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manuscript - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2016-09-29 Thu

#2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ [eme][me_dialect][manuscript][orthography][spelling][standardisation][scribe][ormulum][ab_language][spelling_reform]

ѸֻɸಽˤϡȥɸŪʤΤ뤬ΥޥνѸˤϤ줬̵˵Ѹˤʤäƽ˺ɸಽѸɸಽʤߡ17--18ɸֻΩ绨ĤǤ롥γѤˤСѸֻɸबޤǤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥ϤǴְäƤϤʤֻɸȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ٰӤֻȤȤǤСλˤĿͤ侮ĤΥ٥ǼƤפĤ롥褯ΤƤΤϡ(1) "AB language" ֻ, (2) Ormulum κ Orm ֻ(3) ֥ƥ Brut 򥢥󥰥եǤ Laȝamon ֻǤ롥
(1) "AB language" ̾ϡƻΤλ Ancrene Wisse ޤ Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 402 Ȥ (= A) ȡϢ佡ޤ Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 34 μ (=B) ͳ褹롥2ܡʵڤӴϢ뤤ĤμܡˤˤϡʤӤֻηϤѤƤꡤʣμ̻ˤäƤ줬ѤƤ뤳Ȥ顤餯13Ⱦˡνƻܼ濴Ȥʤäơɸֻ夲ߤʤƤΤȿ¬Ƥ롥
(2) Orm ϡLincolnshire ΥƥνƻΤǡ1200ǯˡʬ䤹ʪ Ormulum 路¸ͣΥƥȤ2ԤĶʸǤꡤ줬äۤɰӤֻǽ񤫤Ƥ롥Orm ϡ첻̤ˤäƸ³ҲŤͤʤɤιɵ椷äֻηϤԤߤʬκʤǼΤǤ롥 Orm ֻϡ¾μܤˤहΤȯƤ餺ƸĿŪֻɸಽλϸ16θŪֻԤȤäƤ褤
(3) Laȝamon ϡWorcestershire λʺפǡ13Ƭ˱ʸǯ嵭ʸDZѸǤ˸ŤᤫʤäƤȤܤƬ (alliteration) 䡤ʸáֻ褵Υ른åʷϵ򤫤⤹ȤLaȝamon ϡºݤ˸űѸˤäֻɤ̤ȤơˤűѸֻռŪѤðۤǤꡤ򤢤θĿŪֻɸಽλߤȤߤ뤳Ȥǽ
ʾ塤Horobin (98--102) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

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2016-09-12 Mon

#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ [punctuation][manuscript][writing][scribe][word][prosody][oe][inscription][distinctiones]

αѸν񵭤Ǥ뤵Ƥʬ (distinctiones) ŤˤǤϤʤष³ (scriptio continua) ̤äȤˤĤơ#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ǽҤ٤ºݡűѸʸʤɤǤϸζڤ꤬ʤΤ¿űѸѸμܤˤƤ⸽ΰӤʬ񤭤ϤޤãƤʤ
ʬ񤭤ȤݤΤΤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ǤߤǽΥ롼ʸʸǤ顤ȸδ֤˶ǤϤʤȤ⾮ݤ֤Ƥꡤʬ񤭤ԤʤƤȤ狼뤷7餤ޤǤˤϼܤ˵줿ѸˤƤ⡤֤ζϹԤʤƤݥȤϡֹԤʤƤפȤȡָ˰ӤƹԤʤƤפȤȤϰۤʤȤȤʬ񤭤ؤΰܹԤϡŤ³񤭤ξ˿ʬ񤭤ˡˤ֤äƤǤꡤξν¸ߤ֤ĹäΤǤ롥Ѹζˡ (punctuation) ˤˤĤư̤˸褦ˡֶεϤ뤳ȤϤʤޤǽ񤭼Ŀͤΰջ֤Ǽͳ˥ȥ뤷Ƥ褤ʪä
񤭼ˤ϶֤֤ʤμͳͿƤǤϤʤ֤ˡɤĹΥڡ뤫ȤͳͿƤ礦ɸѸʣˤơ2Ǵ֤Υʤ֤뤫 (flowerpot)ϥե뤫 (flower-pot)Υ֤뤫 (flower pot) 񤭼ȽǤ˰ѤͤƤΤȻ褦ʾǤ롥䡤ξˤϤ3Ĥ褷ʤξˤ϶̯̤ˤĴȤʥŪʼͳͿƤΤǤ롥㤨С礭Ūñ̤̣Ūñ̤ޤȤᤢ뤿Ĺζ֤줿ꡤǥ٥ξñ̤ζɽ魯Τ˶Ϥʶ֤ʤɡ񤭼θ촶Фܾ̯ȿǤ줿
Crystal (11-12) ϤξÆlfric ⶵ󤲤Ƥ롥

Very often, some spaces are larger than others, probably reflecting a scribe's sense of the way words relate in meaning to each other. A major sense-break might have a larger space. Words that belong closely together might have a small one. It's difficult to show this in modern print, where word-spaces tend to be the same width, but scribes often seemed to think like this:

     we bought   a cup of tea   in the cafe

The 'little' words, such as prepositions, pronouns, and the definite article, are felt to 'belong' to the following content words. Indeed, so close is this sense of binding that many scribes echo earlier practice and show them with no separation at all. Here's a transcription of two lines from one of Ælfric's sermons, dated around 990.

     þærwæronðagesewene twegenenglas onhwitumgẏrelū;
     þær wæron ða gesewene twegen englas on hwitum gẏrelū;
     
     'there were then seen two angels in white garments'
     
     
     Eacswilc onhisacennednẏsse wæronenglasgesewene'.
     Eacswilc on his acennednẏsse wæron englas gesewene'.
     
     'similarly at his birth were angels seen'

The word-strings, separated by spaces, reflect the grammatical structure and units of sense within the sentence.


äդǤϡٻ (pause) (intonation) ĴʤɤޤƼαΧŪʼʤǤȻ褦ʵǽ̤Ȥǽ񤭸դǤˡͿƤȤΤϡषˤϸʤħȤ٤Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1910. ٻߡ ([2014-07-20-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

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2016-08-14 Sun

#2666. Ѹ԰ʶˡ [punctuation][emode][printing][manuscript][shakespeare][writing][orthography][standardisation][apostrophe][hyphen]

15Ⱦ˰ (printing) ⤿餵줿塤³16δ֤ɸŪˡؤϺϤޤäκݤηƻֻˤȤɤޤ餺ˡ (punctuation) ˤڤ֤Ȥˤʤä
Ωμ񤭼ܤλˤϡƼζɵ椬̣ŪŪȤϲɤΤΥɤȤ͡ѤƤ¿ϰλʹߤ˾äƤޤäο30Ķ߻ȤƤΤƱζɵ⤢äμܤǤϤεǽɬ⸽ΤΤƱǤϤʤäʾФƽؤȸФβϴȤƤꡤѸˤ⤤ޤ򼨤ʤä
ΰȼԤϴŪˤϼܤˤäɵƸ褦ȤбʤΤ⤢ꡤ뤳Ȥ¿äŪˤϡ</> (virgule) <.> (point) Ϲǧ줿</> εǽϸߤ <,> (comma) 1520ǯ夫鸽ߤΤ褦 <,> ֤褦ˤʤäȼԤˤäƤξԤȤѤΤ⤢äˡ
ΰǤϡۤ <:> (colon), <> (paragraph mark), <//> (double virgule) ʤɤѤ졤ɵȤƤ <( )> (parentheses), <;> (semicolon), <?> (question mark) ʤɤƳ줿ˤϻ֤פ㤨С<;> ʤɤϡCoverdales ˤ1538ǯοθ˸줳뤬󥰥ɤѤ褦ˤʤΤ1570ǯʹߤȤäƤ褤
17äƤ⡤ޤˡ԰³㤨СShakespeare First Folio (1623) Ǥ⡤ȴò䡤ȥߥλȤʬϰӤƤʤäݥȥե (apostrophe) ϥե (hyphen) ͽʤȤ˸줿 (ex. advan'st (= advanced), cast-him (= cast him)) ԰ꤵϸ Shakespeare ιˤȿǤƤꡤۤʤǤۤʤѤȤ֤ˤʤäƤ롥
ݥȥեˤĤưäƤζɵ϶οǤꡤά򼨤ѤФΤ1559ǯǤ롥ʤߤΥݥȥեˡȤƽͭʤɽ魯 <'s> ǤλѤ뤬ȯãϤä٤18ΤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡǤˡΰĤȤˡޤäƤζɵ⡤ѸǤϤޤ夷ƤʤäΤȤϡƳξ׷⤬˳̿ŪäȼԤŬΤˤ˻ԺΤ򼨤1ĤλɸȤߤʤȤǤΤǤϤʤʾ塤Crystal (261) 򻲾ȤƼɮ
Ϣơ#574. punctuation 4Ĥεǽ ([2010-11-22-1])#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡ ([2010-11-23-1])#582. apostrophe ([2010-11-30-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2016-05-13 Fri

#2573. Caxton ˤ Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye νʸ [caxton][lme][literature][printing][popular_passage][manuscript][link][me_text]

Ѹ˾ǽ˱Ѹǰ줿ܤϡWilliam Caxton ˤǡRecuyell of the Historyes of Troye (1475) Ǥ롥줿ϥ󥰥ɤǤϤʤCaxton νԤƤ Bruges äܤϡ̥衼åѤʸήԤ濴ä֥르˥εˤƤ褯ΤƤե󥹸ܤǤꡤ衼ȤΥ󥰥ɲ Edward IV ǥ֥르˥ Charles ˲ǤǤ Margaret äƤܤǤ⤢äᡤCaxton ϤƽǤ뤳Ȥ򾦵ȸƤ
̾ Historyes ϡϡˡʪˡפ˸ꤵ줺ʪˡפ̣Recuyell Ȥñϡִ󤻽פ̣ʤäơԻʸءפۤɤؤ˥եñѤΤǤꡤޤˤܤ̾ˤѤǤ롥
ʲˡѸ˾廸ȵܤνʸCrystal (32) ǤˤƸ褦

hEre begynneth the volume intituled and named the recuyell of the historyes of Troye / composed and drawen out of dyuerce bookes of latyn in to frensshe by the ryght venerable persone and wor-shipfull man . Raoul le ffeure . preest and chapelayn vnto the ryght noble gloryous and myghty prince in his tyme Phelip duc of Bourgoyne of Braband etc In the yere of the Incarnacion of our lord god a thou-sand foure honderd sixty and foure / And translated and drawen out of frenshe in to englisshe by Willyam Caxton mercer of ye cyte of London / at the comaūdemēt of the right hye myghty and vertuouse Pryncesse hys redoubtyd lady. Margarete by the grace of god . Du-chesse of Bourgoyne of Lotryk of Braband etc / Whiche sayd translacion and werke was begonne in Brugis in the Countee of Flaundres the fyrst day of marche the yere of the Incarnacion of our said lord god a thousand foure honderd sixty and eyghte / And ended and fynysshid in the holy cyte of Colen the . xix . day of Septembre the yere of our sayd lord god a thousand foure honderd sixty and enleuen etc.

And on that other side of this leef foloweth the prologe.


ʤRylands Medieval Collection The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye μܲ Ǥ롥

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

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2016-04-16 Sat

#2546. ƥȤιȼ [editing][owl_and_nightingale][manuscript][spelling][punctuation][evidence]

θԤűѸѸʸɤ硤ܤľɤळȤ⤢뤬񤬤Τǡ̾Ϲ줿ǥɤळȤ¿줿ƥȤϡԤˤ¿쾯ʤ꤬äƤꡤʤ餺ȼΡֲפäƤΤǡܤ˵ϿƤʪΥƥȤΤΤǤϤʤäơɼԤϡԤβ׻줿ǥƥȤֵʤФʤʤȤȤϡɼԤˤƤ⡤ԤˤäǺߤˤ̤ƤʤФʤʤ
ԤǺߤˤ͡ʼΤΤ롥The Owl and the Nightingale Cartlidge (viii) ˺ݤ른ޤ򤷤ƤΤǡɤǤߤ褦

The presentation of medieval text to a modern audience---even leaving aside the question of emending obvious errors or obscurities in the extant manuscripts---inevitably faces the modern editor with a dilemma. The conventions of spelling, punctuation and word-division followed by the scribes have to be modernized to some extent in order to produce a reasonably accessible text for readers accustomed to the different conventions now current---but how much modernization is actually compatible with editorial fidelity to the text as it survives in the manuscripts? For example, neither surviving manuscript of The Owl and the Nightingale provides punctuation of a kind expected by a modern reader (except very occasionally) and units of sense are generally marked quite naturally by the metrical structure. It is only reasonable that modern punctuation should be inserted by the editor of a medieval literary text, but the effect of this is that the edited text often makes syntactic links much more explicit than they are in the medieval copies. Thus, even punctuation is not just a matter of presentation, but also, potentially, an act of interpretation. Recent editors of medieval texts have generally agreed that the editor should be prepared to punctuate, but once intervention has begun, even at this fairly minimal level, it is impossible to claim that the text has been handled wholly "conservatively". The problem is that editorial conservatism is not a matter of a choice between various absolute principles (and fidelity to them), but a scale that stretches from an absolute conservatism at the one end (which could only be achieved in a facsimile---if at all), through changes to word-spacing, capitalization, punctuation, spelling-reforms of various kinds, morphological regularization, alterations in syntax---and so to the point, at the other end, at which the "edition" is not an "edition" at all, but a translation into modern English. The challenge is to determine the point along the scale of editorial intervention that yields the greatest gain, in terms of making the text accessible to a modern readership, in exchange for the smallest loss, in terms of fidelity to the presentation of its medieval copies.


Cartlidge ϪƤΤϡ(1) ꥸʥʷϵݻĤĤ⡤(2) ɼԤΤ˥ƥȤɤߤ䤹󼨤Ȥȿ׵ĶߤˤĤƤǤ롥(1) ΤߤŻ뤷ơޤäʤΤǤСܤ򤽤Τޤ޼̿˻äƥեߥȤƸФ褯ǤФ̣Ϥʤޤ(2) ΤߤŻ뤹ΤǤСüʾˤϰʤĶʤ˶ŤǡǤ¸߰յΤǤСԤ (1) (2) ΤʥХ󥹤Ȥꡤټ줿ƥȤ󼨤ɬפ롥֤١פ٤ˤäƤϡȤˡ1ĤˤʤȤƤ⡤ϹԤβɼԤ˲Ĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤΤǤ롥Ԥˤۤܤ٤ƤβʸŪʲκۤ⤿餹ǽޤǤ롥
editing ȤȤϡƥȤ presentation ˤȤɤޤ餺Ǥ interpretation ΰ12Ƨ߹ǤȤȤ򡤹ǤѤɼԤȤƤΤäƤɬפ롥
ȴϢơ#681. ܤǤʤܤ򻲾Ȥ٤6Ĥͳ ([2011-03-09-1]) #682. եߥǤʤܤ򻲾Ȥ٤5Ĥͳ ([2011-03-10-1]) ε򻲾ȡ

Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-10-24-1]

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2015-10-26 Mon

#2373.  [punctuation][printing][manuscript][scribe]

ѸܤʤɤǸ֢פǤ롥ѸǤϡ"plicrow", "paragraph mark", "paragraph sign" ʤɤȸƤФ롥P(aragraph) 򺸸ˤΤȻפǤĴ٤뵡񤬤ꡤǤϤʤΤä餤СC α2ŽФΤȤȤ
Parkes (302) ˤȡΤμܤνλꡤȤäŪˤޤȤޤäñ̤ʸϤǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Τˡ͡ʵ椬ȤƤƥȤΤʤ򰷤ʬ꤬̿ϤޤȤˡ̣ capitulum (kapitulum) Ƭʸäơ.K.פɽ㤬Фи줿ޤC Ȥˤ₵פ֢פȯãԤ˴ޤޤ2Žϡ̻˼񤭤٤ս򼨤Τˡ//פΤ褦2ܼѤȤͳ褹롥Ρ//׼ΤγϤɽ魯Τ˽ʬʵǽƤᡤΤޤȤƤѤ褦ˤʤäǽȤơλϤˡ֦áס֦ס֡פʤɤդ paragraphus δȯãƤ (Parkes 305)
ȯãξܺ٤Ĵ٤Ƥʤɤ餳ν椬ǽȷξ̤ˤƹήparaph ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤɵ椬ΩƤΤ餷ɽȤƸޤǼѤƤΤ֢פȤȤˤʤ롥
Ѹν񤭸դǤϡ򼨤ˤϡʥǥȡˤѤΤŪŻʸʤɤǤ˰̲ĤĤΤȼʤ1ԶǤ롥δϡܸν񤭸դˤƤǤȯŪ˳ȤäƤȻפ롥
ŪãʡϤɤǤ졤Ȥʤ뤤ϤहŪñ̤򼨤Ȥߵϡź˽񤭼ΤˤäȤȤ
ܥ֥ǰä⤦1ĤζɵˤĤƤϡ#1274. hedera, or ivy-leaf ([2012-10-22-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Parkes, M. B. Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West. Aldershot: Scholar P, 1992.

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2015-10-21 Wed

#2368. űѸ sprecen r ξü [phonetics][manuscript][scribe][pchron]

Ѹ speak, speech ϡ줾ŪˤϸűѸ sprecan, sprǣc ʤɤ̤뤬ˤβ r üƤȤ˵Ťɥĸб sprechen, Sprache ˤ r ޤޤƤ뤳ȤʬȤꡤr ޤॲޥĸ̤εǤ (PGmn *sprekan, *sprǣkjō)
OED 츻ŵĴ٤ȡѸθˤ r ξüϤǤ˸űѸ줫ѻ졤11ˤϰŪˤʤäǡŤ r ֤ͭ12ȾаʹߤѤƤä r ξüϡOHG, MHG, MDu. бˤƤ⵩˸褦ѸǤȤƤ pang (< ME prange) ȤƤۤɤˤǤϤʤȤ餫Ǥ롥
εҤˤ11--12˿θȶ¸ߤ줿Ȥˤʤ뤬MED ǵ sprēcen (v.) ȡ󤲤ƤΤۤȤɤ The Peterborough Chronicle Ǥ롥131ĵ󤲤Ƥ뤬12ȾȾФˤƽ񤫤줿 The Peterborough Chronicle r ξѤ򼨤¾ǸΥƥȤȤߤʤƤ褤
礦ɺǶ The Peterborough Chronicle 1123ǯɤǤơr 򼨤̣˽вäEarle and Plummer Ǥ餽βսѤ롥

. . . se king rad in his der fald and se biscop Roger of Seres byrig on an half him. and se biscop Rotbert Bloet of Lincolne on oðer half him. 7 riden þær sp`r'ecende.


Henry I ֤ȼĤ˽Ф֤٤򤷤ʤϤ˾äƤ륷Ǥ롥ѤκǸ˸ʬȤ֤Ƥ sp`r'ecende θ̻Ϻǽ specende ֤ꡤθ r p פ롥r ΰ֤ˤĤƤϥ쥹ߥȹͤƤ褤̣Τϡr 虜虜ơƱƥ¾ sprecon ʤɤη֤ȹ碌Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥
μ̻ιưưƤߤ褦餯̻äդˤơǤ r Τʤ specen Τ褦ʷ֤̤äΤǤϤʤǡפ鷺񤭸վǤ specende ֤äƤޤäʸϸˤƤϡޤǤˤǤ˸ŤᤫʼĥäӤӤ褦ˤʤäѰ۷ sprecen Τۤդ路Ȼפľr ΤǤϤʤ1121ǯΤ "Copied Annals" ̤ʤǡμ̻ϸűѸɸŪʽ񤭸դǸ֤뤳Ȥ˴Ƥꡤ³ "First Continuation" ʬ񤯺ݤˤ⡤äƤפ餳˸롥̻ r ϡΤ褦ʸ̮ΤʤªɬפΤǤϤʤ
⤷ΥʥꥪȤСsprecen r üƤäΤߤʤ餺12ȾˤƿƷӤӤƤ register ָȤȤˤʤ롥

Earle, John and Charles Plummer, eds. Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel with Supplementary Extracts from the Others. London: OUP, 1892. 2 vols.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-20-1]

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2014-12-16 Tue

#2059. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (2) [etymological_respelling][latin][grammatology][manuscript][silent_reading][standardisation][renaissance]

ε#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) ([2014-12-15-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥ
Ѥ Perret ե󥹸ˤˤƻŦΤƱݤǡScragg (56) ϡѸˤˤۻȯŸɽʸؤžȤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥

. . . an important change overtook the written language towards the end of the fourteenth century: suddenly literacy became more widespread with the advent of cheaper writing materials. In earlier centuries, while parchment was expensive and wax tablets were cumbersome, the church easily retained control of education and writing, but with the introduction of paper, mass literacy became both feasible and desirable. In the fifteenth century, private reading began to replace public recitation, and the resultant demand for books led, during that century, to the development of the printing press. As medieval man ceased pointing to the words with his bookmark as he pronounced them aloud, and turned to silent reading for personal edification and satisfaction, so his attention was concentrated more on the written word as a unit than on the speech sounds represented by its constituent letters. The connotations of the written as opposed to the spoken word grew, and given the emphasis on the classics early in the Renaissance, it was inevitable that writers should try to extend the associations of English words by giving them visual connection with related Latin ones. They may have been influences too by the fact that Classical Latin spelling was fixed, whereas that of English was still relatively unstable, and the Latinate spellings gave the vernacular an impression of durability. Though the etymologising movement lasted from the fifteenth century to the seventeenth, it was at its height in the first half of the sixteenth.


ۻΩƤȡɼԤϰϢʸΤĤʤ򡤤ȯߤˡľܤ˸Ȥñ̤طӤĤ뤳ȤФֻġʸѤ餺ɽɸ֤륢ե٥åȤǤꡤɽɽ180žȤȤȤˤϤʤʤɽζˤؤȤޤǤŤȤϳΤ
˽פȻפΤϡѤθȾ Scragg ŦƤ褦ˡƥֻκѤɽؤή˹׸ֻɸಽήˤ׸Ȥͥ󥹴ΥƥǮֻɸಽĬή츻ŪֻɽʸɽȤäװϡ٤ͭŪ˴ؤäƤΤǤ롥

Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.

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2014-12-15 Mon

#2058. 츻Ūֻɽʸɽ (1) [french][etymological_respelling][latin][grammatology][manuscript][scribe][silent_reading][renaissance][hfl]

ε#2056. ե󥹸ȱѸˤ츻Ūֻδط (1) ([2014-12-13-1]) ǡե󥹸θ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ʊ۵ɤ̤ΤäȤ˿줿ե󥹸ˤƸ츻ŪֻΤ褦ʵǽȤȤϡ̤δСե󥹸νηϤɽ (phonographic) ɽ (logographic) ؤȰŤȤɽǤ롥Τ褦ɽʸηϤؤܶ᤬ѸǤѸ줫ѸˤƤΤƱͤˡե󥹸Ǥϸʩ줫ʩˤƤषե󥹸ǤξѸ˿ʤǤcf. #1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1])#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#2043. Ѹֻɽַǡ ([2014-11-30-1])
ե󥹸ξ˴ؤƤϡʤѸˤǤϤʤե󥹸ˤΰʤΤǡե󥹸˳äƤߤʲPerret (138) Ѥ褦ޤϡʩνηϤɽŪǤȤ꤫顥

L'ancien français : une écriture phonétique
. . . . dans la mesure où l'on disposait de graphèmes pour rendre les son que l'on entendait, l'écriture était simplement phonétique (feré pour fairé, souvent pour quí) . . . .


Perret (138--39) ³ơʩνηϤɽˤĤƼΤ褦˳⤷Ƥ롥

Le moyen français : une écriture idéographique
À partir du XIIIe siècle, la transmission des textes cesse d'être uniquement orale, la prose commence à prendre de l'importance : on écrit aussi des textes juridiques et administratifs en français. Avec la prose apparaît une ponctuation très différente de celle que nous connaissons : les textes sont scandés par des lettrines de couleur, alternativement rouges et bleues, qui marquent le plus souvent des débuts de paragraphes, mais pas toujours, et des points qui correspondent à des pauses, généralement en fin de syntagme, mais pas forcément en fin de phrase. Les manuscrits deviennent moins rares et font l'objet d'un commerce, ils ne sont plus recopiés par des moines, mais des scribes séculiers qui utilisent une écriture rapide avec de nombreuses abréviations. On change d'écriture : à l'écriture caroline succèdent les écritures gothique et bâtarde dans lesquelles certains graphèmes (les u, n et m en particulier) sont réduits à des jambages. C'est à partir de ce moment qu'apparaissent les premières transformations de l'orthographe, les ajouts de lettres plus ou moins étymologiques qui ont parfois une fonction discriminante. C'est entre le XIVe et le XVIe siècle que s'imposent les orthographes hiver, pied, febve (où le b empêche la lecture ‘feue’), mais (qui se dintingue ainsi de mes); c'est alors aussi que se développent le y, le x et le z à la finale des mots. Mais si certains choix étymologiques ont une fonction discrminante réelle, beaucoup semblent n'avoir été ajoutés, pour le plaisir des savants, qu'afin de rapprocher le mot français de son étymon latin réel ou supposé (savoir s'est alors écrit sçavoir, parce qu'on le croyait issu de scire, alors que ce mot vient de sapere). C'est à ce moment que l'orthographe française devient de type idéographique, c'est-à-dire que chaque mot commence à avoir une physionomie particulière qui permet de l'identifier par appréhension globale. La lecture à haute voix n'est plus nécessaire pour déchiffrer un texte, les mots peuvent être reconnus en silence par la méthode globale.


ѤκǸˤ褦ˡɽʸηϤȯãɽȯãȴϢŤƤȤ¤˱ԤƶǤ롥˽Фɤ߾夲ݤˤϡȯľ˷ӤĤɽʸηϤΤۤդ路ɤε񤬸ꡤɤ̾ɤˤʤäƤȡľ뤷䤹ȹͤɽɽաʸηϤդ路Ȥ⤤ (cf. #1655. ɤΤܤɤΤ ([2013-11-07-1])#1829. 񤭸եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1])) ɤɤؤžɽʸɽʸؤžȻŪˤ褽פȤȤˤʤСξԤδط򵿤虜ʤ
ե󥹸ˤѸˤ衤츻Ūֻϥͥ󥹴ΥƥǮȤδϢΤʸδߤСɽɽؤνηϤΥݥžȤȤʤ뤷ʪʸˤδߤСɤɤؤžȤȤʤ롥<doubt> <b> ظˤϡ¤˳غŪäƤΤǤ롥

Perret, Michèle. Introduction à l'histoire de la langue française. 3rd ed. Paris: Colin, 2008.

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2014-07-13 Sun

#1903. ʬ񤭤 [punctuation][manuscript][writing][grammatology][syntagma_marking][alphabet][distinctiones]

ññδ֤˥ڡ񵭴ʬ񤭤ȸƤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#1114. ̾ϢʤϷѤ ([2012-05-15-1]) εǼ夲Ƥʬ񤭤ϡѸޤ޻ѤηϤǤ뤵Ƥ뤬ޤΥƥɽˤơʬ񤭤Ū˹ԤƤ櫓ǤϤʤѸˤȤƤߤСʬ񤭤ϡűѸ˥ꥹȶȤ˥ɤνƻΤˤäƤ⤿餵줿ǤꡤˤϰճȿHorobin (72) ۩

. . . we need to remember that word division and the use of blank spaces between words was a relatively new phenomenon when the Beowulf manuscript was written. In Antiquity manuscripts were written using scriptio continua, a continuous script without any breaks between words at all. The practice of dividing words in the way we do today was introduced by the Irish monks who brought Christianity to the Northumbrians.


ޤŪ³ (scriptio continua) ꡤ׿Ūʬ (distinctiones) ǽ˥ƥ򤵤ʤɿ͡Ƹ˥󥰥ͤˤäƺѤ뤳ȤˤʤäȤϡǤϤʤܸüԤϡʬ񤭤ʤҤ餬ʤʸϤɤߤˤܸΤäƤʾ塤ʤȤʤ롥ܸȤʤؽԤˤȤäƤϡɤߤˤƱͤˡƥȤΤ scriptio continua ǽ񤫤줿ƥʸϤɤΤѤ줿⤷ʤȤƤΥƥγؽԤǤäűѸΥɿͤ䥤󥰥ɿͤ϶ϫ򶯤줿ϡɤߤ䤹ȲΤ䤹ơˡ˰׿⤿餹ȤˤʤäΤǤ롥դλˤĤơClemens and Graham 2սѤ롥

In late antiquity, scribes wrote literary texts in scriptura continua (also sometimes called scriptio continua), that is, without any separation between the words. Moreover, often they did not enter any marks of punctuation on the page. In many cases, punctuation was added by the reader, in particular by the reader who had to recite the text aloud. Such punctuation was often only sporadic, inserted at those points where it was necessary to counteract possible ambiguity (for example, when it was not immediately clear where one word ended and another began). (83)

Irish and Anglo-Saxon scribes made notable contributions to the use and development of the distinctiones system. Following their conversion to Christianity in the fifth and sixth through seventh centuries, respectively, the Irish and the Anglo-Saxons copied Latin texts avidly. Because their native languages were not directly related to Latin, these scribes required more visual cues to understand Latin than did Italian, Spanish, or French scribes. It was Irish scribes who were primarily responsible for the introduction of the practice of word separation, a major contribution to what has been called the "grammar of legibility." Once word separation became common, later scribes sometimes "updated earlier manuscripts by placing a punctus between words in texts originally written in scriptura continua. (83--84)


ꥹνƻΤϡƥ scriptio continua ɤߤˤ¤󤸡餬񤯤Ȥˤϸȸδ֤˥ڡ봷ΩǤ scriptio continua ǽ񤫤ƤޤäƤʸϤˤĤƤϡȸδ֤˶뤳Ȥǡɤߤ䤹ݤ褦ȤäơŪʶڤ ("grammar of legibility") Τˤ뤿ˡʬ񤭰ʳˤ⤤ĤμʤԤ߽ФΤǤȤ櫓ͭʴȤƳΩΤʬ񤭤ä
߻䤿Ѹν񤭸դˤ뤷Ƥʬ񤭤ȤϡؽԤθɤ߽񤭤ưפˤ뤿Ԥ߽ФسؽΥƥ˥åͳ褹ΤǤ롥ǤϡʸηȤ̤Ȥ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Clemens, Raymond and Timothy Graham. Introduction to Manuscript Studies. Ithaca & London: Cornel UP, 2007.

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2014-05-18 Sun

#1847. BL ȤDZǤѸܤβ [bl][link][manuscript]

ε#1846. Pearl Υ֡꥽ ([2014-05-17-1]) 񤯤ܤ˴ؤ륪饤󡦥꥽õƤǡBritish Library Digitised Manuscripts Search our Catalogue Archives and Manuscripts ˹ԤäؿΤѸμܲ򸡺Ƥߤȡ⤳ƤΤȯ롥
BL ˤ⤦1ĤκǿμܲؤΥ󥯽ȤƤϡBL Medieval and Earlier Digitised Manuscripts Master List 10.04.13. (XLS) ͭΥ󥯽顤Ȥ櫓ѸμܤȤƽפȻפΤؤΥ󥯤ȴФΤǡʲˤޤȤƤ

Add MS 40165 A, Cyprian epistles and Old English Martyrology fragments
Add MS 59678, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur
Add MS 60577, Miscellany of verse and prose (the 'Winchester Anthology')
Add MS 61823, The Book of Margery Kempe
Arundel MS 57, Michael of Northgate, Ayenbite of Inwyt
Cotton MS Claudius B IV, Old English Hexateuch (imperfect)
Cotton MS Cleopatra C VI, Ancrene Riwle; songs and prayers; a leaf from a Book of Hours
Cotton MS Nero D IV, Lindisfarne Gospels
Cotton MS Vespasian A I, The Vespasian Psalter
Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, Augustine of Hippo, Soliloquia; Marvels of the East; Beowulf; Judith, etc.
Harley MS 2253, Miscellany of English, French, and Latin works ('The Harley Lyrics')
Harley MS 4866, Thomas Hoccleve, The Regiment of Princes
Harley MS 7334, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
Royal MS 14 C IX, Ranulph Higden's Polychronicon
Royal MS 7 D X, The Prayerbook of Princess Elizabeth

󥯽ϡ#1429. Ѹˤ˴Ϣ BL μ ([2013-03-26-1])#1431. Gelderen αѸ˳Υ󥯽 ([2013-03-28-1])#1293. Sir Orfeo δϢȡ ([2012-11-10-1])#744. Auchinleck MS ν ([2011-05-11-1]) ˤĥäƤΤǡ碌ƻȤ줿

Referrer (Inside): [2014-05-19-1]

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2014-05-17 Sat

#1846. Pearl Υ֡꥽ [pearl][bl][link][manuscript][sggk]

ʸ Pearl Andrew and Waldron ǤɤǤ롥Cleanness, patience, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ȤȤ̵̾λͤˤä14Ⱦ󥰥ǽ񤫤줿ʤǤ롥 British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x ˤΤ߸¸̾ʤ
ܤʤɴϢ¿󤲤뤳ȤǤ뤬ʲǤϼȤƥ־Υ꥽إ󥯤ĥäƤ

[ Żҥƥ ]

Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse ꡤ1953ǯ (Pearl. Ed. E. V. Gordon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953) ˴Ť Digitised Text of Pearl ǽ
TEAMS: Middle English Texts 󶡤Υƥ Pearl by Robbins Library Digital Projects ǤϡʸȤȤ˸դƤ롥Pearl: Introduction ΥڡǤϡȥȴϢ롥
Pearl by Bill Stanton ǤϡȥΤۤʸȸѸŻҥƥȤǤ롥

[ ܲ ]

The Cotton Nero A.x Project ΥȤ Browse the Manuscript Images ꡤPearl Manuscript βեDZ뤳ȤǤ롥

[ Ϣ󡦽 ]

Entry for "Pearl" in Middle English Compendium HyperBibliography
ˤ󤲤 Cotton Nero A.x. ProjectWeb Resources for Pearl-poet Study: A Vetted Selection 󥯽Ȥͭѡ
Pearl (poem) by Wikipedia Ǥϡ郎Ωġ

Ǹˡ饤 MED ѤơPearl ΰѤޤȥ꡼ؤΥ󥯤ֹ¤٤ƤΤǡƥȤɤߤʤθȤƻȤ롥A Pearl Glossary Derived from MED Entries

Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-05-18-1]

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2013-06-17 Mon

#1512. fish ʣ [plural][number][poema_morale][manuscript][inflection]

ѸǤϡ̾ fish ʣƱ fish Ǥ (ex. I saw a school of fish in the river) ä˼बۤʤǤ뤳ȤĴˤ fishes Ȥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ξˤ three kinds of fish ʤɤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ޤꥹѸǤϼΰƱˤ餺 fishes Ȥ뤳ȤϤ뤬Ūˤ fish ñʣƱȹͤƤƤ褤뤤ϡʣȤƤ fish ϽŪѤƤΤȹͤƤ褤ǤϡʬŪ fruit hair ʤɤȤˡƤ롥
ñʣƱȤСۤ sheep deer ʤ§Ūʣ deers ⤢ˤפ⤫֤⤷ʤξȤűѸѲ̾ scēap, dēor ̤ꡤʣʡгʤƱˤʤ뤳ȤϸűѸηֵ§˱äƤ롥äơѸñʣƱϸűѸ줫ΰ仺Ȥ롥
Ȥfish θűѸ fisc ϡѲ̾ʤΤʣʡгʷ fiscas Ǥ롥줬 fishes ؤȯŸƤ椯ΤѸǤŪʣ fish Τۤ sheep, deer Τ褦˸űѸΰ仺ȤƤǤʤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤʣ fish ϸűѸλޤ줿׿ȹͤɬפ롥
ºݤˡʣ fish ϽѸǽФƤ롥OED ˤȡfish ñƱΤޤ޽ŪѤˡ (1b) ϡa1300 Cursor Mundi ˽Ф롥

9395 (Cott.): Foghul and fiche, grett thing and small.


ޤMED fish (n.) (2b) ˤСfish Ū뤤ϼŪ̾ȤƤˡ󤲤Ƥꡤ?a1200κȤ Layamon's Brut

Lay. Brut (Clg A.9) 22000: Þer inne is feower kunnes fisc.


긵ˤѸʣǡ١Ǥϡ40ޤǤʣȼ֤ǡ5ΤߤñƱǤ롥ޤ -es ͥˤΤʳǷž뤳ȤˤʤäΤ7ĤΥС Poema Morale ǤϡDܤMܤΤߤʤη֤ѤƤ롥

T(83): He makeð þe fisses in þe sa þe fueles on þe lofte.
J(82): He makede fysses in þe sea. and fuweles in þe lufte.
E1(83): He makede fisses inne þe see. and fuȝeles inne þe lofte
E2(83): He makede fisces in ðe sé. {end} fuȝeles in ðe lufte.
D (159--60): he wrohte fis on þer sae / and foȝeles on þar lefte.
L (83): He makede fisses in þe se 7 fuȝeles in þe lifte.
M (77): He scuppeþ þe fish in þe seo, þe foȝel bi þe lefte.


ʾϡ#12. How many carp! ([2009-05-11-1]) Ǥ夲ѸˤԵ§ʡ׷֤¿űѸ줫ΰ仺ȤǤѸʹߤγ׿ȤƱ餤¿ȤȤդ

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2013-04-04 Thu

#1438. Sumer is icumen in [manuscript][calendar][bl]

դ𤲤ͭ̾Ѹβ Sumer is icumen in ˤĤơβΤˤĤƤϡ#1221. ˡ ([2012-08-30-1]) Ǥñ˿졤#1429. Ѹˤ˴Ϣ BL μ ([2013-03-26-1]) BL ͭܲإ󥯤ĥä٤äϤ⤦ܤƤߤ

Sumer is icumen in

Spring has come Ѹǥե졼ǻϤޤ뤳βΤϡѸǽ񤫤줿ΤΤʤǤǤ褯ΤƤ롥Berkshire Reading Abbey ǽƻΤˤäԤޤ줿 (British Library Harley MS 978, f. 11v) ˼Ƥꡤե󥹸ȥƥΥƥȤ˺äͣαѸƥȤǤ롥ѸΤǸŤؾ (rota or round) Ǥ⤢ꡤܤ̤Τʤ֤Ǽʬ鼡βΤ꤬ΤϤ롥Ǹ2ԡֻ pes ȼƤʬˤ㲻ѡȤɽ路¿6ˤΤȤǤ롥αѸβλβˤֻΥƥǥꥹȤμ˴ؤƥȤƤ뤬ΧˤϤޤäƤʤޤȾʬˤϹΥƥǡؾβΤλؼƤ롥褬ȤꡤΧȲλ碌Ʋξ뤳ȤǽǤꡤߤǤCDȯ䤵Ƥ롥
λΥƥȤ1225--50ǯκȤ졤Χ1310ǯȤƤ롥꤫ǤϤʤưζ޸ -þ ˤꡤʤȤϽ롥LAEME 󶡤ܺ⻲ȡ
ʲϡѸդβλƥȡ

Sumer is icumen in·    Spring has come in.
Lhude sing cucu·    Loudly sing, cuckoo!
Groweþ sed and bloweþ med    Seed grows and meadow blooms
And springþ þe wde nu·    And the forest springs up now.
Sing cuccu    Sing, cuckoo!
      
Awe bleteþ after lomb·    Ewe bleats after lamb,
Lhouþ after calue cu·    Cow lows after calf,
Bulluc sterteþ· bucke uerteþ    Bullock leaps, buck farts.
Murie sing cuccu·    Merrily sing, cuckoo!
Cuccu cuccu    Cuckoo, cuckoo,
Wel singes þu cuccu.    You sing well, cuckoo.
Ne swik þu nauer nu·    Nor cease you never now!
      
Sing cuccu nu· sing cuccu·    Sing cuckoo now, sing cuckoo!
Sing cuccu· sing cuccu nu·    Sing cuckoo, sing cuckoo now!


ʾ塤Crystal (23) 򻲾ȤĤļɮƱ British Library ΥȤ顤ǤǤ롥

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

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2013-03-30 Sat

#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬ [oe_dialect][manuscript][dialect][map][dialectology][literature]

ѸʬˤĤƤϡ#130. Ѹʬ ([2009-09-04-1]) ۤme_dialect γƵǰäƤűѸˤĤƤܥ֥ǤϤޤ꿨ƤʤäűѸϿޤˤĤƤϡ#715. Britannica Online ǻȤǤϿޡ ([2011-04-12-1]) ǥ󥯤ĥä Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia The distribution of Old English dialects ؤʤΤǡȤؤΤ˥򾮤Ǥʲ˺ƷǤ롥

OE Dialects

űѸϡŪˡNorthumbrian, Mercian ʤ2Ĥ碌 Anglian ȤƤ֡, West-Saxon, Kentish 4Ĥ˶ʬ롥4˶ʬȤäƤ⡤űѸºݤ4Ĥʤäȸ櫓ǤϤʤɤȤȤСʸؼԤˤޤǤܤʤɤɽ蘆ƤʬϤȤŪħˤ4٤˶ʬΤŬڤȤȤˤʤäƤ롤ȤȤǤ롥ߤűѸƥȤ3000ƥȤۤɤǡ300ۤɤǤ롥٤εϤǤϡ˹ǤʤСܺ٤ħ򷡤ФȤϤǤʤޤϰŪʺΤߤʤ餺űѸ򥫥СλŪʺͿƤϤǤꡤºݤˤäǤűѸ¿¿ͤѼ򡤸¸ڵˤ꽽ʬȤȤ񤷤ȤʤΤǤ롥
11θűѸˤʤȡWest-Saxon ˤ񤭸դɸŪȤʤꡤפʸΤۤȤɤѼǽ񤫤뤳Ȥˤʤä10ˤϡ¾ˤ񤫤줿ƥȤ⾯ʤʤºݡˤäƥƥȤɽ蘆ˤФ꤬롥ϡôϰ褬ŪʸŪͥäȤŪ¤򼨤ƤꡤΥƥȤŪ̻ŪʬۤΤޤ޼ҲỤ̄ӤӤƤ뤳Ȥɽ路Ƥ롥
Ǥϡ10θűѸƥȤɽ蘆ƤʬۤCrystal (35--36) ͿƤ̤ˡˤɽηǰʲ˼Ƥߤ褦줾ƥȤμ䵬ϤˤĤƤƤʤΤǡޤʬۤλͤޤǤˡ

probable dateNorthumbrianMercianWest SaxonKentish
675Franks Casket inscription   
700Ruthwell Cross inscriptionEpinal glosses Charters  
725Person and place-names in Bede, Cædmon's Hymn, Bede's Death SongPerson and place-names in Bede, Charters  
750Leiden RiddleCharters Charters
775 Blickling glosses, Erfurt glosses, Charters Charters
800 Corpus glosses  
825 Vespasian Psalter glosses, Lorica Prayer, Lorica glosses Charters
850  ChartersCharters, Medicinal recipes
875  Charters, Royal genealogies, Martyrologies 
900  Cura pastoralis, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 
925  Orosius, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 
950 Royal glossesAnglo-Saxon Chronicle, Medicinal recipesCharters, Kentish Hymn, Kentish Psalm, Kentish proverb glosses
975Rushworth Gospel glosses, Lindisfarne Gospel glosses, Durham Ritual glossesRushworth Gospel glosses  


绨ĤˤޤȤС7 NorthumbrianBede [673?--735] ʤɤγؼԤڽСˡ8 MercianOffa [?--796] μˡ9 West-SaxonAlfred the Great [849--99] μˤɤȤKentish ϡŪҤȤ̼ǡ6ʹߡ󥰥ɤˤ륭ꥹȶܻȤƽŪʸҤݤ³ˡ¸ߴƶϤϽƥȤȿǤƤ롥
űѸؤ񤷤ϡ4Τ줾줬ƥȤǽ˸ȤϡʬΤ˶ϫ뤯餤ۤʤߤ֤Ǹ뤳ȤʤʤǤ롥ؤϡ줾λͭξ뤬椨ˡ꤬ͭΤǤ롥

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2013-03-26 Tue

2012-05-15 Tue

#1114. ̾ϢʤϷѤ [punctuation][grammatology][japanese][hiragana][katakana][writing][manuscript][syntagma_marking][distinctiones]

[2012-05-13-1], [2012-05-14-1]εǡʬ񤭤ˤĤƹͤѸʤɡե٥åȤΤߤѤǤʤܸǤⲾ̾޻Τߤɽˤϡˡ (punctuation) ΰȤʬ񤭤Τ̤Ǥ롥ϡɽʸˤɽħɬŪ׵⤷ȤˡܸˤƴȤ˲̾ȯãƤˤ⡤ʬ񤭤˴ˤ䤫Τä
㤨Сŷʿ6ǯ762ǯˤұ̾ʸιʸǤϡŪʿ̾λ㤬ʺƣpp. 54--55ˡǤϡϷѤԡվ񤭷֤ζڤʤɡ̾ʸɤߤ䤹빩פ¿ޤޤƤȤ̾ʴˤ񲽤̾κǽ9Ⱦ긫褦ˤʤ롥ϻ֤ζڤη줿ȶ˸ΤޤȤޤռϢʡפȸƤФ³񤭤ؤȰܹԤƤäϡŪñ̤ռǤꡤsyntagma marking ɸʤäȹͤƤ褤ޤ̾ʸȤϤäƤ⡤ʿ̾Τߤǽ񤫤줿ΤϤۤȤɤʤδ򤼤ƽ񤯤Τ¤ǤꡤߤƱ褦ɤߤˤ򤹤ƤȤˤդ
ϢʤȴϢȯã⤦1Ĥ syntagma marker ˡϷѤפ롥ƣ (59) 򻲾Ȥ褦

ϷѤǤϡɮΤĤϤϤǻ˸Ϥƺ٤ʤꡤޤϤĤƽ񤯤ǻȤȤ롥ǻø֤Τˤʸᤢ뤤ʸбƤΤǤ롥Ϣʤ⤢ޤȤޤĤΤǤ뤬Ϥꡤ줢뤤ʸбƤ뤳Ȥ¿Ϥʬ񤭤εǽ̤Ƥȹͤ롥


ȤǡȻĤʤƽ񤯽ϢʤϡäѤʿ̾񤭤˸뤳ȤܤǡҲ̾³񤭤ȤϡߤǤϡҲ̾ŪˤϴȤȤѤĶȯãƤǤ롥Ҳ̾ϡȯ餫顤ߤΤ褦ʴ̾򤸤ʸȤѤƤꡤε[2012-05-14-1]褦ˡѥˤʸڤ꤬ưפ˿ΤǤäơsyntagma marking ΤϢʤȤʤʤɬפäˤʤäΤȹͤʺƣ, pp. 60--61ˡ

ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ

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2012-04-28 Sat

#1097. quotation marks [punctuation][ame_bre][writing][manuscript][printing]

Ѹΰϡquotation marks, inverted commas, quotes, speech marks ʤɤ͡˸ƤФ뤬ŵŪʵǽ1ĤľˡˤȯʬɸǤ롥‘abc’ Τ褦 single quotation marks ȡ“abc” Τ褦 double quotation marks 2ब롥ʥǥץ쥤ˡĤΰη֤ϰۤʤ뤬񤭤䥿ԥ󥰤ǤϤ줾 'abc' "abc" ʤɤƱ֤ˤʤ롥
̤ˡꥫǤ double quotations ̤ǤꡤꥹǤ single quotations ̤ǤȤ졤˴ޤǤϤʬۤդˤʤȤ褦ˡƺǧȤ롥ͤηǧ뤬ºݤˤϰˤФĤϤ褦
Ȥ quotation marks λѤαƺˤĤƿ줿ȤʤαƺȤ䤬äƤϤФиߤ˵դΤȤ򤹤ΤǤ1ȷڤפäƤ餤ǡŪ䤦Ȥ˺Ƥꡤͤ줿äǡĴ٤ƤߤŪʻˡεҤϡQuirk et al. (Section III. 21) Fowler's The Chicago Manual of Style ʤɡ¿λͿ޽dzǧǤ뤬ŪȯŸηаޤˤĤƤϿƤΤʤǡMcArthur (838) ꤬ͿƤ줿

QUOTATION MARKS [1880s]. . . . Double marks are traditionally associated with American printing practice (as in the Chicago style) and single marks with British practice (as in the Oxford and Cambridge styles), but there is much variation in practice; double marks are more often found in British texts before the 1950s, and are usual in handwriting. Quotation marks are a relatively recent invention and were not common before the 19c. . . . Single quotation marks are tidier, less obtrusive, and less space-consuming than double marks, and for this reason are increasingly preferred in Britain and elsewhere in printing styles, especially in newspapers.


ޤCrystal (283) ϡquotation marks ˤĤơȯŸηϩάҤƤ롥

Derive from the use of a special sign (the diple) in the margin of manuscripts to draw attention to part of the text (such as a biblical quotation); printers represented the marks by raised and inverted commas, and eventually placed them within the line; came to indicate quotations and passages of direct speech (hence the alternative names); choice of single vs double quotes is variable; latter are more common in handwritten and typed material, and in US printing . . . .


ޤĴ٤Ƥ狼äȤϡquotation marks ϡμܤʤɤμӤѤ줿 "diple" ȸƤФü쵭椫ȯãΤǤꡤɤḽˤ double quotation marks ȤƸǤޤĤĤä褦ϡ񤭤䥿ԥ󥰤ǼѤ졤ȤƥꥫȤ夷1950ǯꥤꥹǤϰԹǴάǤȤ⤤ single quotation ޤ褦ˤʤꡤ夷
diple quotation marks ؤȯŸηϩܤΤꤿȤˤμܤ񤭻ɬפ
Ѹ punctuation ʶˡˤˤˤĤƤϡ[2010-11-23-1]ε#575. Ū punctuation ˤ500ǯۤɡפ򻲾ȡ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2012-03-14 Wed

#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) [methodology][manuscript][textual_transmission][runic][japanese][evidence]

ε[2012-03-13-1]Ǥϡܸ˻μˤơѸ˻μͤȤƣǤϡܸ˻򡤵ϿηȤʬषƤ (17) ͱѸˤλˤ⤢ƤϤޤʬȻפΤǡѤ褦

(1) ʸʸ
ʥ˶ʸŪǤƤ٤ʸ
ʥ˽ҡʸŵҡˡʤˤäƤޤޤǤ롥
(2)
ʥ
ʥʪʪʪʤɡ
ʥϿ


ʥˤϡѸˤǤϥ롼ʸǹޤ줿ʸʤɤThe Ruthwell Cross 8ƬThe Dream of the Rood Ҥ򵭤ˤ The Franks Casket (ca. 650--700) ʤɤͭ̾Ǥ롥̤ȤƤɬ¿ʤΩΤΤ¸¿ŤǤ롥Ϣơ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ʥˤϡαѸ˻ʬ뤬μܤǤɮԼȤˤ븶 (autograph) ¸ƤΤϵǤꡤ츦λȤѤˤϡʸءءʸȽμ³ФʤɡٿդɬפǤ롥Ϣơ#681. ܤǤʤܤ򻲾Ȥ٤6Ĥͳ ([2011-03-09-1]) #682. եߥǤʤܤ򻲾Ȥ٤5Ĥͳ ([2011-03-10-1]) #730. ʸ textual transmission ([2011-04-27-1]) ε򻲾ȡ
ˤθλѤꤹʥˤ䡤ʪ˻ĤŸ򽦤Фʥˤϡ줾ݼѤˡɤλθȿǤƤΤɬ餫Ǥʤ礬ꡤʥˤ­ȤѤ٤
ʥˤϿϡϿ郎ȯưʹߤλ˸¤뤬ȯȤƤΤۤûȤƤͤ롥

ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ

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2011-05-11 Wed

#744. Auchinleck MS ν [auchinleck][manuscript][romance][scribe][link]

The Auchinleck Manuscript (National Library of Scotland Advocates' MS. 19.2.1) ϡ󥰥ɤθءʸءܡɽʸʤɤݤ˺Ǥפʼܤ1ĤȤäƤϡμܤνŦʲϡPearsall and Cunningham Υȥ "LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MANUSCRIPT" (vii--xi) ȴФƥΡȤΤǤ롥

1330--40ǯȤᤤ˺Ƥꡤ͡ʥΥƥȤ󤻽᤿ܤȤƤϡȴƺǽΤΤǤ롥
ǼƤƥȤ¿ƥƥȤθ¸ǸŤΥ󶡤Ƥ롥㳰ϡnos. 4, 7, 8, 13, 19, 29, 34, 35, 40 ΤߤǤ롥
ƥȤΤۤȤɤѸǽ񤫤Ƥ롥㳰ϡno. 20 Anglo-Norman κΤ nos. 8, 10, 36 Latin ΤߤǤ롥Auchinleck MS Ի (Jesus College, Oxford, MS. 29; British Library Cotton Caligula A.ix; Trinity College, Cambridge, MS. 323; Bodleian Library Digby 2; Bodleian Library Digby 85; British Library Harley 2253) ˤϡAnglo-Norman Latin ΥƥȤ̤˸줿
ԻμܤˤϡȤƳؼؤоݤȤƥȤޤޤƤAuchinleck MS ˤ¯ŪƤʤƥȤ¿ޤޤƤꡤפɼؤ¸ߤ⤫Ӿ夬äƤ롥
ƥȤΥ44ƥȡˡno. 21 ʳϤ٤Ʊʸǽ񤫤Ƥ롥
- saint's legends: nos. 1, 4, 5, 12
- other types of religious narrative: nos. 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16, 29
- religious debates: nos. 7, 34
- homiletic and monitory pieces: nos. 10, 35, 39
- poems of religious instruction: nos. 14, 15, 36
- a chronicle: no. 40
- a list of names of Norman barons: no. 21 (not in verse)
- humorous tales: nos. 27, 28
- poems of satire and complaint: nos. 20, 42, 44
- romances: nos. 2, 11, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 41, 43 (accounting for three-quarters of the bulk of MS)
ޥ󥹤26ƥȤΤ15ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥ롥
ޥ󥹤18ƥȤΤ8ƥȤ¸ͣμ̤Ǥꡤ9ƥȤ¸ǤŤ̤Ǥ롥Ĥ1ƥ (no. 19 = Floris ) Τߤ㳰
оɼؤ "popular" ȤޤǤϤʤ"the aspirant middle-class citizen, perhaps a wealthy merchant" (viii) äꤵ롥
ɥ "bookshop" ǡʣμ̻ƱȤǺ夲ȹͤ롥ƱȤϹ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤ٤ȿƤ
6ͤμ̻ʲʬۤǶƱܺ˹׸Ƥ롥scribe 1 Τ72%ôƤ롥
Gatherings Item nos. Texts Scribe
1--6 1--9 Religious poems (incl. King of Tars) 1
7--10 10 Speculum Gy de Warewyke 2
11--13 Religious poems (incl. Amis) 1
11--16 14--19 Miscellaneous 3
20 Sayings of the Four Philosophers 2
21 List of names of Norman barons 4
17(?)--25 22--23 Guy of Warwick and continuation 1
24 Reinbrun 5
26--36 25 Beues of Hamtoun 5
26--29 Arthour and Merlin plus 3 fillers 1
37 30--31 Lay le freine, Roland and Vernagu 1
38--[?] 32 Otuel (and other poems?) 6
[?]--41 33--36 Kyng Alisaunder plus 3 fillers 1
42--44 37--39 Tristrem and Orfeo plus 1 filler 1
45--47 40--42 Chronicle and Horn childe plus 1 filler 1
48--[?] 43 Richard 1
52 44 The Simonie 2

פ2ͤμ̻ scribe 1 (Τ72%ô) scribe 3 (11%) θ줬14ȾΥɥɽƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥ƱȾʹߤ˥ɥ˴Ť񤭸դɸಽƤAuchinleck MS ϤΥɥμ֤Τǽפʾڵ󶡤Ƥ ([2010-02-27-1]) scribes 2, 4, 5, 6 Ϥ줾Τ4%, 1%, 10%, 2%ôˡ
ƱԿˤĤƤϡKyng Alisaunder, Richard, The Seven Sages ƱɥԤ˵롥ƱͤˡOrfeo Lay le freine ⤪餯1ͤԤˤΤǤꡤSt Margaret St Katherine ƱͤȤ롥
μܤϤĤ Chaucer ͭƤǽȤ̣⤬ Loomis ˤäƾƤ롥

Τ褦ˡAuchinleck MS ȤΥƥȤϿԤ̥ϤƤ롥WebΥ꥽ȤƤϡʲ򻲾ȡ

The Auchinleck Manuscript : National Library of Scotland: ä˼ܤνˤĤƤϡImportance of the Auchinleck Manuscript 򻲾ȡ
Auchinleck MS Home Page: ŻҲ줿ƥ (transcription) ؤΥ󥯤ˤꡥ

ˡThe Auchinleck Manuscript : National Library of Scotland γƥƥ (eds. David Burnley and Alison Wiggins) ؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤ

  1. The Legend of Pope Gregory (ff.1r-6v)
  2. f.6Ar / f.6Av (thin stub)
  3. The King of Tars (ff.7ra-13vb)
  4. The Life of Adam and Eve (E ff.1ra-2vb; ff.14ra-16rb)
  5. Seynt Mergrete (ff.16rb-21ra)
  6. Seynt Katerine (ff.21ra-24vb)
  7. St Patrick's Purgatory (ff.25ra-31vb)
  8. þe Desputisoun Bitven þe Bodi and þe Soule (ff.31vb-35ra stub)
  9. The Harrowing of Hell (ff.?35rb-?37rb or 37va stub)
  10. The Clerk who would see the Virgin (ff.?37rb or 37va stub-38vb)
  11. Speculum Gy de Warewyke (ff.39ra-?48rb stub)
  12. Amis and Amiloun (ff.?48rb stub-?61va stub)
  13. The Life of St Mary Magdalene (ff.?61Ava stub-65vb)
  14. The Nativity and Early Life of Mary (ff.65vb-69va)
  15. On the Seven Deadly Sins (ff.70ra-72ra)
  16. The Paternoster (ff.72ra-?72rb or ?72va stub)
  17. The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin (?72rb or ?72va stub-78ra)
  18. Sir Degare (ff.78rb-?84rb stub)
  19. The Seven Sages of Rome (ff.?84rb stub-99vb)
  20. Gathering missing (c1400 lines of text)
  21. Floris and Blancheflour (ff.100ra-104vb)
  22. The Sayings of the Four Philosophers (ff.105ra-105rb)
  23. The Battle Abbey Roll (ff.105v-107r)
  24. f.107Ar / f.107Av (thin stub)
  25. Guy of Warwick (couplets) (ff.108ra-146vb)
  26. Guy of Warwick (stanzas) (ff.145vb-167rb)
  27. Reinbroun (ff.167rb-175vb)
  28. leaf missing.
  29. Sir Beues of Hamtoun (ff.176ra-201ra)
  30. Of Arthour & of Merlin (ff.201rb-256vb)
  31. þe Wenche þat Loved þe King (ff.256vb-256A thin stub)
  32. A Peniworþ of Witt (ff.256A stub-259rb)
  33. How Our Lady's Sauter was First Found (ff.259rb-260vb)
  34. Lay le Freine (ff.261ra-262A thin stub)
  35. Roland and Vernagu (ff.?262va stub-267vb)
  36. Otuel a Knight (ff.268ra-277vb)
  37. Many leaves lost, but some recovered as fragments.
  38. Kyng Alisaunder (L f.1ra-vb; S A.15 f.1ra-2vb; L f.2ra-vb; ff.278-9)
  39. The Thrush and the Nightingale (ff.279va-vb)
  40. The Sayings of St Bernard (f.280ra)
  41. Dauid þe King (ff.280rb-280vb)
  42. Sir Tristrem (ff.281ra-299A thin stub)
  43. Sir Orfeo (ff.299A stub-303ra)
  44. The Four Foes of Mankind (f.303rb-303vb)
  45. The Anonymous Short English Metrical Chronicle (ff.304ra-317rb)
  46. Horn Childe & Maiden Rimnild (ff.317va-323vb)
  47. leaf missing.
  48. Alphabetical Praise of Women (ff.324ra-325vb)
  49. King Richard (f.326; E f.3ra-vb; S R.4 f.1ra-2vb; E f.4ra-vb; f.327)
  50. Many leaves lost.
  51. þe Simonie (ff.328r-334v)

Pearsall, Derek and I. C. Cunningham, eds. The Auchinleck Manuscript: National Library of Scotland Advocates' MS. 19.2.1. London: Scholar P, 1979.

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