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inflection - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2017-02-21 Tue

#2857. Ϣ2֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤ [link][notice][3sp][3pp][conjugation][verb][inflection][variety][rensai][sobokunagimon]

220ˡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ2Ȥʤ֤ʤ3ñ -s դΤ ѼȤҤΥȤ˥åץɤޤ3ñ -s ˴ؤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ 3sp γƵǽ񤭤ƤޤΤΤϡѤʵפȤݤǤޤȤ᤿ȤȤʤäƤޤɤ
ϢܵΤʤǤϿޤǤ3ñ -s Ūˤϡ3;ΡʣߤդĤޤʣפζޤʿŪ˹ͤɬפޤμݤ顤ܥ֥ǤϡʣפˤĤƤ 3pp Ȥƥ꡼ΤȤ͡Ƥޤ碌ƤȤ
ޤϢܵǤ⡤رѸΡ֤ʤפ롡ϤƤαѸˡǤ⡤ܤ夲ޤǤ -th äƤ3ñѸˤ -s ֤줿аޤ˴ؤ꤬ޤ⡤Ѹ˾塤ɴФζ̣ǤƤߤϡ#1855. ꥫѸ˿ʤǤ3ñ -th -s ([2014-05-26-1])#1856. ưľˡ߷ -eth 17Ⱦˤ -s ȯƤ ([2014-05-27-1])#1857. 3ñ -th -s Ѳθưϡ ([2014-05-28-1])#2141. 3ñ -th -s Ѳγס ([2015-03-08-1])#2156. C16b--C17a 3ñ -th -s Ѳ ([2015-03-23-1]) ʤɤ

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2016-12-14 Wed

#2788. General Prologue 7ܤμܴ [ilame][chaucer][manuscript][inflection][hel_education]

11ˡҤʸإѥ狼ѲѰۤȸǤ줿ܼPDFɤˡؤפȤѲѰ۸˥åδʪȤƽǤƤꡤ˥åȤ1СȤơѸˤƻޤοȤθŪ;ȡפꤹ뾮ƤƤ
Ǥϡ1553μܡܤӤǤ Solopova The General Prologue on CD-ROM Ѥơƻޤ̵ͭܡ̤˾ȹ礷Ƥ롥ˤ The General Prologue 7Ԥ34μܡܤȴꥹȤ󤲤Ƥ뤬ΥߥˡѥƥȤϡƱʤμܡܴ֤ΰƱΥץȤưŪˤͭѤȻפΤǡ˼ƤʲǤϡܡܤǯˤꡤ154ȾȤ˶ڤä C15a1, C15a2, C15b1, C15b2 ζʬߤ1450ǯ1ܤˤĤƤ C15mid Ȥ̰ˤƤ롥ǡֻˡʤɤѰۤѲ̣äƤ餤

1 (C15a1) 
ElThe tendre croppes / and the yonge sonne
Ha4The tendre croppes and þe ȝonge sonne
HgThe tendre croppes / and the yonge sonne
LaThe tendre croppes 7 þe ȝonge sonne .
  
2 (C15a2) 
Bo2The tendre Croppes and the yong sonne
En1The tendre croppes and' the yonge son
IiThe tendre croppes and the yong sonne
LcThe tendir croppis 7 þe yonge sonne
PsThe tendre croppes and the yong sonne
PwThe tendre croppis 7 þe yonge sonne
Ry2The tendre croppes 7 the ȝonge sonne
  
3 (C15mid) 
MgThe tendre croppes / and the yonge sonne
  
4 (C15b1) 
ChThe tendre Croppes . and the yonge sonne
Ds1The tender croppis 7 the yong' sonne
FiThe tender croppes and þe yonge sonne
Ha2The tendre croppes . 7 the yong sonne .
Ha3The tendre croppys . And þe yownge sonne
HtThe tendre croppes and the yong' sonne
Ld1The tendre croppes and the yong sonne
Ph2The tendir croppis and the yong Sūne
PyThe tendre croppis . and the yong' sonne
SeThe tendre croppis / 7 the yonge sonne
Tc1The tendre croppis and th yong sonne
To1the tendre Croppis . and the yonge sonne
  
5 (C15b2) 
Ad1The tendre croppys / and the yong sonne
Bo1The tendir croppis and the yong Sūne .
Cx1The tendir croppis / and' the yong sonne
Cx2The tendyr croppis / and' the yong' sonne
En3The tendre croppis and the yonge sonne
Ld2The tendre croppys and the yong sōne .
Ma¶ The tenþir Croppis . and' þe yonge son
PnThe tendre croppes and the yong sonne
Tc2The tendre croppes / and the yonge sonne
WyThe tendre croppys and the yonge sonne


ϢơGeneral Prologue ƬʬˤĤƤϡ#534. The General Prologue Ƭθ߷ȴλ ([2010-10-13-1])#2275. ѸβηϤ The General Prologue ([2015-07-20-1])#2667. Chaucer Ѥä10--15%ե󥹼Ѹ ([2016-08-15-1]) 򻲾ȡ

δ졡ѸˤƻޤοȤθŪ;ȡסإѥ狼ѲѰۤȸپ ˧Ĺ ҡ ϯԡˡҡ2016ǯ144--62ǡ
Solopova, Elizabeth, ed. The General Prologue on CD-ROM. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-27-1]

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2016-10-21 Fri

#2734. ͭ̾ hers, his, ours, yours, theirs -s [personal_pronoun][genitive][inflection][suffix]

Ѹǡ?ΤΡפ̣ͭ̾ϡ1;ñ mine -s դyours, his, hers, ours, theirs Τ褦ˤʤ (it бͭ̾줬¾ʤˤĤƤϡ#197. its Ωˡä! ([2009-11-10-1]) 򻲾ȡˡüŪˤС̾νͭʤӡ?ΤΡפ̣ -'s ̾ˤѤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤬̲ΤϤۤɸŤʤ15ΤȤǤ롥Ǥϡˤϡͭ̾ɽϲäΤ
űѸѸǤϡ;̾νͭʤΤޤ޽ͭ̾ȤƤѤƤꡤξ17ޤǸ줿ˤСͭʤ your, her, our, their ʤɤΤޤ޽ͭ̾ȤƤѤƤȤȤѸǤϡͭ̾Ȥ̤κ⸽졤¹ԤѤ褦ˤʤäǤϡ hers, ours, yours, ours ˤĤʤ -s դ֤a1325 Cursor Mundi ˸¤߽Ф롥
Ǥ -s ʤ -n դ hern (hers, theirs) ᤯ ?a1200 Ancrene Riwle Ǹ졤Ѹˤ hisn, yourn, ourn, theirn ⸽줿 -n ȼ֤ϡmy/mine thi/thine ˸褦ʸؤȹͤ12;ñˤĤƤϡűѸ mīn, þīn ˽ͭ̾ȤƤˡǤ¸ߤˡ -n ϸǤ˸ꤵʤɤơŪǤϤʤ
ŪˤϡѸ˸줿 -s ĺνͭ̾줬15ʬۤ򹭤ư̲ɸȤƸѸäȤˤʤ롥

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2016-08-17 Wed

#2669. ѸܸʸˡˤĬή [japanese][periodisation][inflection][synthesis_to_analysis][syntax]

ˤˤʬˤĤƤϡperiodisation γƵǼ夲ƤѸˤ˴ؤƤСűѸ졤Ѹ졤Ѹʸޤˤ3ʬˡĹ餯ԤʤƤʸˡˤȤѸˤΤ3ʬˡ褦ȤʤС1ĤˤϰĸͳζޤɤΤ餤ݻƤ뤫뤤ϾüƤ뤫Ȥ٤롥ˤꡤűѸ = full inflection, Ѹ = levelled inflection, Ѹ = lost inflection ζʬ롥2ܤˡϢư뤫ǡŪˤʬ (synthesis_to_analysis) ؤĬήѻ졤μ٤ˤäơűѸ = syntheticѸ = synthetic/analyticѸ = analytic Ȥʬ롥ξ⡤ѸϲϴȤŪʰ֤ŤȤʤ롥
ơܸʸˡˤˤĤƤϡѸʸˡˤ˸褦礭Ĭή䡤ʬ벿餫δϤΤ (81--83) ˤСܸʸˡˤˤ³ؤ礭ή줬ǧ졤μ٤ˤäơ³ͥθ塤³ͥζ3ʬȤδơλħ⤹ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥

ŷĤκīޤʸˤ³δطŪɽ̤˽ФƤꡤŪط΢̤तƤ롥³δطϡīä˷Ӥˤäɽ蘆ƤꡤʿīޤǤ¿ͲϤ
ĮƬǯ֤ޤʸˤ³δطŪطƤ롥Ǥ³ƤǡŪˤʤΤͤ줿ήʸΩħϤι˸ˤߤ롥
±ǯ֤鸽ߤޤʸˤŪطŪɽ̤˽ФƤꡤ³δط΢̤तƤ롥


(85) θդܸʸˡˤ礭ĬήޤȤСָ³δطۤŪط΢̲ϲŪξԤؤä졤ϸȵդδطˤʤäסʸʸεΤϿΤˤʤƤˡäȸСӤο򼴤ȤʸˡˤȤȤˤʤ
ʾ夫顤Ѹʸˡˤ϶ޤο򼴤Ȥ礫ʬϤؤĬήܸʸˡˤϷӤο򼴤Ȥ³ططؤĬήŤߤǤ롥

ҡʸˡˤλʬסعء221955ǯ79--87ǡ

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2016-08-02 Tue

#2654. a six-foot man a ten-mile drive ˻ĤʻĤäƤʤ˸űѸʣ°ʷ [inflection][genitive][plural][case][adjective][oe][dative]

ѸˤϡɸΤ褦˿ñ̤ФʣƻȤʤɽ롥#1766. a three-hour(s)-and-a-half flight ([2014-02-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŵŪˤñ̤̾ʣȤʤ㳰⤢뤬̤ˤ *a six-feet man *a ten-miles drive ȤʤʤʤʣˤʤʤΤ
¤ϡηŪˤʣ°ʤ̾ĤǤ롥äơ衤ʤʣäȤ˲ѲŪñƱ夤ƤޤäȤΤμǤ롥
űѸǤϡΤ褦ɽˤñ̤ɽ魯̾ʣ°ʤ˶ޤ줬̾򽤾Ƥfōt mīl ξˤϡΤޤޤñʤη֤ǤϤʤʣ°ʤη֤˶ޤ fōta, mīla ȤȤѸˤʣ°ʤɽ魯 -a /ə/ ؤȿʿ˸ˤϴ˾ṳ̈Ȥơ֤ȤƤϲ⺯פĤȤʤΩäΤʣ°ʤεǽӤӤˡΤΤϷȤƼѤ졤ߤ˻äƤ롥Ѹͽۤʣ *six-feet *ten-miles ˤʤäƤ餺츫Ե§ʸˡˤߤ뤬ϸűѸʸˡܤʤΤǤ롥
űѸ̾γʶޤη֤Τ褦ȤʤäƸѸ˻ĤäƤϡʤ㤨С#380. often <t> ǤϤʤ <n> ⤷ ([2010-05-12-1]) ǿ줿 whilom, seldom, often θΡ첻ɡפαˡĤƤʣͿʸ -um ѷΤ򸫤뤳ȤǤ롥ޤalive ʤɤˤϡűѸֻ on līfe ˵§Ūˤߤ줿ñͿʸ -e ʤȤֻĤäƤ롥ۤˤϡLady Chapel ladybird 1 lady ̵Τ褦ˤߤ뤬ĤƤñ°ʸ -e դƤ줬˿ʿüˡŪˤϺפĤƤʤǤ롥
ʾ塤Algeo and Pyles (105) 򻲹ͤˤƼɮ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-04-10-1]

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2016-08-01 Mon

#2653. [terminology][morphology][morpheme][compound][derivation][inflection]

(morphology) Ȥϡ޷ (inflectional morphology) (derivational morphology) ʬΤǤ롥2ʬˡϡ#456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])#1761. ޷Ȥʧֹ⤵פȡֹߡס ([2014-02-21-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡŪʤǤϤʤؤǤϹȤƤ롥
2ʬˡˤ˺ʬƤ椯ȤǤ뤬Bauer (33) ŪѸ췲ƳĤķʬ⤷ƤƤΤǡѤ褦ˤϡε#2652. ʣ̾ΰ̣Ūʬ ([2016-07-31-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ʬޤƤ롥

Morphology deals with the internal structure of word-forms. In morphology, the analyst divides word-forms into their component formatives (most of which are morphs realizing roots or affixes), and attempts to account for the occurrence of each formative. Morphology can be divided into two main branches, inflectional morphology and word-formation (also called lexical morphology). Inflectional morphology deals with the various forms of lexemes, while word-formation deals with the formation of new lexemes from given bases. Word-formation can, in turn, be subdivided into derivation and compounding (or composition). Derivation is concerned with the formation of new lexemes by affixation, compounding with the formation of new lexemes from two (or more) potential stems. Derivation is sometimes also subdivided into class-maintaining derivation and class-changing derivation. Class-maintaining derivation is the derivation of new lexemes which are of the same form class ('part of speech') as the base from which they are formed, whereas class-changing derivation produces lexemes which belong to different form classes from their bases. Compounding is usually subdivided according to the form class of the resultant compound: that is, into compound nouns, compound adjectives, etc. It may also be subdivided according to the semantic criteria . . . into exocentric, endocentric, appositional and dvandva compounds.


