hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 / page 4 (4)

tense - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2010-07-22 Thu

#451. shall will λȤʬ˴ؤ The Wallis Rules [prescriptive_grammar][auxiliary_verb][wallis][tense][future]

ѸνưˡΤʤǤȤ櫓ݤʤΤ shall will Ǥ롥ʸˡǤϤνưλȤʬƤꡤʸˡŵŪʹܤȤ롥Υ롼ꤷΤ17εʸˡ John Wallis Ǥ롥Wallis ( 1616--1703 ) ϡ1653ǯ˽Ǥƥˤʸˡ Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae ΤʤǡΤ褦ʻȤʬ꼰˻ޤDZƶϤݤ³Ƥ뤳Υ롼 The Wallis Rules ȸƤФƤ ( Brinton and Arnovick, p. 370--71 )

to promise:to question determination/obligation:
I will (go)We will (go)Shall I (go)?Shall we (go)?
You shall (go)You shall (go)Will you (go)?Will you (go)?
He/she/it shall (go)They shall (go)Shall he/she/it (go)?Shall they (go)?
to predict:to question prediction:
I shall (go)We shall (go)Will I (go)?Will we (go)?
You will (go)You will (go)Shall you (go)?Shall you (go)?
He/she/it will (go)They will (go)Will he/she/it (go)?Will they (go)?


shall will ;Ρˡʿ˱ƤߤȤʬ ( complementary distribution ) ʤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥츫Ⱥ𤷤ʬۤ줿ηϤʤΤįƤǤ롥ηŪǤȤϤʤ⡤ޤǹ碌Τ褦ˤޤǤƤΤϤˤ͹ŪȤ롥ηϤι ( reason ) Ʃ ( transparency ) 򿮤뤿 ( analogy ) ŬѤ Wallis Υ롼ϡ1718εʸˡȤŵŪʻ׹ͲϩɽƤ롥
The Wallis Rule ϸѸǤޤƶϤȤϤäƤ⡤ϵʸˡäǡºݾ shall λѤϿषƤƤ롥ä˥ѸǤϾäƤȤäƤ褤shall will ˴Ϣϡ[2010-03-21-1], [2010-02-22-1]ˤ⤢ꡥ
ʤߤˡWallis ̵µͰƤʬδäۤNewton αѹοؼԤǤ롥

Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-02-15 Mon

#294. Chaucer tense switching [chaucer][tense][historic_present]

Chaucer κʤɤǤȡɸŪʽ񤭸ձѸǤϵʤλž롥νϢʸǡ߷Ȳư줬ؤΤǤ롥ʲ The Reeve's Tale (lines 4057--72) ΤƤߤ褦ֻưθ߷Ļưβɽ鷺16Ԥδ֤ܤޤ뤷 tense switching äƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥

Out at the dore he gooth ful pryvely,
Whan that he saugh his tyme, softely.
He looketh up and doun til he hath founde
The clerkes hors, ther as it stood ybounde
Bihynde the mille, under a lefesel;
And to the hors he goth hym faire and wel;
He strepeth of the brydel right anon.
And whan the hors was laus, he gynneth gon
Toward the fen, ther wilde mares renne,
And forth with wehee, thurgh thikke and thurgh thenne.
This millere gooth agayn, no word he seyde,
But dooth his note, and with the clerkes pleyde,
Til that hir corn was faire and well ygrounde.
And whan the mele is sakked and ybounde,
This John goth out and fynt his hors away,
And gan to crie "Harrow!" and "Weylaway!"


Chaucer tense switching ϤʷǸ椵ƤƤ褦ǡ³ȴλ ( aspect ) ž򼨤䤬ȤνҤˤ븽߷λѤˤäʪȳˤƤϤޤŪŪƤɽʤɤΰƤ󼨤Ƥ (Horobin 8--10)ʸ̮ǤʤɤФ뤳ȤϤǤʤǤϡ historic present Ū ˡǤϤʤhistoric present ϸѸǤ̤Τ˸ΤǤ褯Ѥ롥Ѹĵ󤲤褦

I couldn't believe it! Just as we arrived, up comes Ben and slaps me on the back as if we're life-long friends. 'Come on, old pal,' he says, 'Let me buy you a drink!' I'm telling you, I nearly fainted on the spot. (cited from Quirk ''et al''., p. 181)


The Reeve's Tale fabliau Ȥ°ɽΤȤƽ̱ŪǸɽ¿βսǤ⡤ܤޤ뤷 tense switching 뤳Ȥ̤˥ꥺͿƤȲǤȴϢơΧԹ tense switching ȤƤȤȤְ㤤ʤΥꥺ򼺤ʤ褦ˡ߷ʬʤ̣襤սǤ롥

Fisher, John H. and Mark Allen, eds. The Complete Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2010-01-20 Wed

#268. Ѹ Liabilities ˬ [pde_characteristic][phonetics][auxiliary_verb][tense][aspect]

[2009-09-25-1], [2009-09-26-1], [2009-09-27-1]εǸѸħˤǤϡBaugh and Cable 򻲾Ȥơħ ( Liabilities ) Ȥ Idiomatic Expressions ¿Ȥ Spelling-Pronunciation Gap 礭Ȥ󤲤Jenkins (45) ϡȤ̤ȯʸˡˤƤ "difficulties" ¸ߤȼĥ롥
ȯˤĤƤϰʲ̤ꡥ

ñ첻¿㤨 RP Ǥ20ढ롥ɸܸ5첻
첻¿㤨 RP Ǥ8ढ롥
/ə/ ɽ첻¿ѤʣλбȤ̣Ǥ Spelling-Pronunciation Gap Ȥƹͤ٤⤷ʤ
æ ( elision )Ʊ ( assimilation )Ϣ ( liaison ) ¿Ѥ

ʸˡˤĤƤϰʲ̤ꡥ

ưλ ( tense ) ( aspect ) ¿¿ͤǡֻ ( time reference ) Ȥδطȥ졼ȤǤʤ
may, will, can, should, ought to ʤɤˡư ( modal verb ) Ϸ־ⵡǽʣηϤʤƤ롥 (see [2009-06-24-1], [2009-06-25-1], [2009-07-01-1])

嵭Τ֤褯ΤƤ¾θ٤ŪˡפȤդǤϤ뤬٤ŪͤƤ롥

Jenkins, Jennifer. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. Abingdon: Routledge, 2003.

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow