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linguistics - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-02-04 Wed

#2109. ĻβΤȥҥȤθ [homo_sapiens][anthropology][linguistics][double_articulation][acquisition][origin_of_language][speech_organ][evolution]

ҥȤθħˤĤơ#1327. ҥȤθ˶̤7Ĥ ([2012-12-14-1]) #1281. ū ([2012-10-29-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲ƤΤ褦ʵǤϡʤҥȤθ줬¾ưʪΤĥߥ˥ʤȤϰۤʤħͭ뤳ȤĴΤ̤δߤȤष̤ħ⤭Ħˤʤ뤳Ȥ롥Aitchison (7--9) ˤСҥȤθĻβ (bird-song) ˤȤ

(1) ޤ˻פ⤫֤ΤϥˤޤͤϥҥȤƱ褦ʰ̣ǡ֤٤äƤפ뤤ϡָѤƤפ櫓ǤϤʤĴˡޤǰۤʤ롥ưʪˤϴʬ᲻ȯǽϤäƤǤϡϥҥȤƱ
(2) ĻŷŪʸƤ (call) ȸŷŪʲ (song) 2ĤäƤ롥ҥȤˤǽŪʶʤɤȸ˽2ȯ롥ĤޤꡤĻβΤȥҥȤθˤϡŷŪ˽Ȥ롥
(3) ĻβΤǤϡΤġβñȤǤϰ̣ʤϢ³פǤ롥ƱͤˡҥȤθǤ⡤ġʬ᲻ϰ̣⤿̾綠줬ʣȤ߹蘆äƤǤǰʾñ̤ˤʤäȤ˻ϤựġϡҥȤθκǤħȤƤФлŦʬ (double_articulation) ˤۤʤʤĻβΤˤħߤȤȤˤʤ롥
(4) ˡƱĻǤ⡤ϢϤ뤬㴳ۤʤβΤ򤵤뤳Ȥ롥ϡҥȤθǤȤˤۤʤʤCalifornia Ρ֤ߤޤȤɡ (white-crowned sparrow) ȤۥʤĻϡ䡤ˤäƤ San Francisco Ǥ顤ζ̤פ򼨤ѻԤǤиΤν褬狼ȤޤǸʴϢơȵԤΤ꤬Τ褦˰ۤʤȤäʹȤˡ
(5) ̣ȤˡѤƤ뵡ϤޤǰۤʤҥȤθĻβΤ⡤̾ﺸǾ椵ƤȤ롥
(6) ĻΤҤʤˤΤνȥҥȤλҶθ콬˻Ƥ롥ҤʤϰĻȤƤβΤˡȾΤʳФ롥⡤ᤤʳˤƲΤȯã˽פ׳뤳ȤΤƤ롥ϡҥȤθǤȤǸ (babbling) 콬׳б褦ˤߤ롥

Aichison (8) ϡʾ򼡤Τ褦ˤޤȤƤ롥

In short, both birds and humans produce fluent complex sounds, they both have a double-barrel led, double-layered system involving tunes and dialects, which is controlled by the left half of the brain. Youngsters have a type of sub-language en route to the full thing, and are especially good at acquiring the system in the early years of their lives.


礭ȤϸƨƤϤʤʤ㤨СĻǤ򤹤ΤϡͺΤߤǤ롥ޤĻβΤϡҥȤθ٤ơκ礭ȤˤäƤϿεΥФƥߥ˥ȤΤ⡤ĻβΤθħĻβΤμ礿ŪᰦǤΤФơҥȤθŪϤäȹϤǤ롥
ĻβΤȥҥȤθʤȰۼˤӤƤ狼뤳Ȥϡۤʤˤ褦ħΩȤȤǤ롥ξԤ꤬˥ҥȤθε褦ȤƤ⡤餯ޤʤΤǤϤʤ

Aitchison, Jean. The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and Evolution. Cambridge: CUP, 1996.

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2014-08-12 Tue

#1933. Ѳ monitoring (2) [communication][linguistics][language_change][phonetics][speech_perception][causation][speed_of_change][usage-based_model][monitoring]

ε ([2014-08-11-1]) ǰѤ monitoring ˴ؤ Smith ʸϤǡLyons ȤƤLyons (111) äƤߤȡ첻λФˤĤƤսǡüԤİԤθߤ monitoring ѤȤ뤳ȤפȤݤεˤơfeedback 뤤 monitoring ȤɽƤ롥

In the case of speech, we are not dealing with a system of sound-production and sound-reception in which the 'transmitter' (the speaker) and the 'receiver' (the hearer) are completely separate mechanisms. Every normal speaker of a language is alternately a producer and a receiver. When he is speaking, he is not only producing sound; he is also 'monitoring' what he is saying and modulating his speech, unconsciously correlating his various articulatory movements with what he hears and making continual adjustments (like a thermostat, which controls the source of heat as a result of 'feedback' from the temperature readings). And when he is listening to someone else speaking, he is not merely a passive receiver of sounds emitted by the speaker: he is registering the sounds he hears (interpreting the acoustic 'signal') in the light of his own experience as a speaker, with a 'built-in' set of contextual cues and expectancies.


ѼԤĴŪȲŪȤƤФǤʤ첻λФˤϢưƤ롤Ȥ⤬ǾƤ롥Ϣơ#1656. γФΤγФΤ ([2013-11-08-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
Lyons ϡȤƸ첻λФˤ monitoring κѤĴƤ뤬monitoring κѤϲʳ¾θˤƱͤ˸ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

It may be pointed out here that the principle of 'feedback' is not restricted to the production and reception of physical distinctions in the substance, or medium, in which language is manifest. It operates also in the determination of phonological and grammatical structure. Intrinsically ambiguous utterances will be interpreted in one way, rather than another, because certain expectancies have been established by the general context in which the utterance is made or by the previous discourse . . . . (111)


monitoring ȴϢƴ (established)ʸ̮ (context)塼 (cue) ȤɤФƤСˤ϶ (collocation) (frequency) ʤɤȤѸ줬ФƤƤ⤪ʤѲδϡUsage-Based Grammar #1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ ([2013-03-03-1]) Ǥߤ "clusters of bumpy change" ιͤȤط򺣤ϡüԼΤǤϤʤİԼΤθѲ¿ʹ褦ˤʤäƤmonitoring ȤͤϡˤơüԡİԡפǤ뤳ȤǧƤ륭ɤȤ뤫⤷ʤϢơʹδͿ̣ѲˤĤơ#1873. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ ([2014-06-13-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Lyons, John. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP, 1968.

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2014-08-11 Mon

#1932. Ѳ monitoring (1) [communication][linguistics][language_change][prescriptive_grammar][diachrony][causation][monitoring]

Smith ѲѤɽ魯ΤȤơ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) ȡ#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ ([2014-08-07-1]) Ҳ𤷤ϵŪʸѲθǤꡤʹԺߤΰݤͿ뤫⤷ʤSmith θѲϷ褷ƸμҲŪ¦̡üԤİԤȸδطʤˤƤ櫓ǤϤʤSmith (49) ϡѲμȤƤ variation ¸ߡ variation ΤʤθġθȤ԰٤ϡѼԤǤ˼Ƥ monitoring ȤѤȿؤ꤬ȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Human beings are social creatures, and not simply transmitters (speakers) or receivers (hearers); they are both. When humans speak, they are not only producing sounds and grammar and vocabulary; they are also monitoring what they and others say by listening, and evaluating the communicative efficiency of their speech for the purposes for which it is being used: communicative purposes which are not only to do with the conveying and receiving of information, but also to do with such matters as signalling the social circumstances of the interaction taking place. And what humans hear is constantly being monitored, that is, compared with their earlier experience as speakers and hearers. . . . / This principle of monitoring, or feedback as it is sometimes called (Lyons 1968: 111), is crucial to an understanding of language-change.