ʸϤƤʬΤפʽˤĤƿ޼褦Bauer (34) 򾯡ѤƼˡ

                                    [ The Basic Divisions of Morphology ]


                  INFLECTIONAL                                                
                        (deals with forms                                    CLASS-MAINTAINING
                        of individual lexemes)                              
MORPHOLOGY                                  DERIVATION  
                                                        (affixation)      
                                                                           CLASS-CHANGING
                  WORD-FORMATION 
                          (deals with                                        COMPOUND NOUNS
                          formation of                                      
                          new lexemes)              COMPOUNDING  COMPOUND VERBS
                                                            (more than one    
                                                            root)              COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

˴ϢפʽѸˤĤƤϡ#700. 졤ǡܼ캬촴ʣ졤Ρ ([2011-03-28-1]) ⻲ȡ

Bauer, Laurie. English Word-Formation. Cambridge: CUP, 1983.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-08-23-1] [2021-07-02-1]

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2016-07-05 Tue

#2626. űѸ줫ѸˤƤζ޸ο [inflection][synthesis_to_analysis][vowel][final_e][ilame][drift][germanic][historiography]

Ѹˤ礭Ĭή1Ĥˡɸθݤ롥ĬήϡޥĸΤ鸽ѸˤĹ³Ƥ뷹Ǥꡤdrift ήˤȤƾΤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬Ȥ櫓ʹԤΤϸűѸ줫ѸˤƤλǤ롥Baugh and Cable (154--55) βüŪ󤷤Ƥս

Decay of Inflectional Endings. The changes in English grammar may be described as a general reduction of inflections. Endings of the noun and adjective marking distinctions of number and case and often of gender were so altered in pronunciation as to lose their distinctive form and hence their usefulness. To some extent, the same thing is true of the verb. This leveling of inflectional endings was due partly to phonetic changes, partly to the operation of analogy. The phonetic changes were simple but far-reaching. The earliest seems to have been the change of final -m to -n wherever it occurred---that is, in the dative plural of nouns and adjectives and in the dative singular (masculine and neuter) of adjectives when inflected according to the strong declension. Thus mūðum (to the mouths) > mūðun, gōdum > gōdun. This -n, along with the -n of the other inflectional endings, was then dropped (*mūðu, *gōdu). At the same time, the vowels a, o, u, e in inflectional endings were obscured to a sound, the so-called "indeterminate vowel," which came to be written e (less often i, y, u, depending on place and date). As a result, a number of originally distinct endings such as -a, -u, -e, -an, -um were reduced generally to a uniform -e, and such grammatical distinctions as they formerly expressed were no longer conveyed. Traces of these changes have been found in Old English manuscripts as early as the tenth century. By the end of the twelfth century they seem to have been generally carried out. The leveling is somewhat obscured in the written language by the tendency of scribes to preserve the traditional spelling, and in some places the final n was retained even in the spoken language, especially as a sign of the plural.


ѸʸˡηϤ¿ʱƶͿǤꡤαѸ˾ȵڸ̤󤹤ȥ꤬ʤۤɤָ캬פȯʡ#655. ޤο캬ξ ([2011-02-11-1])ˡ礫ʬϤؤĬή (synthesis_to_analysis)ƻޤξü (ilame) -e (final_e) ʤɡѸ˾¿طʤˡֶ޸οפؤäƤ롥θݤθ̤ǫСDZѸ̻ˤ򤢤ٵҤȤˤʤΤǤϤʤȤ롥

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-05-01-1] [2020-02-25-1]

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2016-06-28 Tue

#2619. űѸѲ2ưޤ˸ -i- ѸǤξü [inflection][verb][oe][eme][conjugation][morphology][owl_and_nightingale][speed_of_change][schedule_of_language_change][3sp][3pp]

űѸμѲ2°ưǤϡɽΤĤβս "medial -i-" (#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1]) θűѸ lufian ζɽ򻲾) -i- Ѹʹߤ˼ƤüΥߥ󥰤䥹ԡɤƥȤʤɤˤäưۤʤäƤʬۤΰȤƤϡݼŪǤ -i- ٤ޤݤ졤׿ŪǤ᤯˼줿
űѸμѲ2Ǥľˡ3;ñߤζ޸ -i- Ժߤ - Ȥʤ뤬б3;ΡʣǤ -i- -iaþ Ȥʤ롥äơѸʹߤ -i- ξüʤȡ޸ˤä3;Τñʣ̤뤳ȤǤʤʤä
üʹԤƤѸβϴˤϡκ⤢äΤǤϤʤȵ롥㤨СThe Owl and the Nightingale ll. 229--32 򸫤Ƥߤ褦Cartlidge Ǥˡ

Vor eurich þing þat schuniet riȝt,
Hit luueþ þuster & hatiet liȝt;
& eurich þing þat is lof misdede,
Hit luueþ þuster to his dede.


֤ǵưϤűѸμѲ2ͳ褷3;ñμäƤ롥äơ -i- ʤϤschuniet hatiet Ǥ -i- Ƥ롥ʤ嵭 C ܤǤη֤ȿǤƤ뤬J ܤǤб֤Ϥ줾 schonyeþ, luuyeþ, hateþ, luueþ ȤʤäƤꡤ-i- ʬۤǤޤޤǤ롥
schuniet ˤĤƤϡԻ eurich þing ̣ʣȤƲᤵ줿뤤 alle þing ʤɤοʣäΤǤϤʤȤǽŦƤCartlidge (Owl 113) Ǥϡ"it seems more sensible to regard these lines as an example of the Middle English breakdown of distinctions made between different forms of Old English Class 2 weak verbs" Ȥθ򤬼Ƥ롥
Cartlidge ̤ʸǡΥƥȤˤ -i- ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤΤǡβսѤƤ

In both C and J, the infinitives of verbs descended from Old English Class 2 weak verbs in -ian always retain an -i- (either -i, -y, -ye, -ie, -ien or -yen). However, for the third person plural of the indicative, J writes -yeþ five times, as against nine cases of - or -þ; while C writes -ieþ or -iet seven times, as against seven cases of -, -ed, or -et. In the present participle, both C and J have medial -i- twice beside eleven non-conservative forms. The retention of -i in some endings also occurs in many later medieval texts, at least in the south, and its significance may be as much regional as diachronic. (Cartlidge, "Date" 238)


ˤϡ-i- ξüηˤäưۤʤäƤФǤʤɽΥåȤˤäƤ⥿ߥ󥰤䥹ԡɤۤʤäƤǽƤꡤѲΥ塼 (schedule_of_language_change) δ鶽̣

Cartlidge, Neil, ed. The Owl and the Nightingale. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2001.
Cartlidge, Neil. "The Date of The Owl and the Nightingale." Medium Aevum 65 (1996): 230--47.

