hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 ڡ / page 2 (3)

bnc - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2012-10-27 Sat

#1279. BNC ζߤȼ [bnc][corpus][representativeness]

108--114֤ˤ錄ꡤΩرѸ춵鸦ˤŤǡLancaster ̾ Geoffrey Leech θֱ񤬳줿ϡ2ܤ "The British National Corpus: Both a Triumph and a Failure" ꤹֱΤߤλääİ˹ԤäBNC ԼԤκäʤɡ⤷ää
̾ˤ "triumph" "failure" ˤĤơLeech Ϥ줾켡Τ褦ʹܤ󤷤Ƥ

A triumph:
It has been claimed that the BNC is the most widely used corpus in the world.
It was the first text corpus of its size to be made widely available.
It is available from a wide range of different sources.
It is widely regarded as a 'standard reference corpus' for the English language.
It has been licensed to over 1300 institutions throughout the world, over 1800 users have signed on for access to it through the BNCweb online interface, etc.

A failure:
It never reached 100 million words! (98,300,000)
The design criteria were never totally achieved.
It hardly ever contains complete texts.
The spoken materials are poorly transcribed.
The metadata are incomplete and can be erroneous.
The part-of-speech tagging contains many errors.
It is out of date! (dating from the late 20th century)


Leech θդüˤϡtriumph γ˼Ƥ褦ˡӤ΢դ줿ߤʤäƤΥѥԽˤĤơФ褫äФ褫äȤθȤ⤤ȿ¿󤲤ƤΤŪǤ롥BNC ΥդѤ줿ץ CLAWS4 ٤97%ۤɤHoffmann et al. 43 ˤȡ98--99%ˤȤΤϡ϶ä٤ȤȻפäƤѥϤ礭ΤǿѡȤΥ顼ȤϤäƤ300ˤΤܤȤ¤ϸȤƤäȤХѥˤĤƤϡѥΤ1ۤɤޤʤäȡǡ transcription μäȡѤǡեޥå TEI äȤФΥդˤɬŬڤǤʤäȡʤɤ󤲤Ƥ
ʤǤ⡤ʳ鸽ߤ˻ޤǰӤƤ³Ƥɽ (representativeness) ˤĤơBNC ǤϴṲ̄ʤäȤˡˤޤƤʳ顤ꤹ Text Domain ΥХ󥹤䥵˴ؤŤͤƤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥1桼ȤƤϡ¤줿꥽ΤʤǡɽݤȤϰζȤɾƤ뤬Leech ˤȤäƤϡǤ¤ΤȤϤäȤȿ̤Ȥơ̤ۤʤäȤפ⶯褦Ʊˡ䤫ʸĴǤϤäBNC Ӥ¾Τ٤Ƥ絬ϥѥɽ򤵤ۤɽŻ뤷ƤʤȽƤ༫ȤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡѥɽˤĤȼϤäƤ뤬ǽŪˤ "impressionistic" ȽǤȹͤƤ褦Ǥꡤ񤷤ˤޤƤˤ衤Leech ɽؤμǰζˡ٤ʥץեåʥꥺ򴶤
ʤ[2012-07-05-1]ε#1165. ѹǥѥ椬ˤʤäطʡפǿ줿̤ꡤǰʤBNC³ԤϤʤȤȤLeech Ƥ
礭ۤʤ뤬Ѹ쥳ѥ The LAEME Corpus ɽˤĤơ[2012-10-10-1], [2012-10-11-1]εǹͻΤǡȤ

Hoffmann, Sebastian, Stefan Evert, Nicholas Smith, David Lee, and Ylva Berglund Prytz. Corpus Linguistics with BNCweb : A Practical Guide. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.

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2012-10-26 Fri

#1278. BNC 濴Ȥ륳ѥϢΥ󥯽 [corpus][bnc][link][web_service][lltest]

ѥؤߤޤʤʬʬˡϢϥ־뤳Ȥ¿ʤ褦ˤפ뤬դ˾¿ơȽǤ˺롥ƼʬΤǤʥ󥯽ޤȤƤȻפΤسΥԡɤˤĤƹԤʤ䤬Ǥ褯Ѥ BNC ˴ϢΤ濴ˡŪǤϤ뤬󥯤ĥ롥󥯽ޤȤϫ򼹤ϡŤ뼰ˤɤ뤫ɸΤۤΨŪȤˤʤĤĤ롦

1. BNC 󥿡ե

BNCweb ̵Ͽ
BYU-BNC ̵Ͽ
BNC ( The British National Corpus )

2. BNC Υե󥹡

Quick Reference for Simple Query Syntax (PDF)
Reference Guide for the British National Corpus (XML Edition)
Reference Guide ܼ
* 6.5 Guidelines to the Wordclass Tagging
* The BNC Basic (C5) Tagset
* 9.8 Simplified Wordclass Tags
* 9.7 Contracted forms and multiwords
* 1 Design of the Corpus
* 9.6 Text and genre classification code

3. ѥϢ祵

David Lee ˤ Bookmarks for Corpus-based Linguists
* Corpora, Collections, Data Archives
* Software, Tools, Frequency Lists, etc.
* References, Papers, Journals
* Conferences & Project

4. hellog ε

#568. ѥȱѸ쥳ѥ: [2010-11-16-1]
#506. CoRD --- Ѹ˥ѥξ󥻥󥿡: [2010-09-15-1]
#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ: [2010-03-01-1]
ѥϢ: corpus
BNC Ϣ: bnc
COCA Ϣ: coca

5. ׻ġ

Corpus Frequency Wizard
Paul Rayson's Log-likelihood Calculator
VassarStats
hellog Ρ#711. Log-Likelihood Tester CGI, Ver. 2: [2011-04-08-1]

Hoffmann, Sebastian, Stefan Evert, Nicholas Smith, David Lee, and Ylva Berglund Prytz. Corpus Linguistics with BNCweb : A Practical Guide. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-04-22-1]

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2012-10-24 Wed

#1276. hereby, hereof, thereto, therewith, etc. [compounding][synthesis_to_analysis][adverb][register][corpus][bnc][hc]

ɸΤ褦 here there 1ǤȤֻ2ǤȤʣ¿롥ϡhere this ȡthere it that ɤؤơֻθ˲󤷤Ọ̇̄ŪɸθϤ줾 by this, of this, to that, with that ۤɤ̣롥Ǥ˷ĥä뤬űѸ줫ѸˤƤϤ褯Ѥ졤μ٤ϤषƤۤɤǤ롥17ʹߤϵ޷˸äƤ椭Τ褦ʸ¤줿Ѱ (register) ؤɤޤ줿ͳȤƤϡѸι¤ȤŵŪǤʤȤĤޤ礫ʬϤؤαѸμήȿȤŦƤ (Rissanen 127) ʸˡȤơޤǸꤵ줿֤ǼѤ줿ϡtherefore ΤߤȤäƤ褤
ѸdzǧѰФϡǤѸˤ˨꤬롥here-, there- ʣϡѸǤϤޤ̤˻ȤƤ뤬ǤߤˡΧʸǤλѤݤäƤ롥ʲϡRissanen (127) Helsinki Corpus ˤĴ̤Ǥʿ١åο1٤ɽ魯ˡ


StatutesOther texts
ME4 (1420--1500)68 (60)621 (31)
EModE1 (1500--70)77 (65)503 (28)
EModE2 (1570--1640)84 (71)461 (26)
EModE3 (1640--1710)126 (96)191 (12)