üԤϼʬȯդ򤵤뤫˾դʧäƤ뤷İԤȯդ򤹤Τ˾ˤθɸŪηϤ򻲾ȤƤ롥üԤİԤ⡤ȯ줿դƻܤ餻Ƥꡤߤ˥åäƤ롥2ͤθηϤϲʸˡäκˤƼ㴳㤷Ƥߥ˥ȼǤξȹȤ椨ˡߤ礭æ뤳ȤϤʤ2ͤθηϤϾͭƤꡤξΤΤư뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤ξԤȤ˰ưƤΤǤ롥줬Ѳˤˤ monitoring Ȥ
ͤθոΤʤѲ뤳ȤˤĤơ#866. üԤΰռ̻ŪʼϤ뤫 ([2011-09-10-1]) #1890. ФȤȤ˸ոѤ ([2014-06-30-1]) ǹͻƤmonitoring ȤͤϡˤƤƤĿͤƸѤʤǡüԤȤδ֤ monitoring ǽѤ monitoring η̤ȤơηϤξ򾯤İưƤ⤷ʤˤΰư¥Ƥ⤷ʤ
monitoring ϡˤ뵬ϼȤ礤˴ط롥̾üԤİԤ monitoring λϡߤθѡ뤤Ϥ⤦餬°춦ƱΤˤ̤θѤ#1929. ؤΩ줫鵬ϼŪѤɤ٤ ([2014-08-08-1]) Ǽ褦ˡϼŪѤٸ춦ƱΤΤʤ˿ƩȡʸˡΤΤ monitoring λȤʤꤦ롥Ĥޤꡤʬ꤬εϤ餷Ƥ뤫ɤå礦Ȥ̾⤺ä©줷롥ϼŪѤȯãϡmonitoring ȤߤСmonitoring μ̤ŤǤȤ⤤뤫⤷ʤ

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2014-08-07 Thu

#1928. Smith ˤ٥γإǥưŪǥ [language_change][linguistics][systemic_regulation]

ѲΥǥȤơεǡ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) #1600. Samuels θѲǥ ([2013-09-13-1]) ʤɤҲ𤷤ƤSmith ϡѲΥǥΩäơ줽ΤΤΥǥ롤뤤ϸƥ٥δطޤ󼨤Ƥꡤ˴ŤƸѲƤ롥
ޤSmith (4) "The levels of language (hierarchical model)" Ƹ롥

The Levels of Language (Hierarchical Model)

ϡκǤ⿼٥ Semantics ʰ̣ˤꡤˤ줬 Grammar ʸˡˤ Lexicology ʸáˤˤäɽ졤Ǥ餬 Transmission ãˤβФơǸ Speech äաˤ뤤 Writing ʽ񤭸աˤȤΤˤ긲ȤإǥǤ롥ǡTransmission ȤäդȽ񤭸դƱ֤Ƥ뤳Ȥܤͤ롥ϲǤȤ20ؤξQæ񤭸դؤθ˰᤽Ȥջ֤롥θѤˤĤƤϡ#1665. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (4) ([2013-11-17-1])#748. ä񤭸 ([2011-05-15-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
γإǥŪǤ롥ѲȤưŪʲ򰷤ȻפСΤޤޤŪʥǥǤѤ³뤳ȤǤʤSmith (5) ѲˤĤƽҤ٤ƤȤꡤ"any given linguistic event is the result of complex interaction between levels of language, and between language itself and the sociohistorical setting in which it is situated" Ǥ롥ǡSmith (5) ϰʲưŪʥǥ "The levels of language (dynamic model)" 󼨤

The Levels of Language (Dynamic Model)

ϡؤξ岼ζ̤ߤˡߺѤŻ뤷ưŪʥǥǤ롥Grammar, Lexicon, Transmission 3ԤäȥȤη (cf. "système où tout se tient") ˤơѲϡη̤ʬˤƶͿʤʤοޤ Semantics ޤޤƤʤΤϡ̣ϤΥ٥Ȥľܤ˴ؤΤǤꡤοޤ̡ʤ뤤̡ˤǾ˺ѤƤȤ󤬤뤫Τ褦 (Smith 5)
Smith ϸѲˤ쳰Ū ("the sociohistorical setting") Ż뤷Ƥ뤬Ȥ߹3ΥǥϿ޼Ƥʤλվ Samuels 󼨤#1600. Samuels θѲǥ ([2013-09-13-1]) ǰƬˤƤ뤳ȤϳΤΤ褦

Smith, Jeremy J. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge, 1996.

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2014-03-28 Fri

#1796. ˤϹ¤Ūʤ [iconicity][arbitrariness][rhetoric][linguistics]

(12--16) ϡε˥塼θ褦ȤħΤϤ̤˵֤бط켫ΤȤħȤȤŦƤꡤԤ¤Ū (structural iconicity) ηǡɽƤ롥ŪˤϡΤ褦ʻ¤ؤס־פȤʸˤˤǽȽ국δطŪǤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤ2Ĥε֤δطޤŪǤ롥ʤʤС礭Ȥ̣פȤ̣־פ⡤礭ȯ櫓Ǥʤ礭ʸǽ񤫤櫓Ǥʤ֥ͥߡפȡ֥פǤϡͥߤΤۤ餫˾ΤˡȤƤ1⡼ʬ礭ĹˤʸȤƤ1ʸʬ礭Ĺˡλ¤ϡ֤δطˤؼоݤδطбƤʤȡ¤ŪʤȤ򼨤Ƥ롥
˹¤ŪʤȤȤϡƤƻŦΤϼƤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤ˽פʸħǤ롥 1 10,000,000 ˤ 1:10,000,000 礭椬Τ첽С֤פȡ֤פȤ 1:2 ˤʤʤ롥˹¤Ūʤ餳ۤɤηк¸ǤΤǤꡤθѤϷפΤʤƣ (256--57) ƱݤΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥

ִ֤ȸǯȤդĤñγ礭ϡäˤƤ礭κȿǤƤʤִ֤򲿥ڡˤ錄äƸĹʸϤ⤢СνǯεΥԤʸǵҤ뤳ȤǤ롥ϤޤΤϤʤǡʹ֤θ줬ۤŪˤʤäΤϡȤʤγȤΥǤڤ뤳ȤǤäϿʹ֤θܼŪʤΤҤȤĤǤ⤢ä


ˤƹ¤Ū˷ǡƤ뤫ȤСǤϤʤ#113. ̤Ф --- iconicity ([2009-08-18-1]) 䤽¾ iconicity εǼƤ褦ˡ쵭ϻ˸ʬŪˡȿǤ뤳Ȥ롥㤨Сܼźä reduplication ˤ̾λؼоݤʣ򼨤 (ex. book -- books, ֻ -- ֻסˡ٤ĴΤ˸򷫤֤ꡤФꤹ뤳 (ex. very very very happy, ֤硼) ̤ˤߤ롥
ºݡϡܼŪħǤ빽¤ŪηǡФȿ򵯤Ȥ롥⡤줬ޤŪʸŪˤʤäƤޤäȤ˷Τ褦ˡ

ȤɤʸͤǤϤʤʤꤿȡդȻפȤʤ櫓ǤϤʤҤɤ⤬ԤʤˤġġդȤ̣Ƥ򤢤魯˻פξҤ롤ޤǯ򤷤ˤꤽʤäΤ䤷礭ξǤ魯Τ򸫤Ȥ䤿ϡʸ줬ޤˤŪˤʤäƤޤäȤפФơ̤򤽤γʤΤΤǤ路Ƥޤ褦ʸ򡤴̯ʥΥ른äƻפȤ롥ʺƣp. 257)


