絬ϥѥ٥ꥹ (see [2010-03-01-1]) Ѥ츻ĴϤĤʬǤȻפäƤDurkin ΤǤϫϤʤȤǤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ˤꡤ嵭ΥǼĴȹ碌ơtype-count ˴Ť100졤600졤1000졤2000졤3000졤4000졤5000졤6000졤7000졤8000졤9000졤10000Ȥ12ʳθõϤǤθΨ줿Ȥˤʤ롥ΤȤʤ븽ѸäξʬϤ줾ۤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤܰ¤Ȥưʲʬ English, French and/or Latin, Scandinavian, Other Ȥ4줷
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1796ǯ919ꥫ罰ν George Washington (1732--99) οä farewell address ֤̤ΥԡפɤվΡرʸˡΤäƤޤ (252--53) ˤȡθФʬѸϤλФˤʤȤΤǡɤ뵡äʲαʸǤ롥
FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS. The period for a new election of a citizen, to administer the executive government of the United States, being not far distant, and the time actually arrived, when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made.
Τɤ߱ΤʸǤ롥դ٤ʸˡΥݥȤϤ뤬ǸΤۤ decline Ǥʤư̾줬³ŦƤ줿ϸƨƤΤ;פ˴ؿäΤdecline ˡؽѱѱѼĴ٤ȡư̾줬³빽ʸϿƤʤ礭ʱ¼ǤϡŪǤϤʤȤʤ⡤ư̾줬³ȵҤƤ롥ޤOED Ĵ٤ decline, v. θ 13b ˵Ƥ17ʹߤοǡư̾θ³빽ʸǧ롥äơWashington ư̾ѤƤΤŪˤʤʸǤϤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
Washington ƵʹʸѤΤϤʤstyle formality ʤΤ뤤 decline μ빽ʸμ٤鸽ߤޤǤδ֤̻ŪѲƤȤȤʤΤɤܻؤˤϡˤʤäܳŪˤ̻ѥʤɤĴ٤ɬפ뤬ޤ BNCweb ǤɤΤ餤ҥåȤ뤫Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
줬³빽ʸФΤˡ"{decline/V} (_{ADV})* _TO0" Ǹȡ769㤬ҥåȡư̾줬³빽ʸ "{decline/V} (_{ADV})* _VVG" ǼФҥåȤ9Τºݤˤ3Τ߳Ǥ뤳ȤȽ饤
- FTT 821: . . . but with proper delicacy to this subject they decline making application at Present and till it is ascertained how cattle markets may go in June next . . .
- FTT 839: The Presses of this meeting, as being part owner of the Steam Boat, declines allowing the assessment for the Steam Boat to be charged for this year.
- HW8 831: Dosh and Freddie didn't take much persuading but Chase thankfully declined saying that parties didn't like him.
FTT ʤŵAn Islay Notebook Ȥ non-academic prose and biographyˤ2㤬ڤȤΤϡʤʤΤWashington ư̾λˤĤƤȽǤʤޤޤߤޤǤ˸뤤ϳʼĥäȤ˸ꤵƤǽ̻Ū٤äƤǽϤꤽ
졡رʸˡΤäƤޤ١ʸ麽սʸտӡ2003ǯ
[2011-01-17-1] blend פˤݤ˾줿 contamination פ롥ξԤϰռŪݤȤ̤뤳Ȥ뤬ä˶̤ƱͤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥̾ϸβȤª뤬[2011-01-17-1]εǿ줿褦˹ʸΥ٥ǤǤⵯꤦ롥㤨СεǤϡ"Why did you do that for?" "different than"
Graddol ˹ʸ contamination ˽вäֻϰѼԡˡ
English is remarkable for its diversity, its propensity to change and be changed. This has resulted in both a variety of forms of English, but also a diversity of cultural contexts within which English is used in daily life. (5)
Ǥϡboth . . . and . . . not only . . . but also . . . ιʸƤ롥BNCweb 긡 "both +** but also" õƤߤȡ6ۤɤĤäֻϰѼԡˡ
- Ion Pacepa, Ceausescu's chief intelligence officer who defected in 1978, takes particular pleasure in his memoirs in exposing Stefan Andrei as both corrupt but also as well aware of the absurdity of the Ceausescus' pretensions, especially Elena's academic titles.
- Their economy and population were both suffering, but also they were becoming wary of the Dzhungars' increasing strength.