ѸΤ̤ˤʣ٤Ƥ뤬ˡΧʸˤƤ token ٤ʤơRissanen, p. 128 ˤ type ٤äƤ뤳Ȥդ줿λǤ⡤ˡΧʸˤѤ³˻롥
ʬۤˤĤƤϡȼ BNCweb Ĵ٤Ƥߤtherefore hereabout, hereabouts, hereafter, hereby, herein, hereinafter, hereof, hereto, heretofore, hereupon, herewith, thereabout, thereabouts, thereafter, thereby, therefrom, therein, thereinafter, thereof, thereon, thereto, theretofore, thereunder, thereupon, therewith 25ˤĤơWritten Corpus ˹ʤäǡCQP syntax ˤ "(hereabout|hereabouts|hereafter|hereby|herein|hereinafter|hereof|hereto|heretofore|hereupon|herewith|thereabout|thereabouts|thereafter|thereby|therefrom|therein|thereinafter|thereof|thereon|thereto|theretofore|thereunder|thereupon|therewith)" %cפȸи٤ 68.93 wpm ǡФ3140ƥ1522ƥȤǤ롥
ˡˡΧطʸǤ¿ޤǤꤵ른ȤơW:ac:polit_law_eduפ˹ʤꡤƱǷ̤򸫤ȡ231.33 wpm ǡ186ƥ153ƥȤ˽и롥ʤW:adminפ˹ʤȡѥϤäȾʤ뤬٤439.85 wpm ȤʤꡤѽХǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ˤ衤μΥ here-, there- ʣ줬ʤˤѤƤ뤳ȤϳΤ줿

Rissanen, Matti. "Standardisation and the Language of Early Statutes." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 117--30.

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2012-05-06 Sun

#1105. ηƤȤƤ grey eyes (2) [romance][adjective][collocation][bnc][corpus]

ε[2012-05-05-1]˰³ grey eyes ꡥϡѸޥ󥹤 grey eyes ˤĤƹͤζɽϸˤ³Ƥ롥BNCWeb ǡ"(grey|gray) {eye/N}" ȤƸȡ287㤬ҥåȤgrey eyes ̤ηƻԤƤߤȡclear, dark, deep, pale Ū¿beautiful bright 鷺ʤ餢ä
Τ褦㤫ȽǤȡgrey Τϵ̵ͭɽ魯̣ôƤʤ褦˻פ롥⤷ôƤȤСष pale ΡΤʤפȤ˰󤻤ѱѼdzǧ¤ꡤѸ grey ΰŪʸ촶ϡܸΤȤ褯ơnegative ϷǯµͫݵŷΥ᡼äơѸ grey eyes ϡnegative ʥ˥奢󥹤ä˴ްդʤɤߤȤʤС˿ȤƤΡֳפ뤤ϡĤߤΤ֤󺮤äפɽ魯Τȹͤ롥뤤ϡgrey eyes ϡ̣ޤäɽȤѤƤˤʤȤǽ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
ȡޤޤѸŵṲ̄ȤƤ grey eyes 狼ʤ⤷MED Silverstein Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸ grey ɽ路ΤȤСѸεΤʤ grey 180٤ΰ̣ѲФȤˤʤ롥
gradation ΤǤꡤĤʤäƤϰϤ̣ꤷ뤳Ȥϡʤʤ񤷤ѸΤߤʤ餺ܸˤƤ⡤̸Ǥ롥
ʤŵṲ̄򼨤ƤBrewer (258) ϡMatthew of Vandôme ˤ Helen of Troy ̤ʲ̤ꡤ1ĤηǤȤƤ롥

. . . her hair is golden, forehead white as paper, eyebrows black and thin. The space between the eyes (in contrast to the Greek ideal) is white and clear, a 'milky way'; the face is a shining star; the eyes are like stars. She has a little smile, a nose neither too big nor too small. Her face is rosy, her colouring white and red, like rose and snow. Teeth are like ivory, lips are small, slightly swelling, honeyed. Her mouth smells like a rose, her neck is smooth, shoulders radiant, well-spaced (dispatiati), breasts small, and figure incomparable.


ʽǤ礦ҲäƤߤ

Silverstein, Theodore, ed. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983.
Brewer, D. S. "The Ideal of Feminine Beauty in Medieval Literature, Especially 'Harley Lyrics', Chaucer, and Some Elizabethans." The Modern Language Review 50 (1955): 257--69.

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2012-04-19 Thu

#1088. lingua franca (3) [elf][model_of_englishes][global_language][bnc]

2֤ε[2012-04-17-1], [2012-04-18-1]˰³lingua franca Ȥΰ̣ˡˤĤƤꡥϼ˼򻲹ͤˤϥѥ˸㤫 lingua franca θԤΰ̣ꤿ
BNCWeb "lingua franca" ñ㸡ȡ34㤬ҥåȤKWICϤįƤߤȡѸ줬ȤʤäƤʸͽۤۤ¿ʤԥѸʤɤޤȱѸΥŪ˹⤤Ȥǧˤ衤ƥ졤ꥷ졤ե󥹸졤ҥʤɤν˴ؤʸ褷ƾʤʤϳؽѱѱѼ񤬡lingua franca ʸˤƱѸӤǤ뤳Ȥ򸫤Ԥ lingua franca λѤǤϡΤ褦ʱѸؤΥХäˤʤȤѥ㤫餫ޤlingua franca ФơפȤĤ뤳ȤŬڤǤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ǥ
ѥϡΤ褦ŪǹΡְջã̤Ρפ⸫줿

Mr Tsurumaki was successful at 315 million francs, generally translated into lingua franca dollars at $51.4 million.
. . . the user has to resort to good old ASCII, the lingua franca of all computer systems . . . .


Τ褦줫̸ؤžȤ¤˿ʤǤ褦Ǥ롥ΰ̣ŪˤʤȤȤϡ줬äƤ̣ζ̤򼺤ȤȤǤ롥μΰ̣ѲӻǤꡤŪˤоݤȤ侩оݤȤʤʤѸȤƤ lingua franca Τ٤ʴߤݤIJͤ褦˻פϡŦlingua franca ΡüԤΥ᡼򴭵ʤǤ롥ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) ˡüԤϴؤäƤʤǡüԤλä̵ͭˤ狼餺ŪѤ붦̸ȤƤαѸˤˤ EIL (English as an International Language) ȤѸ줬Ŭڤ餹٤ƤĶۤѸȤ (English as a) Global Language ȤѸˤʹ褦ˤʤäƤ
̩פʤŪʸ̮ǸߤαѸϰ̤˸ڤˤϡlingua franca global language 纹ʤȤƤ褦˻פ뤬嵭Τ褦ˡξԤζ̤ϤĤƤΤ褤ȹͤ롥üԤԴͿ򲡤Ф lingua franca ȡüԤδͿԴͿĶۤ global language Ωˤϡñʤζ̤Τߤʤ餺طʤˤѸѤΰ㤤ѸΤɤ¦̤֤ΰ㤤ȿǤƤ褦˻פ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2021-11-04-1] [2013-02-16-1]

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2012-03-30 Fri

#1068. choose between war or peace [conjunction][corpus][bnc][preposition]

ʸɤǤơthe choice is between rhyme or prose Ȥ˽Ф路between ˤ³ and ԤȤchoice θ촶˰ or ѤƤΤ餷˥缭ŵǤϡˡˤĤưʲΤ褦˿Ƥ롥

1(3) between 1980 to 1990 choose between war or peace Τ褦 and to or ѤΤ((ޤ))to from A to B䡥or choose, decide ʤɤưϢ줹Ȥ¿Ѥ롥 choice [decision] A or B ȹͤʢ2ˡ

2[̡ʬ] Ĥδ֤[]ĤΤɤ餫?choose ? peace and war ʿ¤褫Τ줫֡Ԣand or Ѥ뤳Ȥ롨 1 [ˡ](3)


OED Ǥϡ"between" 18 ̡ʬۤˡƤ뤬or Ѥʸϵ󤲤ƤʤƱMED Ǥ bitwene 7 ˡб뤬Ϥ or ʸϤʤ"between A or B" 㤬ĸ줿ΤȤ䤤ˤϡܤ˥ѥĴ٤ɬפꤽ
ѸˤĤơBNCWeb ư "{choose/V} between_PRP + or_CJC" ȤƸʸʬȤۤ8ǤϤ뤬㤬줿 Written books and periodicals Ǥ롥Ū狼䤹4󤲤褦

. . . in 1627 Emperor Ferdinand ordered all his Bohemian subjects to choose between Catholicism or exile.
The main characters are all glorified psychopaths, with little to choose between hero or villain in terms of basic humanity.
. . . Mapleton, already out of breath, had to choose between talking or using his energy to keep up.
It is for you to choose between clinical or disciplinary action.


Ʊͤˡ̾ "{choice/N} between_PRP + or_CJC" θ̤⻲Ȥ줿
"between A or B" Ϥޤ˵ʹ¤餫ä˵ʸˡǹ⤵ƤǤʤԤ줬̡򡤷ꡤȽ̣ˤ or θ촶ˤ褯Ǥ뤷or λѤˤä¿Ǥ between θꤵΤ顤Τ褦ʸˡϤष侩٤ȹͤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2013-02-15-1]

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2012-02-26 Sun

#1035. 󤵤줿;̾ν [personal_pronoun][corpus][bnc][honorific]

ε#1034. Ѹˤɰդ򼨤Ūʡ ([2012-02-25-1]) (4) ǡѸǤϡ1;Τ¾;Τ󤵤ˡŪɰաפ1;Τ֤뤳Ȥ˿줿ŪʸˡȤäƤ褤2;΢3;΢1;ΤȤ̤Ǥꡤ"you and I", "she and I", "you, he, and I" ʤɤȤʤ롥ΤȤƳؤȤϤޤºɤȸθǤꡤܸɤŨɰդθʤɤȴΤǤ롥Quirk et al. (Section 13.56, Note [a]) ˤϼΤ褦ˤ롥

When one of the conjoins is a personal pronoun, it is considered polite to follow the order of placing 2nd person pronouns first, and (more importantly) 1st person pronouns last: Jill and I (not I and Jill); you and Jill, (not Jill and you), you, Jill, or me (not me, you, or Jill), etc.


ƱݤεҤϡHuddleston and Pullum (1288), Biber et al. (338) ˤ⤢롥
ȤѸο;̾ν politeness Ȥ˻Ƥ褤Τɤ路ʤ뵭Ҥ˽Ф路ٹ (191) ˤȡʣǤ1;΢2;΢3;ΤνȤĤޤꡤ"we and you", "we and they", "we, you, and they" ʤɤȤʤ롥ǤϡɾˤϤʤʤ
ʣʷˤĤ BNCWeb Ĵ٤Ȥ⤽㤬ʤΤ褦ʤȤΤºݤΤȤ3Ĥο;Τ󤵤ʤɤϳ̵ä

we and you (0), you and we (0);
we and they (11), they and we (7)
you and they (11), they and you (6)
we, you, and they (0), we, they, and you (0)
you, we, and they (0), you, they and we (0)
they, we, and you (0), they, you, and we (0)


ʣˤĤƤϡʸ˭٤˵󤲤ΤȾȤٹˤʸ󤬤äƤʤȤ餹ȡ餫εʸˡ񤫤äƤΤʤΤ3緿ʸˡˤڤʤ
ñˤĤƤ⡤˼ϤޤǴǤꡤˤäƤϤδ㤫鳰⤢롥㤨СȤ򤷤Ȥˤϡ1;Τ˽ФΤ褤Ȥ (ex. I and Bob were arrested for speeding.) ޤʬοʬΤۤ餫˾ξˤϡI and my children I and my dog ꤦ롥ѤϤȤƤ⡤ǽŪˤϥХ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-08-1]

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2012-01-09 Mon

#987. Don't drink more pints of beer than you can help. (1) [negative][comparison][idiom][syntax][corpus][bnc]

cannot help doing ϡ?뤳Ȥ򤱤ʤפ򸶵Ȥ?ˤϤʤ?Τϻʤפ̣봷ɽǤ롥cannot but do ȤƤƱܿͤˤŪȤ䤹ɽɸΤ褦Ӥʸˤ than ΤʤǸƱʸˤդɬפǤ롥
󤲤ƤBNCWeb ˤ "(more (_AJ0 | _AV0)? | _AJC) * than * (can|could) (_XX0)? help" ǸȡϢ㤬8ҥåȤۤƱɽϺơ6򼨤

. . . the Commander struck out for the shore in a strong breaststroke that did not disturb the phosphorescence more than he could help . . . .
I'm not putting money in the pocket of the bloody Hamiltons more than I can help.
"Don't be more stupid than you can help, Greg!"
Resolutely, and determined to think no more than she could help about it . . . .
And I won't spend more than I can help.
"We'll do our best; we won't get in your way more than we can help."


ơιʸϡտޤƤ̣äƤˤ롥㤨СɤƤӡ3դϰޤˤʤͤФƤ̿ʸȯȡ3դޤǤϵ4դϰʡפȤݤȤʤʤǤä狼䤹뤿տϼȤˡʤȤ⡤줬ȯüԤΰտޤǤȹͤ롥Ū˹ͤȡyou can help ȹǤ뤫顤̤ϡȤޤˤ館뤮꤮̡4դؤϤ¿ϰʤȤȤ顤4դޤǤϵ5դϰʡפȤʤäƤޤĤޤꡤȯüԤΰտޤΰ̣ȤäƤޤޤŪˤΤǤС*Don't drink more pints of beer than you cannot help. ȤʤϤμιʸ BNCWeb Ǥʸڤʤ
Ǹо嵭Τ褦ˤʤ뤬Ԥΰտޤʸȯ뵡ϤۤȤɤʤ졤Ū˺뤳ȤϤʤޤ[2011-12-03-1]ε#950. Be it never so humble, there's no place like home. (3)פǸ褦ˡǤǤ̣ѤʤȤˤ狼ˤϿʤ褦칽¤Τ¸ߤ롥Ȥȡɸ칽¤ƤỤ̄Ū;ϤϤȤȤˤʤ롥
ʤߤˡɸʸϺǯλɸ1ĤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡġĤǤᤷƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2015-02-23-1] [2012-01-10-1]

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2011-11-13 Sun

#930. a large number of people οΰ [agreement][number][syntax][bnc][corpus]

Ѹǡa (large) number of + ʣ̾פΩĤȤưʣ˰פΤ§Ǥ롥ˤǤΤΤ褦ʸ˽Ф路

A large number of native speakers is perhaps a pre-requisite for a language of wider communication . . . . (Graddol 12)


ǡμʸˡҤä֤ƤߤۤȤɤ٤Ƥλͽ񤬤ζʣȤƤꡤʬϤͿƤΤˤĤƤϡnumber ǤϤʤξǸ native speakers (head) ȤߤʤƤ롥äˡOALD8, LDOCE5, COBUILD English Usage ȤäŵŪʳؽѱѱѼǤϡʣưǰפ褦ŪͿƤ롥ޤʸˡΤո Fowler "number" ιˤˤȼ̤ǡñפˤĤƤŪʸڤϤʤä

. . . as a noun of multitude in the type 'a number of + pl. noun', normally governs a plural verb both in BrE and AmE.