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2016-06-10 Fri

#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ [be][verb][subjunctive][preterite][conjugation][inflection][oe][sobokunagimon]

ʸˡΡֲˡפˤƤϡ if ΤʤưβѤΤ§Ǥ롥βȤϡŪˤľˡβƱΤΤѤФ褤1Ĥ㳰롥ɸΤ褦˼줬1;ñξ硤뤤3;ñξˤϡľˡ was ѤȤˡˡǤ were ѤʤФʤʤʸѸθˤƤ was Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢뤬ʸˡǤ were §ǤˡϤʤ
äȤñΤǤС줬űѸˤ³ˡ13;ñζ޷äǤʸΡֲˡפΤűѸǤϡ³ˡ (subjunctive) ȸƤ֡ˡ
ε#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) ǷǤűѸ bēon ζɽǡSubjunctive Preterite 򸫤ƤߤȡñǤϿ;Τˤ餺 wǣre ѤƤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸ ġif ic wǣre . . . ʤɤȸäƤ餳ѸǤ if I were . . . ʤΤǤ롥
ѸǤϡۤȤɤξ硤ˡη֤ȤơҤΤ褦ľˡη֤򤽤ΤޤѤФ褤ˡä˰ռƲˡζ޷ɽľˡȶ̤ƳФɬפʤŪˤľˡʲˤȲˡʲˤϵǽŪˤŪˤΤ˶̤٤ۤʤηϤǤꡤơư˴ؤˡ˱ۤʤ޷ȶɽѰդƤȤˤΤʤǶ޸οʿŪ䤬Ѥbe ưʳΤ٤Ƥư˴ؤ³ˡľˡƱȤʤäͣ줫ĤƤηŪʶ̤ݻӤƤΤ be äȤȤǤ롥¸μ礿ͳϡbe ޤ˹٤Ǥ뤳Ȥ
ɸΡ֤ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤפȤ䤤ϡѸζŪʴϼѤʵȤ롥Ѹˤδ䤤ΩľΤǤС֤ʤˤ be ưʳΤ٤Ƥưˤ³ˡľˡƱȤʤäΤפ٤Ǥ롥

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2016-06-09 Thu

#2600. űѸ be ưζ [suppletion][be][verb][conjugation][inflection][oe][paradigm][indo-european][etymology]

ѸǺǤʣʶޤ򼨤ưȤСbe ưǤ롥ޤ˿षƤ븽ѸˤäơޤʣݤäƤͣưޤ٤⤹ơԵ§ʤΥѥबĤäƤޤäΤ
űѸˤƤ⡤ζޤοθȤƤ⡤be ưζޤϤϤʣäʲˡűѸ bēon ȸѸ be ζɽǤ褦 (Hogg and Fulk 309)

OE

餫˰ۤʤ캬ͳ褹η֤ޤäơɽƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥Сbe ưζɽ佼ˡ (suppletion) κǤǤ롥be ϡӸŪˤ "athematic verb" ȸƤФư1ĤǤꡤΤʤǤǤʣˤ򤿤ɤäƤHogg and Fulk (309--10) ˤСűѸ bēon ν֤Ϥ餯4Ĥθ캬̤롥
1ܤϡPIE *Hes- ͳ褹ΤǡűѸ첻뤤 s ǻϤޤ֤ȿǤƤs ǻϤޤΤϡ *Hs- ͳ褹롨 cf. ƥ sumˡ
2ܤϡPIE *bhew(H)- ͳ褷űѸǤ b ǻϤޤ֤ȿǤcf. ƥ fuī 'I have been'ˡűѸǤϡηϽŪ뤤̤δްդȼȤ¿ä
3ܤϡPIE *wes- ̤ꡤűѸʤƸѸ˻ޤǡˤǤϤäѤη֤ȤѤ롥϶Ѳ5ưǤꡤ߷äƤűѸޤǤ˲˸ꤵ줿
4ܤϡűѸľˡ2;ñ eart ٤Ȥ PIE *er- ꤵƤcf. ƥ orior 'I rise' Ʊ캬ˡ
be ưΥѥϡűѸ褢٤ϴάƤΤΡʤĹˤΤʤݤ줿ʣϷߤǤ롥

Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2016-05-06 Fri

#2566. 3ñ -s Ȥϲ [3sp][3pp][verb][paradigm][conjugation][inflection][hel_education][variation][sobokunagimon]

3ñ -s ѸءѸ˾ˤĤơܥ֥Ǥ 3sp ε¿äƤˤĤƤϿǯĴ٤񤭤ƤΤ1ǯۤɤδ֤˸ƬȯɽʸȤƸɽ뵡񤬤äΤǡܥ֥ǤƤ
Ѹ˸褷ʸؤ줫αѸ춵顽Ѹ˸Ȥá١ʲջҡԡˡǤ줿Τʤǡ3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪפꤹ뾮ƤƤܽϡ2014ǯ525˳줿ܱʸز86ʱ̳ƻءˤǤΥݥ֥ХαѸ춵顽Ѹˤι׸פθ濴Ԥޤ줿Τǡ伫ȤϤȯɽԤǤϤʤäΤΡʸδ˺ƤȤǤʥݥطԤѸˡѸ춵鸦ԤΥ롼פƤˤ꤬Ȥޤˡ
ʸΥȥ뤬̤ꡤѸˤȱѸ춵ռʤ鼹ɮ뤳ȤԤƤΤ֤ȱѸ˴ˤʤäƤޤäʢȿʡˡܥ֥Ǥϥ֥ȤǥŪˤʤä3ñ -s ˴ؤġ򡤺ʸȤκۤȤ뤳ȤˤäơΤȤޤȤ뤳ȤǤ褦˻פʸǤϡ#2112. ʤ3ñ -s ĤΤ ([2015-02-07-1]) #2136. 3ñ -s ʸˡˤʬϡ ([2015-03-03-1]) ʤɤεȯŸǡȤ櫓̻ŪѲȶŪѰ (variation) Ż뤷Ÿ
Ѹ춵Ȥ顤ˤĤä˶ĴäȤϡ˼ʲμĥǤ롥

3ñ -s ȤϡʸˡŪȤɽŪȤƲ򤹤٤ΤǤϤʤषϱѸؽԤˡ(1) γؤǤоݤɸŪŪѼǤȤ¤˰ռ(2) ظ¿ɸѼޤŪ˻ѤƤȤѸ¿θ¤˵ŤμεȤ (3) ѸѼʤ줿ܸѼˤФ봲Ƥ乥ε󶡤Ƥ롤ȤƤȤ館뤳ȤƤ


ʤʸμɮԤϰʲ̤ꡥȤ櫓Ѹ춵ȪɤǤȴ򤷤Ǥ

ϤˡѸˤȱѸ춵 ջ
ѸˤȱѸ춵ͻ硡Applied English Philology λ
Ѹ춵ˤѸë
콬μѸˤζŪ ľȥ
ѸȯãѸؽȯãءˡư쥹޷ä ¹
ХʱѸáѸˤö߷
3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪ δ
ѸˤȱѸ춵ꥨ󤫤鸫Ѳ ջ


δ졡3ñ -s ȤϲѸ춵˴ͿѸŪסؤ줫αѸ춵顽Ѹ˸Ȥá (Can Knowing the History of English Help in the Teaching of English?). Studies in the History of English Language 5. ջҡԡˡν2016ǯ105--31ǡ

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2016-04-30 Sat

#2560. űѸηƻ춯Ѳޤ̾̾κѥ [adjective][ilame][terminology][morphology][inflection][oe][germanic][paradigm][personal_pronoun][noun]

űѸηƻζѲѲζ̤ˤĤƤϡޥɤθħȤơ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1])#785. ޥ٤¬뤿10ܡ ([2011-06-21-1])#687. ޥɤηƻζѲȼѲ ([2011-03-15-1]) Ǽ夲ѸˤޤοˤĤƤ ilame γƵˤ
ѲȼѲζ̤ϸűѸǤ̾ˤߤ줿Ѳƻζޤ̾ΤȷŪˤ褽ʿԤƤȤäƤ褤㴳κۤ롥Ȥ˷ƻζѲޤǤϡб̾ζѲޤȰۤʤ꤫˸롥Ūˤϡΰ㤤Τսˤ̾ǤϤʤ;̾ (personal_pronoun) ζ޸Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤűѸηƻ춯Ѳޤϡ̾ޤ̾ޤ礷褦ʤΤȤʤäƤ롥ηаޤˤĤơHogg and Fulk (146) ˼򷹤褦

As in other Gmc languages, adjectives in OE have a double declension which is syntactically determined. When an adjective occurs attributively within a noun phrase which is made definite by the presence of a demonstrative, possessive pronoun or possessive noun, then it follows one set of declensional patterns, but when an adjective is in any other noun phrase or occurs predicatively, it follows a different set of patterns . . . . The set of patterns assumed by an adjective in a definite context broadly follows the set of inflexions for the n-stem nouns, whilst the set of patterns taken in other indefinite contexts broadly follows the set of inflexions for a- and ō-stem nouns. For this reason, when adjectives take the first set of inflexions they are traditionally called weak adjectives, and when they take the second set of inflexions they are traditionally called strong adjectives. Such practice, although practically universal, has less to recommend it than may seem to be the case, both historically and synchronically. Historically, . . . some adjectival inflexions derive from pronominal rather than nominal forms; synchronically, the adjectives underwent restructuring at an even swifter pace than the nouns, so that the terminology 'strong' or 'vocalic' versus 'weak' or 'consonantal' becomes misleading. For this reason the two declensions of the adjective are here called 'indefinite' and 'definite' . . . .


Ū˶ѲޤΤɤŪ̾ŪǤϤʤ̾ŪȤȡacc.sg.masc (-ne), dat.sg.masc.neut. (-um), gen.dat.sg.fem (-re), nom.acc.pl.masc. (-e), gen.pl. for all genders (-ra) Ǥ (Hogg and Fulk 150)
ѲѲȤ֤˴ŤޥӸؤŪʶʬѸϡűѸηƻˤĤƤϲȤͭѸʹߤˤϤۤȤ̵̣ȤʤäƤΤǤꡤ̻ŪˤϤӤ졦̣Ūʵǽܤ (definiteness) (definiteness) Ȥ̤Τۤ⤷ʤ

Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-16-1] [2020-04-12-1]

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2016-04-24 Sun

#2554. ͭޤʸ̮ [terminology][inflection][morphology][syntax][derivation][compound][word_formation][category][ilame]

(inflection) ˤϡŪʴߤĸͭ (inherent inflection) ȡŪʴߤʸ̮ (contextual inflection) 2बȤ롥Booij (1) ˤȡ

Inherent inflection is the kind of inflection that is not required by the syntactic context, although it may have syntactic relevance. Examples are the category number for nouns, comparative and superlative degree of the adjective, and tense and aspect for verbs. Other examples of inherent verbal inflection are infinitives and participles. Contextual inflection, on the other hand, is that kind of inflection that is dictated by syntax, such as person and number markers on verbs that agree with subjects and/or objects, agreement markers for adjectives, and structural case markers on nouns.


Τ褦ʶޤ2פζ̤ϡޤǤθǤŦ뤳ȤϤäƥñ urbs ʣ urbes ΰ㤤ϡοΰפˤͿ뤳ȤϤ뤬Ȥựοˤưۤʤ㤤ǤꡤͭޤطƤ롥ʷ urbs гʷ urbem ΰ㤤ϡ̣Ūʰ㤤ͿƤ뤬ȤŪ׵ᤵ뺹ۤǤȤǡδͿضȽǤ롥äơǤʸ̮ޤطƤȤ
ѸˤĤƹͤƤ⡤̾οʤɤ˴ؤͭޤϡ̣ŪŪ¦̤äƤ롥бʣΤʤ̾졤бñΤʤ̾pluralia tantum)ñʣŪʰ̣ۤʤʤʤۤʤ2ǤߤСΤȤϼΤǤưʬδ֤ˤδطߤ롥ϡΤ졦ʣδط˶ᤤ
ʸ̮ޤ꿼˴ؤäƤ뤳Ȥϡɸͭޤɸ⳰¦ղä뤳ȤȴͿƤ褦Booij (12) ۩"[C]ontextual inflection tends to be peripheral with respect to inherent inflection. For instance, case is usually external to number, and person and number affixes on verbs are external to tense and aspect morphemes"
콬δ⡤ͭޤʸ̮ޤζ̡äԤԤͥۤȤϻٻ褦ͭޤȼΰ̣Ĥľܤʸ˹׸뤬ʸ̮ޤΩ⤿ޤŪ˴ŪʰյĤˤʤ
ǤϡѲλˤơ󵯤줿褦ʸͭޤʸ̮ޤζ̡ˤԤθԤФͥۤϡɤΤ褦ɽΤѸˤǤߤ褦ˡʸˡŪǽä̾졤ƻ졤ưʤɤζ޸üƤäȤˡεǽ顤ζ޸ʬ˾üƤäν餫ˤʤСȾ嵭2ĤζޥפȤϢưشطĴ٤뤳ȤǤ⤷ȡѸƻޤλ㤬Ūˡ餫ƶ⤿餷ƤΤǤϤʤȴƤ롥ѸηƻޤˤĤƤϡilame γƵ򻲾Ȥ줿

Booij, Geert. "Inherent versus Contextual Inflection and the Split Morphology Hypothesis." Yearbook of Morphology 1995. Ed. Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996. 1--16.

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2016-03-03 Thu

#2502. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΤ [infinitive][verb][inflection][syntax][causative][terminology][sobokunagimon]

219դǷǼĤˡɸ˴ؤ뵿䤬󤻤줿ǼľƤ١ˤƵȤƤޤȤƤʲάˤ򵭤
Ѹˤ to (to-infinitive) ȸ (bare infinitive) 2ब뤬ŪˤϤ褽ʪǤ롥θŤΤϸΤۤǤꡤϱѸΤߤʤ餺ǤϹ롥ȤäƤ褤űѸǤŵŪưθ촴 -(i)an դ֤פȸƤФƤꡤ줬ѸƱͤˡȤƻưγưŪθ֡ӽưθ֤ѤƤθűѸδŪƯϡư̾첽뤳ȡĤޤ̾Ūˡפäθ塤Ѹˤ޸οʿˤ -(i)an 졤촴ΤΤη֤ؼ̤ƤޤäΤǡߤǤϡָפȸƤľ褦ˤʤäư졤γư졤ưθ֤֤ȤƤεǽϡΤޤ޸ߤޤǰѤ줿
to פΤۤϡűѸֻ to ˡҤͿʤ˶ޤ -anne Ȥķ֡ϰ̾ȤäƤ褤ΤʤΤǡ̾줵ʤ˶ޤˤ³Τǡ㤨 to ganne ȤСֹԤȤ˸ơפĤޤֹԤˡפۤɤäĤޤꡤűѸǤϡǤŪˡפ to ɽ蘆ƤΤǤ롥ŪˤϡϤͿʸޤ᤿Τ˿ʿüɡto + ưθפȤ夯ȤˤʤäǽˤĤƤСto ѸѸˤƤ˳ĥűѸΡŪˡפΤߤʤ餺μϰϤǤä̾Ūˡפؤ⿯¾νεǽȯãƤä
ȯ to 줬ȯθɤĤɤۤƤ椯Ȥˤ򳵴ѤºݤˤѸʹߤξԤμϰϤ褤ξܺ٤ʣǤꡤɤǤѲǽʡɤפξФи줿줾μϰϤٷꤹޤǤˡĹλ夬äΤǤ롥㤨Сư make ˡǤСǽư֤ˤƤϸȤ뤬ư֤Ǥ to ȤȤΤⶦŪˤ̯ʸݤˤߤ뤬2μϰ褤η̡Τ褦ʤϤʬۤˤʤäƤޤäȤȤǤ롥ºݡŤѸǤ make ǽư֤Ǥ⸶¤ to ѤƤդλˤĤƤϡ#970. Money makes the mare to go ([2011-12-23-1])#978. Money makes the mare to go (2) ([2011-12-31-1])#971. help + פε ([2011-12-24-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿

ס ˡŪˤ븽αʸˡ١罤ۡ1990ǯ.

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2016-02-10 Wed

#2480. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ (2) [imperative][exclamation][inflection][speech_act][verb][interjection][sobokunagimon]

[2016-02-05-1]ε˰³̿ưθѤˤĤơεΰˤäMustanoja (473--74) ̿ȴ (interjection) ζ˸ڤƤ롥βսѤ褦

There is a striking functional resemblance between the imperative and the interjections. Both are functionally self-contained exclamatory expressions, both are little articulate (the singular imperative has no ending or has only -e, and the subject-pronoun is seldom expressed), and both are greatly dependent on intonation. In fact many interjections, primary and secondary, are used to express exhortations and commands (a-ha, hay, hi, harrow, out, etc. . . .), and many imperatives are used as interjections (abide, come, go bet, help, look . . . cf. present-day interjections like come on, go away, hear hear, say, say there, etc.)


ˡMustanoja (630--31) Ǥϡư̿¾δȤʤäƤ㤬¿󤲤Ƥ롥

Brief commands, exhortations, and entreaties are comparable to interjections. Thus in certain circumstances the imperative mood of verbs may serve as a kind of interjection: --- abyd, Robyn, my leeve brother (Ch. CT A Mil. 3129); --- come, þou art mysbilevyd (Cursor App. ii 823); --- go bet, peny, go bet, go! (Sec. Lyr. lvii refrain); --- quad Moyses, 'loc, her nu [is] bread' (Gen. & Ex. 3331); --- help, hooly croys of Bromeholm! (Ch. CT A Rv. 4286; in this and many other cases help might equally well be interpreted as a noun). Somewhat similar stereotyped uses of the imperative are herken and listen, which occur as conventional opening exclamations in numerous ME poems (herkneþ, boþe yonge and olde; --- lystenyþ, lordynges . . . .


ưˤ̿򤢤δȯϪȤƤȤ館СưȤʻ°Ȥü𤬤ǡϳΤ˴ȵǽŪ˻Ƥ롥ѲǤ뤫Τ褦ưθѤȤΤϡԻ׵ĤǤϤʤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-01-1]

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2016-02-06 Sat

#2476. Ѹˤˤư̿ˡ³ˡŪǽŪͻ礷 [imperative][subjunctive][verb][inflection][speech_act]

ε#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ ([2016-02-05-1]) Ƥ̩ܤ˴ؤΤȤơɸ꤬롥ѸˤǤϡưñ̿³ˡ߷Ūͻ礷Ƥаޤ롥¹ԤơξԤεǽʤ̿ȤȤ櫓ȯù԰ (speech_act) ⤬ͻ礷ƤȤаޤꡤѸˤƤϡϤ֤ˤƤⵡǽˤƤ⡤ĤƤä̤ƤȤʤ˻äƤ롥ξԤͻؤƻڤϡ1ĤˤϴŪʴ鵭Ҥ뤳ȤǤ롥̿ϡεǽҤ٤褦ˡ캬̵޷ˤظ䤹ä³ˡߤϷ֡ǽŪ˿ष̤Ȥľˡߤݤ߹ޤ줿
̿³ˡ߷ͻϡľŪξԤεǽŪˤä¥ʤ줿Ȥ뤫⤷ʤȤ櫓𡦾ɽ魯ΤѤ³ˡˤĤƤϡ줬ǽ̿Ȥȯù԰٤˶Ƥ뤳ȤưפǤ
εǰѤ Fischer (249) ϡ嵭ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

In Middle English the forms of the imperative singular and the subjunctive present singular coalesced . . . . In function, the hortatory subjunctive and the imperative were practically similar already in Old English, where one finds them used side by side . . . . In the plural there was still a morphological distinction . . . when the subject pronoun did not immediately follow the verb. This situation was not to last, as the hortatory subjunctive was on its way out. . . . By the middle of the fifteenth century the plural imperative ending disappears.


Fischer ȯϡ2;Τñʣξˤ̿ˡ³ˡͻ礬֥١ǤȤȤ˵ǽ١Ǥ⤢äȤ򼨺Ƥ褦ɤ롥
ʣ̿ˤĤƤ⡤ñƱͤˡ15ȾФޤǤˤ̵ȤʤäƤȤ뤬Τˤʳ Chaucer դǤϡŪñʣηṲ̄Ǥ˻¾μͳѰۤȲƤ롥㤨СChaucer (CT III.186--7 [2:186--7]) Ǥ "Telle forth youre tale, spareth for no man,/ And teche us yonge men of youre praktike." ʤɤȸ̵ͭܤޤ뤷ڤؤäƤ롥
˻̤äƸűѸͻҤߤƤߤȡTraugott (185) ϡ̿ˡ³ˡεǽṲ̄ϡ9ޤǤˤϤ褽ĤĤäȤƤ롥

Because the imperative and subjunctive contrast morphologically, we assume that there was a difference in meaning, at least in early OE times, between more and less directive, more and less wishful utterances. By the time of Alfredian OE this difference was losing ground in many registers; charms, medical prescriptions and similar generalised instructions are normally in the subjunctive.


θ礹ȡͻϡϤ֥١ǤƱͤ˵ǽ١Ǥ⤢äȹͤΤ⤷ʤ

Fischer, O. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. N. Blake. Cambridge, CUP, 1992. 207--398.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 168--289.

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2016-02-05 Fri

#2475. ̿ˤϤʤưθѤΤ [imperative][exclamation][inflection][speech_act][verb][interjection][sobokunagimon]

ɸϡѸ̿ʸ˴ؤơ#2289. ̿ʸ˼줬ʤ ([2015-08-03-1]) ¤ǡĹ餯˴Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥
Ūˤϡ̸̿ĤΤΤǤ롥㤨СűѸΡֹԤפɽ魯ưˤĤơ2;ñؤ̿ 2;ʣؤ̿ gāþ gān Ǥꡤ줾֤ϰۤʤäƤѸʹߡζ޸ʿŪ˸¤ go ؤȼ̤
Τ褦ŪطʤϤˤ衤Ѹ򶦻ŪʴįСŵŪ̿Ѥưη֤ϡ븶ˤη֤ȴ˰פƤ롥äơ̻Ūʴȴ˵ҤΤǤСʤƤüԤʸˡȿǤƤȻפ뤬ˡ̿ȸȤѸ̤ɬפϤʤ̿ˤưθѤפȸäƺ٤ʤ⤷줬üԤζŪФȤСɽ魯̿εǽƱη֤Τʤ˶¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ˴ؤơǧξɤΤ褦ˤȤ館ƤΤ
ˤĤơ (83) ǻȤƤ Fischer (249) ΥȤäƤߤ

The imperative has a tendency to become invariant in form (this happened also in other Germanic languages), because it functions like a self-contained, exclamatory expression. Mustanoja (1960: 473) compares its function to that of (invariable) interjections. In an example like,

   (109) Help! Water! Water! Help, for Goddes herte! (CT I.3815 [1:3807])

help is as much an interjection as an imperative.


̿ȴòϤδȯϪȤƵǽŪ˻̤äƤꡤ椨θ캬ΤΡʱѸξˤϡʤˤѤȲǤٹ (157) òʸȤδϢǽҤ٤ƤդڤСΤ褦ʸ캬ϡָ줬ʸˡŪˤȤ줺ξεޤʤޤޤ˸ŪθԸ줿פΤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥

ʡ"May the Force Be with You!"Ѹ may ʸˤĤơסطضס642015ǯ77--84ǡ
Fischer, O. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Ed. N. Blake. Cambridge, CUP, 1992. 207--398.
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ

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2016-01-02 Sat

#2441. ȷƻζ (2) --- ѸǤ⺤ [adverb][adjective][ilame][flat_adverb][inflection][final_e][syntax][chaucer]

Ѹˤơ-ly ʤΤñ flat_adverb ȷƻζ̤֡졦̣ΤˤƤ⡤ĤˤˤĤơ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1])#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1])#1354. ƻܿ ([2013-01-10-1]) εʤɤǼ夲üŪˤСThe sun shines bright. Ȥʸˤơbright ʤΤηƻʤΤȤǤ롥
¤ϡѸɤݤˤƱ꤬롥ϡѸˤƻζ޸ -e ξüˤĤƸ椷ƤȡäǺޤܤƤ줬ǤϤʤƻǤ뤳ȤǧǽƸ -e ˤĤ櫓ŪˤϤƱȤʤäƸʬĤʤ̣δŪȽǤʤȤ롥ȡäФ路ˤ⤫餺㤯㤯֤ʻ줫פȤ٥ŽäƤꤹȤˤʤΤ
Chaucer ηƻޤ򸦵椷Ƥ Burnley ʸɤǡǺߤ1ͤΤΤǤʤȤΤꡤȤBurnley (172) ⡤ޤäƱͤäƤ롥

Chaucer's grammar requires that adverbs be marked either by -ly or final -e, so that in some contexts this latter type may be indistinguishable from adjectives. In my analysis I have taken both the following to be adverbs, but there is room for disagreement on this point, and these are not the only cases of their kind:

   That Phebus which that shoon so cleer and brighte (3.11)
   In motlee, and hye on hors he sat. (1.273)

This uncertain boundary between adverbs and adjectives is inevitably responsible for some uncertainty in statistics, but it must be accepted as a feature of the structure of Chaucer's language and not a weakness of analysis. In the following, for example, the form of the word hye suggests an adverbial, but the sense and syntax both imply an adjectival use:

   He pleyeth Herodes vpon a scaffold hye (1.3378)

It is probable, however, that this usage is actually adverbial. The adjectival form in the next example also seems to occur in a syntax which requires that it be understood adverbially:

   Yclothed was she fressh for to deuyse. (1.1050)


ʸǤŪʰ֤ŪͳʤᡤȽǤ뤿θʤ龯ʤʤ롥षξŪѤ뤳ȼΤܻؤƤΤǤϤʤȴꤿʤۤɤˤϡѸˤĤʤξʻ֤񤷤롥

Burnley, J. D. "Inflection in Chaucer's Adjectives." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 83 (1982): 169--77.

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2015-12-28 Mon

#2436. ƻʣޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ [adjective][ilame][inflection][final_e][plural][number][category][agreement]

2֡#2434. ƻѲޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ ([2015-12-26-1]) ȡ#2435. eurhythmy 뤤 "buffer hypothesis" ŬѲǽ ([2015-12-27-1]) εǡInflectional Levelling of Adjectives in Middle English (ilame) ˤĤƹͻ#2434εˤΤϡ¤ϷƻΡñפμѲޤȤ -e ΤȤǤäơƱ褦 -e ٤ޤǤ褯ݤƤƻΡʣפζޤˤĤƤϿƤʤä#532. Chaucer ηƻζޡ ([2010-10-11-1]) ˵󤲤ɽʬ褦ˡʣˤƤϡѲȶѲζ̤ʤ§ȤƤĶˤơñƻ -e äΤǤ롥#2435εǰä "eurhythmy" "buffer hypothesis" ϡƻѤĶκۤȤäʣξˤϾ嵭Τ褦ĶȤʤΤǡʤʣޤ -e 褯ݻ줿ΤˤĤƤϡ̤ȤưʤФʤʤ
ФơŪˤϡñʣ̤ (number) Ȥʸˡ (category) ѸθηϤˤƤ褯ݼ餵ƤǤ롤Ƥ̾̾ˤƤϡĸ줫űѸФƸѸ˻ޤǰӤƿζ̤ݤƤưΰ (concord) ˤƤ⡤ȤƤϾ˴ͿŪǤ³ƤƻǤϡŪ˶Ѹʹߡɸ򤷤ʤʤäȤϻ¤Ѹη㤷οʿȾüĬήΤʤӡѸޤʣ -e 褯ݤäƤȤȤϡѸθηϤˤƿȤƤ夷ƤȤ򼨤Τǡϰʲ Minkova (329) θƱդ롥

My analysis assumes that the status of the final -e as a grammatical marker is stable in the plural. Yet in maintaining the syntactically based strong-weak distinction in the singular, it is no longer independently viable. As a plural signal it is still salient, possibly because of the morphological stability of the category of number in all nouns, so that there is phrase-internal number concord within the adjectival NPs. Another argument supporting the survival of plural -e comes from the continuing number agreement between subject NPs and the predicate, in other words the singular-plural opposition continues to be realized across the system.


ǤϡʤѸǤϿȤʸˡƤޤǺĤȤʤƸߤǤĤäƤˤΤϸˤʸˡƤΰŪǤꡤˤȤ٤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤεϡ "Syntactic Agreement" ꤹ6.6 (141--44) ǿƤΤǻȤ줿

Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Cambridge, 6--9 April 1987. Ed. Sylvia Adamson, Vivien Law, Nigel Vincent, and Susan Wright. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 313--36.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.

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2015-12-26 Sat

#2434. ƻѲޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ [adjective][ilame][syllable][pronunciation][prosody][language_change][final_e][speed_of_change][schedule_of_language_change][language_change][metrical_phonology][eurhythmy][inflection]

ѸˤǤϡ̾졤ư졤ƻΤ褦ʼ礿ʻˤơ޸ -e ؿʿˤüƤäȤаޤ롥-e ξü®٤ (cf speed_of_change, schedule_of_language_change) ˤĤƤϡʻ֤Ǻä̾ưζ޸ˤƤϾüŪᤫäƻˤüϤä٤Chaucer ɽѸǤ⽽ʬݤƤ (Minkova 312) ϡʤƻѲޤ -e ٤ޤǾü񹳤ΤˤĤƹͤ
Minkova ηꤷƤСäñηƻμѲޤˤ -e ϡݻ䤹ΧưŤäȤȤǤ롥㤨Сthe goode man Τ褦ʡ괧ܷƻ̾פȤ칽¤ˤƤϡñƻ˶޸ -e դȤˤäơ嶯嶯ιΧ (eurhythmy) ݤ䤹Ĥޤꡤ֤ȱΧ׵᤬פˡŪ -e ŪפȤ줿Τȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
դ٤2Ĥ롥1ĤϡűѸѸŪ׵ᤵƤ -e eurhythmy ݤĤ٤üȤ줿ȤΤǤꡤ-e eurhythmy 򤢤餿˳٤ŪˤʤĶ줿櫓ǤϤʤȤȤeurhythmy θ̤ϡѶŪȤöŪʸ̤ȤȤˤʤ롥
2ܤˡ-e ݻȤ eurhythmy θ̤Ĺ³15--16ʹߤˤϷ̤ȤƸüζϤĬή˶ʤäȤ¤롥λ¤ϡeurhythmy Ф뵿ǰ뤫⤷ʤeurhythmy θ̤켫ΤˤäϤ򶯤᤿᤿ꤷȤϡʬˤ뤳Ȥeurhythmy ϡŪ˱ѸȤηϤ˹夯ѤƤװǤǧƤ褤ηǺѤƤ¾νװȤδطˤŪ˵ǽƤȲ᤹٤Ǥ롥äơ15--16˷ƻޤ -e ṳ̈Ȥ "dysrhythmy" ȤƤ⡤ eurhythmy ưŤ¾νװκϤäΤȹͤФ褯λ˴ؤ eurhythmy ⼫ΤѤɬפϤʤMinkova (322--23) ϡƻ޸ -e ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . the claim laid on rules of eurhythmy in English can be weakened and ultimately overruled by other factors such as the expansion of segmental phonological rules of final schwa deletion, a process which depends on and is augmented by the weak metrical position of the deletable syllable. The 15th century reversal of the strength of the eurhythmy rules relative to other rules is not surprising. Extremely powerful morphological analogy within the adjectives, analogy with the demorphologization of the -e in the other word classes, as well as sweeping changes in the syntactic structure of the language led to what may appear to be a tendency to 'dysrhythmy' in the prosodic organization of some adjectival phrases in Modern English. . . . The entire history of schwa is, indeed, the result of a complex interaction of factors, and this is only an instance of the varying force of application of these factors.


Ѹˤˤƻ޸ˤĤƤϡ#532. Chaucer ηƻζޡ ([2010-10-11-1])#688. ѸηƻηϤοʿ ([2011-03-16-1]) ۤilame (= Inflectional Levelling of Adjectives in Middle English) γƵ򻲾ȡ
ʤ伫Ȥ⤳ˤĤʸ2ܤۤɽ񤤤Ƥޤ[1] Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Levelling of Adjectival Inflection in Early Middle English: A Diachronic and Dialectal Study with the LAEME Corpus." Journal of the Institute of Cultural Science 73 (2012): 255--73. [2] Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Decreasing Relevance of Number, Case, and Definiteness to Adjectival Inflection in Early Middle English: A Diachronic and Dialectal Study with the LAEME Corpus."إ硼įơ٥硼20ǯǰʸԡˡǡ2014ǯ273--99ǡˡ

Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." ''Papers from the 5th International

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