- In fitting statistical models to study relationships, it is important to take account of such hierarchies, both for technical reasons but also because influential factors can be present at any or all levels of aggregation.
- The changes that have been introduced into South Africa [pause] forced upon the white minority government by both international pressure but also by the magnificent work at the A N C in Cosatu [pause] must be supported as well but we cannot treat South Africa as anything but a pariah [pause] a, a, a national pariah [pause] until we see one person one vote, and a black majority government in South Africa.
- 'Committees' means both actual committees but also individuals or organisers listed as committees.
- I mean that can be both pleasurable, but also make somebody feel uncomfortable.
contamination ϡŪˤüԤȯû2ĤδϢʸκȤƲᤵ뤬줬ƱΤ˹äƤ٤ǧ٤ȡʸȤΩ夹뤳Ȥ롥Τ褦ʾˤϡcontamination ̻Ūʴ饢ץ뤳ȤǤʲϸѸ˸빽ʸ contamination 餬ĺ˸졤ߤޤǤˤɤ٤ǧ٤ƤȤϡѸˤǤ롥
(1) these kinds of things: these things this kind of things κ
(2) different than: different from other than κ
(3) different to: different from opposed to κsimilar to ȤȤͤ롥
(4) cannot help but do: cannot help doing cannot but do κ
(5) It is no good for us complaining about it.: It is no good for us to complain about it. It is no good we complaining about it. κ
(6) no sooner . . . when: no sooner . . . than scarcely . . . when κ
(7) I am friends with him.: I am friendly with him. He and I are friends. κ
(8) a man whom she thought was a murderer: a man who she thought was a murderer a man whom she thought to be a murderer κ
(9) the cleverest of all the other boys: cleverer than the other boys the cleverest of all the boys κ
Ĵ٤ƤߤȤȤ褦(9) Τ褦Ͼʤʤ褦ǡж (127) ϼΤ褦˥ȤƤ롥ȤƤ⤷
Sunday's action was the most brilliant and fruitful of any fought up to that date by the fighters of the Royal Air Force. [the most . . . of (all) + (more . . . than) any]---W. Churchill / This is the greatest error of all the rest. [the greatest . . . of (all) + (a greater . . . than) all the rest]---Sh., Mids. N. D. v. i. 250. ǸΤ褦ˡǾ˽̣̾ϤޤޤʤϤΡ֤¾פ礵ɽȤǾ (Inclusive superlative) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥϶αѸˤȤɤ롥
Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ʲˡѤ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 ʸ褦ˡϥǡΥեޥåȤ䡤⡼ɤŬڤƤʤˤϥСǥ顼ǽΤա
| though | although | |
|---|---|---|
| Natural and pure sciences | 56.3 | 80.13 |
| Applied science | 37.36 | 68.31 |
| World affairs | 45.81 | 68.2 |
| Social science | 48.98 | 63.38 |
| Commerce and finance | 46.18 | 57.21 |
| Arts | 74.07 | 52.93 |
| Leisure | 45.85 | 49.46 |
| Belief and thought | 70.78 | 46.75 |
| Imaginative prose | 80.2 | 26.37 |
ε[2011-04-06-1]ǡthough although θˡκ˿줿Ʊǡ
4000Ķʤ The Longman Spoken and Written English Corpus (the LSWE Corpus) ȤѸʸˡBiber et al. (845--46) ǤϼΤ褦ˤ롥
Both of these subordinators [though and although] occur in all four registers [conversation, fiction, news, and academic prose], although the registers show different preferences of use. Conversation and fiction show a slightly greater use of though (concessive clauses are, however, uncommon in conversation generally). News shows no particular preference. In academic prose, although is about three times as frequent as though. Although seems to have a slightly more formal tone to it, fitting the style of academic prose . . . . The greater use of although by writers of academic prose may also result from an attempt to distinguish this subordinator from the common use of though as a linking adverbial in conversation . . . .
ޤƱ p. 842 ɽϡŪ though fiction ¿although academic prose ¿Ȥǧ롥ˤ뺹ƤȤη̤
Τ褦Ըơ BNC ( The British National Corpus ) ˤꤳΤƤߤ롥BNCweb ǡ{although/CONJ}, {though/CONJ} 줾측Written/Spoken, Text Domain, Sex of Author/Speaker, Perceived Level of Difficulty ʤ͡ʥѥǽиʬۤʬϤΩä̤ʲ˼ʿͥǡϤΥڡHTMLȡˡ
ޤWritten/Spoken κˤĤƤϡͽۤȤꡤξȤ Written ؤФ꤬㤷ʺ۷ though 0.66344 although 0.49770 ǡ餫˽դФˡLog-Likelihood Test Ǥϡp < 0.0001 Υ٥ǽդäդͭպΤ˼줿
ꡤäˤ뺹ⶽ̣դäդξǡalthough ͭպäλѤФäƤ롥though ˤĤƤϡ although ۤɸǤϤʤʤդǤ p < 0.05 ͭպˡ
ˡText Domain ̤٤ߤ롥9 Text Domain ̤ ( Natural and pure sciences, Applied science, World affairs, Social science, Commerce and finance, Arts, Leisure, Belief and thought, Imaginative prose ) 100νиɸಽͤǡξ Text Domain ٤ղΤʲοޤ

Text Domain ˤäξνи٤оŪʷ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ū sciences ( = academic prose ) although ΩImag(inative) Prose ( = fiction ) though ¿Log-Likelihood Test ǤϡText Domain ˤиκ p < 0.0001 ͭդǤ롥
ľŪˤԸη̤ͽۤȤǤϤ뤬although νˤؽѻʸǸѤȤ줿
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
餫δǽñΥꥹȤŪ٤ν¤ؤȤ롥㤨С[2011-03-22-1]褦ˡ٤Ե§ʿȤδطĴ٤ȤˡܤʷˤΰŪ٤Τɬפ롥Ūˤϡ[2010-03-01-1]ǾҲ𤷤褦絬Ϥѥѥ˴ŤɽͭѤǤ롥BNC lemma-pos list (122KB) ANC word-tagset list (7.2MB) ʤɤθĤҤȤĸٿٽ̤Ĵ٤Ƥ椱Ф褤¿ˤݤǡ嵭2Ĥɽ顤Ϥʷˤ٤Ƚ̤Ф CGI
ԤǤ⥹ڡǤ⥫ޤǤ褤Τڤ줿ñꥹȤʲΥܥåϤ"Frequency Sort Go!" å롥Ϸ̤ٽ̤ι⤤˥Ȥˤϡ"sort by rank?" ˤʥǥեȤǥդˤȡϽ˽Ϥˡ㤨СɸѸ˻Ĥ i-mutation ʣϰʲ7ΤߤǤʣ졤ʣ[2011-04-01-1]ˤ sister(e)n ϽˡԡƥܥåϤ롥
foot, goose, louse, man, mouse, tooth, woman
ε[2011-03-24-1] Log-Likelihood Test ˤˤ Rayson Log-likelihood calculator ѤФ褤ȽҤ٤ºݤθκݤ˺Ȥ⤦ưȻפäΤ CGI Ƥߤ٤ϤȻפȤꤢ
BNC_Male_Speakers BNC_Female_Speakers new 149 91 good 408 310 free 173 75 fresh 84 118 delicious 12 34 full 210 107 sure 532 328 clean 197 223 wonderful 270 258 special 177 82 crisp 10 16 fine 347 215 big 470 415 great 203 96 real 163 80 easy 326 157 bright 113 110 extra 347 203 safe 182 92 rich 120 45 #-------- corpus_size 4949938 3290569
˽֤ͭպä礭ΤϡбԤ֤ɤĤ֤줿 fresh, delicious, clean, wonderful, big ǡٿ˴ŤƷ줿 Diff_Co ( "Difference Coefficient" ֺ۷ ) ޥʥǤ뤳Ȥ顤ħŪʷƻȤȤˤʤ롥big ϰճʵ⤷̤Ǥ롥ФäͭպΤϲǼ easy rich Ǥ롥η̤Ϥɤ߹ळȤǤܺ٤Ĵ٤뤳ȤǤ롥ηƻȤϡüԤǤϤʤʹ̡ǯ𡤼ҲʤɤĴƤ⤪⤷ȱѤǤ롥
