ѸֻɸಽˤϡȥɸŪʤΤ뤬ΥޥνѸˤϤ줬̵˵Ѹˤʤäƽ˺ɸಽѸɸಽʤߡ17--18ɸֻΩ绨ĤǤ롥γѤˤСѸֻɸबޤǤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥ϤǴְäƤϤʤֻɸȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ٰӤֻȤȤǤСλˤĿͤ侮ĤΥ٥ǼƤפĤ롥褯ΤƤΤϡ(1) "AB language" ֻ, (2) Ormulum κ Orm ֻ(3) ֥ƥ Brut եǤ Laȝamon ֻǤ롥
(1) "AB language" ̾ϡƻΤλ Ancrene Wisse ޤ Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 402 Ȥ (= A) ȡϢ佡ޤ Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 34 μ (=B) ͳ褹롥2ܡʵڤӴϢ뤤ĤμܡˤˤϡʤӤֻηϤѤƤꡤʣμ̻ˤäƤ줬ѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤餯13Ⱦˡνƻܼ濴Ȥʤäơɸֻ夲ߤʤƤΤȿ¬Ƥ롥
(2) Orm ϡLincolnshire ΥƥνƻΤǡ1200ǯˡʬ䤹ʪ Ormulum 路¸ͣΥƥȤ2ԤĶʸǤꡤ줬äۤɰӤֻǽƤ롥Orm ϡ첻̤ˤäƸ³ҲŤͤʤɤιɵ椷äֻηϤԤߤʬκʤǼΤǤ롥 Orm ֻϡ¾μܤˤहΤȯƤ餺ƸĿŪֻɸಽλϸ16θŪֻԤȤäƤ褤
(3) Laȝamon ϡWorcestershire λʺפǡ13Ƭ˱ʸǯ嵭ʸDZѸǤ˸ŤᤫʤäƤȤܤƬ (alliteration) 䡤ʸáֻ褵Υ른åʷϵ⤹ȤLaȝamon ϡºݤ˸űѸˤäֻɤ̤ȤơˤűѸֻռŪѤðۤǤꡤθĿŪֻɸಽλߤȤߤ뤳Ȥǽ
ʾ塤Horobin (98--102) ȤƼɮ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
αѸνǤ뤵Ƥʬ (distinctiones) ŤˤǤϤʤष³ (scriptio continua) ̤äȤˤĤơ#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ǽҤ٤ºݡűѸʸʤɤǤϸζڤ꤬ʤΤ¿űѸѸμܤˤƤ⸽ΰӤʬϤޤãƤʤ
ʬȤݤΤΤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ǤߤǽΥ롼ʸʸǤ顤ȸδ֤˶ǤϤʤȤ⾮ݤ֤ƤꡤʬԤʤƤȤ狼뤷7餤ޤǤˤϼܤ˵줿ѸˤƤ⡤֤ζϹԤʤƤݥȤϡֹԤʤƤפȤȡָ˰ӤƹԤʤƤפȤȤϰۤʤȤȤʬؤΰܹԤϡŤ³ξ˿ʬˡˤ֤äƤǤꡤξν¸ߤ֤ĹäΤǤ롥Ѹζˡ (punctuation) ˤˤĤư̤˸褦ˡֶεϤ뤳ȤϤʤޤǽĿͤΰջ֤Ǽͳ˥ȥ뤷Ƥ褤ʪä
ˤ϶֤֤ʤμͳͿƤǤϤʤ֤ˡɤĹΥڡ뤫ȤͳͿƤ礦ɸѸʣˤơ2Ǵ֤Υʤ֤뤫 (flowerpot)ϥե뤫 (flower-pot)Υ֤뤫 (flower pot) ȽǤ˰ѤͤƤΤȻ褦ʾǤ롥䡤ξˤϤ3Ĥ褷ʤξˤ϶̯̤ˤĴȤʥŪʼͳͿƤΤǤ롥㤨С礭Ūñ̤̣Ūñ̤ޤȤᤢ뤿Ĺζ֤줿ꡤǥ٥ξñ̤ζɽ魯Τ˶Ϥʶ֤ʤɡθ촶Фܾ̯ȿǤ줿
Crystal (11-12) ϤξÆlfric ⶵƤ롥
Very often, some spaces are larger than others, probably reflecting a scribe's sense of the way words relate in meaning to each other. A major sense-break might have a larger space. Words that belong closely together might have a small one. It's difficult to show this in modern print, where word-spaces tend to be the same width, but scribes often seemed to think like this:
we bought a cup of tea in the cafe
The 'little' words, such as prepositions, pronouns, and the definite article, are felt to 'belong' to the following content words. Indeed, so close is this sense of binding that many scribes echo earlier practice and show them with no separation at all. Here's a transcription of two lines from one of Ælfric's sermons, dated around 990.
þærwæronðagesewene twegenenglas onhwitumgẏrelū;
þær wæron ða gesewene twegen englas on hwitum gẏrelū;
'there were then seen two angels in white garments'
Eacswilc onhisacennednẏsse wæronenglasgesewene'.
Eacswilc on his acennednẏsse wæron englas gesewene'.
'similarly at his birth were angels seen'
The word-strings, separated by spaces, reflect the grammatical structure and units of sense within the sentence.
äդǤϡٻ (pause) (intonation) ĴʤɤޤƼαΧŪʼʤǤȻ褦ʵǽ̤ȤǽդǤˡͿƤȤΤϡषˤϸʤħȤ٤Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1910. ٻߡ ([2014-07-20-1]) ⻲ȡ
Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.
15Ⱦ˰ (printing) ⤿餵줿塤³16δ֤ɸŪˡؤϺϤޤäκݤηƻֻˤȤɤޤ餺ˡ (punctuation) ˤڤ֤Ȥˤʤä
ΩμܤλˤϡƼζɵ椬̣ŪŪȤϲɤΤΥɤȤ͡ѤƤ¿ϰλʹߤ˾äƤޤäο30ĶȤƤΤƱζɵ⤢äμܤǤϤεǽɬ⸽ΤΤƱǤϤʤäʾФƽؤȸФβϴȤƤꡤѸˤ⤤ޤʤä
ΰȼԤϴŪˤϼܤˤäɵƸ褦ȤбʤΤ⤢ꡤ뤳Ȥ¿äŪˤϡ</> (virgule) <.> (point) Ϲǧ줿</> εǽϸߤ <,> (comma) 1520ǯ夫鸽ߤΤ褦 <,> ֤褦ˤʤäȼԤˤäƤξԤȤѤΤ⤢äˡ
ΰǤϡۤ <:> (colon), <> (paragraph mark), <//> (double virgule) ʤɤѤ졤ɵȤƤ <( )> (parentheses), <;> (semicolon), <?> (question mark) ʤɤƳ줿ˤϻ֤פ㤨С<;> ʤɤϡCoverdales ˤ1538ǯοθ˸줳뤬ɤѤ褦ˤʤΤ1570ǯʹߤȤäƤ褤
17äƤ⡤ޤˡ³㤨СShakespeare First Folio (1623) Ǥ⡤ȴò䡤ȥߥλȤʬϰӤƤʤäݥȥե (apostrophe) ϥե (hyphen) ͽʤȤ˸줿 (ex. advan'st (= advanced), cast-him (= cast him)) ꤵϸ Shakespeare ιˤȿǤƤꡤۤʤǤۤʤѤȤ֤ˤʤäƤ롥
ݥȥեˤĤưäƤζɵ϶οǤꡤάѤФΤ1559ǯǤ롥ʤߤΥݥȥեˡȤƽͭʤɽ魯 <'s> ǤλѤ뤬ȯãϤä٤18ΤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡǤˡΰĤȤˡޤäƤζɵ⡤ѸǤϤޤ夷ƤʤäΤȤϡƳξ⤬˳̿ŪäȼԤŬΤˤ˻ԺΤ1ĤλɸȤߤʤȤǤΤǤϤʤʾ塤Crystal (261) ȤƼɮ
Ϣơ#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Ѹ˾ǽ˱Ѹǰ줿ܤϡWilliam Caxton ˤǡRecuyell of the Historyes of Troye (1475) Ǥ롥줿ϥɤǤϤʤCaxton νԤƤ Bruges äܤϡ̥衼åѤʸήԤ濴ä֥르˥εˤƤ褯ΤƤեܤǤꡤ衼ȤΥɲ Edward IV ǥ֥르˥ Charles ˲ǤǤ Margaret äƤܤǤ⤢äᡤCaxton ϤƽǤ뤳ȤȸƤ
̾ Historyes ϡϡˡʪˡפ˸ꤵ줺ʪˡפ̣Recuyell Ȥñϡִפ̣ʤäơԻʸءפۤɤؤ˥եñѤΤǤꡤޤˤܤ̾ˤѤǤ롥
ʲˡѸ˾廸ȵܤνʸCrystal (32) ǤˤƸ褦
hEre begynneth the volume intituled and named the recuyell of the historyes of Troye / composed and drawen out of dyuerce bookes of latyn in to frensshe by the ryght venerable persone and wor-shipfull man . Raoul le ffeure . preest and chapelayn vnto the ryght noble gloryous and myghty prince in his tyme Phelip duc of Bourgoyne of Braband etc In the yere of the Incarnacion of our lord god a thou-sand foure honderd sixty and foure / And translated and drawen out of frenshe in to englisshe by Willyam Caxton mercer of ye cyte of London / at the comaūdemēt of the right hye myghty and vertuouse Pryncesse hys redoubtyd lady. Margarete by the grace of god . Du-chesse of Bourgoyne of Lotryk of Braband etc / Whiche sayd translacion and werke was begonne in Brugis in the Countee of Flaundres the fyrst day of marche the yere of the Incarnacion of our said lord god a thousand foure honderd sixty and eyghte / And ended and fynysshid in the holy cyte of Colen the . xix . day of Septembre the yere of our sayd lord god a thousand foure honderd sixty and enleuen etc.
And on that other side of this leef foloweth the prologe.
ʤRylands Medieval Collection The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye μܲ Ǥ롥
Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.
θԤűѸѸʸɤ硤ܤľɤळȤ⤢뤬Τǡ̾Ϲ줿ǥɤळȤ¿줿ƥȤϡԤˤ¿쾯ʤ꤬äƤꡤʤ餺ȼΡֲפäƤΤǡܤ˵ϿƤʪΥƥȤΤΤǤϤʤäơɼԤϡԤβ줿ǥƥȤֵʤФʤʤȤȤϡɼԤˤƤ⡤ԤˤäǺߤˤ̤ƤʤФʤʤ
ԤǺߤˤ͡ʼΤΤ롥The Owl and the Nightingale Cartlidge (viii) ˺ݤ른ޤƤΤǡɤǤߤ褦
The presentation of medieval text to a modern audience---even leaving aside the question of emending obvious errors or obscurities in the extant manuscripts---inevitably faces the modern editor with a dilemma. The conventions of spelling, punctuation and word-division followed by the scribes have to be modernized to some extent in order to produce a reasonably accessible text for readers accustomed to the different conventions now current---but how much modernization is actually compatible with editorial fidelity to the text as it survives in the manuscripts? For example, neither surviving manuscript of The Owl and the Nightingale provides punctuation of a kind expected by a modern reader (except very occasionally) and units of sense are generally marked quite naturally by the metrical structure. It is only reasonable that modern punctuation should be inserted by the editor of a medieval literary text, but the effect of this is that the edited text often makes syntactic links much more explicit than they are in the medieval copies. Thus, even punctuation is not just a matter of presentation, but also, potentially, an act of interpretation. Recent editors of medieval texts have generally agreed that the editor should be prepared to punctuate, but once intervention has begun, even at this fairly minimal level, it is impossible to claim that the text has been handled wholly "conservatively". The problem is that editorial conservatism is not a matter of a choice between various absolute principles (and fidelity to them), but a scale that stretches from an absolute conservatism at the one end (which could only be achieved in a facsimile---if at all), through changes to word-spacing, capitalization, punctuation, spelling-reforms of various kinds, morphological regularization, alterations in syntax---and so to the point, at the other end, at which the "edition" is not an "edition" at all, but a translation into modern English. The challenge is to determine the point along the scale of editorial intervention that yields the greatest gain, in terms of making the text accessible to a modern readership, in exchange for the smallest loss, in terms of fidelity to the presentation of its medieval copies.