Ĵ٤ե󥹤ΤʤǡñפˤĤƸڤƤΤϰʲΤΤǤ롥

CGEL: "A (large) number of people have applied for the job. [2]" ȤʸˤĤơ"Use of the singular . . . would be considered pedantic in [2] . . . ." (765) ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
CALD3: ñפ򼨤ʸ "(slightly formal)" Ȥ졼٥ͿĤĵ󤲤Ƥ"A large number of invitations has been sent."
إ˥缭ŵ: ñפ(())פȤƤ"A ? of passengers were [(()) was] injured in the accident."

ǡformal or pedantic Ȥ register Ǥޤ˻Ѥ餷ȤȤʬäǤϡBNCWeb dzΤƤߤ褦ȡ"a (very)? (large|great|good|small)? number of ((_AV*)? _AJ*)* _NN2 (_VHZ|_VBZ|was_VBD|_VDZ|_VVZ)" ȤƸΤߤȤǽФƤߤ25㤢ä1Ƥ٤Ƥ񤭸դʸǤꡤΤ12㤬 Academic prose ΤΤäΤȤơɽ academic or pedantic ض򼨤ȤϳΤʤ褦

Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-20-1] [2013-01-11-1]

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2011-10-28 Fri

#914. BNC ˤä庹Ĵ [bnc][corpus][statistics][lltest][interjection]

ε#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ ([2011-10-27-1]) Ǽꤢ Rayson et al. ǤϡüԤ̤ǤʤǯˤäѰۤĴƤ롥ǯ𺹤ȤäƤ⡤35̤ʾ夫Ǿ岼ʬ绨Ĥʬ̤ϤĤζ̣ͿƤ롥ʲϡχ2 ξ19̤ޤǤΰǤ (142--43)

RankUnder 35Over 35
Wordχ2Wordχ2
1mum1409.3yes2365.0
2fucking1184.6well1059.8
3my762.4mm895.2
4mummy755.2er773.8
5like745.2they682.2
6na as in wanna and gonna712.8said538.3
7goes606.6says443.1
8shit410.1were385.8
9dad403.7the352.2
10daddy380.1of314.6
11me371.9and224.7
12what357.3to211.2
13fuck330.1mean155.0
14wan as in wanna320.6he144.0
15really277.0but139.0
16okay257.0perhaps136.0
17cos254.4that131.3
18just251.8see122.1
19why240.0had118.3


ͽ̤ۤꡤ㤤ħŪʥɤϤ¿ޤǤ롥ɽθޤƤyeah, okay, ah, ow, hi, hey, ha, no, ooh, wow, hello ʤɤδ졤fucking, shit, fuck, crap, arse, bollocks ʤɤΥ֡줬Ωġ㤤ΥɤȤơ츫ͽۤ󤬤롥㤨Сplease, sorry, pardon, excuse ʤɤǫ줬㤤ħŪȤ
ۤˤϡ㤤ħŪʷƻ줬Ĥ (ex. weird, massive, horrible, sick, funny, disgusting, brilliant, really, alright, basically) ɾɽ魯ƻ졦줬¿ήԤȤߤʤȤǤ췲ǯ𺹤 "apparent time" κȹͤСˤ "real time" Ѳ뤳ȤˤʤΤǡθ췲̻Ū٤äõΤ⤪⤷

Rayson, Paul, Geoffrey Leech, and Mary Hodges. "Social Differentiation in the Use of English Vocabulary: Some Analyses of the Conversational Component of the British National Corpus." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 2 (1997): 133--52.

Referrer (Inside): [2013-04-14-1] [2011-11-02-1]

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2011-10-27 Thu

#913. BNC ˤä˽Ĵ [bnc][corpus][statistics][lltest][interjection][gender_difference]

ɸ򰷤ä Rayson et al. ʸɤBNC ǡ͸Ūʴʬव줿äդϿ֥ѥ4,552,555ˤоݤȤơä˽ǯ𺹡ҲŪϰ̤ˤ뺹餫ˤ褦ȤǤ롥װΤʤǡŪѰۤŪ˺Ǥ⶯줿Τˤ뺹äȤȤʤΤǡܵǤϤη̤Ҳ𤷤
ޤʲ˵󤲤ͤβˤμɬפʤΤǡ˿ƤBNC ˼Ͽ줿äդϻִԤ2֤μʲä Walkman ˿᤭Ǥäǡ񤭵ΤǤꡤλִԤ73̾75̾Ǥ롥äо줹ִ԰ʳüԤˤĤƤ⡤Τۤ¿äơ֥ѥؤλΨǤСΤȤƽ⤯ʤ뤳ȤԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ
ƧޤǤ⡤ΤȤƽΤۤ褯äȤȤ򼨺ͤФѤ줿 word token ǤС1.00ȤȽ1.51äͭΨǤϡ1.00ȤȽ1.33ä˽βäǤΤۤ⤤ͭΨ򼨤ȤԸ椬뤬BNC Υ֥ѥǤϽƱΤβä¿äȤȤ嵭η̤طʤˤΤ⤷ʤˤ衤̣ͤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
ˡ٤äˤ˽򸫤Ƥߤ褦˽ٹ礤ι⤤ɤȴФˡϡȤƤ[2010-03-10-1], [2010-09-27-1], [2011-09-24-1]εǾҲ𤷤ΤƱˡǤ롥ѥȽѥ̤줾줫줿ɽͤ碌Ū˽ (χ2) ι⤤¤ؤФ褤ʲϡ25̤ޤǤΰǤ (136--37)

RankCharacteristically maleCharacteristically female
Wordχ2Wordχ2
1fucking1233.1she3109.7
2er945.4her965.4
3the698.0said872.0
4year310.3n't443.9
5aye291.8I357.9
6right276.0and245.3
7hundred251.1to198.6
8fuck239.0cos194.6
9is233.3oh170.2
10of203.6Christmas163.9
11two170.3thought159.7
12three168.2lovely140.3
13a151.6nice134.4
14four145.5mm133.8
15ah143.6had125.9
16no140.8did109.6
17number133.9going109.0
18quid124.2because105.0
19one123.6him99.2
20mate120.8really97.6
21which120.5school96.3
22okay119.9he90.4
23that114.2think88.8
24guy108.6home84.0
25da105.3me83.5


ɬ⤳25̤ޤǤɽǤɤ߼ʤRayson et al. (138--40) ˤаʲܤͤȤ

"four-letter words"졤δħŪǤ (ex. shit, hell, crap; hundred, one, three, two, four; er, yeah, aye, okay, ah, eh, hmm)
;̾졤1;̾졤δϽħŪǤ (ex. she, her, hers; I, me, my, mine; yes, mm, really) ̾λѤˤä˽Ϥʤ
the of λѤ¿˰̾Ѥ̾λѤ¿Ȥ̤λ¤ȴϢ뤫
ͭ̾졤̾졤ưϽ¿λ "report" ηФδط "rapport" ηθ줫
ͭ̾ΤʤǤ⡤̾ϽλѤ¿̾λѤ¿

¾Υѥˤ븡ڤɬפη̤Ȳ˶̣ߤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
ɤ׽ȴϢơѥؤǥ踡ѤȤƹѤ褦ˤʤäƤ Log-Likelihood ˤĤƤϡ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 1 Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 򻲾ȡ

Rayson, Paul, Geoffrey Leech, and Mary Hodges. "Social Differentiation in the Use of English Vocabulary: Some Analyses of the Conversational Component of the British National Corpus." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 2 (1997): 133--52.