[2010-03-04-1]εǿ줿ѥؤǤϳƼˡѤ롥ĤˡΤʤǤ⡤ɽΥѥ֤٤Ӥꡤcollocation ٹ礤¬Τ˹ѤƤΤ Log-Likelihood Test ( LL Test, G Test, G2 Test ʤɤȤ˸ƤФ븡Ǥ롥ѥθ줿ʤΤǥΰۤʤ륳ѥ֤ǤӤǽǤꡤƱŪǰˤ褯ѤƤ2踡 ( Chi-Squared Test ) ⤤ĤǤ줿ˡɾƤꡤǶΥѥǤϹѤƤ롥㤨С2踡ϴ٤5꾯ʤȤٸȤѥ礭ΤȾΤӤȤ˿㤯ʤ뤬Log-Likelihood Test Ϥαƶˤ [ Rayson and Garside 2 ]
Log-Likelihood Test δŪʹͤϡѥȤˤɽδԤи١ʴ١ˤФͤȼºݤ˽и١ʴѻ١ˤκñʸȹͤۤɤ˶Ƥ뤫ɤȽꤹȤΤǤ롥ȤơΤ褦ʥǥBNC ( The British National Corpus ) äե֥ѥȽե֥ѥ̤ξ֥ѥ֤ f*ck Ȥ four-letter word ٤Ӥ롥BNCweb ꤳΥɤȡΤ褦ʷ̤줿
| Category | No. of words | No. of hits | Dispersion (over files) | Frequency per million words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spoken | 10,409,858 | 579 | 63/908 | 55.62 |
| Written | 87,903,571 | 743 | 172/3,140 | 8.45 |
| total | 98,313,429 | 1,322 | 235/4,048 | 13.45 |
| Corpus 1 | Corpus 2 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of word | a | b | a+b |
| Frequency of other words | c-a | d-b | c+d-a-b |
| Total | c | d | c+d |
Chaucer 桤knight Ȥ90ʾ塤ӱս˸Ƥ롥бӱĴ١˥ɥǽ줿2ĤΥޥ Kyng Alisaunder Arthur and Merlin ǤƱͤĴ٤Ƥߤȡˤ⤷¤⤫Ӿ夬롥
Chaucer knight ȵӱƧȤ5ʾ帽Τˡmight (32), wight (22), night (9), right (8), bright (5) 롥Kyng Alisaunder ǤϹ٤ΤΤˤ wiȝth, fiȝth, riȝth / miȝth ꡤƱ Arthur and Merlin Ǥ ''fiȝt, riȝt, riȝth 롥ӱʬۤޤȤΤʲοޤǤBurnley, p. 130 οޤȤ˺ˡ

Chaucer εӱϡ٤ΤΤ濴ȤȾ¾2ĤΥޥʤȽʣƤꡤΤȤѸޥŪʵӱѤǤȲǤ롥ǡChaucer ΤߤѤƤӱ⤤Ĥǧ졤ͤεӱι롥
ӤˤäƤʤ˶̣¤롥¾Υޥ2ʡҤƤѸޥΤȤơǤ٤⤤ӱȤߤʤƤ褤Ȼפ fight Chaucer ˤϰ٤⸽ʤΤǤ롥knight fight ϱǤꡤcollocation ٹ礤⤤ȤϼǤ뤫顤Chaucer ˤԺߤԼȤפ롥Burnley (131) ϡӱȤƤ fight ԺߤϡChaucer ȤδϢ⤢뤫⤷ʤ餯 Chaucer "a hackneyed rhyme" ֻȤŤ줿ӱפȤߤʤưռŪȤ
Although he [Chaucer] was often content to employ familiar and traditional rhymes, there is also evidence of resourcefulness in seeking unusual rhymes, as well as of avoiding rhymes which might have proved unacceptable to his audience. (Burnley 131)
ͤѤӱǤϤʤѤʤäӱŦ뤳ȤǡλͤħθФ٤⤭Ħˤʤꤦ빥Ǥ롥ԺߤʤΤѤʤäΤΤˤϡ¾ӤʤФʤʤоݤܼΤˤϡ줬֤ƤĶϤɬפ롥ʸؤο褦ʰŪǤ롥
ʤߤˡknight fight collocation ϶ä˰㤤ʤȽҤ٤ǤäǤ롥Ѹˤξ collocation BNCweb Ĵ٤ȤۤɸǤϤʤ̾ knight 5 fight ٤ϥѥ10Ǥ롥[2010-03-23-1]εǿ줿 MI T-score ͤȡ줾 3.5415, 2.8907 Ǥꡤcollocation ǧƤ褤ǤϤ롥
Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983. 13--15.
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