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2026-05-25 Mon

#6237. be ˤĤƤαѸŪ [oe][be][od_dialect][inflection][suppletion][etymology][participle][imperative][oe_dialect]

be ưϡܥ֥Ǥ¿夲Ƥ Lass θűѸ˴ؤ򻲾ȤơȤ櫓 b- η֤˴ؤ뻨ŪƶҲ𤷤
ޤbe ưν޷εˤʬLass (170) Ѥ롥

(a) an s-root (eom, eart, is, sindom = L s-um, e-s, e-s-t, s-unt);
(b) a b-root (bēo, bist, biþ, bēoþ, cognate to Skr bhu- 'remain', Latin perfect of 'be' fū-ī, OCS byti 'be', Gr phú- 'become';
(c) a w-root, in the inifinitive wesan, pres part wesende, preterite wæs, wǣron; this is cognate to OIr feiss/foss 'remain', Skr vásati 'he dwells'. Wesan is a defective cl V verb (as wesan/wæs/wǣron suggest), whose PRET1/PRET2 serve as the only past for the other stems.


Τʤ b- ˻Ѥޥ췲ǤȯãǤꡤŪˤä٤ηǤȤ (Lass 171)

The incorporation of the b-root into this group seems to be a WGmc innovation.


ޤʲ˸ڤűѸθʬʬ b- °뤬űѸˤƤϤٺ餭Ȥ (Lass 171)

. . . until the eleventh century the only present participle is wesende, and there is no past participle. After this pres part bēonde and pp be-bēon (> ModE been) appear.


űѸ b- ޤ̿ˤĤƤϡʬۤʤɤʣǡΤ褦ˤ (Lass 171)

The imperative is usually in b- in earlier texts: sg bēo, pl bēoþ; later wes, wesaþ appear (wes remains buried in wassail < wes hāl 'be healthy'). There is some regional differentiation, with b- imperatives in WS and Merc, and wes Northumbrian, though wes also occurs in WS and Mercian.


Ҥ뤬äƸɸѸˤ b- ϤϤɤȤȡŪˤϿषƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ (Lass 171)

The standard ModE system suggests more radical loss of the b-forms than was actually the case; as late as the 1950s some conservative rural varieties in old West Mercian and West Saxon territory (e.g. the W Midlands and West Country) preserve paradigms like I bin, thee bist, Her is (Cheshire and Shropshire), I be, you be, her is, they be (Warwickshire, Somerset), or be for all persons and numbers (Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Somerset).


b- η֤˾ƤˤƤߤΤ⤪⤷

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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