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2011-08-20 Sat

#845. Ѹθäεȳ [lexicology][loan_word][statistics][bnc][corpus]

ѸθäˤȼѸΨˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥⲿ٤夲ƤĤ󥯤ĥäƤ

[2010-12-31-1]: #613. Academic Word List ˴ޤޤγ
[2010-06-30-1]: #429. ѸκѸ10000εȳ
[2010-05-16-1]: #384. ÿȥޥΨǸűѸȸѸθäӤ
[2010-03-02-1]: #309. Ѹδܸ100εȳ
[2009-11-15-1]: #202. Ѹδܸ600εȳ
[2009-11-14-1]: #201. ѸμѸεȳ (2)
[2009-08-15-1]: #110. ѸμѸεȳ

οŪĴˤϡ󤲤ݤΥ򲿤ˤ뤫type-count token-count ɤΤ餤θõϤ򰷤츻ˤޤĤΤɤΤ褦˽뤫ʤɤιθ٤ब͡ꡤԤˤäƷ̤ޤޤȤʤ뤳Ȥ롥ʣĴ٤С褽ʿͤƤΤΤǤ롥
äƤ ICOME7 (The Seventh International Conference on Middle English) ǡ84OED3 μ紴츻ؼ Philip Durkin ᤬ "Some neglected aspects of Middle English lexical borrowing from (Anglo-)French" ꤹֱǴϢˤĤƿƤΤǡ⤷Ƥ
Durkin BNC 1000ΥꥹȤФ츻ʬϤη̡Ѹ줬489졤ե󥹡ƥ줬489졤Υɸ줬32졤ʳθ줬10Ȥͤ줿絬ϥѥ٥ꥹ (see [2010-03-01-1]) Ѥ츻ĴϤĤʬǤȻפäƤDurkin ΤǤϫϤʤȤǤʤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ˤꡤ嵭Υ󥯤ǼĴȹ碌ơtype-count ˴Ť100졤600졤1000졤2000졤3000졤4000졤5000졤6000졤7000졤8000졤9000졤10000Ȥ12ʳθõϤǤθΨ줿Ȥˤʤ롥ΤȤʤ븽Ѹäξ󥽡ʬϤ줾ۤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤܰ¤Ȥưʲ򼨤ʬ English, French and/or Latin, Scandinavian, Other Ȥ4줷

LevelEnglishFrench/LatinScandinavianOther
100 (GSL)92%3%5%0%
600 (LDOCE3)474544
1000 (BNC)46.948.93.21.0
1000 (Williams)831322
2000 (Williams)345727
3000 (Williams)2960110
4000 (Williams)2762110
5000 (Williams)276418
6000 (Williams)2761210
7000 (Williams)2362213
8000 (Williams)2659213
9000 (Williams)2558215
10000 (Williams)2560114
Etymological Breakdown of the Most Frequent Words


夫3ܤ4ܤդϡƱ1000٥ǤӤ3ܤϾҤ Durkin BNC ĴˤΡ4ܤ[2010-06-30-1]εǼ Williams ΤΤǤ롥ۤĴˡۤʤ뤬椨դƲ᤹ɬפ뤬ΤȤƤʤ餫˿ܤǽŪˤ25%ƥ󡦥ե󥹸60%ʳ15%Ȥͤˤ褽夯褦

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2011-05-24 Tue

#757. decline + ۼsyntax] [gerund][bnc][corpus]

1796ǯ919ꥫ罰ν George Washington (1732--99) οä farewell address ֤̤ΥԡפɤվΡرʸˡΤäƤޤ (252--53) ˤȡθФʬѸϤλФˤʤȤΤǡɤ뵡äʲαʸǤ롥

FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS. The period for a new election of a citizen, to administer the executive government of the United States, being not far distant, and the time actually arrived, when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made.


Τɤ߱ΤʸǤ롥դ٤ʸˡΥݥȤϤ󤢤뤬ǸΤۤ decline Ǥʤư̾줬³ŦƤ줿ϸƨƤΤ;פ˴ؿäΤdecline ˡؽѱѱѼĴ٤ȡư̾줬³빽ʸϿƤʤ礭ʱ¼ǤϡŪǤϤʤȤʤ⡤ư̾줬³ȵҤƤ롥ޤOED Ĵ٤ decline, v. θ 13b ˵󤲤Ƥ17ʹߤοǡư̾θ³빽ʸǧ롥äơWashington ư̾ѤƤΤŪˤʤʸǤϤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
Washington ƵʹʸѤΤϤʤstyle formality ʤΤ뤤 decline μ빽ʸμ٤鸽ߤޤǤδ֤̻ŪѲƤȤȤʤΤɤܻؤˤϡˤʤäܳŪˤ̻ѥʤɤĴ٤ɬפ뤬ޤ BNCweb ǤɤΤ餤ҥåȤ뤫Ĵ٤Ƥߤ
줬³빽ʸФΤˡ"{decline/V} (_{ADV})* _TO0" Ǹȡ769㤬ҥåȡư̾줬³빽ʸ "{decline/V} (_{ADV})* _VVG" ǼФҥåȤ9Τºݤˤ3Τ߳Ǥ뤳ȤȽ󥳡󥹥饤򼨤

- FTT 821: . . . but with proper delicacy to this subject they decline making application at Present and till it is ascertained how cattle markets may go in June next . . .
- FTT 839: The Presses of this meeting, as being part owner of the Steam Boat, declines allowing the assessment for the Steam Boat to be charged for this year.
- HW8 831: Dosh and Freddie didn't take much persuading but Chase thankfully declined saying that parties didn't like him.


FTT ʤŵAn Islay Notebook Ȥ non-academic prose and biographyˤ2㤬ڤȤΤϡ񤭼ʤʤΤWashington ư̾λˤĤƤȽǤ򲼤ʤޤޤߤޤǤ˸뤤ϳʼĥäȤ˸ꤵƤǽ̻Ū٤äƤǽϤꤽ

졡رʸˡΤäƤޤ١ʸ麽սʸտӡ2003ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-05-12-1]

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2011-05-04 Wed

#737. ʸ contamination [blend][contamination][syntax][superlative][bnc][corpus]

[2011-01-17-1] blend פˤݤ˾줿 contamination פ롥ξԤϰռŪݤȤ̤뤳Ȥ뤬ä˶̤ƱͤѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥̾ϸβȤª뤬[2011-01-17-1]εǿ줿褦˹ʸΥ٥ǤǤⵯꤦ롥㤨СεǤϡ"Why did you do that for?" "different than" 󤲤
Graddol ˹ʸ contamination ˽вäֻϰѼԡˡ

English is remarkable for its diversity, its propensity to change and be changed. This has resulted in both a variety of forms of English, but also a diversity of cultural contexts within which English is used in daily life. (5)


Ǥϡboth . . . and . . . not only . . . but also . . . ιʸ򤷤Ƥ롥BNCweb 긡 "both +** but also" õƤߤȡ6ۤɤĤäֻϰѼԡˡ

- Ion Pacepa, Ceausescu's chief intelligence officer who defected in 1978, takes particular pleasure in his memoirs in exposing Stefan Andrei as both corrupt but also as well aware of the absurdity of the Ceausescus' pretensions, especially Elena's academic titles.
- Their economy and population were both suffering, but also they were becoming wary of the Dzhungars' increasing strength.
- In fitting statistical models to study relationships, it is important to take account of such hierarchies, both for technical reasons but also because influential factors can be present at any or all levels of aggregation.
- The changes that have been introduced into South Africa [pause] forced upon the white minority government by both international pressure but also by the magnificent work at the A N C in Cosatu [pause] must be supported as well but we cannot treat South Africa as anything but a pariah [pause] a, a, a national pariah [pause] until we see one person one vote, and a black majority government in South Africa.
- 'Committees' means both actual committees but also individuals or organisers listed as committees.
- I mean that can be both pleasurable, but also make somebody feel uncomfortable.