ˤϡȿߵ­뤿ѰդƤΤȥåǤˡ (accumulation) Ǥ롥ˤĤƤεǡ

סضܤȤƤθء١ȽŹ1996ǯ
ƣ סإȥåС١̼ҡ1992ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-03-29-1]

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2014-03-08 Sat

#1776. Ogden and Richards ˤ5Ĥεǽ [function_of_language][linguistics]

εǽˤĤƤϡ#523. εǽȸѲ ([2010-10-02-1]) #1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽ ([2012-04-02-1]) ۤfunction_of_language ˤϡOgden and Richards ε󤲤Ƥ5ǽҲ𤹤 (226--27)

(i) Symbolization of reference;
(ii) The expression of attitude to listener;
(iii) The expression of attitude to referent;
(iv) The promotion of effects intended;
(v) Support of reference;


#1259. Jakobson ˤ6ĤεǽפؤȽ ([2012-10-07-1]) #1326. 礤7Ĥǡ ([2012-12-13-1]) ǤȤꡤ͡󼨤ָνǽפϡºݤˤϡɽˤƸ̤˼¸櫓ǤϤʤԲʬͻ礷֤Ǽ¸ȹͤ롥ǤϡOgden and Richards 5ǽ⡤ݲλʪˤʤˤƤ⡤5ǽϡʤȤơˤüŪɽƤȤ̣ˤơȤ٤⤤褦˸롥ϡOgden and Richards #1769. Ogden and Richards semiotic triangle ([2014-03-01-1]) Ǽ semiotic triangle εˤƤ뤫
(i) εǽϴ symbolic function(ii) (iii) εǽ emotive function ȸƤǤ褤(iv) Ϥ2ĤŪʵǽƯ򶯤뵡ǽ(v) ϡJakobson Τ᥿쵡ǽΤȹͤ롥Ogden and Richards ϡ5ǽǸνǽۤ夷ƤȽҤ٤Ƥ (227)
ʤOgden and Richards ϡ̤βս (46fn) ǡA. Ingraham, Swain School Lectures (1903), pp. 121--182 Τʤ "Nine Uses of Language" ȤƸڤƤΤ󤲤Ƥ롥ϸνǽΤ⤦1ĤΥСȤäƤ褤桼饹Ǥ롥

(i) to dissipate superfluous and obstructive nerve-force.
(ii) for the direction of motion in others, both men and animals.
(iii) for the communication of ideas.
(vi) as a means of expression.
(v) for purposes of record.
(vi) to set matter in motion (magic).
(vii) as an instrument of thinking.
(viii) to give delight merely as sound.
(ix) to provide an occupation for philologists.


Ogden, C. K. and I. A. Richards. The Meaning of Meaning. 1923. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.

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2014-01-17 Fri

#1726. ַ֡פʶ路 Ullmann ˤؤι [terminology][linguistics][morphology]

ؤ˷ (morphology) ȸƤФʬ뤬̾ʶ路ŬڤǤȻפäƤ롥ȤΤϡظˤƷ֤ȤѸϰۤʤ2Ĥΰ̣Ѥ뤫
1Ĥϡ嵭η䤽줬 (morpheme) άȤƤΡַ֡פǤ롥θؤǤϡ̾갷ñ̤礭ˤäƲ (phonology) (morphology) (syntax) ̤뤬2ܤñ̤Ȥơַ֡פ롥
⤦1Ĥϡ̣뤤ϵǽ֤ΤȤƤΡַ֡פǤ롥ϷȸƤ褤ΰ̣ˤƤϡǡǡ졤硤ᡤʸʸϤʤɤñ̤Ϥַ֡פĤȤˤʤ롥
Ρַ֡פκϡUllmann Ƥظɽ魯ޤˤƤϡäƤ롥ʲڥ (124) ˷ǺܤƤޤƸ롥

Ullmann's Linguistic Components

ǤϡȤ٥ϰ̣֤ΤȤͿƤ롥ΤΤˤϸȤ٥뤬ŽƤ롥ȤѸλȤܲƤ뤿ˡäȤˤߤ롥θؤιѸȤϡ#1110. Guiraud ˤؤι ([2012-05-11-1]) ˤ̤롥
ʤUllmann οޤǤ3ܤȤ̻֤ȶ֤̤Ƥꡤ̻֤֤ǵͿƤ롥Ūʸؤι⡤Ūɾ뤳ȤǤ롥

󡦥ڥ Ϻⳤ ϯ δ Ͳ ظء١ҡʸ˥ӡ1972ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2017-02-09-1]

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2013-11-17 Sun

#1665. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (4) [writing][medium][linguistics]

ε#1664. CMC (computer-mediated communication) ([2013-11-16-1]) ǡҥȤθΤˤĤƲƹͤ뵡äΤΤʤǤ⡤Ȥ櫓äȤ (speech) Ƚ񤭤Ȥ (writing) ӤˤĤƤϡ#748. ä񤭸 ([2011-05-15-1])#849. ä񤭸 (2) ([2011-08-24-1]) #1001. äȤФȽ񤭤Ȥ (3) ([2012-01-23-1])#230. äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФΩŪ ([2009-12-13-1]) ʤɤˤƤϤˤĤƤ˵³
ؤϡʸⲻͥŪʸоݤȤƤͳϡ#748. ä񤭸 ([2011-05-15-1]) ǵ󤲤̤§ȤƲʸ˻ŪΩĤǤ롥ʸϲ줫ʪǤꡤ2ŪΡʤ°ʪǤȤΩǤϡ̻Ūʲɽ魯פȶŪʴطɽ魯ֽ°פȤӤĤƤ롥
塼踽ߤ˻붦֤Ż뤹ؤˤơŪʡפ̻Ūʡֽ°פ̤ʤȤΤ϶ä٤ȤǤϤʤΤˡŪʴФȤƤϡʪ὾°ʪפȤƱ뤬򤱤Ȥϻ¤ˤƤΤϳؽŪʸ̻֤ȶ֤ζ̤Ǥ롥̻֤ȶ֤򤤤äڤʬξΤħ̤˹θ˽񤭤ȤФäȤФ˶Ūˡֽ°פƤΤΤΤؤǤϤʤκȤάơ̻ŪʪᶦŪʽ°ʪפȤӤĤȤϤǤʤΤǤϤʤ
񤭤ȤФäȤФ˶Ū˽°Ƥ餷ڵ1Ĥ롥ˤ⸽ߤˤ⡤Ū̿ޤߤСäȤФ⤿ʤҲϳ̵񤭤ȤФ⤿ʤ¿¸ߤȤȤζŪʻ¤ϡ񤭤ȤФν°˰ͿΤΤ褦˻פ롥äȤФȽ񤭤ȤФξäƤҲ˸¤äƤСξԤζŪʴطϻۡ°δطǤϤʤߤ˱ƶʴطäȤФͥĥ뺬
嵭εޤȤȡ(1) ̻ŪˤϽ񤭤ȤФäդפ(2) ŪˤϡҲˤξΤʬ۾塤񤭤ȤФäȤФˡֽ°פƤȤ롤(3) ƱŪʴǤϤ뤬ξΤĸҲ˸ꤹС񤭤ȤФäȤФϡפǤ롥
ذ񤭤ȤнŤθѤ򼨤夬äذʸ塤Ҥդ˿ơäȤнŤθѤسۤƤ롥ƤӿҤŬڤᤷƤ뤳ȤοΤ褦˻פ롥
Ʊݤ Crystal (148) ε˼򷹤褦

Many linguists came to think of written language as a tool of secondary importance --- an optional, special skill, used only for sophisticated purposes (as in scientific and literary expression) by a minority of communities. It was needed in order to have access to the early history of language . . ., but this was felt to be a woefully inadequate substitute for the study of the 'real' thing, speech. Writing, seen as a mere 'reflection' of spoken language, thus came to be excluded from the primary subject matter of linguistic science. The pendulum swung to the opposite extreme in the new generation of grammars, many of which presented an account of speech alone.
   Writing and speech should never have been allowed to confront each other in this way. There is no sense in the view that one medium of communication is intrinsically 'better' than the other. Whatever their historical relationship, the fact remains that modern society makes available to its members two very different systems of communication, each of which has developed to fulfil a particular set of communicative needs, and now offers capabilities of expression denied to the other. Writing cannot substitute for speech, nor speech for writing, without serious disservice being done to each.


Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2013-11-15 Fri

#1663. äϸǤ (2) [sign_language][linguistics][pidgin][medium]

ε#1662. äϸǤ (1) ([2013-11-14-1]) ˰³Crystal (164--70) 򻲾Ȥʤ顤ȤƤμä夲롥ź¿ΰۤʤ벻줬¸ߤƤ褦ˡøˤ¿ΰۤʤबǧ롥ˤϤۤȤΤƤʤ奮ꥷޤʸ˼äؤθڤ롥ˤäθϡ1775ǯ˥ե󥹤ζ Abbé Charles Michel de l'Epée (1712--89) ѥϸعΤ˼ηϤȯȤüȯ롥μä˴ŤƤΤϤ褯ʬäƤʤϤζԤγعǤؤӡ˹뤳Ȥˤʤä㤨Сꥫζ Thomas Gallaudet (1787--1851) Laurent Clerc (1785--1869) Ϥμä򥢥ꥫƳ줬 American Sign Language ؤȯŸ롥
ϼäȯȯŸ1ĤüˤʤϤǤ¿μäȯƤäˤϲƱͤˡŪѰۤ⤢̻ŪѲ⤢롥öƱΤȤȯã뤷֤Ѱۤǧ롥Ǥ⡤øȲȤϰۤʤȤʤ
ǡäͭȯŸλ뤳Ȥޤ¤Ǥ롥ʸ줫αƶȤ¦̤Ǥ롥äˤϡʸȤϤ̵ۤط˼ȯΤ¿αƶȯŸΡ뤤ϰտŪȯŸΤ¿ԤǤϡȤ櫓ˤͿ롥졦ʸȤۤʤΤƶääȤ̣ǡϼäΥԥȤȤǤ
˶ŤǴ¸μäѹäȤߤԤˤäƤʤƤȤ櫓Ѹ춦ƱΤˤ㤬˭٤Ǥ롥1960ǯȾοǯ֤ǡȤƤαѸؤߴ򼨤ײŪ (contrived) ø줬³ȸ줿Seeing Essential English (1966) ʵڤӤ Linguistics of Visual English (1971) Signing Exact English (1972)ˡSigned English (1969), Manual English (1972) ΤȤǤ롥
Paget-Gorman Sign System (PGSS) ⹭Ѥ줿λߤǤ롥ϡ1951ǯ Richard Paget ƤPierre Gorman ȯŸΤǡμǰ̣ΰɽ路̤μǼ̻ɽ魯Ȥ1ĤεɽȤηϤǤ롥Фդ򤽤줾μбȤǤСŪ򤷤䤹
¾μμäȤƤϡƥǥδ֤ǶͭƤ Amer-Ind ʤŪʰפηϤ롥ޤʸõб Finger-spelling ȤηϤϡʤȤŪˤϼûѼԤδ֤ǹѤƤ롥ɿѡˡˤȯΡɤߡפŪǤ Cued speech ȤηϤѤƤ롥
嵭Τ褦˷ײŪ˲ʸܶᤵäΤϻ¤ȤƤ⡤ä켫ȤΩΤǤ뤳Ȥ餫

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-26-1]

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2013-11-14 Thu

#1662. äϸǤ (1) [sign_language][linguistics][arbitrariness][double_articulation][medium][iconicity]

俷ʹ105ī38̤ˡּ֡äϸĻ踩Ǿ㲽פεǺܤ줿ּøװƤˤȡäϡȼθηϤͭʸŪ껺פȤǧȤȤˡŪˤϤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ܤμΤȤƤϽβŪʾǤꡤȤƤμäǧ٤夬פʷȤʤ  *
Ūˤϡäϲʸ޲ȤƱħͭ뵭ηϤǤ롥ؤγǤ⤽Τ褦ˤ뤷Ethnologue Τ褦ʸ˴ؤ󵡴ؤǤäθȤưƤ롥ŪˤϡäʸȤ줿㡼ǤȤŪɽʤǤʤɤȤǧޤηϤȤƤβͤɾƤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥ͳ1ĤϡäŵŪϸԵڤӤδطԤˤ꽬ˤȤɤޤäƤꡤ¾¿ο͡˼֤ΤƤʤ
äϤäȤǤ롥ҥȤθΤȤƤϡ4Ĥη֤ǧ롥 (speech)ʸ (writing)ԥ塼޲ (CMC = computer-mediated communication)Ƽ (sign_language) Ǥ롥ҥȤθħŤηŪǧ뤬椨˸ȸƤФΤǤꡤä⤽1ĤȤ¾ƱǤ롥㤨Сä (double_articulation) ͭƤ뤷뵭ˤ (arbitrariness) äƤ롥 (reproductivity) ⤢С۶֡ۻã (displacement) ⤢롥ۤˤ⡤#1327. ҥȤθ˶̤7Ĥ ([2012-12-14-1]) #1281. ū ([2012-10-29-1]) Ǽ夲Τ򤹤٤Ƽ
äˤ뵭ˤĤդäƤ츫ȼõŪȤϥŪŪ (iconic) Ǥ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤΤˡؼоݤħŪʷư򼨤ʤɡȯȤƤ iconic ȤߤʤȤǤ뵭¿ϼäȤΤ˸¤äȤǤϤʤʸˤ٤κϤ츫ΤǤ롥㤨СϡפȤΤäƤԤˤȤäƤϡϤ򤫤ɤäݷʸ˸뤿 iconic ȸƤ٤˻פ뤬ΤʤԤˤȤäƤϡưʪؤʸȤϻפʤõ⡤ȯȤƤ iconic ʤΤäȤƤ⡤ºݾϰ̣¬뤳ȤΤǤʤŪʵȤߤʤƤ褤äơۤʤηϤǤϡ뵭ɽۤʤ뵭Ƥɽ魯ȤȤ̤Ǥ롥ASL (American Sign Language) ܼ (JSL = Japanese Sign Language) ߤ̤ʤΤϤȤꡤASL BSL (British Sign Language) ߤ̤ʤȤȤϡ̤ˤϤޤΤƤʤ
ȤƤμäηˤĤƤϡ (phonology) ˤŪñ̤Ǥ벻 (phoneme) ꤵΤƱͤδطǧ롥äˤбŪñ̤ chereme ȸƤФ졤򸦵椹ʬ cherology ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ롥chereme ˤ location, configuration, action 3٥뤬ǧ졤sign space ˤβǽȤ߹碌¸뤳Ȥˤäơ椬ɽ롥ηȤǡäñʤ른㡼ȤϡŷϤۤɰۤʤΤǤ롥
ʾ塤Crystal (159--63) 󤹤ǼɮϢơ#79. øؤ inspiration ([2009-07-16-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ޤ#1064. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (2) ([2012-03-26-1]) εФƤĺܥ֥ɼԤΥȤ⻲Ȥ줿Ѥʤ顤äФ̵Τ򤵤餱ФȯޤޤƤޤˡ

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.

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2013-11-04 Mon

#1652. 2콬Ǥ "communicative competence" [sla][acquisition][linguistics][ethnography_of_speaking]

#1632. communicative competence ([2013-10-15-1]) εǡcommunicative competence linguistic competence 椵̣Ǥ communicative competence ϡlinguistic competence ϤᡤưɬפʽǽϤޤࡥºݤ2콬 (Second Language Acquisition) ʬǤϡ2ˤĤƽ٤ǽϤϡŪˤ "communicative competence" ĺȤʲΤ٤ƤǽϤȤƤʲޤ O'Grady et al., p 395 "A model of communicative competence" 򻲹ͤˤƺˡ

A Model of Communicative Competence


ƹͤƤߤȡؤνʬϤνǽϤбνηϤ뤿¸ߤƤȤ롥ǤƤüԤζŪʥߥ˥ǽϤˤƤΤǤꡤ̻Ūʼǽ (?) ʤˤƤʤäơ˸ؤˤΤ褦ʬϡοޤ;ϤϤʤȤäƸؤȤ鳰٤ȤȤˤϤʤʤؤϸ˴ؤ뤢¦̤ˤΤǤꡤ̻֤ⶦ֤ƱʤǸ椵٤оݤǤ롥ŪǽϤ򼨤οޤŪˡ줿̻ŪʱĤߤοޤꤷ
οޤ˴ؤƤ⤦1դäȤϡ#1632. communicative competence ([2013-10-15-1])#1633. ٤̱ۤ²ء ([2013-10-16-1])#1644. ٤̱ۤ² (2) ([2013-10-27-1]), #1646. ȯù԰٤ʸ ([2013-10-29-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ̣Ǥ "communicative competence" ϤοޤΤʤǤϤɤ˰֤ŤΤȤǤ롥"Sociolinguistic competence" "Cultural references" ˴ޤޤ褦˻פ뤬ȤСäߥ󥰡ۤ٤ߥ󥰡λľŪ˸äƤ褤ɤä˳äݤεդȤƤβɲä뤳ȤˤʤΤ

O'Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. (Companion Site based on the 5th edition available here.)

Referrer (Inside): [2014-10-14-1]

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2013-06-20 Thu

#1515. ϿοǤ [linguistics][function_of_language][origin_of_language][evolution][neurolinguistics]

ݡ롦祷㡼ˤظȻ׹͡٤ɤ̾#1484. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ([2013-05-20-1]) ͻҥȤˤʤȻפäƼ˼äƤߤΤषưʪΥߥ˥ȿʹ֤θȤӤܼŪʺۤˤĤܤäʹ֤ǾοʲβεȤ顤Τü򤢤֤ФȤƤ
ĤΥݥȤ뤬(1) ʹ֤θΤߤ٤ʻ׹ͤȿʤǽʤ餷ȤƵǽ뤳ȡ(2) ʹ֤θʸˤäƷѾƤ椯ȤΡְפη֤Ǥ뤳ȡ(3) ʹ֤θͭؤϤʤưʪˤ¸ߤǾι¤ȵǽαĹˤʤȡ(4) ʹ֤θϿο桤Ĥޤ󿮹ηϤʤܼŪŪŪʻ׹ǽȤ뤳ȡŦ롥ʲˡ줾ˤĤƽפʲս꤫Ѥ褦

ϳǤƱǤ⤢ΤǡȤƤϥߥ˥ϤȤƤϻ׹ͤȿʰռݤ롥 (11)


ƥ䡼롦ɡ󤬤ߤֿʹ֤Ƥ顤ΰ졤줬ͥȤʤ롥ϤǤˡʹְˡưʪο⤷ˤǤƤΤϡмܤȶΰǤġĤޤǤϤäѤΤΰǤäΤաʥΡեˤΰȤʤäΤǤ롥Ρͷդ줿ǤϿʲ®Ҳͻ礷餬ǤƱʸΤΤȤʤ뱿̿äʸϡˤμ˴ä򤪤ƤΤǡʪޤʤäƤǽȿͤȤϰۤʤäơä롥̪˪Τ褦ʿʹ֤ͤ˪ƷԵ㤤ߤʹ֡դĤäȤǡʹʸ٤ĤŤƤ椯ȤϤǤʤ (15--16)


ʹ֤μϡΤޤޤʪʤ򡤸äɽ魯ȤȯοΥɤϡձưλʪǤꡤǾεǽΤҤȤĤȤʤäΤǡ׹ͤΤˤؤʤȤˤʤäο̿ϡʹ֤Ǿ̤ͭǡΤˡǾι¤ȵǽϾѲ򤪤ʤΤǤ롥ˤϡ˸ͭؤϤʤνϡǤưʪ¸ߤ԰٤ǧʬΤǤ롥 (66)


ѥդȤҤϡ󿮹ηϡפȤθͭʤȡ쿮ηϤȤδطȤͻ쿮ηϤȤϡդˤ̿ηϤǡưʪˤΤ¸ߤʹ֤οؤˤƶ̣뼨Ϳ롥ѥդϰǯĤΤ褦˽񤤤ֿʹ֤ˤȤäƤϡդ餫˾Ť줿ɷǤäơưʪ˶̤ʤ٤ƤΤɷƱ¤Ǥ롥Τۤˡˤϳ䤬ꡤ¿оݤޤ롥ǤϡϡưʪξŤ줿ɷȤϡŪˤŪˤ⡤ޤäӤǤʤפư廰ǯˤϤäֳ˴ؤγФɽݤȤϡºߤ쿮桤ʤݿǤ뤬դȡȤȯﴱˤ椯ưʳʶڳСˤ󿮹桤ʤοǤ롥󿮹ϼºߤݲǤꡤײη줳ޤ˿ʹͭι⼡Ū׹ʤΤǤ롥 (69)


ηϤϿʹ֤ǤηϤ̤ͥ夫줿ΤǤ뤫顤䤹ϫǤ̲Τ֤Ǥϡ˾ä롥ʤ̲ˤߺѤηϤΤۤ˶Ϥ餯ΤǡηϤŪͥȤʤ롥줬̴ħǤꡤҥƥ꡼ǤƱ롥 (72)


ʤʹ֤θüˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ⼡Τ褦ʵǿƤΤǤȤ򡥡#160. Ardi Ϥޤäʤɡ ([2009-10-04-1])#519. εȿʲõ븦ʬ ([2010-09-28-1]) #544. ҥȤȯﴱοʲŬ ([2010-10-23-1])#766. ([2011-06-02-1])#767. ʬ ([2011-06-03-1])#1063. ʹ֤θϤʤ˰¸ƤΤ (1) ([2012-03-25-1])#1070. Jakobson ˤưԲķ6Ĥιǡ ([2012-04-01-1])#1090. ; ([2012-04-21-1])#1281. ū ([2012-10-29-1])#1327. ҥȤθ˶̤7Ĥ ([2012-12-14-1])

ݡ롦祷㡼 ϸ ظȻ׹͡ǡ١ҡʸ˥ӡ1972ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2013-07-13-1]

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2013-01-14 Mon

#1358. ȤФˤȤϲˤ [linguistics][historiography][saussure][language_change]

Ѹˤ칶Ƥ뤬ѸˤȤϲȤ뤳ȤϤޤʤɤǻǡѸˤǤ뤳ȤϼѸˤܸˤ衤ˤȤϲʤΤͤƤߤñǤϤʤƱռϡ (15) ˤ⸽Ƥ롥

ȥФ϶οưǤ뤫顤ȯä줿ִ֤˾ä롥оݤ䡹Ȼ³Ƥˤȹͤʤ顤Τ⤿³뤳ȤʤȥФˤʤɤꤦϤϤʤ⤷ȥФˤȤ顤ȥФξ硤оݤ³ȤϤɤȤ̣뤫褯ͤƤߤɬפ롥


ȥФˤϼΤ³ʤȤСˤʤɤϤϤʤȹͤΤȤѸˤˤܸˤˤ줬̵̣ǶȤФϤʤˤˤȤ狼äƤʤȾʤȤפäƤˡ̷ϤɤΤ
1ĤϡǼΤ³ʤΤȹͤȥФȤϥ塼Τ parole ʸˤؤˤĤΤȤƤθդ langue ʸˤؤΤǤϤʤȤȤparole langue δطϥॹΤ performance ʱѡˤ competence ǽϡˤδطˤ᤯Ť͹碌ƹͤƤ褤ɽȤƤϡcompetence ˤȤ langue ˤȤۤäΤǤϤʤϡlangue ȤѸ줬μҲȤƤ¦̤ĴƤꡤμҲѲѲˤۤʤʤȹͤ뤫
Ʊ̤βսǡεФΤͿƤ (119)

˼ΤʤȤ顤ѲȤФ븽ݤϡΤȤƤθѲ뤳ȤǤϤʤθãΤȤ褹붦ƱΤΥСʤ춦Ʊ (speech community) ͤˡޤǤȰä򤹤褦ˤʤ뤳ȤǤ롥äơ˿ʹԤĤĤܸѲˤܸüԤѶŪ˴ؤäƤ롥


ܸˤĤƽҤ٤Ƥ뤬ƱȤϱѸˤĤƤ롥Ȥ2ȤƱѸؽƤ¿ܸüԤlingua franca ȤƤαѸѤݤˤ顤ΰѤϤ٤ƤϤޤ롥Ѹθ춦ƱΤʬŪˤǤ컲äƤ뤽ʬαѸѲ˹׸ƤΤơѲεפѸˤΰȤʤ롥
ȤƤСȤФˤȤϡüԽĤäѤƤ椯̵εפȤȤ館뤳ȤǤֺѡפȴϢơ#1056. ѲϿʹ֤ˤѶŪʺѤǤ ([2012-03-18-1]) #1069. ե顼ɡɡ --- üԸĿͤοŤ󤸤ѡ ([2012-03-31-1]) ⻲ȡ

ͺܸˡĿϤʤʤΤ١޴ֽ񱡡2001ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2014-01-16-1]

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2012-12-14 Fri

#1327. ҥȤθ˶̤7Ĥ [linguistics][double_articulation][arbitrariness]

ưʪѤΥߥ˥ʤ椷ơҥȤθΤħϲ¿θؼԤθؤܼŪĩǤܥ֥ȤƤϡǶǤϡ#1281. ū ([2012-10-29-1]) ǡCrystal λŦ3 (reproductiveness, double_articulation, displacement) Ҳ𤷤
(139--52) ˤСθ˶̤7Ĥ롥ҥȰʳưʪΤʤˤϡΤĤäƤΤ⤢뤬7Ĥ٤ƤƤΤϤʤդߤС7Ĥ٤ƤƤʤСΥߥ˥ʤϸǤȤ롥

(1) ʬʡ#767. ʬ ([2011-06-03-1]) ڤ double_articulation 򻲾ȡ
(2)
(3) (arbitrariness 򻲾ȡ
(4) ۶֡ۻã
(5) Ϸ˽ưʪˤϥȥ᥹ҤȿƤȤ礤ˡۤʤΤ̡
(6) ʬΥɬ̤ˤɽʤȤ
(7) ŷʸ

޲ (medium) εǽ (function_of_language), ε (origin_of_language) Τ褦ʰ̸ؤνͻݤˤ⡤Բķˤʤ

Ƿؿ֤ȤСפβݳȡ١ҡ2012ǯ

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2012-12-13 Thu

#1326. 礤7Ĥ [communication][linguistics][function_of_language][paralinguistics]

¿ͤʸؼԡؼԡǷˤ֤ȤСɤιֵϳ˼Ȥꡤפ֤Ϥ褯ɤळȤǤ
Ԥϡߥ˥ΤȤ礤פȸƤǤꡤˤȤФ϶äۤɾȽҤ٤롥³ơ礤ˤƤ7ĤǤꡤͤϤ7ĤǤƱ˻ȤʬƤΤȼĥ롥7ĤǤȤϡʲ̤ (116)

(1) ֤ȤС
(2) ͤοΤ̤ǤΡֿʪħ
(3) ɽѲưޤΤư
(4) 礤򤷤ƤʪմĶȤƤΡ־
(5) ľŪܿˤΤ鿧Ѳʤɤ˸Ūȿ
(6) ߤεΥͤƤ륹ڡΤȤλ礤Ƥɽ뤿ˤ֤ʤɤΡֶ֤Ȼ֡
(7) ͤμҲϰ̤ΩȤäֿʪμҲŪطʡ

7ĤǤ󤲤塤ԤϡϡָߤϤäƤפΤǤꡤ֤ǤΰĤΩ礤ԤʤȤϤʤפΤȶĴ롥ơ줬ʤʤ狼äƤ館ʤΤò餹롥

פʤȤϡΡּĤǡפϤäƤȤȡΰǤФ礤򤹤뤳Ȥϡ褷ƤǤʤȤȤǤϡλ͡ǯ;錄³ƤȤʤΤǤߤʤ֤狼ʤȤ餷ȤФȤǤϤʤͤŪñǼƤΤǤůؤȤȤʤȡޤäȸäƤۤɴؿ򼨤Ƥޤ󡥤ۤɡοͤӤȤƬϡ줬Ūʰ֤ƤǤ͡ (118)


ˤĤƹͤƤȤˡ#1259. Jakobson ˤ6ĤεǽפؤȽ ([2012-10-07-1]) ǰѤࡼʥεפФJakobson θ6ǽ礤7ǤȤϸߤʤۤʤΤľӤǤʤ夤ĤΰҤؤʬ򤷤ƤߤΤΡºݤˤϤ٤Ƥͻ¤ƤꡤʬԲǽʤΤǤϤʤȤȤä
(1) ήɤθؤǰоݤȤС(2) ʲǤϡǶˤʤäȯŸƤ (pragmatics) Ҳ (sociolinguistics)ѥ (paralinguistics) ʤɤΰ°뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ϡ䤬äꡤΤ褦ʡ˵ήפǤνĥƤΤȡʤ˵ŤʬϺ˵ήǤϤʤʤäƤƤ롥״˷ɰդɽ

Ƿؿ֤ȤСפβݳȡ١ҡ2012ǯ
른塦ࡼʥƣ θء١ҡ2001ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-10-29 Mon

#1281. ū [communication][linguistics][double_articulation][medium]

ҥȤޤ᤿ưʪΥߥ˥ʤˤ͡ʤΤ뤬ҥȤθκħϡCrystal (How 9--10) ˤ (1) reproductiveness, (2) double articulation, (3) displacement Ǥ롥ĤޤǸС(1) ϤɤʤȤǤɽǤ뼫ͳ٤ι⤵(2) ϡ#767. ʬ ([2011-06-03-1]) ħ(3) Ϻ˴ͿΰʳΤȡʺΤȤ䡤̤ξǵäƤ뤳ȡˤȤ뤳ȤǤ򡤤줾ɽ魯ȿꡤ󥿥ȡɽʤɤϳΤ˿ƱΤΥߥ˥ʤǤϤ뤬ɽ경ƤƼͳ٤㤯ʬΤ褦ʣʹ¤򼨤ŵŪˤϺˤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ߥ˥ʤˤäƤϡ3ĤξƤ뤫ɤ٤ˤʤȤ¦̤⤢롥륳ߥ˥ʤΰ̣ǸȸƤФƤ٤ݤ̯ʥΤ㤨Сūˤ륳ߥ˥󤬤ƤƤ²ԥ͡ȥ륳䥫ʥꥢˤơϤäդ˴Ťūˤ륳ߥ˥ʤǧƤ롥Crystal (Encyclopedia 404) ˰ѤƤ󤷤褦ᥭ Oaxaca ² Mazateco ü2ͤδ֤Ǹ蘆줿ūˤäǤ롥
Eusebio Martinez ϾΩäƤϡΥ줿Ȥƻ⤤Ƥȥˤ˸ūǸƤӤԾˤǤäΥȥϡūǤۤʤ벻Dz٤ūθ򴹤ꡤ줬ȥȥϡƻ򾯤֤ Eusebio ξΤȤޤǾäƤơ⤷٤餺ˡʪ򲼤Eusebio ϥȥʪȡ椫餪äƤơʧ򤷤ơȥϵäƤäʾΤȤΤͤδ֤ˤϰդˤäϤʤʤäʤμޤ᤿ڤΥߥ˥θūΤȤˤäƳΤ˹ԤʤƤΤǤ롥
ͤθūǤβäϡȤʤˤȯäΡ줴ȤβĴб4ʳβˤäɽ蘆ƤʸŪŪ˲äʸ̮ŪͤȤۤΤˤ褯ͭƤΤǡͤδ֤ǤβĴΡĴΧ׺ȤɬפĴбƸȯä뤳ȤϡۤɺǤϤʤΤȤʤȯäμ̤Ǥ뤫顤θūߥ˥⡤̩ʰ̣ǤθȤߤʤȤϰΤȤǽǤ롥ŪˤȤûʸפûѤ뵡⾯ʤˤΤѤȤȤ顤¤ʤŪʡָפȤߤƤ褤ΤˤϡCrystal (How 13) Τ褦ˡʤȤ "surrogate" ȸƤǤΤ褤⤷ʤ
Ϣơħ ##1063,1064,1065 ε򻲾ȡ

Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.

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2012-10-07 Sun

#1259. Jakobson ˤ6ĤεǽפؤȽ [linguistics][function_of_language]

[2012-04-02-1]ε#1071. Jakobson ˤ6Ĥεǽפϡߥ˥˴ͿǤ˴Ť쵡ǽΥǥȤơ̸ؤζʽǤ⤿ӤӼ夲롥򤷤䤹ǥػˤ路ࡼʥϡ򸷤ȽƤ롥ĹѤ褦

Ǥޤǥ̥Ū餯ĹؼԤ̥ǤĤŤ뤳ȤȤФλȤ;ȤʤҤƤ褦ʰݤͿ뤫Ǥ­ʤΤǤ롥䥳֥ϡͷŪǽפޤä̵뤷Ƥ롥ȤϤεǽϸؼԤۤȤɸ椷ƤʤΤʤΤäȤ⡤䥳֥ˤȤäͷŪǽϻŪǽΤʤ˴ޤޤȤΤʤä̤ơȤȿ꤬ƤޤʤϤ碌ޯͤȡإޥɥβΡ٤ȤΤˤϤ֤󤤤餫οƶꤽ줬ɤͳ褹ΤȤϤ狼뤬äˡξԡͷӤȷݽѡͤ㤬ɤˤΤΤȤȤʤΤξ塤ϻŪǽŪǽȤʬơ̤Ƥ롥ŪǽʸݳؤΤۤɤäơϤ⤦ȤФθͭǤϤʤäƤȤФ輷ʤȬΡֵǽפǤϤʤΤȤǤȤѤ櫓ǤϤʤºݡ䥳֥⤽ΤҤ٤Ƥ⤤Τϻֵǽפϡ¤ϤĤΤΤǤ뤳ȤФΥߥ˥ǽ򤳤ʤʤˤơäƤƤ롥बǽȸƤǤΤϡȤФΤĤ줾üʡˡաusagesͤǤꡤ٤κϤ뤬Ϥߤʡɤʥߥ˥Τʤˤ⸽ƤΤޤˡϻĤꤵ줿ǽϡ䥳֥󤬾褦Ϥˤ⤫餺˸ŪʡŪäƤʤϵǽ̤ˤäơỤ̄Ū뤤ʸŪʻɸˤäƤ롥ʡ֤褯ʹޤפȤåθƤӤǽϤ˺Ѥɽι¤ϡʤˤ⤽εǽͭΤΤǤϤʤ˥䥳֥󼰤νǽʬϡ̩Ƥ륳ߥ˥ǽξȤϤäơȤФƯʲŪƤΤǤϤʤ(172--73)


Ƚ2Ĥ롥1ĤϡϤ碌ޯʤɤɽͷŪǽޤޤƤʤǤ롥⤷줬ֻŪǽפ˴ޤޤȤΤǤäƤ⡤ʸŪʻŪǽͷŪʻŪǽ̤ʤƤ褤ΤȤϻĤ롥
2ܤϡJakobson 6ǽˤϷŪʴפʤʤŪƶͿƤʤȤȤФˤʣεǽƱ˵ͤޤƤȤΤϳΤХХ˼ФƤߤˤƤ⡤μʤʤǤϤʤȤȽɤޤǤŪ˹ԤȤСΤ˥ࡼʥνҤ٤褦ˡʣεǽ̤˼ФȤϤǤʤ
ֵǽפȤĤɽѤˡˡפȤл­ȤࡼʥεϤ롥Jakobson θ6ǽϡʥǥǤϤ뤬ŪȯŸʤȤȤ

른塦ࡼʥƣ θء١ҡ2001ǯ

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2012-05-11 Fri

#1110. Guiraud ˤؤι [linguistics]

#377. ѸˤȤʤꤦʬ ([2010-05-09-1]) ӡ#378. ϸδܹ礫ݤ ([2010-05-10-1]) εǡؤδܹҲ𤷤ŪʬȤƸΤۤȤɤθؤǺѤƤʳءˤΥǥɬХ󥹤褤ȤϤʤء (phonetics, phonology) (morphology) (syntax) ϼȤƸη֤򡤰̣ (semantics) , (pragmatics) ϼȤƸΰ̣򰷤Τ֤Ọ̇̄δطƤʤؤˤȯãƤ¤٤ȤݤǤ롥
(124--29) ϡ塼į˾ˤäơؤιηŪŪʸȤϰۤʤʤʤ¤ؤζڤ̤äǥǤ롥ʲϡ (130) Ρָ졧̣ѤμΤȷ֡ οޤȤ˺ΤǤ롥

Guiraud's Range of Linguistics

ޤϸܤȤơ3Ĥ̤ơ줾˷Ū¦̤ȵǽŪ¦̤ȤԤˤǧŪʤΤʸŪʤΤȤȤŪ¦̤ǤϡŪʡֲפȡפΰϤΤޤޥΡֲפȡפޤȹͤƤ褤Ūʡַפ˴ޤޤƤ (inflection) ϡ촴ȸȤ߹碌ˤȤƺƲᤵƤꡤפ1ؼޤƤ롥ޤϡˤޤĤȤ롥
Υǥǡϡ3ܤб뵡ǽŪ¦̤εҤǤ롥ǰ벻ǤȤñ̤ϡ̣ôäƤʤ̤뵡ǽôäƤ롥ޤŪȤΤϡŪɤؤƤ褯ǤǾϤˡ§ (the Principle of Least Effort) ˽äʬƤꡤкŪʾãݤƤȤܤҤǤʥϾθؤؤαѤ˴ؿˡˤ뵡ǽȤϸΰ̣ɽ魯ǽΤȤǤꡤְ̣פȤϸ§ȤƤΰΤߤ򰷤ΤǤʤФʤʤˤ뵡ǽȤϵȵδطꤹ뵡ǽǤꡤˤϡְ̣פɤؤ뤫⤷ʤ嵭ΰ̣Ūʰ̣Ȥ϶̤򤷤Ƥɬפ롥ʾεǽǧŪ¦̤ˤĤƽҤ٤Τǽˤ̤ʸŪ¦̤ȤղŪʲͤǧƤꡤ3ܤ줾бʸŪǽƤƤʥʸԤǤ⤢ˡ

ԥ롦 ƣ ذ̣١ҡʸ˥ӡ1990ǯ

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2012-04-21 Sat

#1090. ; [redundancy][linguistics][entropy][information_theory][paralinguistics]

ҥȤθħȤơεǡ#766. ([2011-06-02-1]) ȡ#767. ʬ ([2011-06-03-1]) 夲Ƥ⤦1Ĥܤ٤ħȤƤ; (redundancy) ˤĤƤϡŪ˼夲Ȥʤäϡε#1089. ȸ; ([2012-04-20-1]) ơħˤĤ
ˤ̣ã˺Ǿ¤ɬפȤʾεŪǤѤȤ;ޤޤƤȤ롥;ϰ츫̵̤Ψ˻פ뤬εǽҤ٤褦ˡѤȼλ (noise) Ф붯Ϥ󶡤Ƥ롥ޥϥɥδɻߤϥɥͷӤȸƤ褤̵ѤѤȹͤƤ褤ޤ;ϡ콬ˤ礫ʤ칽¤ޤѾ;ʬˤ̤ΤθǤǤ̣ͽ¬ǽǤꡤºݤ˸콬ԤϤεѤơŪŪʸ̮ҥȤʤ顤̣θĤƤ椯ΤǤ롥
;Ȥ򸫻ϤȡϸΤ¦̤˴ؤäƤǤȤȤ狼롥ޤεǿ줿褦ˡȲǤξ̤κ˴Ť;롥ãˤϿĤʬᤵ줿Ǥ̤л­뤬μ¸ϲϢ³ΤȤ餶ˤɬפȤܤ¿β椬ݱʤ˴ޤޤƤޤ
ηϤˤߤΩ (opposition) ˴ط;⤢롥Ѹˤơ /n/ ͭɡɡǤʾͭǤ뤳Ȥͽ¬ǽǤꡤ/n/ εҤ̵ͭȤΩꤹɬפϤʤϡ;구§ (redundancy rule) ȸƤФ롥
ˤ;롥Ƭ [s] ľ̵ɬ̵ȤʤΤǡ̵Ǥ뤳Ȥ򤢤ƵҤɬפϤʤ[2011-02-18-1]ε#662. sp-, st-, sk- ̵ˤʤͳפ򻲾ȡˡͽ¬ǽǤˤ⤫餺̩˵Ҥ뤳ȤԷкѤǤ롥ѤθǡƬ [s] ϲ餫λʹʤäľ [t] ̵Ȥʹ硤ľ [s] ä˰㤤ʤȽǤ䤦ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤΤ褦ˡ;ϰ֤ȤƵǽ롥
˻;ϡֻ§ˤ⸫롥㤨СѸǤƬʤɤε㳰ơ<q> ʸθˤɬ <u> 롥<u> Ϥܴۤͽ¬ǽǤꡤ̤ϥǤ롥
ˤ;ȤơThese books are . . . . ȤȤ줬ʣǤ뤳Ȥ3줹٤ƤˤäƼƤ롥It rained yesterday. ǤϡǤ뤳Ȥ2ټƤ롥Ѹ˾Ǥʣ (double_plural)ӵ (double_comparative) ([2010-10-28-1], [2012-01-10-1]) ʤɤ⡤;ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ΤۤŤͤ with might and main, without let or hindrance 䡤äʤɤǥե٥åȤʸݤ C as in Charley ʤɤɽ;ŪǤ뤷Yes ȸʤĤ˿Ȥä paralinguistic ;⤢롥
;ͽ¬ǽ (predictability) شطˤꡤޤͽ¬ǽϹ¤¸ߤȤ롥äơ;ȤȤϡ˹¤ȤȤǤ롥顤;Ȥȡ¤Ȥ빽¤ؤȤӤĤȤˤʤä¤ؤ Martinet μĥηкθǤ⡤;νŦƤ (183--85)
ȸ;δطˤĤƤϡHockett (76--89) 򻲾ȡ

Martinet, André. Éléments de linguistique générale. 5th ed. Armand Colin: Paris, 2008.
Hockett, Charles F. "Review of The Mathematical Theory of Communication by Claude L. Shannon; Warren Weaver." Language 29.1 (1953): 69--93.

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2012-04-20 Fri

#1089. ȸ; [information_theory][linguistics][redundancy][entropy][history_of_linguistics]

(information theory) ȯãŪʳظؤϤ̤͡ʷǵƤȼꡤɲꡤͽ¬ǽ (predictability) ꡤƲθħ1ĤǤ; (redundancy) ˤĤơؤؤ٤뤳Ȥ¿
ȿ͹ƬǾ (cybernetics) δ Shannon and Weaver ˤäƸǤޤäȤ졤ϸػˤˤƤͭյʰ֤Ƥʥåpp. 164--71ˡϹ٤˿ŪǤꡤ̤θؼԤɤǡ̤ؤشԸȤȤϻζȤΤ褦Τ褦ʾˤϡؼԤˤɾΩġꥫθؼ Hockett ν񤤤Ƥӥ塼ɤǤߤ
Shannon and Weaver ΤʤΤ顤Υӥ塼⤢٤Ȥʤ餶򤨤ʤɾԤ Hockett ιͤؤرѤǽˤĤƤʬǤϡؤȤƤ˹٤ƤȤʤäƤ롥ɾǤȤϸ񤤤;ӥȥԡ (entropy) ˤĤƤεϤ褯Ǥ
Hockett ϤؤޤʻǤȤʤ⡤ȯäβŪʾ̤ȲŪʾ̤1:1000ۤɤγꡤ˲Ūñ̤Τߤջ̤Բķñ̤ȤߤʤΤǤС첻;99.9%ˤΤܤȤƤ (85) Ǥȥԡ (entropy) ϡ"1 - redundancy" Τǡ첻Υȥԡ0.1%Ǥ롥ϡ򤹤Ψ̤θ򤹤ͽ¬ǽι⤤ξηϤȤȤǤ
ʪŪãݤˤϡ¿쾯ʤɬ (noise) ޤޤƤޤäơãտޤ줿̤˿Ԥ뤿ˤϡˤƶѤΰɬפȤʤ롥ˤȤäơ;ΰǤ롥Hockett ۩"channel noise is never completely eliminable, and redundancy is the weapon with which it can be combatted" (75) Τ褦˹ͤȡ첻;99.9%ʤ뤤Ϥ˶⤤͡ˤϡ˸줬Ť˻кܤ줿߷פξηϤǤ뤫򼨤ɸȤ

The high linguistically relevant redundancy of the speech signal can be interpreted not as a sign of low efficiency, but as an indication of tremendous flexibility of the system to accommodate to the widest imaginable variety of noise conditions. (Hockett 85)


Ω줫顤ä;Ȥ򸫻ϤȡϸΤ¦̤˴ؤäƤǤȤȤ狼äƤ롥;ˤĤơεǾܤ뤳Ȥˤ롥

ߥ륫å Ρ ͺ ظؤή١ߤ˼1974ǯ
Hockett, Charles F. "Review of The Mathematical Theory of Communication by Claude L. Shannon; Warren Weaver." Language 29.1 (1953): 69--93.
Shannon, Claude L. and Warren Weaver. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1949.

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