Ѹˤϡ§Ȥ괧 the դΤʤޤֻ of ޤ̾ۤȤɤʤǡ¾ΤĤΥ衼åѽȤϰۤʤä
ˤ֤ȡѸˤϡ̾ʤɤΰ̾ͳ褹ϰ̾ȤѤƤ괧줬դ⳧̵ǤϤʤäof ʤɤֻդ̾ʤɤ̤ˤäѸϡФХեδѤ˽äȤ⤢ꡤ̤ۤʿƤ櫓ǤʤäΤ
ȤѸפȾˤơϰ躹⤢褦괧ֻ줬ڤȤ褦ˤʤäƤȤFransson (25) ɤǤߤ褦
Surnames of occupation and nicknames are usually preceded by the definite article, le (masc.) or la (fem.); the two forms are regularly kept apart in the earlier rolls, but in the 15th century they are often confused. Those names in this book that are preceded by the have all been taken from rolls translated into English, and the has been inserted by the editor instead of le or la. The case is that the hardly ever occurs in the manuscripts; cf the following instances, which show the custom in reality: Rose the regratere 1377 (Langland: Piers Plowman 226). Lucia ye Aukereswoman 1275 1.RH 413 (L. la Aukereswomman ib. 426).
Sometimes de occurs instead of le; this is due to an error made either by the scribe or the editor. The case is that de has an extensive use in local surnames, e.g. Thom. de Selby. Other prepositions (in, atte, of etc.) are not so common, especially not in early rolls.
The article, however, is often left out; this is rare in the 12th and 13th centuries, but becomes common in the middle of the 14th century. There is an obvious difference between different parts of England: in the South the article precedes the surname almost regularly during the present period, while in the North it is very often omitted. The final disappearance of le takes place in the latter half of the 14th century; in most counties one rarely finds it after c1375, but in some cases, e.g. in Lancashire, le occurs fairly often as late as c1400. De is often retained some 50 years longer than le: in York it disappears in the early 15th century, in Lancashire it sometimes occurs c1450, while in the South it is regularly dropped at the end of the 14th century.
ŪʲǤʤ괧ֻ줬ڤȤ뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤϿƤʤƤ٤Ѥʵ䤬1̾ˤֻˤĤƤϡ#2366. ʤѸ̾νϡ̾פʤΤ ([2015-10-19-1]) Ǿ줿Ȥ롥⻲Ȥ줿
Fransson, G. Middle English Surnames of Occupation 1100--1350, with an Excursus on Toponymical Surnames. Lund Studies in English 3. Lund: Gleerup, 1935.
ѸˤǤϡؼ that 괧 the ʬΩǤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥űѸ괧ʵŪˤϻؼǤꡤޤ괧ȤƤˡǤ˳ΩƤϤʤäص夳Τ褦˸ƤǤˤ se ʤ˱ƶޤ͡ʷ֤äΤʤñʡгʤη֤ þæt ä줬Ѹλؼ that η־Ǥ롥θűѸλ˴դߤȡthat the 1֤ˤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
Ǥϡʤθ that the ֥롼פȴФΩؼȤȯãΤűѸ줫Ѹˤơ괧͡ʶ֤ the ȤƱ֤ؤȿʿƤäή줬³Сthe 1ˤʤ that 䤬ƾä椯̿ǤϤäȤthat ϻؼȤ̤εǽä椯̿æ뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ΤˤСȤ the ȤˤؼεǽϤäȤˡλؼεǽ the å褦ˤ that ΩȤȤĤޤꡤؼ that εǽ the ߤƤȤˤʤ롥θ塤¸ΡֶΡפλؼ this ȤʬĴ˿ʤߡthat ϡֱΡפλؼȤƳΩ˻ä
Fertig (37--38) ϡΰϢθѲŬ (exaptation) λȤƾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥
A simple example can be seen in the modern survival of two singular forms from the Old English demonstrative paradigm: the and that. The contrast between these two forms originally reflected a gender distinction; that (OE þæt) was an exclusively neuter form, while the predecessors of the were non-neuter. One would expect one of these forms to have been lost with the collapse of grammatical gender. They survived by being redeployed for the distinction between definite article (the) and demonstrative (that).
ؼ that ȯãȴϢơʲ heldio hellog ΥƥĤȡ
heldio #493. ؼ this, that, these, those θ츻
hellog #154. űѸη se ζޡ ([2009-09-28-1])
hellog #156. űѸ se ʻϲ ([2009-09-30-1])
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
ε#5307. Birmingham 3Ĥȯ ([2023-11-07-1]) ΰѤˤڤä褦ˡ̾ϸŤϰ̳ʡʸűѸʹߤͿʡˤη뤳Ȥ¿äƱֻͤȼä뤳Ȥ⡤Ϥ¿äϹͤƤߤмΤȤǤ롥ȡͿʸֻ줬Τޤ̾Τΰ˼ޤƤޤФƤ롥ˡηȾ˺ȡʬ (metanalysis) 뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Τ褦ʻʪ̾˻ĤäƤ롥
Clark (476--77) ˤȡ㤨 Attercliffe ϸűѸ *æt þǣm clife (DB Atecliue) "beside the escarpment" ͳ褷Byfleet ϸűѸ bī flēote "by a stream" ˡBygrave ϸűѸ bī grafan "beside the diggings" ˤ줾ͳ褹롥
괧 the ΰ̾˼ޤƤޤ⤢롥㤨 Thurleigh ϸűѸ (æt) þǣre lēage "at the lye" ̤롥Noke Ѹ atten oke ˡ켫ΤϸűѸ *(æt) þǣm ācum "at the oak-trees" ̤Ȥ顤Ƭ n ϷζΡѷ˰ƤȤ롥Rye Rea ƱͤǡűѸ (æt) þǣre īege/ēa "at the water" ΰʬϤˤȯãɽ魯
⤦1Ķ̣Τ Scarborough, Edinburgh, Canterbury ʤɤ˸ borough ֻԡפΰ۷֤űѸμʡг -burg ͳ褹Τ -borough/-burgh Ȥʤ뤬Ϳ -byrig ͳ褹Τ -bury Ȥʤ롥
ʣˤĤƤƱͤɤ줬졤Hastings -s ʣʡгʷ̤뤬Barking, Reading ʤɤʣͿʷ̤ȤʸűѸʣͿʷ -um 줬ʳŪ˼岽ƾüˡ
ʾ塤ֻ졤졤ʷȤʣ߹礤̾η֤ʣ˭ʤΤˤƤȤʬ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
Voicy heldio ˤ#873. ߹ɼϿ (7) --- ¤ۿޤkhelf ʷѸ˥եˤΥС3̾ˤϿǡɾƤޤʤ꤬ȤޤˡϺפˡ¤ (information_structure) ȤѸ졦ǰδܤǫ˲⤵Ƥޤ
¤˴ؤŪ1Ĥˡֵ (given information) ȡֿ (new information) Ωޤäϸ§ȤơäʹˤȤäƴΤε˻Ϥޤꡤξ̤Τοä뤳ȤǡʳŪ˶ͭμѤƤޤĤޤꡤȿʤߡˤΤȤʤäơξ˿Ѥ߾夲졤ˤޤǤΤȤʤäƼοä롤ȤȤǤ
Cruse Ѹ켭ŵ "given vs new information" (74--75) ιܤѤޤ
given vs new information These notions are concerned with what is called the 'information structure' of utterances. In virtually all utterances, some items are assumed by the speaker to be already present in the consciousness of the hearer, mostly as a result of previous discourse, and these constitute a platform for the presentation of new information. As the discourse proceeds, the new information of one utterance can become the given information for subsequent utterances, and so on. The distinction between given and new information can be marked linguistically in various ways. The indefinite article typically marks new information, and the definite article, given information: A man and a woman entered the room. The man was smoking a pipe. A pronoun used anaphorically indicates given information: A man entered the room. He looked around for a vacant seat. The stress pattern of an utterance can indicate new and given information (in the following example capitals indicate stress):
PETE washed the dishes. (in answer to Who washed the dishes?)
Pete washed the DISHES. (in answer to What did Pete do?)
Givenness is a matter of degree. Sometimes the degree of givenness is so great that the given item(s) can be omitted altogether (ellipsis):
A: What did you get for Christmas?
B: A computer. (The full form would be I got a computer for Christmas.)
äϵξ˿դä뤳ȤήƤȤ¤δܻƳޤ
Cruse, Alan. A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2006.
̾ˤ϶ŪŪʴ鳬ΤǤϤʤVan Langendonck (33--34) ǡΤ褦ʶ̣ƤҲ𤵤Ƥ롥
ZERO MARKING, as in city and town names: London, Berlin;
SUFFIXING, as in country names: Fin-land, German-y;
ARTICLE PREPOSING, as in names of, e.g. fields, regions, and rivers: the Highlands, the Rhine;
The use of CLASSIFIERS plus possibly an article, as in names of seas, oceans, or deserts: the North Sea, the Gobi Desert
̾ˤߤͭɸγؤϡʹ֤ȿŪʴͿοϢưƤΤǤϤʤȤʹּҲˤȤäơԻԤϤƽפоݤ٤й衦ʤɤϿʹּҲؤαƶʳ褦˻פ롥嵭γؤϡֿʹ濴ΡϢ³ ("'anthropocentric' cline") ȤäƤ褵 (Van Langendonck 34)
Van Langendonck (34) ϡ괧̵ͭ˴ؤơ٤Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . English shows the humanized place-names (e.g. settlement names) omitting the article, whilst the non-human place-names (e.g. river names) tend to adopt the article. This can be observed where the names of former colonies or regions lose their article when they become independent countries: the Ukraine > Ukraine, The Congo > Congo, the Lebanon > Lebanon.
θѶŪ˼ȤȡɤΤ褦ʲΩƤΤ褤°ˤʤ⡤ۤɶᤷ¸ߤǤϤʤΤˤ괧 the Ĥ䤹ʳ¸ߤǤ the ĤˤȤȤˤʤ̣ĹǤ롥
Van Langendonck, Willy and Mark Van de Velde. "Names and Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 17--38.
Heine and Kuteva (92) ˤȡˤ괧 (indefinite article) ȯãƤϩɤäƤߤȡФФˤϰ̣ŪŪʴϢʳǧȤ
1An item serves as a nominal modifier denoting the numerical value 'one' (numeral).
2The item introduces a new participant presumed to be unknown to the hearer and this participant is then taken up as definite in subsequent discourse (presentative marker).
3The item presents a participant known to the speaker but presumed to be unknown to the hearer, irrespective of whether or not the participant is expected to come up as a major discourse participant (specific indefinite marker).
4The item presents a participant whose referential identity neither the hearer nor the speaker knows (nonspecific indefinite marker).
5The item can be expected to occur in all contexts and on all types of nouns except for a few contexts involving, for instance, definiteness marking, proper nouns, predicative clauses, etc. (generalized indefinite article).
Ѹ괧ȯãˤƤ⡤ΰϢʳ줿Τɤϡܺ٤ĴƤߤʤʬʤʤȤȯãγϤ1ʳŪΤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ one ʸűѸ ān) ϤޤäȤϵʤ2--5γʳ¾ڤСʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ΰ (unidirectionality) ٻȤƼ夲뤳Ȥˤʤܤ٤ϡ餯ѸѸˤƤȤʤ˰㤤ʤ
Ϣơ#2144. ȯãȵǽƤȯ ([2015-03-11-1]) ⻲ȡ
Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.
ī Voicy ǡᵯϻʸפ䤷ĤġαѸǤΤȤ虜 The early bird catches the worm Ҳ𤷤ƤΤǤʤȸǤȯۤžɤ It's the second mouse that gets the cheese. ƬĤĤȤޤޤĤĤ⡤ʤۤɤǼǤ
ޤäȤơŵŪʡʻֽѤʤ̡˷ѤȤƤ The early bird . . . . ˤĤƻ䤬äƤ뺣ī Voicy #513. ŵŪʻֽ --- The early bird catches the worm. ᵯϻʸסİ
The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs 17νФ鸽ޤǤΰ۷Ƥߤޤ礦
The EARLY bird catches the worm
The corollary in quot. 2001, it's the second mouse that gets the cheese, is attributed to US comedian Steven Wright (born 1955); it is found particularly in the context of entrepreneurial or technological innovation, where the advantages of being the first (the early bird) may be outweighed by the lower degree of risk faced by a follower or imitator (the second mouse).
1636 W. CAMDEN Remains concerning Britain (ed. 5) 307 The early bird catcheth the worme. 1859 H. KINGSLEY Geoffrey Hamlyn II. xiv. Having worked . . . all the week . . . a man comes into your room at half-past seven . . . and informs you that the 'early bird gets the worm'. 1892 I. ZANGWILL. Big Bow Mystery i. Grodman was not an early bird, now that he had no worms to catch. He could afford to despise proverbs now. 1996 R. POE Return to House of Usher ix. 167 'I got home at midnight last night and I'm here at seven. Where are they? . . . Well, it's the early bird that catches the worm, and no mistake.' 2001 Washington Post 4 Sept. C13 The early bird may catch the worm, but it's the second mouse that gets the cheese. Don't be in a hurry to take a winner. . . .
αѸ줳Ȥ虜ŵϡѸˤؤ֤ˤؤ֤ˤŬɤʪǤѸܤDzɤ⤦¤ä顤ˤǤhellog proverb γƵ⤴ɤ
Speake, Jennifer, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. 6th ed. Oxford: OUP, 2015.
#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ no εɤȸ "never" ˶ᤤ no Ȥ yes/no no ̤꤬褵εʸǼȤꡤ̤λȤ⤢롥
㤨 Their way of life is no different from ours. I am no good at tennis. Τ褦ʡηƻ줬ŪѤˡꤹ no Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥ϤƴŪǤꡤɤʽҷƻꤹݤˤ no Ѥ櫓ǤϤʤ
ŵŪȤƤ no ϡƻӵΤ¿no better, no longer, no more ʤɤ㤫顤Ǥϼ¼Ūʰ̣ȤƤ as good, as short, as little ƱȤʤפǤ롥
no Ȥ no one, no problem, no way Τ褦˷ƻȤѤ礬ꡤषƻӵȷӤĤȤƤ no ηǤˤĤƤϡƥϥäȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤǤʤääƵŤΤϡthe ȤƷƻʴŪʸ줬ϤƻӵȥåȤǡ֤ʬפΰ̣ŪѤ뤳ȤȤʿԴطǤ롥ܤϡ#811. the + ӵ + for/because ([2011-07-17-1])#812. The sooner the better ([2011-07-18-1]) Ȥ줿
ΤȤ˵ŤƤ줿ΤϡQuirk et al. (10.58) ΤûȤǤ롥
Except for a few fixed phrases (no good, no different), the adverb no modifies adjectives only when they are comparatives (by inflection or by periphrasis): no worse, no tastier, no better behaved, no more awkward, no less intelligent. (Compare the positive with the: He is the worse for it.)
no the ʿŪʤΤλϤꤽǤʤä
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Ѹư (verb) ˴ؤ륫ƥ1Ĥ (finiteness) ȤΤ롥ư (finite form) ȤϡI go to school. She goes to school. He went to school. Τ褦ư go Ρޤäؤư (nonfinite form) ȤϡI'm going to school. Going to school is fun. She wants to go to school. He made me go to school. Τ褦ư go ΡޤäƤʤؤ
פȤѸ줬䤳㤨С(to) go ȤѤ뤳ȤΤʤηʤΤ顤餳פǤϤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ̾¤ȤˡפȸΤgoes went ư go ѲʤؤˤΤȤơˤפ餷ߤ뤬ष餳פʤΤǤ롥
ʬˤ finiteness פȤˤ롥finite θϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵ줿פǤꡤnonfinite ϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵƤʤפǤ롥㤨 He () to school yesterday. ȤʸˤƳ̤ go Ŭڤʷ硤ʸˡỌ̇̄δ went ηˤΤդ路դ路Ȥϡʸ̮ˤäƤʳηϵʤȤǡΤ˸ꤵ줿ʤΤǤ롥
̤ιͤȤƤϡưˤϤޤ GO GOING Τ褦ŪǥŪʷꡤ줬ºݤʸ̮ˤƤ go, goes, went ʤɤζŪʷȤƸΤȤȤ館Ƥ褤üŪˤ finite ϡֶŪפǡinfinite ϡŪפȤȤ
Ūˤ⤦ǫˤСưȤϡư줬;Ρˡ˱1Ĥη˹ʤޤƤ뤫ݤȤΤȤǤ롥Crystal (224) Ѥ褦
The forms of the verb . . . , and the phrases they are part of, are usually classified into two broad types, based on the kind of contrast in meaning they express. The notion of finiteness is the traditional way of classifying the differences. This term suggests that verbs can be 'limited' in some way, and this is in fact what happens when different kinds of endings are used.
The finite forms are those which limit the verb to a particular number, tense, person, or mood. For example, when the -s form is used, the verb is limited to the third person singular of the present tense, as in goes and runs. If there is a series of verbs in the verb phrase, the finite verb is always the first, as in I was being asked.
The nonfinite forms do not limit the verb in this way. For example, when the -ing form is used, the verb can be referring to any number, tense, person, or mood:
I'm leaving (first person, singular, present)
They're leaving (third person, plural, present)
He was leaving (third person, singular, past)
We might be leaving tomorrow (first person, plural, future, tentative)
As these examples show, a nonfinite form of the verb stays the same in a clause, regardless of the grammatical variation taking place alongside it.
ʤѸˤϴˤꡦȤ̤뤷űѸˤϷƻˤꡦζ̤äΥƥդ줿٥ "finiteness" ǤϤʤ "definiteness" Ǥ롥γѸϸ䤹ΤդǤ롥
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
ˤϡ¾¿μҲݤˤߤֲݡפȤΤѻ롥 (98) Ѥ롥
ηϰǸСֲݡסĤޤñ줬ǤޤäƸ뤳ȡñ줬öȤФ餯δ֤ˤ˽иǡȤۤȤɽиʤʤ뷹뤳ȤȤľŪª뤳ȤǤ롥ݤǤϡûֳ֤³ˤûֳ֤졤ޤդĹֳ֤³ˤĹֳ֤ǽ⤤Τ褦ʸβݤװΰĤϡΤȤʤʸ̮Ѳˤ롥
ݤϡͻʤɡޤޤʣϤˤƤϤ褯Τά͡ȤС籫Ͽ̤ǤޤäƸ뤳ȤϷи̤ïΤäƤҲŪоݤˤƤ⡤ȤСˤϡȤʤäơϢԤ뤿ᡤϤݤ뤳ȤΤ롥Ʊͤˡñ⤢ñ줬ȤʤꡤñʤӤ˴Ϣñβи롥
ƤߤСäȤȤݤǤϤ롥βݤΰŪʸˤˤ뤬˱ѤϾʤ褦ˡȤƤϡ礭ʬơĹءפȡ֤餮פܤ2बȤǤԤƤ
ĹءפˤϤϡ֤ΡĤʬؤʬεΥ s ˰¸ƤɤΤ褦Ѳ뤫Ĵ٤ϡפǤ桤p. 99ˡߤΥ줿2Ĥʬ¤ƤĹؤȤȤˤʤcf. #4675. ʣϡ ([2022-02-13-1]) ǸڤĹסˡ
ѸˤѸǤ괧 the ˤĤơĹʸϤĹزϤߤȡɤ夤Ĺؤ褦桤p. 105ˡޤǼ夤ĹؤˤȤɤޤꡤ٤ߤ the ˤ餢٤βݤߤ뤳ȤȽ롥äȤˡthe ⸽ȤϸǤޤäƸ졤ʤȤˤϤФ餯ʤȤȤٴѻΤǤ롥 (109ˤϡԸ˽λ¤Τ褦˲ᤷƤ롥
k Ĥûֳ֤ȡ³ k + 1ܤδֳ֤ûk ĤĹֳ֤ȡ³ k + 1ܤδֳ֤Ĺˤ롥ûֳ֤³ȤϡоݤȤʤñ줬ǤޤäƸ뤳ȤƤ롥άͤΤ褦ʲݤطʤˤʸ̮Ѳ롥the ˤĤƤϡޤ괧濴ȤưŪʳǰƳθ塤Ƴ줿ǰˤĤƵԤ졤κݤ the ¿Ѥ롥
ϡäˤ¤ (information_structure) ܤthe ˤĤƤβݤɤ߲ȤäƤ褤
ҡظȥե饯 --- ѤνѤˤɬ١ؽDz2021ǯ
#4649. Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤Ϥޤ줿Τ ([2022-01-18-1]) εƤȤɼԤϢʸ롤ȤȤǶƤޤβʹˤ¸ʤä Toyota ʸǤؤ꤬ȤǤ®ɤǤߤޤ
ʸμݤǤToyota (118) ƬꡤʸƤʸϤѤޤ
Our main question is about how the distinction between mass and count nouns evolved. Earlier English surprisingly has a relatively poor counting system, the distinction between count and mass nouns not being clear. This poor distinction in earlier English has developed into a new systems of considering certain referents as mass nouns, and these referents came to be counted differently from those considered as count nouns. There are various changes involved in this development, and it is possible that factors like language contact caused the change. This view is challenged, asking whether other possibilities, such as a change in human cognition and the world-view of speakers, also affected this development.
ƱʸˤСűѸ줫ѸޤǤϡĻ (countability) ˴ؤ̤ΤˤϤʤäȤȤǤʤμΤ褦ʤΤϤäΤǤˡϡĻζ̤ĤƤʤäȹͤĸħηѾ¸ȹͤƤ褵Ǥ
ȤѸ줫顤Ȥ櫓ѸˤơǡȤƸ̤Ļζ̤Ĥ褦ˤʤäƤޤطʤˤϡǤ˲Ļζ̤Ƥƥե줫αƶͤޤǤŪûΤʶ̤¤ʬˤǤޤǡܿˤ꿨ȯ줿ǽǧĤĤ⡤ȯŪ˱ѸˤѡסʼˤС̾ʬפۤɤǤ礦ˤѲΤǤϤʤ Toyota Ƥޤ
Helsinki Corpus ˤиŪĴȤܤͤޤȤΩƤ줿ѡפѲ¾ڤˤϥꥢʤФʤʤ꤬ޤ¿褦˻פޤǤ⡤ؤ䤹ŪʻߤȤɤळȤǤޤ⡤˴ؿͯƤޤ
Toyota, Junichi. "When the Mass Was Counted: English as Classifier and Non-Classifier Language." SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 6.1 (2009): 118--30. Available online at http://www.skase.sk/Volumes/JTL13/pdf_doc/07.pdf .
ε#4649. Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤Ϥޤ줿Τ ([2022-01-18-1]) ȴϢơر̣äƤ줿ΤǡǹͤƤߤ
̾̾ԲĻ̾Ȥ괧 a(n) ʤƻǽˤ϶Ӥӡ괧ȼȤȤ롥С"Ours was a very happy marriage." "The book was a great success." Τ褦ʥǤ롥
ƻȼäƤ⸶§Ȥ괧ʤִǤ̾פ⤢롥ڤƤ줿إʸˡ (93) ȤƤߤȡθ줬ƤΤ good advice, remarkable progress, bitter weather ʤɤ괧ϼʤ
advice, applause, behavior, conduct, damage, fun, harm, homework, information, luck, music, news, nonsense, progress, weather, wisdom, work
դˤϹŪܤȤ褦Quirk et al. ʡ5.59ˤˤȡ괧줬դʸ3ĵƤ롥
Mavis had a good education.
My son suffers from a strange dislike of mathematics. <ironic>
She played the oboe with (a) remarkable sensitivity.
Τ褦ʥ괧줬դϤϤäꤷƤ餺ޤǼΤ褦ʾˤդ䤹ȤˤŦǤˤȤɤޤ롥
(i) the noun refers to a quality or other abstraction which is attributed to a person;
(ii) the noun is premodified and/or postmodified; and, generally speaking, the greater the amount of modification, the greater the acceptability of a/an.
ɸ꤬Ǥ뤳ȤʬäƤ
ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
̾βĻ (countability) ϸѸˤפܥ֥ǤޤȤ˰äȤʤäȤ˵Ť#4335. ̾βʬ ([2021-03-10-1])#4214. ʣ (1) ([2020-11-09-1])#4215. ʣ (2) ([2020-11-10-1])#2808. Jackendoff γǰ̣ ([2017-01-03-1]) դǴŪ˿Ƥ٤Ǥ롥伫ȡˤĤŪ˸äȤʤäȤȤ⤢롥
ܸüԤȤƱѸؤǤơʤñԲĻ̾ʤΤȵȤϰ٤٤ǤϤʤ˵ñϡΤޤ줽ǤƱѸǤϿȤȤˤʤäƤꡤ˿ˤϤñ̤ɽ魯Ļ̾Ѥɽ˥ѥե졼ʤФʤʤ㤨 Quirk et al. ʡ5.9ˤˤȼ̤ꡥ
| NONCOUNT NOUN | COUNT EQUIVALENT |
| This is important information | a piece/bit/word of information |
| Have you any news? | a piece/a bit/an item of good news |
| a lot of abuse | a term/word of abuse |
| some good advice | a piece/word of good advice |
| warm applause | a round of applause |
| How's business? | a piece/bit of business |
| There is evidence that . . . | a piece of evidence |
| expensive furniture | a piece/an article/a suite of furniture |
| The interest is only 5 percent. | a (low) rate of interest |
| What (bad/good) luck! | a piece of (bad/good) luck |
괧ˤ괧ˤ衤첻֤ˤäƤϡ̾ [ə], [ðə] ǤϤʤ [ən], [ði] ȯΤŪȤ롥ºݤˤϡ#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤɬ̤ȯԤʤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤŪʷȤǧ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥ϢŪаޤŪ¦̤ϡʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#831. Why "an apple"? ([2011-08-06-1])
#906. the ΰۤʤȯ ([2011-10-20-1])
#907. 첻 the εŪȯ ([2011-10-21-1])
#2236. 첻 the ȯˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2015-06-11-1])
#2814. 첻Ϣ³ĺ ([2017-01-09-1])
Ȥ櫓Ǹε#2814. 첻Ϣ³ĺ ([2017-01-09-1]) ܤƤ餤ε#4430. cockney θߡ ([2021-06-13-1]) ǰѡȤ Fox cockney ȯħ1ĤȤơִ + ĺ + 첻ǻϤޤפ夲Ƥ롥첻Ϣ³뤿ĺȤ㤬cockney ˤäȤˤʤ롥⡤ŪǶγȤΤǡޤޤ⤷
cockney μԤ¿ϡ⤽嵭δȯ˴ؤ뵬Ūʶ̤Ƥ餺첻Ǥ [ə], [ðə] ѤȤ첻Ǥ첻Ϣ³ (hiatus) 褦ˡĺ [ʔ] ߹ߤȤFox (2025) Ѥ롥
In an investigation of young speakers of Bangladeshi and white British origin, Fox . . . found high frequency of the use of a [ə] and the [ðə] before vowel-initial words among Bangladeshi male adolescents in Tower Hamlets, London, and to a lesser extent in the speech of their white Anglo male peers. All speakers used glottal stop to resolve hiatus in the V#V context. Multi-ethnic friendship networks were shown to play a key role in the diffusion of these features.
Ū˽ʬ⤷˼ҲŪˤͻǤȤȤǥƥ
Fox, Sue. "Varieties of English: Cockney." Chapter 128 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 2013--31.
Vιܡڹߡפ̣ notch 괧˴ؤʬ (metanalysis) η̤η֤ǤȤɤ9 Words Formed by Mistakes: When false division gives us real words εˤȡnotch ʬϤȤ㤤ˤä1ĤȤƾҲ𤵤Ƥʤ¾Ȥ apron, ingot, nickname, umpire, orange, aught, newt, adder Ƥˡ
εǤϡ (an) ickname (a) nickname ȤƸäʬϤ졤 nickname Ȥ촴Ф줿ΤƱͤˡťե줫Ѥ줿 oche ˤĤƤ⡤(an) oche (a) noche Ф줿ΤȤƤ롥
ʤۤɤȻפ OED notch, n. dzǧƤߤεȤϾͻҤۤʤ롥Τ˸ťե䥢Υޥ oche ʤ֤Ϥä褦Ǥ14Ƭ˥Υޥˤ noche ʤ۷֤ǧƤȤΤѸǤ notch νФ1555ǯǤꡤѸˤ괧δؤʬϤȤϡΥޥˤƤǤ n Ƭźä줿֤ΤޤޱѸ˼Ѥ줿ȤۤľǤϤʤȤΤ OED Υɤ롥츻ˤϼΤ褦ˤ롥
Apparently < Anglo-Norman noche (early 14th cent.), variant of Anglo-Norman and Middle French osche notch, hole in an object (1170 in Old French), oche incised mark used to keep a record (13th cent.; French hoche nick, small notch; further etymology uncertain and disputed: see below), with attraction of n from the indefinite article in French (compare NOMBRIL n.).
ˤȡn θƬźäϳΤ괧δؤʬϤη̤ǤϤ뤬ѸǤΰʬϤǤϤʤեǤΰʬϤȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹ an/a Ȥ۷֥ڥΤΥޥˤȤʹȤʤäΤǾƬҤͤä Anglo-Norman Dictionary NOTCH1 äƤߤȡβ⤬ä
The nasal at the beginning of the word is believed to be the result of a lexicalized contraction of the n from the indefinite article: une oche became une noche. This nasalized form is not found in Continental French and, according to the OED, only appears in English from the second half of the sixteenth century (as notche).
ɤѸ an/a ȸ̩ʰ̣ʿŪʰʬϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ褦괧 n ĹƸ³θ촴Ƭ˻ۤ줿ɽۤŬڤ⤷ʤ⡤β⼫Τ OED ȤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤ1ĤβȤƤȤ館ƤΤ褤⤷ʤ
ͤޤǤˡOED ΰѤˤ̤ꡤnombril Ȥ n ⡤ѸǤϤʤեˤ괧δؤʬϤη̤ȤƤ롥
I wish you a merry Christmas! Ȥά Merry Christmas! ȤʤꡤI wish you a good morning. ά Good morning! Ȥʤ롥ȶ᤹Ƶα뤳Ȥʤ⤷ʤΤ褦ʷʸ (formula) ̾ؾάˤϡڤȤȤ¿ֻʤɤȼ A merry Christmas to you! Τ褦˴줬Ĥ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤϳ餵̥롼ǤϤʤΤΡʸ⤱й⤤ۤɴޤǴޤƾά褦òŪ Charming couple!, Dirty place!, Excellent meal!, Poor thing!, Good idea!, Lovely evening! Ȥ̤礦¾ Cigarette?, Good flight?, Next slide? ʤɤεˤ̤봧ξάȤ롥ɽŪʷʸQuirk et al (11.54) 褦
GREETINGS: Good morning, Good afternoon, Good evening <all formal>; Hello; Hi <familiar>
FAREWELLS: Goodbye, Good night, All the best <informal>, Cheers, Cheerio <BrE, familiar>, See you <familiar>, Bye(-bye) <familiar>, So long <familiar>
INTRODUCTIONS: How do you do? <formal>, How are you?, Glad to meet you, Hi <familiar>
REACTION SIGNALS:
(a) assent, agreement: Yes, Yeah /je/; All right, OK <informal>, Certainly, Absolutely, Right, Exactly, Quite <BrE>, Sure <esp AmE>
(b) denial, disagreement: No, Certainly not, Definitely not, Not at all, Not likely
THANKS: Thank you (very much), Thanks (very much), Many thanks, Ta <BrE slang>, Thanks a lot, Cheers <familiar BrE>
TOASTS: Good health <formal>, Your good health <formal>, Cheers <familiar>, Here's to you, Here's to the future, Here's to your new job
SEASONAL GREETINGS: Merry Christmas, Happy New Year, Happy Birthday, Many happy returns (of your birthday), Happy Anniversary
ALARM CALLS: Help! Fire!
WARNINGS: Mind, (Be) careful!, Watch out!, Watch it! <familiar>
APOLOGIES: (I'm) sorry, (I beg your) pardon <formal>, My mistake
RESPONSES TO APOLOGIES: That's OK <informal>, Don't mention it, Not matter <formal>, Never mind, No hard feelings <informal>
CONGRATULATIONS: Congratulations, Well done, Right on <AmE slang>
EXPRESSIONS OF ANGER OR DISMISSAL (familiar; graded in order from expressions of dismissal to taboo curses): Beat it <esp AmE>, Get lost, Blast you <BrE>, