ε ([2020-03-23-1]) ˰³ˡ (mood) ˤĤƤǤεϡmood mode Ϥˡפΰ̣Ѥ졤ˡȤϡֵʬפǤ֥⡼ɡפǤ⤢뤫餽Ԥȹͤ줽˻פޤºݤˤϡξñϸ츻ۤʤޤmood mode ˤ̤פȤϽҤ٤ޤ츻ƱȤϸޤǤˤϾ𤬤ޤ
mode ͤޤ礦ñϥƥ modus ̤ޤƥǤ "manner, mode, way, method; rule, rhythm, beat, measure, size; bound, limit" ʤ͡ʰ̣ɽ路ޤ̤аĸ *med- (to take appropriate measures) ˤɤĤϡּʡˡʤ֤ˡפۤɤä褦ǤΥƥñϤθե mode Ȥʤꡤ줬Ѹ mode ȤƼѤƤޤѸǤ1400ǯ˲ѸȤơ֥ǥʤΰפΰ̣ǽФޤ1450ǯˤϸؤΡˡפΰ̣ǤѤ졤ѸȤ夷ޤν OED ˤȰʲ̤Ǥmoode ȤֻѤƤ뤳ȤդƤ
mode, n.
. . . .
2.
a. Grammar. = mood n.2 1.
Now chiefly with reference to languages in which mood is not marked by the use of inflectional forms.
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 A verbe..is declined wyth moode and tyme wtoute case, as 'I love the for I am loued of the' ... How many thyngys falleth to a verbe? Seuene, videlicet moode, coniugacion, gendyr, noumbre, figure, tyme, and person. How many moodes bu ther? V... Indicatyf, imperatyf, optatyf, coniunctyf, and infinityf.
mood θ츻ҤȤƤߤޤ礦ߡֵʬࡼɡפ̣뤳αñϼѸǤϤʤűѸǤűѸ mōd ʿʬࡼɡˤѽиȤäƤ褯#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦˿ʣιǤȤѤƤޤ̤аĸ *mē- (certain qualities of mind) ˤɤĤ mode ȤϵۤˤƤ뤳ȤʬȻפޤ
ơ mood Ѹǡˡפΰ̣Ѥ줿ΤϡOED ˤ1450ǯΤȤǡʲ̤Ǥ
mood, n.2
. . . .
1. Grammar.
a. A form or set of forms of a verb in an inflected language, serving to indicate whether the verb expresses fact, command, wish, conditionality, etc.; the quality of a verb as represented or distinguished by a particular mood. Cf. aspect n. 9b, tense n. 2a.
The principal moods are known as indicative (expressing fact), imperative (command), interrogative (question), optative (wish), and subjunctive (conditionality).
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 A verbe..is declined wyth moode and tyme wtoute case.
ŤǤ礦c1450νФʸ˵ mode ΤΤƱǤĤޤꡤƥͳ mode ȱѸ mood ־ʰֻ moode ħŪˤˤäơʸˡѸȤƱѸǻȤФΥߥǡ㺮ˤʤäƤޤä褦ʤΤǤOED ϼ¤ΤȤֿפ mood, n.1 ȡˡפ mood, n.2 ̸ФȤΩƤƤΤǤԤθ츻 "Originally a variant of mode n., perhaps reinforced by association with mood n.1." Ȥ褦ˡɤϤ㺮ȲᤷƤޤ̣Ūˤϡֵʬס֥⡼ɡդȤơξñ줬ӤĤȹͤޤäơˡפֵʬס֥⡼ɡפȲ᤹븫ϡθ츻ŪƱͿƤΤΡΤȤ1450ǯˤ櫓Ǥͳ郎Ȥ⤤뤷ʤȤ⤤̯ʻǤ͡εǡˡפֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤߤ֤ʤʤޤǤƤϤΤΡ¤ϼäդ褦ʲפȽҤ٤ΤϡΤ褦طʤäǤ
ǤϡɸεФϲʤΤǤ礦ܤäơƥʸˡѸȤƤ modus ɤΤ褦ʰ̣礤ǻȤƤΤʬСˡ (mood, mode) οˤĤʤꤽǤεǡ
ؤǤϡˡ (mood) ȸƤФưʸˡƥ (category) פȤʤޤ¾ưʸˡƥȤƤϻ (tense) (aspect) (voice) ޤŪ˴طȤǤ̾ʸˡƥǤ (number) ; (person) ⤢ޤΥƥƯơưη֤ޤȤΤħǤκѤϡưγ (conjugation)뤤ϤŪˤưζ (inflection) ȸƤФƤޤ
ĸˡȤƤϡ#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ľˡ (indicative mood)³ˡ (subjunctive mood)̿ˡ (imperative mood)ˡ (optative mood) 4郎̤ƤޤäȸޥɤǤϺǽ3˽̸˸űѸޤǤˤϺǽ2ؤȽƤޤʸˤ̿ˡΰˤĤƤϡ#3620. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (1) ([2019-03-26-1])#3621. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (2) ([2019-03-27-1]) ȡˡˡűѸʹߡ³ˡϿΰӤéꡤޤǤŪʲɽ魯ɽƤϤޤѤʤʤäƤޤΤ褦ʻ𤫤顤αʸˡǤŪʡ³ˡפȤƤ³⡤ֲˡפȾΤΤŪȤʤäƤޤʤ뤤ϡֽˡפȤƤ̾ʸˡȤ⤤ޤˡ
ơѸˡȤƤϡľˡ (indicative mood) Ȳˡ (subjunctive mood) 2ζ̤ߤ뤳ȤˤʤޤΩܼϲǤ礦̤ˤϡǽŪ˥ǥեȤľˡФơˡüԤ̿Ф벿餫οŪ٤ɲ줿ΤȤޤ餫οŪ٤ȤΤۣʸǤ˿줿ǤʤСŪʲפŵǤIf I were a bird, I would fly to you. ˤ벾ˡ were ϡüԤֻĻǤפȤŪʲοŪ٤äƤ뤳ȤޤäƤߤСۥɤäƤ뤳ȤɸǤ
Ʊͤˡˡ߷ go Ѥ I suggest that she go alone. ȤʸˤƤ⡤üԤƬΤʤǴ˾ȤƤˤʤͤǤפȤ̿ꡤޤäƤʤ줫μ¤˵뤫ɤ狼ʤ̿Ǥ뤳Ȥư֤ˤäƼƤޤۤɥѥȤ϶ʤΤΡۥɤɸǤ
ˡפȤѸֿŪ١פȤⲿȤפ碌֤ɽǤѸȤƤ mood Ǥ顤üԤΡֵʬפǤȤȤ館Τ⤢٤ͭʲǤĤޤꡤˡȤüԤ̿ɤΤ褦ʡֵʬפǽҤ٤ƤΤʤƤϡŪʵʬסˤɸΤǤ롤ȤǤ뤤 mood mode ֥⡼ɡ֡פˤ̤ºݤξñȤѸȤƤˡΰ̣ѤޤΤǡüԤΡ֥⡼ɡפȸƤ褵Ǥˡϡۥ⡼ɤɸΤȤȤǤ
ˡˤĤƤϾ嵭Τ褦ʡֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤ礭ְ㤤ϤʤȻפޤβϡѸˤ֤äƤߤȡʤʤޤǤƤϤΤΡ¤ϼäդ褦ʲȤȤʬäƤޤˤĤƤεǡ
ϢѤƤ Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading Saenger ϡʬ (distinctiones) δȯãƤطʤˤϡƥ줫ޥϽθθ경ǤΤǤϤʤƤ롥
Ūˤ䤫äƥθ礬եʤɤȯŸSVOδܸظ경ƤäȤˤꡤɼԤθʶ˶ФռʤäƤΤǤϤʤȤޤθ경¹ԤƶޤοȤѲʹԤƤꡤԤɼԤθʶˤǧλ˱ƶͿƤȹͤ롥ơ⤦ʬȯã⡤ʤʶ˶ǧ̩ܤ˴ؤ롥θݤϤʶ˶ƱŻ뤹ȤͭƤꡤߤ䴰礦طˤäΤǤϤʤˤϡΤ褦ʣŪװؤäɤ®ɤνȯãƤˤʤȤΤ Saenger ήεŸ
̣1ĤϡʸϤɲˤäƤû˴ؤΤǤ롥礬Ūͳǡ³ŵƥˤƤϡɼԤ1ʸĹʸäɤƤФʤʤʸǸޤɤǡΤΰ̣ǧɬפ롥ɤǤɼԤûˤŤô뤳Ȥˤʤǡϯɤ߾夲뤳ȤˤäƤô餫ڸ褦ȤƤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ƥޥʤɤΤ褦ˡٸ礬ޤäƤꡤʬʤƤСʸǼˤɤΤ褦Ǥ뤫ͽۤ䤹ʤƱˡñ켫Ϥڤʬݤ뤿ˡûˤô˸롥虜虜ϯɤ߾夲ʤȤ⡤®䤫ɲǤΤμͳ³ʿŪǤꡤθ경ʬ⡤180ٰۤʤΤΡϤʿŪȤȤǤ롥
⤦1ĤΤ⤷ϡ礦ɶޤοʤȸθ경ˤʸˡȹͤƤΤƱͤˡ³ʬؤΥեȤȹͤƤȤȤȽˡϡΤ褦˥ڥǤȤ館Ƥ褦
Saenger (17) ΤޤȤʸϼ̤ꡥ
The evolution of rigorous conventions, both of word order and of word separation, had the similar and complementary physiological effect of enhancing the medieval reader's ability to comprehend written text rapidly and silently by facilitating lexical access.
Saenger, P. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1997.
[2019-10-07-1]εǼ夲ˤĤơĴ٤ƤߤѸ줫Ѹˤơưʲˤ첻ʻˤˤ͡ʤΤǧ줿褦ä <a> <o> ֤줿ΤˤĤơûäΤĹäΤȤ꤬ʸɸŪ quoth /kwoʊθ/ ĹפǤˡ
ˤĤ Dobson (II 339) äƤߤ1ȡ
It is commonly assumed, as by Sweet, New English Grammar, §1473, that ME quod and quoth are both weak-stressed forms with rounding of ME ă; but they should be distinguished. Quod, which occurs as early as Ancrene Wisse and its group, undoubtedly has ME ŏ < ME ă rounded under weak stress (though its final d is more simply explained from the OE plural stem than, with Sweet, as a special weak-stressed development of OE þ. Quoth, on the other hand, is not a blend-form with a ModE spelling-pronunciation, as Sweet thinks; the various ModE forms (see §421 below) suggest strongly that the vowel descends from ME, which is to be explained from ON á in the p.t.pl. kváðum. Significantly the ME quoþ form first appears in the plural quoðen in the East Anglian Genesis and Exodus (c. 1250), and next in Cursor Mundi.
ΰѤʤ˲᤹ȡ̤Ȥʤ롥Ѹ衤ñ˴ؤûĹξ¸Ƥ줬ͳ褹ȤϡԤˤĤƤϸűѸ1û첻 (cf. cwæþ) ǤꡤԤˤĤƤϸťΥɸ kváðum Ǥ롥Ҳʻˤ th d ȤˤĤƤ⡤Dobson ͡ʰ۷֤κ硦ƱϡŪʷ³ԤϸűѸ1ͳ褷Ԥ2ͳ褹ˤȤƲᤷȤΩΤ褦
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957.
#2130. "I wonder," said John, "whether I can borrow your bicycle." ([2015-02-25-1])#2158. "I wonder," said John, "whether I can borrow your bicycle." (2) ([2015-03-25-1]) Ǿ줿quoth /kwoʊθ/ ϡ?ȸäפ̣ʸǤ롥1;ñ3;ñľˡΤߤǡʤɤʳη֤¸ߤʤ̯ưǤ롥űѸѸǤϤŪĹ٤ưǤꡤűѸ쥦ȥǤ϶Ѳ5ưȤơ4 cweðan -- cwæþ -- cwǣdon -- cweden äʡ#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1]) ȡˡ
ȥ cweðan θ촴첻ȤȡθβѲˤ queath ʤɤȤʤϤǤꡤºݤˤη֤16ޤѤƤθѤȤʤäʤ bequeath ʰǾˤȡˡäơߤ quoth θ촴첻 cweðan μβѲη̤ȤϹͤʤ
OED quoth, v. queath, v. ȤƤߤȡo 첻ϡNorthumbrian ʤȥˤ߿첻Ʊΰ۷ͳ褹ȤΤȤطʤˤʣʲѲѤƯƤ褦OED ϡquoth, v. βǼ3Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥
(i) levelling of the rounded vowel resulting from combinative back mutation in Northumbrian Old English (see discussion at queath v.); (ii) rounding of Middle English short a (of the 1st and 3rd singular past indicative) after w; (iii) borrowing of the vowel (represented by Middle English long open ō) of the early Scandinavian plural past indicative forms (compare Old Icelandic kváðum (1st plural past indicative)); both short and long realizations are recorded by 17th-cent. orthoepists (see E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500--1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §§339, 421).
Ѹˤ۷ˤĤƤ MED quēthen v. ⻲ȡڥȤ hwat ʤ̯ʤΡMED "reverse spelling" ȤƤˤ⸫Ĥꡤ̣Ԥʤ
Ѹˤ be ư줬ŪˤüưǤ뤳ȤˤĤơŪʴ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) Dz⤷üŪˤС4Ĥΰۤʤ캬ʤӤȤȤ
be ưζΤʤǤܤȡw- ǻϤޤ֤Ƥ롥ľˡˤƤϿ;Ρˤä was were ̤졤³ˡʸߤβˡˤˤƤѤ were Ȥʤ롥űѸǤϡΤߤʤ餺߷ wes, wesað wesanʬ wesende ʤɤѤ줿ϸ˿षƤޤä̿βФȤƤϡ#3275. ա wassail ([2018-04-15-1]) ȡˡ
ơwas were 2ĤζϡűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ;ΡˡˤäƻȤʬʤƤȤˤʤ뤬ʤ s r ǻҲۤʤäƤΤ¤ϡϱѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ Verner's Law (verners_law) rhotacism ΤޤΤǤ롥/s/ ϡͭ˰Ϥޤ줿ĶǤͭ /z/ Ȥʤꡤľ˶ʤĶǤ /r/ ؤѲΤǤʳפϡ#36. rhotacism ([2009-06-03-1]) ȡˡ
was, were ǤȤʤ wesan (to live, remain) ȤưϡŪ˶Ѳ5ưȤʬव뤬ϡָפ̣űѸιٸ cweðan Ʊ롥Ԥ4 cweðan -- cwæþ 1-- cwǣdon 2 -- cweden ʲʬˤȤʤ褦ˡԤ wesan -- wæs 1-- wǣron 2ˤȤʤʲʬϷ»Hogg and Fulk 246)
ݥȤϡűѸľˡޤˤƤϿ;Ρˤä wæs, wǣre, wǣron Ȥʬ졤s r ¸Ƥ³ˡޤˤƤϿ;ΤǤꡤñʤ wæreʣʤ wæren Ȥ褦 r ʤäǤ롥ľˡ³ˡ̯ʺۤߤˤޤǶƤꡤʤ *If I WAS a bird ǤϤʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤȤȤˤʤʡ#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1]) ȡˡ
ߤСۤܤ٤ƤưǤϷŪʶ̤Ƥޤäľˡ³ˡޤˡָˡ̤ƤΤϡbe ưˤΤĤƤ was were λҲΰ㤤椨ʤΤǤ롥űѸ Verner's Law rhotacism ȤäȤѲΤΤʤ뵻Ȥ櫓
ʤ嵭狼Ȥꡤbe ưϤĤƤ12ζ̤ĤͣưǤ롥䡤sing βȤơեޥˤ sang ȸʤ饤եޥˤ sung ȸѸüԤΤäƤ뤬Ϥ̣Ǥ12ʸűѸȤ̤ΤǤϤ뤬˶̤ƤȤʤʤʡ#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1]) ȡˡ
Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
set, put, cut त̵ѲѤưˤĤơ#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1]) εǼ夲ƤǤϡưοѸβˤ˾Ȥ餻СϤΤͿ뤳Ȥߤ
촴 t d ñǤ롤ȤΤưζ̹ŪˤϡξƤ¤ˤơۤưƱ̵ͤѲѤƤȤäȤСfast, fret, lift, start, waft ʤɤǤ롥Jespersen (36) Ƹ褦
4.42. The influence of analogy has increased the number of invariable verbs. Especially verbs ending in -t tend in this direction. The tendency perhaps culminated in early ModE, when several words now regular had unchanged forms, sometimes side by side with forms in -ed:
fast. Sh Cymb IV. 2.347 I fast and pray'd for their intelligense. || fret. More U 75 fret prt. || lift (from ON). AV John 8.7 hee lift vp himselfe | ib 8.10 when Iesus had lift vp himselfe (in AV also regular forms) | Mi PL 1. 193 With Head up-lift above the wave | Bunyan P 19 lift ptc. || start. AV Tobit 2.4 I start [prt] vp. || waft. Sh Merch. V. 1.11 Stood Dido .. and waft her Loue To come again to Carthage | John II. 1.73 a brauer choice of dauntlesse spirits Then now the English bottomes haue waft o're.
Jespersen Τ褦ˡŪˡ뤤ϲѲˤäǤ륿פ̵ѲưȤϡޤ set ʤɴ¸Ū̵Ѳư˿ȯ줿 (analogy) η̤Ȥ̵ѲưȤߤ٤Ǥ2Ū̵ѲưȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤϸޤǤˤɸѸ줫ϾäȤϤʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤΤϡ餬ΥǥȤʤäơʤƤǽ⤢뤫Ĥޤꡤ촴 -t ǽ뤬θΤ褦ñǤʤХޥͳǤʤΤˤ顤Ʊݤĥܤ뤫ǰƬ֤ƤΤϡεǤꤢ -ate ưʤɤǤʡ#3764. ư -ate εȯã ([2019-08-17-1]) ȡˡ
Ʊ Jespersen (36--37) ꡤλݤ˴ؤսѤ褦
4.43. It was thus not at all unusual in earlier English for a ptc in -t to be = the inf. The analogy of these cases was extended even to a series of words of Romantic origin, namely such as go back to Latin passive participle, e. g. complete, content, select, and separate. These words were originally adopted as participles but later came to be used also as infinitives; in older English they were frequently used in both functions (as well as in the preterit), often with an alternative ptc. in -ed; . . . A contributory cause of their use as verbal stems may have been such Latin agent-nouns as corruptor and editor; as -or is identical in sound with -er in agent-nouns, the infinitives corrupt and edit may have been arrived at merely through subtraction of the ending -or . . . . Finally, the fact that we have very often an adj = a vb, e. g. dry, empty, etc . . ., may also have contributed to the creation of infs out of these old ptcs (adjectives).
ѤθȾǡΥǥ뤬ۤˤ2Ĥ˿ƤΤפǤ롥corruptor, editor פε (back_formation) dry, empty פư졦ƻѤñ¸ߤǤ롥#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
ɸ bend -- bent -- bent, lend -- lent -- lent, rend -- rent -- rent, wend -- went -- went ʤɤȤȤ˸ -nd -- -nt -- -nt Ȥʤ륿פԵ§ưʤʬˤ̵ -t ΤϡŪˤɬ餫ˤƤʤfeel -- felt -- felt, keep -- kept -- kept ʤɡʬȤ -t ¾ư줫 (analogy) ˤΤ⤫뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ۤϤ櫓Ǥʤ
Ūˤϡsend βʬ sent ȤʤͳϤʤűѸˤơsendan βŵŪ sende Ǥ sent(en) ˤȯŸʤƱͤˡʬ (ge)send(ed) ǤꡤϤ sent ˤϤʤʤΤäơ -t ϲη̤Ȥߤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ겿ʤηֲˤäƤ⤿餵줿ȤȤˤʤ롥
º -t ʬΤϡ13ˤʤäƤΤȤǤ롥űѸǤ3ñ sendeþ (contraction) sent Ȥʤ륱ˤˤäϤޤ3ñǤꡤǤʬǤʤJespersen (33--34) ϰʲΤ褦ˡѤ줿3ñη֤ʬˤžѤ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ˾öŪͿƤ롥줷ȸ虜ʤ褦˻פ롥ΤȤȤۤʤ
In the send--sent group OE suppressed the d of the stem before the ending: sendan, sende, gesend(ed). I have often thought that the ME innovation sent(e) may originally have stood for sendd with a long, emphatic d to distinguish it from the prs form. This explanation, however, does not account for felt, meant, left, etc.
There is a remarkably full treatment of Origin and Extension of the Voiceless Preterit and the Past Participle Inflections of the English Irregular Weak Verb Conjugation by Albert H. Marckwardt in Essays and Studies in English and Comparative Literature by Members of the English Department of the Univ. of Michigan (Ann Arbor 1935). He traces the beginning of these t-forms back to the eleventh century and then follows their chronological and geographical spreading from century to century up to the year 1400, thus just the period where the subject-matter of my own work begins. There is accordingly no occasion here to deal with details in Marckwardt's exposition, but only to mention that according to him the first germ of these 't'-forms lay in stems in -nd, -ld and -rd. The third person sg of the present of such a verb as OE sendan was often shortened into sent from sendeþ. On the analogy of such very frequently occurring syncopated presents the t was transferred to the prt and ptc. It must be admitted that this assumption is more convincing than the analogy adduced by previous scholars, but it is rather difficult to explain why the t-forms spread, e.g., to such verbs as leave : left. From the point of view of Modern English Grammar, however, we must be content to leave this question open: we must take forms as we find them in the period with which we are concerned.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
[ | ѥڡ ]
17Ⱦαʸؤε John Dryden (1631--1700) 3ۤ Chaucer αΧǤƤʤäȤϡ褯ΤƤ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƤΤλˤϡ"final e" ɽ˸̵첻˾üֶޤοʿפȸƤФѸ˾ΰѲ뤵줿ѲθλƤ Dryden ϡѲΤˤС꤫Ƥ˻ Chaucer β䱤Χ뤳ȤǤʤäΤǤ롥Dryden ϡChaucer λ˸ final e 17αѸ줵ʤ¸ߤʤΤƤ̤ȤơChaucer αΧ Dryden ζ˿뤳ȤϤʤä
嵭ΤȤϡDryden Ȥ Chaucer ɾ狼롥Cable (25) ͳǡDryden (Essays II: 258--59) ɾѤ褦
The verse of Chaucer, I confess, is not harmonious to us . . . there is the rude sweetness of a Scotch tune in it, which is natural and pleasing, though not perfect. It is true, I cannot go so far as he who published the last edition of him; for he would make us believe the fault is in our ears, and that there were really ten syllables in a verse where we find but nine. But this opinion is not worth confuting; it is so gross and obvious an errour, that common sense (which is rare in everything but matters of faith and revelation) must convince the reader, that equality of numbers in every verse which we call heroic, was either not known, or not always practiced in Chaucer's age.