Cartlidge ϪƤΤϡ(1) ꥸʥʷϵݻĤĤ⡤(2) ɼԤΤ˥ƥȤɤߤ䤹ȤȿĶߤˤĤƤǤ롥(1) ΤߤŻ뤷ơޤäʤΤǤСܤΤޤ̿˻äƥեߥȤƸФ褯ǤФ̣Ϥʤޤ(2) ΤߤŻ뤹ΤǤСüʾˤϰʤĶʤ˶ŤǡǤ¸߰յΤǤСԤ (1) (2) ΤʥХȤꡤټ줿ƥȤɬפ롥֤١פ٤ˤäƤϡȤˡ1ĤˤʤȤƤ⡤ϹԤβɼԤ˲Ĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤΤǤ롥Ԥˤۤܤ٤ƤβʸŪʲκۤ⤿餹ǽޤǤ롥
editing ȤȤϡƥȤ presentation ˤȤɤޤ餺Ǥ interpretation ΰ12Ƨ߹ǤȤȤǤѤɼԤȤƤΤäƤɬפ롥
ȴϢơ#681. ܤǤʤܤȤ٤6Ĥͳ ([2011-03-09-1]) #682. եߥǤʤܤȤ٤5Ĥͳ ([2011-03-10-1]) εȡ
Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
ѸܤʤɤǸ֢פǤ롥ѸǤϡ"plicrow", "paragraph mark", "paragraph sign" ʤɤȸƤФ롥P(aragraph) ˤΤȻפǤĴ٤뵡ꡤǤϤʤΤä餤СC α2ŽФΤȤȤ
Parkes (302) ˤȡΤμܤνλꡤȤäŪˤޤȤޤäñ̤ʸϤǤ뤳ȤΤˡ͡ʵ椬ȤƤƥȤΤʤʬ꤬̿ϤޤȤˡ̣ capitulum (kapitulum) Ƭʸäơ.K.פɽ㤬Фи줿ޤC Ȥˤ₵פ֢פȯãԤ˴ޤޤ2Žϡ̻˼٤սΤˡ//פΤ褦2ܼѤȤͳ褹롥Ρ//ΤγϤɽ魯Τ˽ʬʵǽƤᡤΤޤȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäǽȤơλϤˡ֦áס֦ס֡פʤɤդ paragraphus δȯãƤ (Parkes 305)
ȯãξܺ٤Ĵ٤Ƥʤɤ餳ν椬ǽȷξ̤ˤƹήparaph ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤɵ椬ΩƤΤ餷ɽȤƸޤǼѤƤΤ֢פȤȤˤʤ롥
ѸνդǤϡˤϡʥǥȡˤѤΤŪŻʸʤɤǤ˰̲ĤĤΤȼʤ1ԶǤ롥δϡܸνդˤƤǤȯŪ˳ȤäƤȻפ롥
ŪãʡϤɤǤ졤Ȥʤ뤤ϤहŪñ̤Ȥߵϡź˽ΤˤäȤȤ
ܥ֥ǰä⤦1ĤζɵˤĤƤϡ#1274. hedera, or ivy-leaf ([2012-10-22-1]) ȡ
Parkes, M. B. Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West. Aldershot: Scholar P, 1992.
Ѹ speak, speech ϡ줾ŪˤϸűѸ sprecan, sprǣc ʤɤ̤뤬ˤβ r üƤȤ˵Ťɥĸб sprechen, Sprache ˤ r ޤޤƤ뤳ȤʬȤꡤr ޤॲޥĸ̤εǤ (PGmn *sprekan, *sprǣkjō)
OED 츻ŵĴ٤ȡѸθˤ r ξüϤǤ˸űѸ줫ѻ졤11ˤϰŪˤʤäǡŤ r ֤ͭ12ȾаʹߤѤƤä r ξüϡOHG, MHG, MDu. бˤƤ˸褦ѸǤȤƤ pang (< ME prange) ȤƤۤɤˤǤϤʤȤ餫Ǥ롥
εҤˤ11--12˿θȶ¸ߤ줿Ȥˤʤ뤬MED ǵ sprēcen (v.) ȡƤΤۤȤɤ The Peterborough Chronicle Ǥ롥131ĵƤ뤬12ȾȾФˤƽ줿 The Peterborough Chronicle r ξѤ¾ǸΥƥȤȤߤʤƤ褤
礦ɺǶ The Peterborough Chronicle 1123ǯɤǤơr ̣˽вäEarle and Plummer Ǥ餽βսѤ롥
. . . se king rad in his der fald and se biscop Roger of Seres byrig on an half him. and se biscop Rotbert Bloet of Lincolne on oðer half him. 7 riden þær sp`r'ecende.
Henry I ֤ȼĤ˽Ф֤٤ʤϤ˾äƤ륷Ǥ롥ѤκǸ˸ʬȤ֤Ƥ sp`r'ecende θ̻Ϻǽ specende ֤ꡤθ r p פ롥r ΰ֤ˤĤƤϥ쥹ߥȹͤƤ褤̣Τϡr 虜虜ơƱƥ¾ sprecon ʤɤη֤ȹ碌Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥
μ̻ιưưƤߤ褦餯̻äդˤơǤ r Τʤ specen Τ褦ʷ֤̤äΤǤϤʤǡפ鷺վǤ specende ֤äƤޤäʸϸˤƤϡޤǤˤǤ˸ŤᤫʼĥäӤӤ褦ˤʤäѰ۷ sprecen Τۤդ路Ȼפľr ΤǤϤʤ1121ǯΤ "Copied Annals" ̤ʤǡμ̻ϸűѸɸŪʽդǸ֤뤳Ȥ˴Ƥꡤ³ "First Continuation" ʬݤˤ⡤äƤפ餳˸롥̻ r ϡΤ褦ʸ̮ΤʤªɬפΤǤϤʤ
⤷ΥʥꥪȤСsprecen r üƤäΤߤʤ餺12ȾˤƿƷӤӤƤ register ָȤȤˤʤ롥
Earle, John and Charles Plummer, eds. Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel with Supplementary Extracts from the Others. London: OUP, 1892. 2 vols.
ε#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) ([2014-12-15-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ
Ѥ Perret եˤˤƻŦΤƱݤǡScragg (56) ϡѸˤˤۻȯŸɽʸؤžȤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥
. . . an important change overtook the written language towards the end of the fourteenth century: suddenly literacy became more widespread with the advent of cheaper writing materials. In earlier centuries, while parchment was expensive and wax tablets were cumbersome, the church easily retained control of education and writing, but with the introduction of paper, mass literacy became both feasible and desirable. In the fifteenth century, private reading began to replace public recitation, and the resultant demand for books led, during that century, to the development of the printing press. As medieval man ceased pointing to the words with his bookmark as he pronounced them aloud, and turned to silent reading for personal edification and satisfaction, so his attention was concentrated more on the written word as a unit than on the speech sounds represented by its constituent letters. The connotations of the written as opposed to the spoken word grew, and given the emphasis on the classics early in the Renaissance, it was inevitable that writers should try to extend the associations of English words by giving them visual connection with related Latin ones. They may have been influences too by the fact that Classical Latin spelling was fixed, whereas that of English was still relatively unstable, and the Latinate spellings gave the vernacular an impression of durability. Though the etymologising movement lasted from the fifteenth century to the seventeenth, it was at its height in the first half of the sixteenth.
ۻΩƤȡɼԤϰϢʸΤĤʤȯߤˡľܤ˸Ȥñ̤طӤĤ뤳ȤФֻġʸѤ餺ɽɸ֤륢ե٥åȤǤꡤɽɽ180žȤȤȤˤϤʤʤɽζˤؤȤޤǤŤȤϳΤ
˽פȻפΤϡѤθȾ Scragg ŦƤ褦ˡƥֻκѤɽؤή˹ֻɸಽήˤȤͥΥƥǮֻɸಽĬή츻ŪֻɽʸɽȤäװϡ٤ͭŪ˴ؤäƤΤǤ롥
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
ε#2056. եȱѸˤ츻Ūֻδط (1) ([2014-12-13-1]) ǡեθ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ʊ۵ɤ̤ΤäȤ˿줿եˤƸ츻ŪֻΤ褦ʵǽȤȤϡ̤δСեνηϤɽ (phonographic) ɽ (logographic) ؤȰŤȤɽǤ롥Τ褦ɽʸηϤؤܶѸǤѸ줫ѸˤƤΤƱͤˡեǤϸʩ줫ʩˤƤषեǤξѸ˿ʤǤcf. #1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1])
եξ˴ؤƤϡʤѸˤǤϤʤեˤΰʤΤǡե˳äƤߤʲPerret (138) Ѥ褦ޤϡʩνηϤɽŪǤȤ꤫顥
L'ancien français : une écriture phonétique
. . . . dans la mesure où l'on disposait de graphèmes pour rendre les son que l'on entendait, l'écriture était simplement phonétique (feré pour fairé, souvent kí pour quí) . . . .
Perret (138--39) ³ơʩνηϤɽˤĤƼΤ褦˳⤷Ƥ롥
Le moyen français : une écriture idéographique
À partir du XIIIe siècle, la transmission des textes cesse d'être uniquement orale, la prose commence à prendre de l'importance : on écrit aussi des textes juridiques et administratifs en français. Avec la prose apparaît une ponctuation très différente de celle que nous connaissons : les textes sont scandés par des lettrines de couleur, alternativement rouges et bleues, qui marquent le plus souvent des débuts de paragraphes, mais pas toujours, et des points qui correspondent à des pauses, généralement en fin de syntagme, mais pas forcément en fin de phrase. Les manuscrits deviennent moins rares et font l'objet d'un commerce, ils ne sont plus recopiés par des moines, mais des scribes séculiers qui utilisent une écriture rapide avec de nombreuses abréviations. On change d'écriture : à l'écriture caroline succèdent les écritures gothique et bâtarde dans lesquelles certains graphèmes (les u, n et m en particulier) sont réduits à des jambages. C'est à partir de ce moment qu'apparaissent les premières transformations de l'orthographe, les ajouts de lettres plus ou moins étymologiques qui ont parfois une fonction discriminante. C'est entre le XIVe et le XVIe siècle que s'imposent les orthographes hiver, pied, febve (où le b empêche la lecture ‘feue’), mais (qui se dintingue ainsi de mes); c'est alors aussi que se développent le y, le x et le z à la finale des mots. Mais si certains choix étymologiques ont une fonction discrminante réelle, beaucoup semblent n'avoir été ajoutés, pour le plaisir des savants, qu'afin de rapprocher le mot français de son étymon latin réel ou supposé (savoir s'est alors écrit sçavoir, parce qu'on le croyait issu de scire, alors que ce mot vient de sapere). C'est à ce moment que l'orthographe française devient de type idéographique, c'est-à-dire que chaque mot commence à avoir une physionomie particulière qui permet de l'identifier par appréhension globale. La lecture à haute voix n'est plus nécessaire pour déchiffrer un texte, les mots peuvent être reconnus en silence par la méthode globale.
ѤκǸˤ褦ˡɽʸηϤȯãɽȯãȴϢŤƤȤ¤˱ԤƶǤ롥˽Фɤ߾夲ݤˤϡȯľ˷ӤĤɽʸηϤΤۤդ路ɤεꡤɤ̾ɤˤʤäƤȡľ뤷䤹ȹͤɽɽաʸηϤդ路Ȥ⤤ (cf. #1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])) ɤɤؤžɽʸɽʸؤžȻŪˤ褽פȤȤˤʤСξԤδط虜ʤ
եˤѸˤ衤츻ŪֻϥͥΥƥǮȤδϢΤʸδߤСɽɽؤνηϤΥݥžȤȤʤ뤷ʪʸˤδߤСɤɤؤžȤȤʤ롥<doubt> <b> ظˤϡ¤˳غŪäƤΤǤ롥
Perret, Michèle. Introduction à l'histoire de la langue française. 3rd ed. Paris: Colin, 2008.
ññδ֤˥ڡʬȸƤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#1114. ̾ϢʤϷѤ ([2012-05-15-1]) εǼ夲ƤʬϡѸޤѤηϤǤ뤵Ƥ뤬ޤΥƥɽˤơʬŪ˹ԤƤ櫓ǤϤʤѸˤȤƤߤСʬϡűѸ˥ꥹȶȤ˥ɤνƻΤˤäƤ⤿餵줿ǤꡤˤϰճȿHorobin (72) ۩
. . . we need to remember that word division and the use of blank spaces between words was a relatively new phenomenon when the Beowulf manuscript was written. In Antiquity manuscripts were written using scriptio continua, a continuous script without any breaks between words at all. The practice of dividing words in the way we do today was introduced by the Irish monks who brought Christianity to the Northumbrians.
ޤŪ³ (scriptio continua) ꡤŪʬ (distinctiones) ǽ˥ƥʤɿ͡Ƹ˥ͤˤäƺѤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤϡǤϤʤܸüԤϡʬʤҤ餬ʤʸϤɤߤˤܸΤäƤʾ塤ʤȤʤ롥ܸȤʤؽԤˤȤäƤϡɤߤˤƱͤˡƥȤΤ scriptio continua ǽ줿ƥʸϤɤΤѤ줿⤷ʤȤƤΥƥγؽԤǤäűѸΥɿͤ䥤ɿͤ϶ϫ줿ϡɤߤ䤹ȲΤ䤹ơˡ˰⤿餹ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥դλˤĤơClemens and Graham 2սѤ롥
In late antiquity, scribes wrote literary texts in scriptura continua (also sometimes called scriptio continua), that is, without any separation between the words. Moreover, often they did not enter any marks of punctuation on the page. In many cases, punctuation was added by the reader, in particular by the reader who had to recite the text aloud. Such punctuation was often only sporadic, inserted at those points where it was necessary to counteract possible ambiguity (for example, when it was not immediately clear where one word ended and another began). (83)
Irish and Anglo-Saxon scribes made notable contributions to the use and development of the distinctiones system. Following their conversion to Christianity in the fifth and sixth through seventh centuries, respectively, the Irish and the Anglo-Saxons copied Latin texts avidly. Because their native languages were not directly related to Latin, these scribes required more visual cues to understand Latin than did Italian, Spanish, or French scribes. It was Irish scribes who were primarily responsible for the introduction of the practice of word separation, a major contribution to what has been called the "grammar of legibility." Once word separation became common, later scribes sometimes "updated earlier manuscripts by placing a punctus between words in texts originally written in scriptura continua. (83--84)
ꥹνƻΤϡƥ scriptio continua ɤߤˤ¤餬Ȥˤϸȸδ֤˥ڡ봷ΩǤ scriptio continua ǽƤޤäƤʸϤˤĤƤϡȸδ֤˶뤳Ȥǡɤߤ䤹ݤ褦ȤäơŪʶڤ ("grammar of legibility") Τˤ뤿ˡʬʳˤ⤤ĤμʤԤ߽ФΤǤȤ櫓ͭʴȤƳΩΤʬä
䤿Ѹνդˤ뤷ƤʬȤϡؽԤθɤ߽ưפˤ뤿Ԥ߽ФسؽΥƥ˥åͳ褹ΤǤ롥ǤϡʸηȤ̤Ȥ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Clemens, Raymond and Timothy Graham. Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca & London: Cornel UP, 2007.
ε#1846. Pearl Υ֡ ([2014-05-17-1]) ܤ˴ؤ륪饤õƤǡBritish Library Digitised Manuscripts Search our Catalogue Archives and Manuscripts ˹ԤäؿΤѸμܲƤߤȡ⤳ƤΤȯ롥
BL ˤ⤦1ĤκǿμܲؤΥȤƤϡBL Medieval and Earlier Digitised Manuscripts Master List 10.04.13. (XLS) ͭΥ顤Ȥ櫓ѸμܤȤƽפȻפΤؤΥȴФΤǡʲˤޤȤƤ
Add MS 40165 A, Cyprian epistles and Old English Martyrology fragments
Add MS 59678, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur
Add MS 60577, Miscellany of verse and prose (the 'Winchester Anthology')
Add MS 61823, The Book of Margery Kempe
Arundel MS 57, Michael of Northgate, Ayenbite of Inwyt
Cotton MS Claudius B IV, Old English Hexateuch (imperfect)
Cotton MS Cleopatra C VI, Ancrene Riwle; songs and prayers; a leaf from a Book of Hours
Cotton MS Nero D IV, Lindisfarne Gospels
Cotton MS Vespasian A I, The Vespasian Psalter
Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, Augustine of Hippo, Soliloquia; Marvels of the East; Beowulf; Judith, etc.
Harley MS 2253, Miscellany of English, French, and Latin works ('The Harley Lyrics')
Harley MS 4866, Thomas Hoccleve, The Regiment of Princes
Harley MS 7334, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
Royal MS 14 C IX, Ranulph Higden's Polychronicon
Royal MS 7 D X, The Prayerbook of Princess Elizabeth
ϡ#1429. Ѹˤ˴Ϣ BL μ ([2013-03-26-1])#1431. Gelderen αѸ˳Υ ([2013-03-28-1])#1293. Sir Orfeo δϢȡ ([2012-11-10-1])#744. Auchinleck MS ν ([2011-05-11-1]) ˤĥäƤΤǡ碌ƻȤ줿
ʸ Pearl Andrew and Waldron ǤɤǤ롥Cleanness, patience, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ȤȤ̵̾λͤˤä14Ⱦǽ줿ʤǤ롥 British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x ˤΤ߸¸̾ʤ
ܤʤɴϢ¿뤳ȤǤ뤬ʲǤϼȤƥ־ΥإĥäƤ
[ Żҥƥ ]
Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse ꡤ1953ǯ (Pearl. Ed. E. V. Gordon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953) ˴Ť Digitised Text of Pearl ǽ
TEAMS: Middle English Texts Υƥ Pearl by Robbins Library Digital Projects ǤϡʸȤȤ˸դƤ롥Pearl: Introduction ΥڡǤϡȥȴϢ롥
Pearl by Bill Stanton ǤϡȥΤۤʸȸѸŻҥƥȤǤ롥
[ ܲ ]
The Cotton Nero A.x Project ΥȤ Browse the Manuscript Images ꡤPearl Manuscript βեDZ뤳ȤǤ롥
[ Ϣ ]
Entry for "Pearl" in Middle English Compendium HyperBibliography
ˤ Cotton Nero A.x. Project ꡤWeb Resources for Pearl-poet Study: A Vetted Selection Ȥͭѡ
Pearl (poem) by Wikipedia Ǥϡ郎Ωġ
Ǹˡ饤 MED ѤơPearl ΰѤޤȥؤΥֹ¤٤ƤΤǡƥȤɤߤʤθȤƻȤ롥A Pearl Glossary Derived from MED Entries ꥢ
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
ѸǤϡ̾ fish ʣƱ fish Ǥ (ex. I saw a school of fish in the river) ä˼बۤʤǤ뤳ȤĴˤ fishes Ȥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ξˤ three kinds of fish ʤɤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ޤꥹѸǤϼΰƱˤ餺 fishes Ȥ뤳ȤϤ뤬Ūˤ fish ñʣƱȹͤƤƤ褤뤤ϡʣȤƤ fish ϽŪѤƤΤȹͤƤ褤ǤϡʬŪ fruit hair ʤɤȤˡƤ롥
ñʣƱȤСۤ sheep deer ʤ§Ūʣ deers ⤢ˤפ⤫֤⤷ʤξȤűѸѲ̾ scēap, dēor ̤ꡤʣʡгʤƱˤʤ뤳ȤϸűѸηֵ§˱äƤ롥äơѸñʣƱϸűѸ줫ΰ仺Ȥ롥
Ȥfish θűѸ fisc ϡѲ̾ʤΤʣʡгʷ fiscas Ǥ롥줬 fishes ؤȯŸƤ椯ΤѸǤŪʣ fish Τۤ sheep, deer Τ褦˸űѸΰ仺ȤƤǤʤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤʣ fish ϸűѸλޤ줿ȹͤɬפ롥
ºݤˡʣ fish ϽѸǽФƤ롥OED ˤȡfish ñƱΤޤŪѤˡ (1b) ϡa1300 Cursor Mundi ˽Ф롥
9395 (Cott.): Foghul and fiche, grett thing and small.
ޤMED fish (n.) (2b) ˤСfish Ū뤤ϼŪ̾ȤƤˡƤꡤ?a1200κȤ Layamon's Brut
Lay. Brut (Clg A.9) 22000: Þer inne is feower kunnes fisc.
긵ˤѸʣǡ١Ǥϡ40ޤǤʣȼ֤ǡ5ΤߤñƱǤ롥ޤ -es ͥˤΤʳǷž뤳ȤˤʤäΤ7ĤΥС Poema Morale ǤϡDܤMܤΤߤʤη֤ѤƤ롥
T(83): He makeð þe fisses in þe sa þe fueles on þe lofte.
J(82): He makede fysses in þe sea. and fuweles in þe lufte.
E1(83): He makede fisses inne þe see. and fuȝeles inne þe lofte
E2(83): He makede fisces in ðe sé. {end} fuȝeles in ðe lufte.
D (159--60): he wrohte fis on þer sae / and foȝeles on þar lefte.
L (83): He makede fisses in þe se 7 fuȝeles in þe lifte.
M (77): He scuppeþ þe fish in þe seo, þe foȝel bi þe lefte.
ʾϡ#12. How many carp! ([2009-05-11-1]) Ǥ夲ѸˤԵ§ʡ֤¿űѸ줫ΰ仺ȤǤѸʹߤγȤƱ餤¿ȤȤդ
դ𤲤ͭ̾Ѹβ Sumer is icumen in ˤĤơβΤˤĤƤϡ#1221. ˡ ([2012-08-30-1]) Ǥñ˿졤#1429. Ѹˤ˴Ϣ BL μ ([2013-03-26-1]) BL ͭܲإĥä٤äϤ⤦ܤƤߤ

Spring has come Ѹǥե졼ǻϤޤ뤳βΤϡѸǽ줿ΤΤʤǤǤ褯ΤƤ롥Berkshire Reading Abbey ǽƻΤˤäԤޤ줿 (British Library Harley MS 978, f. 11v) ˼ƤꡤեȥƥΥƥȤ˺äͣαѸƥȤǤ롥ѸΤǸŤؾ (rota or round) Ǥ⤢ꡤܤ̤Τʤ֤Ǽʬ鼡βΤ꤬ΤϤ롥Ǹ2ԡֻ pes ȼƤʬˤ㲻ѡȤɽ路¿6ˤΤȤǤ롥αѸβλβˤֻΥƥǥꥹȤμ˴ؤƥȤƤ뤬ΧˤϤޤäƤʤޤȾʬˤϹΥƥǡؾβΤλؼƤ롥褬ȤꡤΧȲλ碌Ʋξ뤳ȤǽǤꡤߤǤCDȯ䤵Ƥ롥
λΥƥȤ1225--50ǯκȤ졤Χ1310ǯȤƤ롥꤫ǤϤʤưζ -þ ˤꡤʤȤϽ롥LAEME ܺ⻲ȡ
ʲϡѸդβλƥȡ
| Sumer is icumen in· | Spring has come in. | |
| Lhude sing cucu· | Loudly sing, cuckoo! | |
| Groweþ sed and bloweþ med | Seed grows and meadow blooms | |
| And springþ þe wde nu· | And the forest springs up now. | |
| Sing cuccu | Sing, cuckoo! | |
| Awe bleteþ after lomb· | Ewe bleats after lamb, | |
| Lhouþ after calue cu· | Cow lows after calf, | |
| Bulluc sterteþ· bucke uerteþ | Bullock leaps, buck farts. | |
| Murie sing cuccu· | Merrily sing, cuckoo! | |
| Cuccu cuccu | Cuckoo, cuckoo, | |
| Wel singes þu cuccu. | You sing well, cuckoo. | |
| Ne swik þu nauer nu· | Nor cease you never now! | |
| Sing cuccu nu· sing cuccu· | Sing cuckoo now, sing cuckoo! | |
| Sing cuccu· sing cuccu nu· | Sing cuckoo, sing cuckoo now! |
ѸʬˤĤƤϡ#130. Ѹʬ ([2009-09-04-1]) ۤme_dialect γƵǰäƤűѸˤĤƤܥ֥ǤϤޤ꿨ƤʤäűѸϿޤˤĤƤϡ#715. Britannica Online ǻȤǤϿޡ ([2011-04-12-1]) ǥĥä Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia The distribution of Old English dialects ؤʤΤǡȤؤΤ˥Ǥʲ˺ƷǤ롥

űѸϡŪˡNorthumbrian, Mercian ʤ2Ĥ碌 Anglian ȤƤ֡, West-Saxon, Kentish 4Ĥ˶ʬ롥4˶ʬȤäƤ⡤űѸºݤ4Ĥʤäȸ櫓ǤϤʤɤȤȤСʸؼԤˤޤǤܤʤɤɽ蘆ƤʬϤȤŪħˤ4٤˶ʬΤŬڤȤȤˤʤäƤ롤ȤȤǤ롥ߤűѸƥȤ3000ƥȤۤɤǡ300ۤɤǤ롥٤εϤǤϡ˹ǤʤСܺ٤ħФȤϤǤʤޤϰŪʺΤߤʤ餺űѸСλŪʺͿƤϤǤꡤºݤˤäǤűѸ¿¿ͤѼ¸ڵˤ꽽ʬȤȤȤʤΤǤ롥
11θűѸˤʤȡWest-Saxon ˤդɸŪȤʤꡤפʸΤۤȤɤѼǽ뤳Ȥˤʤä10ˤϡ¾ˤ줿ƥȤ⾯ʤʤºݡˤäƥƥȤɽ蘆ˤФ꤬롥ϡôϰ褬ŪʸŪͥäȤŪ¤ƤꡤΥƥȤŪ̻ŪʬۤΤޤҲỤ̄ӤӤƤ뤳Ȥɽ路Ƥ롥
Ǥϡ10θűѸƥȤɽ蘆ƤʬۤCrystal (35--36) ͿƤ̤ˡˤɽηǰʲ˼Ƥߤ褦줾ƥȤμ䵬ϤˤĤƤƤʤΤǡޤʬۤλͤޤǤˡ
| probable date | Northumbrian | Mercian | West Saxon | Kentish |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 675 | Franks Casket inscription | |||
| 700 | Ruthwell Cross inscription | Epinal glosses Charters | ||
| 725 | Person and place-names in Bede, Cædmon's Hymn, Bede's Death Song | Person and place-names in Bede, Charters | ||
| 750 | Leiden Riddle | Charters | Charters | |
| 775 | Blickling glosses, Erfurt glosses, Charters | Charters | ||
| 800 | Corpus glosses | |||
| 825 | Vespasian Psalter glosses, Lorica Prayer, Lorica glosses | Charters | ||
| 850 | Charters | Charters, Medicinal recipes | ||
| 875 | Charters, Royal genealogies, Martyrologies | |||
| 900 | Cura pastoralis, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle | |||
| 925 | Orosius, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle | |||
| 950 | Royal glosses | Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Medicinal recipes | Charters, Kentish Hymn, Kentish Psalm, Kentish proverb glosses | |
| 975 | Rushworth Gospel glosses, Lindisfarne Gospel glosses, Durham Ritual glosses | Rushworth Gospel glosses |
The British Library Online Gallery ꡤѸˤ˴ϢβʤȤˤؤΥƤߤ褽1ĤˤĤƤϡ֥饦ǥڡ褦ˤƼܤ䴩ܤβ˱Ǥ륵ӥƤ롥Online Gallery 饵ǽѤСȷФʪФƤǤ롥
Bede's History of the English Church and People μܲ
Beowulf μܲ
The Lindisfarne Gospels μܲܤäɤ륵ӥ⤢ꡥ
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle μܲ
Magna Carta β(See also Treasures in Full: Magna Carta, as mentioned in [2011-06-08-1].)
'Sumer is icumen in' μܲ
Geoffrey Chaucer's 'The Canterbury Tales' μܲ
Thomas Malory's 'Le Morte Darthur' μܲ
William Caxton's Chaucer: 'The Canterbury Tales' δܲ
William Tyndale's New Testament μܲ
Princess Elizabeth's letter μ국
King James Bible δܲܤäɤ륵ӥ⤢ꡥ
Shakespeare's First Folio δܲ
[2012-05-13-1], [2012-05-14-1]εǡʬˤĤƹͤѸʤɡե٥åȤΤߤѤǤʤܸǤⲾ̾Τߤɽˤϡˡ (punctuation) ΰȤʬΤ̤Ǥ롥ϡɽʸˤɽħɬŪ⤷ȤˡܸˤƴȤ˲̾ȯãƤˤ⡤ʬ˴ˤ䤫Τä
㤨Сŷʿ6ǯ762ǯˤұ̾ʸιʸǤϡŪʿ̾λ㤬ʺƣpp. 54--55ˡǤϡϷѤԡվ֤ζڤʤɡ̾ʸɤߤ䤹빩פ¿ޤޤƤȤ̾ʴˤ̾κǽ9Ⱦ긫褦ˤʤ롥ϻ֤ζڤη줿ȶ˸ΤޤȤޤռϢʡפȸƤФ³ؤȰܹԤƤäϡŪñ̤ռǤꡤsyntagma marking ɸʤäȹͤƤ褤ޤ̾ʸȤϤäƤ⡤ʿ̾Τߤǽ줿ΤϤۤȤɤʤδƽΤ¤ǤꡤߤƱ褦ɤߤˤƤȤˤդ
ϢʤȴϢȯã⤦1Ĥ syntagma marker ˡϷѤפ롥ƣ (59) Ȥ褦
ϷѤǤϡɮΤĤϤϤǻ˸Ϥƺ٤ʤꡤޤϤĤƽǻȤȤ롥ǻø֤Τˤʸᤢ뤤ʸбƤΤǤ롥Ϣʤ⤢ޤȤޤĤΤǤ뤬Ϥꡤ줢뤤ʸбƤ뤳Ȥ¿Ϥʬεǽ̤Ƥȹͤ롥
ȤǡȻĤʤƽϢʤϡäѤʿ̾˸뤳ȤܤǡҲ̾³ȤϡߤǤϡҲ̾ŪˤϴȤȤѤĶȯãƤǤ롥Ҳ̾ϡȯ餫顤ߤΤ褦ʴ̾ʸȤѤƤꡤε[2012-05-14-1]褦ˡѥˤʸڤ꤬ưפ˿ΤǤäơsyntagma marking ΤϢʤȤʤʤɬפäˤʤäΤȹͤʺƣ, pp. 60--61ˡ
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
Ѹΰϡquotation marks, inverted commas, quotes, speech marks ʤɤ͡˸ƤФ뤬ŵŪʵǽ1ĤľˡˤȯʬɸǤ롥‘abc’ Τ褦 single quotation marks ȡ“abc” Τ褦 double quotation marks 2ब롥ʥǥץ쥤ˡĤΰη֤ϰۤʤ뤬䥿ԥǤϤ줾 'abc' "abc" ʤɤƱ֤ˤʤ롥
̤ˡꥫǤ double quotations ̤ǤꡤꥹǤ single quotations ̤ǤȤ졤˴ޤǤϤʬۤդˤʤȤ褦ˡƺǧȤ롥ͤηǧ뤬ºݤˤϰˤФĤϤ褦
Ȥ quotation marks λѤαƺˤĤƿ줿ȤʤαƺȤ䤬äƤϤФиߤ˵դΤȤΤǤ1ȷڤפäƤ餤ǡŪ䤦Ȥ˺Ƥꡤͤ줿äǡĴ٤ƤߤŪʻˡεҤϡQuirk et al. (Section III. 21) Fowler's The Chicago Manual of Style ʤɡ¿λͿdzǧǤ뤬ŪȯŸηаޤˤĤƤϿƤΤʤǡMcArthur (838) ꤬ͿƤ줿
QUOTATION MARKS [1880s]. . . . Double marks are traditionally associated with American printing practice (as in the Chicago style) and single marks with British practice (as in the Oxford and Cambridge styles), but there is much variation in practice; double marks are more often found in British texts before the 1950s, and are usual in handwriting. Quotation marks are a relatively recent invention and were not common before the 19c. . . . Single quotation marks are tidier, less obtrusive, and less space-consuming than double marks, and for this reason are increasingly preferred in Britain and elsewhere in printing styles, especially in newspapers.
ޤCrystal (283) ϡquotation marks ˤĤơȯŸηϩάҤƤ롥
Derive from the use of a special sign (the diple) in the margin of manuscripts to draw attention to part of the text (such as a biblical quotation); printers represented the marks by raised and inverted commas, and eventually placed them within the line; came to indicate quotations and passages of direct speech (hence the alternative names); choice of single vs double quotes is variable; latter are more common in handwritten and typed material, and in US printing . . . .
ޤĴ٤Ƥ狼äȤϡquotation marks ϡμܤʤɤμӤѤ줿 "diple" ȸƤФü쵭椫ȯãΤǤꡤɤḽˤ double quotation marks ȤƸǤޤĤĤä褦ϡ䥿ԥǼѤ졤ȤƥꥫȤ夷1950ǯꥤꥹǤϰԹǴάǤȤ⤤ single quotation ޤ褦ˤʤꡤ夷
diple quotation marks ؤȯŸηϩܤΤꤿȤˤμܤɬפ
Ѹ punctuation ʶˡˤˤˤĤƤϡ[2010-11-23-1]ε#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡפȡ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ε[2012-03-13-1]Ǥϡܸ˻μˤơѸ˻μͤȤƣǤϡܸ˻ϿηȤʬषƤ (17) ͱѸˤλˤ⤢ƤϤޤʬȻפΤǡѤ褦
(1) ʸʸ
ʥ˶ʸŪǤƤ٤ʸ
ʥ˽ҡʸŵҡˡʤˤäƤޤޤǤ롥
(2)
ʥ
ʥʪʪʪʤɡ
ʥϿ
ʥˤϡѸˤǤϥ롼ʸǹޤ줿ʸʤɤThe Ruthwell Cross 8ƬThe Dream of the Rood Ҥˤ The Franks Casket (ca. 650--700) ʤɤͭ̾Ǥ롥̤ȤƤɬ¿ʤΩΤΤ¸¿ŤǤ롥Ϣơ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ȡ
ʥˤϡαѸ˻ʬ뤬μܤǤɮԼȤˤ븶 (autograph) ¸ƤΤϵǤꡤ츦λȤѤˤϡʸءءʸȽμ³ФʤɡٿդɬפǤ롥Ϣơ#681. ܤǤʤܤȤ٤6Ĥͳ ([2011-03-09-1]) #682. եߥǤʤܤȤ٤5Ĥͳ ([2011-03-10-1]) #730. ʸ textual transmission ([2011-04-27-1]) εȡ
ˤθλѤꤹʥˤ䡤ʪ˻ĤŸФʥˤϡ줾ݼѤˡɤλθȿǤƤΤɬ餫Ǥʤ礬ꡤʥˤȤѤ٤
ʥˤϿϡϿ郎ȯưʹߤλ˸¤뤬ȯȤƤΤۤûȤƤͤ롥
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
The Auchinleck Manuscript (National Library of Scotland Advocates' MS. 19.2.1) ϡɤθءʸءܡɽʸʤɤݤ˺Ǥפʼܤ1ĤȤäƤϡμܤνŦʲϡPearsall and Cunningham Υȥ "LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MANUSCRIPT" (vii--xi) ȴФƥΡȤΤǤ롥
1330--40ǯȤᤤ˺Ƥꡤ͡ʥΥƥȤܤȤƤϡȴƺǽΤΤǤ롥
ǼƤƥȤ¿ƥƥȤθ¸ǸŤΥƤ롥㳰ϡnos. 4, 7, 8, 13, 19, 29, 34, 35, 40 ΤߤǤ롥
ƥȤΤۤȤɤѸǽƤ롥㳰ϡno. 20 Anglo-Norman κΤ nos. 8, 10, 36 Latin ΤߤǤ롥Auchinleck MS Ի (Jesus College, Oxford, MS. 29; British Library Cotton Caligula A.ix; Trinity College, Cambridge, MS. 323; Bodleian Library Digby 2; Bodleian Library Digby 85; British Library Harley 2253) ˤϡAnglo-Norman Latin ΥƥȤ̤˸줿
ԻμܤˤϡȤƳؼؤоݤȤƥȤޤޤƤAuchinleck MS ˤ¯ŪƤʤƥȤ¿ޤޤƤꡤפɼؤ¸ߤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥
ƥȤΥ44ƥȡˡno. 21 ʳϤ٤ƱʸǽƤ롥
- saint's legends: nos. 1, 4, 5, 12
- other types of religious narrative: nos. 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16, 29
- religious debates: nos. 7, 34
- homiletic and monitory pieces: nos. 10, 35, 39
- poems of religious instruction: nos. 14, 15, 36
- a chronicle: no. 40
- a list of names of Norman barons: no. 21 (not in verse)
- humorous tales: nos. 27, 28
- poems of satire and complaint: nos. 20, 42, 44
- romances: nos. 2, 11, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 41, 43 (accounting for three-quarters of the bulk of MS)
ޥ26ƥȤΤ15ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥ롥
ޥ18ƥȤΤ8ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥꡤ9ƥȤ¸ǤŤ̤Ǥ롥Ĥ1ƥ (no. 19 = Floris ) Τߤ㳰
оɼؤ "popular" ȤޤǤϤʤ"the aspirant middle-class citizen, perhaps a wealthy merchant" (viii) äꤵ롥
ɥ "bookshop" ǡʣμ̻ƱȤǺ夲ȹͤ롥ƱȤϹ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ٤ȿƤ
6ͤμ̻ʲʬۤǶƱܺ˹Ƥ롥scribe 1 Τ72%ôƤ롥
| Gatherings | Item nos. | Texts | Scribe |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1--6 | 1--9 | Religious poems (incl. King of Tars) | 1 |
| 7--10 | 10 | Speculum Gy de Warewyke | 2 |
| 11--13 | Religious poems (incl. Amis) | 1 | |
| 11--16 | 14--19 | Miscellaneous | 3 |
| 20 | Sayings of the Four Philosophers | 2 | |
| 21 | List of names of Norman barons | 4 | |
| 17(?)--25 | 22--23 | Guy of Warwick and continuation | 1 |
| 24 | Reinbrun | 5 | |
| 26--36 | 25 | Beues of Hamtoun | 5 |
| 26--29 | Arthour and Merlin plus 3 fillers | 1 | |
| 37 | 30--31 | Lay le freine, Roland and Vernagu | 1 |
| 38--[?] | 32 | Otuel (and other poems?) | 6 |
| [?]--41 | 33--36 | Kyng Alisaunder plus 3 fillers | 1 |
| 42--44 | 37--39 | Tristrem and Orfeo plus 1 filler | 1 |
| 45--47 | 40--42 | Chronicle and Horn childe plus 1 filler | 1 |
| 48--[?] | 43 | Richard | 1 |
| 52 | 44 | The Simonie | 2 |
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