contamination ϡŪˤüԤȯû2ĤδϢʸκȤƲᤵ뤬줬ƱΤ˹äƤ٤ǧ٤ȡʸȤΩ夹뤳Ȥ롥Τ褦ʾˤϡcontamination ̻Ūʴ饢ץ뤳ȤǤʲϸѸ˸빽ʸ contamination 餬ĺ˸졤ߤޤǤˤɤ٤ǧ٤ƤȤϡѸˤǤ롥

(1) these kinds of things: these things this kind of things κ
(2) different than: different from other than κ
(3) different to: different from opposed to κsimilar to ȤȤͤ롥
(4) cannot help but do: cannot help doing cannot but do κ
(5) It is no good for us complaining about it.: It is no good for us to complain about it. It is no good we complaining about it. κ
(6) no sooner . . . when: no sooner . . . than scarcely . . . when κ
(7) I am friends with him.: I am friendly with him. He and I are friends. κ
(8) a man whom she thought was a murderer: a man who she thought was a murderer a man whom she thought to be a murderer κ
(9) the cleverest of all the other boys: cleverer than the other boys the cleverest of all the boys κ

Ĵ٤ƤߤȤȤ褦(9) Τ褦Ͼʤʤ褦ǡж (127) ϼΤ褦˥ȤƤ롥ȤƤ⤷

Sunday's action was the most brilliant and fruitful of any fought up to that date by the fighters of the Royal Air Force. [the most . . . of (all) + (more . . . than) any]---W. Churchill / This is the greatest error of all the rest. [the greatest . . . of (all) + (a greater . . . than) all the rest]---Sh., Mids. N. D. v. i. 250. ǸΤ褦ˡǾ˽̾򡤰̣ϤޤޤʤϤΡ֤¾פ礵ɽ򡤤ȤǾ (Inclusive superlative) ȸƤ֤Ȥ롥϶αѸˤȤɤ롥


Graddol, David. The Future of English? The British Council, 1997. Digital version available at http://www.britishcouncil.org/learning-research-futureofenglish.htm
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2011-04-08 Fri

#711. Log-Likelihood Tester CGI, Ver. 2 [corpus][bnc][statistics][web_service][cgi][lltest]

ʲˡѤ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 ʸ褦ˡϥǡΥեޥåȤ䡤⡼ɤŬڤ򤵤ƤʤˤϥСǥ顼ǽΤա

each-line mode lump mode


[2011-03-25-1]εǡѥǤ褯Ѥпٸ ( Log-Likelihood Test ) η׻ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 1 Ver. 1 ϡѥ̣ʤ2ĤΥѥǤΥɡʷˤνи٤١ѥ֤κͭդǤ뤫ɤꤹΤä
Log-Likelihood Test ϾҤŪѤ뤳Ȥ¿ȻפVer. 1 ǤϤƵǽòΤŪʣԡʣʬɽͿǡбпٸԤʤ⤢롥㤨Сε[2011-04-07-1]ǡѸˤ though although νиˤĤ BNC ˴ŤĴҲ𤷤Text Domain ȤΨϡξδ֤ŪˤɤٰפƤ롤뤤ϰפƤʤȤߤʤȤǤΤΥդ顤although ϳؽѻʸ¿though Ϻʸ¿ȤľŪʡְפŪˤϤɤΤ褦ɽΤ
Τ褦ʾˤϡΤ褦ɽͤ100νи٤ɸಽѤߡˤ򥳥ԡϥܥåŽդ롥"lump mode" ˥åؤ"Go!" 롥ʥǥեȤ "each-line mode" ǡ Ver. 1 ƱΥ⡼ɡ

    thoughalthough
Natural and pure sciences56.380.13
Applied science37.3668.31
World affairs45.8168.2
Social science48.9863.38
Commerce and finance46.1857.21
Arts74.0752.93
Leisure45.8549.46
Belief and thought70.7846.75
Imaginative prose80.226.37


̤ϡ1ԤɽȤƽϤ롥though although ɽ魯2οͤ¤ӤŪˤɤΤ餤Ƥ뤫׻Ƥ롥ȤƤϡξ Text Domain Ȥ٤¤Ӥκ p < 0.0001 Ȥ˹⤤٥ͭդǤꡤξνи Text Domain ˤäƤۤܳμ¤˰ۤʤȤ롥
ϥܥåǡν񼰤ϡֶڤʬɽɽƬɽ¦ϤάġץΤ褦ɽƬɽ¦ξޤˤϡΥ϶ˤƤɬפꡥ
"each-line mode" εǽ Ver. 1 ȸߴʤΤǡϷ⤽򻲾ȡ Ver. 2 "each-line mode" ǤϡϷ̤򥷥ץˤƤʵդˡܤ׻ͤˤ Ver. 1 Τۤͭѡˡ
Log-Likelihood Test γפˤĤƤϡ[2011-03-24-1]ε򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2012-10-26-1]

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2011-04-07 Thu

#710. though although θˡκ (2) [bnc][corpus][lltest][conjunction][statistics]

ε[2011-04-06-1]ǡthough although θˡκ˿줿Ʊǡ
4000Ķʤ The Longman Spoken and Written English Corpus (the LSWE Corpus) ȤѸʸˡBiber et al. (845--46) ǤϼΤ褦ˤ롥

Both of these subordinators [though and although] occur in all four registers [conversation, fiction, news, and academic prose], although the registers show different preferences of use. Conversation and fiction show a slightly greater use of though (concessive clauses are, however, uncommon in conversation generally). News shows no particular preference. In academic prose, although is about three times as frequent as though. Although seems to have a slightly more formal tone to it, fitting the style of academic prose . . . . The greater use of although by writers of academic prose may also result from an attempt to distinguish this subordinator from the common use of though as a linking adverbial in conversation . . . .


ޤƱ p. 842 ɽϡŪ though fiction ¿although academic prose ¿Ȥǧ롥ˤ뺹ƤȤη̤
Τ褦Ըơ BNC ( The British National Corpus ) ˤꤳΤƤߤ롥BNCweb ǡ{although/CONJ}, {though/CONJ} 򤽤줾측Written/Spoken, Text Domain, Sex of Author/Speaker, Perceived Level of Difficulty ʤ͡ʥѥ᡼ǽиʬۤʬϤΩä̤ʲ˼ʿͥǡϤΥڡHTML򻲾ȡˡ
ޤWritten/Spoken κˤĤƤϡͽۤȤꡤξȤ Written ؤФ꤬㤷ʺ۷ though 0.66344 although 0.49770 ǡ餫˽񤭸դФˡLog-Likelihood Test Ǥϡp < 0.0001 Υ٥ǽ񤭸դäդͭպΤ˼줿
񤭼ꡤäˤ뺹ⶽ̣񤭸դäդξǡalthough ͭպäλѤФäƤ롥though ˤĤƤϡ although ۤɸǤϤʤʤ񤭸դǤ p < 0.05 ͭպˡ
ˡText Domain ̤٤ߤ롥9 Text Domain ̤ ( Natural and pure sciences, Applied science, World affairs, Social science, Commerce and finance, Arts, Leisure, Belief and thought, Imaginative prose ) 100νиɸಽͤǡξ Text Domain ٤򥰥ղΤʲοޤ



Text Domain ˤäξνи٤оŪʷ뤳Ȥ狼롥Ū sciences ( = academic prose ) although ΩImag(inative) Prose ( = fiction ) though ¿Log-Likelihood Test ǤϡText Domain ˤиκ p < 0.0001 ͭդǤ롥
ľŪˤԸη̤ͽۤȤǤϤ뤬although ν񤭼ˤؽѻʸǸѤȤ޼줿

Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

Referrer (Inside): [2011-04-10-1] [2011-04-08-1]

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2011-04-05 Tue

#708. Frequency Sorter CGI [corpus][bnc][statistics][web_service][cgi][lexicology][plural]

餫δǽ᤿ñΥꥹȤ򡤰Ū٤ν¤ؤȤ롥㤨С[2011-03-22-1]褦ˡ٤Ե§ʿ񤤤ȤδطĴ٤ȤˡܤʷˤΰŪ٤Τɬפ롥Ūˤϡ[2010-03-01-1]ǾҲ𤷤褦絬Ϥѥѥ˴ŤɽͭѤǤ롥BNC lemma-pos list (122KB) ANC word-tagset list (7.2MB) ʤɤθĤҤȤĸٿٽ̤Ĵ٤Ƥ椱Ф褤¿ˤݤǡ嵭2Ĥɽ顤Ϥʷˤ٤Ƚ̤Ф CGI
ԤǤ⥹ڡǤ⥫ޤǤ褤Τڤ줿ñꥹȤʲΥܥåϤ"Frequency Sort Go!" 򥯥å롥Ϸ̤ٽ̤ι⤤˥Ȥˤϡ"sort by rank?" 򥪥ˤʥǥեȤǥ󡥥դˤȡϽ˽Ϥˡ㤨СɸѸ˻Ĥ i-mutation 򼨤ʣϰʲ7ΤߤǤʣ졤ʣ[2011-04-01-1]ˤ sister(e)n Ͻˡ򥳥ԡƥܥåϤ롥

foot, goose, louse, man, mouse, tooth, woman


     sort by rank?


ޤBNC lemma-pos list ˤϤɽ1 BNC Τ顤٤ˤ800ʾ帽롤6318̤ޤǤθФ ( lemma ) ϿƤ롥äơ٤β goose, louse ˤĤƤ϶ȤʤäƤ롥٤Ե§شطͤݤ˻ͤˤʤ
ˡANC word-tagset list ˤϤ³ɽ BNC ΤΤ⵬Ϥ礭Ĥ٤22,164,985ͭ ANC (American National Corpus)Penn Treebank Tagset ˤäƥ饹Ϳ줿ñ̤Ǹ󤵤줿ꥹȤǤ롥åȤ٤ΤɤߤˤưͿ˵륨顼⾯ʤ餺ޤޤƤ뤬BNC ΤΤ٤θʷˤϿƤΤǡgoose louse پ⸽롥ɽǤ WORD FORM Ȥ٤ǧǤ뤿ᡤľ geese lice ٤Τ롥
Frequency Sorter ӤȤꤷƤΤϡ嵭Ե§ʣ򼨤췲ʤɤ٤Ƚ̤ΰĴä¾ˤӤϤ뤫⤷ʤʲˡפĤ⡥

1ñ줫ȤΤǡlike Τ褦¿ʻϤơʻʤ뤤ϥͿ줿饹ˤȤ٤Ф롥
ҥåȿǧˤϡѥΩ夲ɬפʤ
ʸץ쥼ǡŪǽ᤿ɴñꥹȤ椫ŵŪ㡤ʬ䤹10ĤۤɼȤʤɡ٤ι⤤10Ĥ٤Ф褤㤨С[2011-03-29-1]󤷤 sur- ƬˤñꥹȤΤ㼨˺Ǥդ路10Ĥ֤ʤɤŪˡ٤˴Ť֤Τۤ䥢ե٥åȽڤʤȤ¿ʺ塤ܥ֥ɮ˳Ѥͽˡ
Ƥ줾ɽŪʥѥ˴ŤɽѤƤΤǡֻ֤ʤɤ٤αƺǧΤ˻Ȥ롥
ʼºݤˤ lemmatisation ɬפŬʱʸǤߤơ̯٤㤤줬ޤޤƤʤĴ٤롥٤ΥġʤΤǡ¾顦ؽŪˤȻȤ뤫⤷ʤ

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2011-03-25 Fri

#697. Log-Likelihood Tester CGI [corpus][bnc][statistics][web_service][cgi][lltest][sociolinguistics]

ε[2011-03-24-1] Log-Likelihood Test ˤ׻ˤ Rayson Log-likelihood calculator ѤФ褤ȽҤ٤ºݤθκݤ˺Ȥ⤦ưȻפäΤ CGI 򼫺Ƥߤ٤ϤȻפȤꤢ



ΥƥȥܥåϤ٤ǡϡֶڤɽη1ܡʾάġˤϥѥ̾2ܰʹߤϥɤȴѻٿʥҥåȿˡǽԤϳƥѥΥʸˡ"#" ǻϤޤԤϥȹԤȤ̵뤵롥1ܤΥϾάġ
ʲΥƥȤϥץ롥[2010-09-11-1]εǼ夲ƥӹѤƻӵȺǾޤ˥ȥå20٤BNCweb äե֥ѥüԤ̤ɽǤ롥ΤޤޥԡϥܥåŽդȡϷ̤ǧǤ롥

    BNC_Male_SpeakersBNC_Female_Speakers
new14991
good408310
free17375
fresh84118
delicious1234
full210107
sure532328
clean197223
wonderful270258
special17782
crisp1016
fine347215
big470415
great20396
real16380
easy326157
bright113110
extra347203
safe18292
rich12045
#--------
corpus_size49499383290569


˽֤ͭպä礭ΤϡбԤ֤ɤĤ֤줿 fresh, delicious, clean, wonderful, big ǡٿ˴ŤƷ׻줿 Diff_Co ( "Difference Coefficient" ֺ۷ ) ޥʥǤ뤳Ȥ顤ħŪʷƻȤȤˤʤ롥big ϰճʵ⤷̤Ǥ롥Фäͭպ򼨤ΤϲǼ easy rich Ǥ롥η̤Ϥɤ߹ळȤǤܺ٤Ĵ٤뤳ȤǤ롥ηƻȤϡüԤǤϤʤʹ̡ǯ𡤼Ҳ񳬵ʤɤ򼴤ĴƤ⤪⤷ȱѤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2011-04-08-1]

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2011-03-24 Thu

#696. Log-Likelihood Test [corpus][bnc][statistics][lltest]

[2010-03-04-1]εǿ줿ѥؤǤϳƼ׼ˡѤ롥ĤˡΤʤǤ⡤ɽΥѥ֤٤Ӥꡤcollocation ٹ礤¬Τ˹ѤƤΤ Log-Likelihood Test ( LL Test, G Test, G2 Test ʤɤȤ˸ƤФ븡Ǥ롥ѥθ줿ʤΤǥΰۤʤ륳ѥ֤ǤӤǽǤꡤƱŪǰˤ褯ѤƤ2踡 ( Chi-Squared Test ) ⤤ĤǤ줿ˡɾƤꡤǶΥѥǤϹѤƤ롥㤨С2踡ϴ٤5꾯ʤȤٸ򰷤Ȥѥ礭ΤȾΤӤȤ˿㤯ʤ뤬Log-Likelihood Test Ϥαƶˤ [ Rayson and Garside 2 ]
Log-Likelihood Test δŪʹͤϡѥȤˤɽδԤи١ʴ١ˤФͤȼºݤ˽и١ʴѻ١ˤκñʸȹͤۤɤ˶Ƥ뤫ɤȽꤹȤΤǤ롥ȤơΤ褦ʥǥBNC ( The British National Corpus ) äե֥ѥȽ񤭸ե֥ѥ̤ξ֥ѥ֤ f*ck Ȥ four-letter word ٤Ӥ롥BNCweb ꤳΥɤ򸡺ȡΤ褦ʷ̤줿

CategoryNo. of wordsNo. of hitsDispersion (over files)Frequency per million words
Spoken10,409,85857963/90855.62
Written87,903,571743172/3,1408.45
total98,313,4291,322235/4,04813.45


׽ۤɤޤǤʤDZ "Frequency per million words" 򸫤Сf*ck Ūäդ¿Ѥ뤳Ȥʬ뤬ϤŪ΢դ롥ޤ̵Ȥơäե֥ѥȽ񤭸ե֥ѥδ֤Ǥ f*ck ٺϸϰǤꡤθ˴ؤξԤ˰̣Τ뺹Ϥʤפꤹ롥Ωϡäե֥ѥȽ񤭸ե֥ѥδ֤Ǥ f*ck ٺϸϰǤʤθ˴ؤξԤκϰ̣פȤʤ롥̵⤬ٻ뤫ɤΤŪǤ롥

 Corpus 1Corpus 2Total
Frequency of wordaba+b
Frequency of other wordsc-ad-bc+d-a-b
Totalcdc+d


Log-Likelihood Test Ѥ Log-Likelihood ratio пפϡɽΤdzƥ֥ѥ ( c, d ) ȡƥ֥ѥǤ f*ck ٿ ( a, b ) ʬɽˤޤȤ᤿ǡ줾δ E1 E2 򲼤 (1) μǵᡤͤ (2) μƵ롥

(1) E1 = c*(a+b)/(c+d); E2 = d*(a+b)/(c+d)
(2) LL = 2*((a*log(a/E1))+(b*log(b/E2)))

f*ck οͤǷ׻ȡʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥

E1 = 10409858*(579+743)/(10409858+87903571) = 139.979170861796
E2 = 87903571*(579+743)/(10409858+87903571) = 1182.0208291382
LL = 2*((579*log(579/139.979170861796))+(743*log(743/1182.0208291382))) = 954.2115

Log-likelihood ratio Ȥ 954.2115 ȤͤФ롥ˤͤŬڤͭտ̾ 5%, 1%, 0.1%ˤб륫ͤӤ롥2 * 2 ʬɽФ׻Ǥϼͳ1ΥͤѤ뤳ȤˤʤäƤꡤͤͭտ 5%, 1%, 0.1% νˤ줾 3.84, 6.63, 10.83 Ǥ롥954.2115 Log-Likelihood ratio ͭտ 0.1% б 10.83 ⤺äȹ⤤Τǡ0.1% ͭտǵ̵ϴѤ롥СŪˤϵ̵⤬ǤΨ 0.1% ˤޤȹͤƤ褤ȤȤǤ롥Τ褦ˤΩäե֥ѥȽ񤭸ե֥ѥδ֤Ǥ f*ck ٺϸϰǤʤθ˴ؤξԤκϰ̣פ򤵤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Log-Likelihood Test ϰʾΤ褦˿ʤ뤬θԤʤˤäƤΤäƤɬפ롥̤ˤϡ׻٤ 5 򲼲륻뤬1ĤǤ⤢ˤϡ٤Ȥ롥 the Cochran rule ȸƤФƤ뤬꤭٤ʥ롼󵯤 Rayson, Berridge, and Francis (8) ˤС٤٤ͤͭտ 5% 13 1% 11 0.1% 8 Ȥͭտ 0.01% ꤹд 1 ˤѤ٤ΤǡRayson et al. ϥѥؤǴŪѤƤ3Ĥο˲äơ0.01% οб륫ͤ 15.13 ˤޤǤθ侩Ƥ롥
פˤϾܤʤɽ 2ʥ֡˥ѥ֤ǤӤȤǴñѤ뤳ȤǤ븡ȤơLog-Likelihood Test αϰϤϹ׻Τ Rayson Log-likelihood calculator ʤɤǤФ褤ܵϤΥڡεҤȥʸ򻲹ͤˤˡ
BNC Ѥ f*ck ϢʬۤθϡMcEnery et al. (264--86) Υǥ˾ܤ
ϢơϹԤʤʤäĤܥ֥ǰä gorgeous Ĵ ([2010-08-16-1], [2010-08-17-1],[2010-12-25-1]) ʤɤ⻲ȡ

Rayson, P., D. Berridge , and B. Francis. "Extending the Cochran Rule for the Comparison of Word Frequencies between Corpora." Le poids des mots: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Statistical Analysis of Textual Data (JADT 2004), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, March 10-12, 2004. Ed. Purnelle G., Fairon C., and Dister A. Louvain: Presses universitaires de Louvain, 2004. 926--36. Available online at http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/users/paul/publications/rbf04_jadt.pdf .
Rayson, P. and R. Garside. "Comparing Corpora Using Frequency Profiling". Proceedings of the Workshop on Comparing Corpora, Held in Conjunction with the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2000), 1-8 October 2000, Hong Kong. 2000. 1--6. Available online at http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/users/paul/phd/phd2003.pdf .
McEnery, Tony, Richard Xiao, and Yukio Tono. Corpus-Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge, 2006.

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2011-02-24 Thu

#668. Chaucer knight Ȥεӱ [chaucer][bnc][collocation][kyng_alisaunder]

Chaucer 桤knight Ȥ90ʾ塤ӱս˸Ƥ롥бӱĴ١˥ɥǽ񤫤줿2ĤΥޥ Kyng Alisaunder Arthur and Merlin ǤƱͤĴ٤Ƥߤȡˤ⤷¤⤫Ӿ夬롥
Chaucer knight ȵӱƧȤ5ʾ帽Τˡmight (32), wight (22), night (9), right (8), bright (5) 롥Kyng Alisaunder ǤϹ٤ΤΤˤ wiȝth, fiȝth, riȝth / miȝth ꡤƱ Arthur and Merlin Ǥ ''fiȝt, riȝt, riȝth 롥ӱʬۤޤȤ᤿ΤʲοޤǤBurnley, p. 130 οޤȤ˺ˡ

Chaucer's Rhymes with

Chaucer εӱϡ٤ΤΤ濴ȤȾ¾2ĤΥޥ󥹺ʤȽʣƤꡤΤȤѸޥ󥹤ŪʵӱѤǤȲǤ롥ǡChaucer ΤߤѤƤӱ⤤Ĥǧ졤ͤεӱι롥
ӤˤäƤʤ˶̣¤롥¾Υޥ2ʡҤƤѸޥΤȤơǤ٤⤤ӱȤߤʤƤ褤Ȼפ fight Chaucer ˤϰ٤⸽ʤΤǤ롥knight fight ϱǤꡤcollocation ٹ礤⤤ȤϼǤ뤫顤Chaucer ˤԺߤԼȤפ롥Burnley (131) ϡӱȤƤ fight ԺߤϡChaucer 򤷤ȤδϢ⤢뤫⤷ʤ餯 Chaucer "a hackneyed rhyme" ֻȤŤ줿ӱפȤߤʤưռŪ򤱤Ȥ

Although he [Chaucer] was often content to employ familiar and traditional rhymes, there is also evidence of resourcefulness in seeking unusual rhymes, as well as of avoiding rhymes which might have proved unacceptable to his audience. (Burnley 131)


ͤѤӱǤϤʤѤʤäӱŦ뤳ȤǡλͤħθФ٤⤭Ħˤʤꤦ빥Ǥ롥ԺߤʤΤѤʤäΤΤˤϡ¾ӤʤФʤʤоݤܼΤˤϡ줬֤ƤĶ򹭤Ϥɬפ롥ʸؤο򸫤褦ʰŪǤ롥
ʤߤˡknight fight collocation ϶ä˰㤤ʤȽҤ٤ǤäǤ롥Ѹˤξ collocation BNCweb Ĵ٤ȤۤɸǤϤʤ̾ knight 5 fight ٤ϥѥ10󤭤Ǥ롥[2010-03-23-1]εǿ줿 MI T-score ͤ򸫤ȡ줾 3.5415, 2.8907 Ǥꡤcollocation ǧƤ褤ǤϤ롥

Burnley, David. The Language of Chaucer. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1983. 13--15.

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