Dryden Ƥ褦ʸϡθ2ۤɤʸؤοŸˤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤΡfinal -e ȤŪˤϾǤѸˤˤƤʸػˤˤƤ⡤礭¸ߤǤäΤ빥
Cable, Thomas. "Restoring Rhythm." Chapter 3 of Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language: Pedagogy in Practice. Introduction. Ed. Mary Heyes and Allison Burkette. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 21--28.
Dryden, John. Essays. Ed. W. P. Ker. Oxford: Clarendon, 1926.
39ڡˤ15:00?18:15ˡī㡼ɶˤơֱѸˡפꤹ륷ֺ¤2ƤȤ̲ȱѸäޤüԤˤϡǯʾΥγưաʸťΥɸˤ䤿γؤǤѸˤ¿ʱƶڤܤƤʬäƤȻפޤܥ֥ǤϡޤǤťΥɸ (old_norse) ˴ؤ˭٤˼夲ƤޤΤǡ⻲Ȥ
ϼΤ褦ʼݤǤäޤ
ѸΩˡ8 ȾФ11ˤƥ衼åѤʴ̲ΥȤθʸťΥɸˤ礭ͿƤ뤳ȤϤޤΤƤޤ㤨 Though they are both weak fellows, she gives them gifts. ȤʸϡäȤˤ٤ƸťΥɸ줫ƶñ줫ΩäƤޤޤѸΡּưŪפȤ礬Ωطʤˤ⡤γưؤäƤޤ䤿ѸΤʤˡŪǤõäƤߤޤ礦
1. ̲γư
2. ѸȸťΥɸδط
3. ťΥɸ줬Ѹθä˵ڤܤƶ
4. ťΥɸ줬Ѹʸˡ˵ڤܤƶ
5. ʤѸθϡּưŪפǸʤΤ
ֺ¤ǻѤ饤ɻ˥åפƤޤ饤椫顤ܥ֥δϢؤ⤿ΥĥƤޤΤǡǡ̲ȱѸפδطˤĤĤġƤ館ФȻפޤ
1. ֱѸˡ 2̲ȱѸ
2. ֺܹ¤Τͤ餤
3. 1. ̲γư
4. ֥ƥˡ
5. Υ֥ƥ轱
6. ϢѸ
7. 2. ѸȸťΥɸδط
8. 3. ťΥɸ줬Ѹθä˵ڤܤƶ
9. ťΥɸ줫μѸ
10. ťΥɼѸ
11. ɤ̾θťΥɸ
12. Ѹ̾θťΥɸ
13. ťΥɸ줫ΰ̣
14. ưؤαƶ
15. 4. ťΥɸ줬Ѹʸˡ˵ڤܤƶ
16. Ρ֤ġפȡ֤ɤ
17. űѸǤ϶ޤ椨˸礬ͳ
18. űѸǤ϶ޤ椨ֻ줬ɬܤǤʤ
19. űѸǤʸˡ
20. űѸ϶̿θ
21. űѸʸϤ
22. οʿ
23. ֻ˰¸
24. ʸˡ鼫
25. ʤοʿäΤ (1)
26. ʤοʿäΤ (2)
27. ʤοʿäΤ (3)
28. Ρ֤ɤΤ褦ˡפȡ֤ʤ
29. ʸˡΰѲ礫ʬϤ
30. 5. ʤѸθϡּưŪפǸʤΤ
31. ֺܹ¤ΤޤȤ
32. ʸ
Encyclopaedia Britannica "English language" εƬˡѸδŪħ3ĵƤ롥ޤñ㤵 (simplicity of inflection) ǽν (flexibility of function) äγ (openness of vocabulary) Ǥ롥ޤñ㤵ȸäγˤĤƤϡ#151. Ѹ5ħ ([2009-09-25-1]) Ϥ pde_characteristic εʤɤǼ夲Ƥǽν𤵤ѸδŪħ1Ĥ˿夲븫ŪΤǤϤʤȻפʲBritannica Ѥ롥
Flexibility of function has grown over the last five centuries as a consequence of the loss of inflections. Words formerly distinguished as nouns or verbs by differences in their forms are now often used as both nouns and verbs. One can speak, for example, of "planning a table" or "tabling a plan," "booking a place" or "placing a book," "lifting a thumb" or "thumbing a lift." In the other Indo-European languages, apart from rare exceptions in Scandinavian, nouns and verbs are never identical because of the necessity of separate noun and verb endings. In English, forms for traditional pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs can also function as nouns; adjectives and adverbs as verbs; and nouns, pronouns, and adverbs as adjectives. One speaks in English of the Frankfurt Book Fair, but in German one must add the suffix -er to the place-name and put attributive and noun together as a compound, Frankfurter Buchmesse. In French one has no choice but to construct a phrase involving the use of two prepositions: Foire du Livre de Francfort. In English it is now possible to employ a plural noun as adjunct (modifier), as in "wages board" and "sports editor"; or even a conjunctional group, as in "prices and incomes policy" and "parks and gardens committee."
ˤʤäƤֵǽν𤵡פȤϡѸȤСפʻž (conversion) 뤤 (zero derivation) ΤȤǤ롥֤餺˵ǽ̣ͳѤƤޤȤϡΤ˱ѸΤäħȤäƤ褤ѸΤͻ̵ϡޤο˵ָ캬פȤطѸν˿߹üȤʤäƤcf. #655. ޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1])ˡ
Ϣơ#190. ʻž ([2009-11-03-1]) ɮƬ conversion εȤ줿
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008.
źΡѸˤơ3ñưϤɤΤ褦˶ޤƤΤĹ餯ɤƤǡܥ֥ǤʲεϤȤ 3sp γƵǼ夲Ƥ
#790. Ѹˤưʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1])
#1850. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s ([2014-05-21-1])
#1889. AAVE ˤư츽߷ -s (2) ([2014-06-29-1])
#1852. Ѹˤľˡ߷ưθ NPTR ([2014-05-23-1])
#2310. 3ñΥ ([2015-08-24-1])
#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1])
#2136. 3ñ -s ʸˡˤʬϡ ([2015-03-03-1])
#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲס ([2016-05-06-1])
#2857. Ϣ2֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤס ([2017-02-21-1])
ߤΡѸˤƤϡ3ñθϤɤΤ褦ˤʤäƤΤMesthrie and Bhatt (66--67) εҤޤȤƤ
3ñ -s ȥؤ륱ϡ¿𤵤Ƥ롥ʥꥢѼ쥢եꥫѼϤᡤꥫǥѼѼɷեꥫѼեꥫѼեԥѼ (e.g. He go to school.)ݡѼʿѼʤɤ롥
ɸѸȿФԤ̣Ѽ⤢롥ñǥȤʤꡤʣ -s ȤʬۤꥫǥѼΤʤǤ⥤쥿²Ѽ (Isletan) ǤϡΤ褦ʸ㤬ǧȤ
there are some parties that goes on over there.
Some peoples from the outside comes in.
All the dances that goes on like that occur in the spring.
The women has no voice to vote.
Maybe the governor go to these parents' homes.
About a dollar a day serve out your term.
This traditional Indian ritual take place in June.
By this time, this one side that are fast have overlapped.
The governor don't take the case.
쥿²ѼƱͤηʿѼǤǧȤ (e.g. They drink and they makes a lot of noise.)
ɸѸεդԤѼʸˡ⤢̣ǤϹŪȤ롥줬ñǤм̾ˤҸưˤ -s 줺줬ʣǤФˤ -s ղäȤǰӤƤ뤫Mesthrie and Bhatt (66) ϡηϤ "-s plural symmetry" ȸƤǤ롥
"-s plural symmetry" Ѽ inherent variety ʤΤ뤤üԸĿͤɸѸʤɤɸȤƲ꽤 (hypercorrection) ̤ӸݤʤΤϡĴԤʤФʤʤޤѼ郎ɤŪ Northern Present Tense Rule (nptr) Ū̴طΤɤ⿵Ť˸ƤʤФʤʤ
Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.
ܸθŵʸˡˤ̤νư֤פȯϡ֤פʤΤ֤פʤΤ[m(u)] [n] ƱɡǤȤϤŪˤ϶̤벻Ǥ롥Ǥʿ»ˤơؤȯãȤؤäơ[m] [n] κƱϻϤޤäƤ (165) ˤСֽȾϼ n ؤؤࡦ٤ǽ褦ˤʤäפۤɤ˺ƱʤǤܸβˤƤϡź̤ /m/ /n/ ζ̤ϷƤֲŪʲؤȤˤƤϡκۤ¤ƤΤǤ롥С/m/ /n/ ϸ§ȤƤ϶̤衤ֲŪԹ礬褤ʤ¤ȤʤȤۤɤˡDZѤƤ
ܸλ𤬤⤷ΤϡѸˤǤ褦ʻ˻褦ʤȤäƤꡤθθѲ˾ʤ̱ƶͿƤǤ롥ѸǤ⡤ź̤ /m/ /n/ βŪʺۤϾ˷ƤʤŵŪˤϤˤλҲȤƤ /m/ /n/ ϡűѸ줫Ѹؤβϴˤ12ˡǤ˺Ʊ졤Ūˤ [n] ؤȼ̤ƤäMoore ʸȡˡˤäƶβŪ¿Ȥϴְ㤤ʤܸˤˤƲؤȤݤ⤿餷̤ɤŨΤ롥㤨СűѸѲ̾ nama ϡʡ˱ nama (nom.sg.), naman (acc.sg), naman (gen.sg), naman (dat.sg), naman (nom.pl), naman (acc.pl), namena (gen.pl), namum (dat.pl) ȶޤޤ [m] [n] ؤκƱȸ첻ۣ沽ˤꡤ̤Ȥơñ nama Фơ¾Τ٤Ƥγʡ naman Ȥ֤˼̤Ķˤ벻ŪΩ̵³ƷŪΩ̵줾ηˡƤȵڤˤ⡤ʤ̱ƶڤܤΤǤ롥
ξȤˡ줬11--12ֲŪѲǤȤΤϡǤ롥[m] [n] ξɡκƱ켫ΤϡźʤξΤޤޤλŪʰפԻĤɬפʤ⤷ߤΤϡ[m] [n] ؼ̤Ȥ٤ʲŪݤΡθηŪ;ȤӤȤѸˤĤưƳƤʬ⤢뤫⤷ʤȤȤ
顡ܸˡ١˼Ҥӡ2017ǯ
Moore, Samuel. "Earliest Morphological Changes in Middle English." Language 4 (1928): 238--66.
ưΡֶܹԡפβϡѸηˤˤƥ㡼Ǥ롥ˤĤơ#178. ưε§Ѳά ([2009-10-22-1]) #527. Ե§Ѳưε§®٤ٻɸ2ȿ㤹? ([2010-10-06-1]) #528. ˵§ư wed !? ([2010-10-07-1])#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1])#1287. ưζܹԤ١ ([2012-11-04-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
礭Ĭή˵դ餦ʵήʤּ嶯ܹԡפλ⤷ФлŦƤꥹѸ dive -- dived (-- dived) Ф륢ꥫѸ dive -- dove (-- dived) 㤬褯ΤƤ뤬ŪˤϤ¾롥
ȤСWełna (425) ˤСѸ˼嶯ܹԤʤʬˤƶѲԵ§˷Ѥ³ƤΤȤơΤ褦㤬ȤѸθǵˡ
| INFINITIVE | PAST | PAST PARTICIPLE |
|---|---|---|
| chide | chidde, chōde | chidden |
| ring | ringde, rongen (PL) | runge |
| sawe | sawed, sew | sawid, sown |
| sew | sowed | sewed, sowen |
| shew, show | showed | showed, showen |
| stycke | stiked, stacke | sticked, stōken |
| weer | wēred, wōre | wēred, worn |
"mandative subjunctive" 뤤ϲˡߤȸƤФˡˤĤơ#325. mandative subjunctive should ([2010-03-18-1])#326. The subjunctive forms die hard. ([2010-03-19-1])#345. "mandative subjunctive" Υꥹȡ ([2010-04-07-1])#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1]) ʤɤǰäƤ
ޤοࡤˤϡ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤѸˤ礭ĬήǰƬˤȡΥꥫѸʤ٤ƥꥹѸǤˤˤ벾ˡߤοĥϡʵήȤƤȤ館롥ä͡ʸ椬ԤʤƤŪʲͿƤʤޤŪ˥ꥫѸǤλѤϡꥫѸݼŪʷʤ colonial_lag 1ĤȤФвᤵƤβˤ⵿褦ˤʤäƤʤŸˡλ¸ȤϡѸ˰٤ѤȤʤ꤫ŸˡθѸˤη̤ǤϤʤȡ
ԸȤʤ顤Mondorf (853) Τ褦Ƥ롥
[R]ecent empirical studies concur that the subjunctive had virtually become extinct in both varieties; rather than witnessing its delayed demise in AmE, we are observing its revival in AmE and --- though at a slower pace --- also in BrE . . . .
The trajectory of change takes the form of a successive decline from Old English to Early Modern English, ranging from a relatively wide distribution in Old English, with competition between indicatives and modal periphrases (e.g. scolde + infinitive), via a reduction of formal marking in Middle English (when the indicative preterit plural -on and subjunctive preterit plural and past participle of strong verbs -en were fused and final unstressed -e was lost), to rare instances in Early Modern English. It is only at the end of the LModE period that the subjunctive re-established itself and "nothing less than a revolution took place" . . . .
ʤѸΥꥫ³ˡѤ褷ƤΤȤ䤤ˤĤƤϡĤε롥ޤ#3042. Ѹ³ˡλѤäͳ ([2017-08-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡʸˡαƶϤҲŪװŻ뤹븫롥ǽŪʴ顤 (irrealis) ɽȤˡΤΤѤäƤ餺ηˡư줫³ˡ߶ޤإեȤˤʤȤ븫⤢롥ԤθǤϡꥫѸˤƤĤˡưλѤȤȤδϢͤ (Mondorf 853--54)
ꥹѸǤ⥢ꥫѸ٤Фʤ顤³ˡߤλѤƤƤ褦ϰ̤ˤϥꥫѸαƶ (americanisation) ȹͤƤ롥⤷ȾʤȤʬŪˤϡĤƤΥꥫѸǵäΤƱͤˡꥹѸǤΩŪȯãȤǽΤƤʤȤ (Mondorf 854) ޤ;Ϥʬ˻ĤäƤΰǤ롥
ĤǶδϢ븦νƤ
Crawford, William J. "The Mandative Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 257--276.
Hundt, Marianne. "Colonial Lag, Colonial Innovation or Simply Language Change?" One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 13--37.
Kjellmer, Göran. "The Revived Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 246--256.
Övergaard, Gerd. The Mandative Subjunctive in American and British English in the 20th Century. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1995.
Schlüuter, Julia. "The Conditional Subjunctive." One Language, Two Grammars: Grammatical Differences between British English and American English. Ed. Günter Rohdenburg and Julia Schlüter. Cambridge: CUP, 2009. 277--305.
Mondorf, Britta. "Late Modern English: Morphology." Chapter 53 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 843--69.
ޤοϱѸ˾Ѳ1Ĥư̾٤Сߤ˻ޤǶޤ¿¸Ƥ롥̾ζޡʤȸƤ٤ʤСˤˤʣȽͭʷۤɤʤưˤ3ñ -sʬ˷ -edʬ -ing ĤäƤۤԵ§ưǤϼȤ첻Ѱۤ˴ŤޤĤäƤ롥ޤŪäǤϤ뤬Τư̾ޤ褯ݤäƤȤ롥
ͳ1ĤȤơ̵ʤȤ櫓ޤôˤ첻μ岽üȤŪФơưΤۤ̾ƻ趯ϤͭƤȤ롥Wełna (415--16) üŪˤҤ٤Ƥ롥
Verbs proved more resistant because, unlike nouns and adjectives, their inflectional markers contained obstruent consonants, i.e. sounds not subject to vocalization, as in PRES SG 2P -st, 3P -eþ (-eth) or PAST -ed, while the nasal sonorants -m (> -n) and -n, frequently found in the nominal endings, vocalized and were ultimately dropped.
#291. ;̾ thou ξüưؤαƶ ([2010-02-12-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸˤϡ餯Ǥ趯ưǤä2;ñ -est ⡤ʷŪʲȤƤǤϤʤ˼ҲŪͳˤꡤб;̾ thou Ȥ˾äƤäˤꡤưޤΥꥨ褤ϼ岽ȤȤϻŦƤƤ褤
Wełna, Jerzy. "Middle English: Morphology." Chapter 27 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 415--34.
ޥɤκǤΩäħ1ĤˡѲư¸ߤ롥#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1])#3135. -ed ε ([2017-11-26-1]) ǿ줿褦˻ (dental suffix) դȤǡȤñ˲뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤä˴ŤδߤȡˤäƸűѸޤॲޥϡ (inflecting languages) æ (agglutinating language) 뤤ϸΩ (isolating language) ؤȰŤȤˤʤ (cf. #522. ˤ ([2010-10-01-1])) ΰ̣ǤϡѲưƳϡ緶ˤСγ̿ŪפäȤ롥von Mengden (287) βʹƤߤ褦
It is remarkable that in a strongly inflecting language like Old English (in contrast to both agglutinating and to analytic), there is a suffix (-d-) which is an unambiguous marker of the tense value past. The fact that this suffix -d- is the only morphological marker in all the paradigms of Old English with a truly distinctive one-to-one relation between form and value may indicate that this morpheme is rather young.
֤ȵǽƩ٤ι⤤11δطˤȤȤϡѸܸΤ褦ʥפθˤƤȡˤʤʤΤΤ褦ʥפǤϤʤäűѸζǰƬ֤ĤIJƹͤƤߤȡΤ˶ˤȤä-d- ̿1ȤϡθϢŪ˳̿ȤͶȯѸŪѤƤȤˤʤäΤǤ롥
von Mengden, Ferdinand. "Old English: Morphology." Chapter 18 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 272--93.
ߡꥫѸθǡʬȤɸŪ drunk ǤϤʤƱ drank Ѥ뤳Ȥ뤬ϸѤȤϡŪˡη³ȸ٤Ǥ롥
#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1]) #492. ѸζѲưɤ ([2010-09-01-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ褦ˡ߷ʬ3ˤδ֤첻ѰۤŪʶѲưμѥѥϡġưˤäưۤʤꡤѸŪˤŪʵ§Ф뤳ȤºݤˡűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹ̤͡3Υѥ˴깭ƤCowie (608) ȡ˰ѤƤ Lass ΥȤƤߤ褦
Tense marking on strong verbs in Early Modern English often had a different pattern for the form of the preterit and the past participle to both Middle English and Modern English. Different verbs go through different patterns, taking some time to stabilize . . . As Lass says, "it seems as if each verb has its own history" (1999: 168--70), which can be illustrated by changes in the paradigm for DRINK:
late 15th drink, drank, drunk end of 16th to 19th drink, drunk, drunk 17th to 19th drink, drank, drank
3ĤΥѥΤɸѼǤϺǽΤΤ줿ɸѼǤϺǸΤΤ줿Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ˡ츫ָѡפȻפΤϡĤ¸ߤʣ褫ΰۤʤ˴ŤΤ¿
Ϣơsing βɸŪ sang Τۤ sung Ѥ륱⤢뤬Ʊͤ˹ͤ٤Ǥ롥
Cowie, Claire. "Linguistic Levels: Morphology." Chapter 38 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 604--20.
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
ѸԵ§ư (irregular verb) οϡʣưޤС褷ƾʤȤϤʤ⤷ʤѸ춵δŪư˸¤С60٤Ǥ롥㤨СعؽƳΡ٤dzؽ٤Ȥ139ĤưΤ§ư82졤Ե§ư57Ǥ롥 (44--45ˤƷǤƤ57ΥꥹȤʲ˵Ƥ
| *become | *begin | *break | bring | build | buy |
| catch | *come | cut | do | *draw | *drink |
| *drive | *eat | *fall | feel | *find | *fly |
| *forget | *get | *give | go | *grow | have |
| hear | keep | *know | leave | lend | *let |
| lose | make | mean | meet | put | read |
| *ride | *rise | *run | say | *see | sell |
| send | *sing | sit | *sleep | *speak | spend |
| *spring | *stand | *swim | take | teach | tell |
| think | *wind | *write |
ѸΡԵ§ưפβʬˤϡŵŪ -(e)n 롥written, born, eaten, fallen ǡǤ롥ϡűѸǶѲưȸƤФưβʬͳ褹ΤǤꡤűѸǤ⤽줾 writen, boren, eten, feallen Τ褦ˡ§Ū -en 줿ʡ#2217. űѸ춯ѲưΤޤȤ ([2015-05-23-1]) ˼ѥȡˡ
űѸζѲư ablaut 뤤 gradation ȸƤФ첻Ǥϡߡ12ʬ4̤졤碌ưΡ4 (four principal parts) ȸƤФ롥4ܤβʬγʤΤűѸ줫餵̤СϤȤȤư줽ΤΤ°볬ǤϤʤäषư줫Ωƻͳ褹餷ޥĸǤ *ROOT - - n- ƷƤꡤĸǤ * ROOT- o - nó- ƷƤ롥ķ˴ޤޤɡ n ѸˤޤǻĤʬ -(e)n εȹͤƤ롥
θϡ촴β֤ˤ⾯ƶͿƤ롥äդ٤ϡĸķǤ϶ n θ³ȤϡޥǤ Verner's Law ͳƸ촴λҲѲȤͽۤ롥ʤߤˡѲ V, VI, VII ˤĤơʬθ촴첻γˤ긽߷ƱˤʤäƤ뤳Ȥˤդ (ex. tredan (pres.)/treden (pp.), faran (pres.)/faren (pp.), healdan (pres.)/healden (pp.))
ʾ塤Lass (161--62) Ȥ-en ˤĤƤϡϢơ#1916. ˡȽˡǰۤʤ֤ķƻ ([2014-07-26-1]) ⻲ȡ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow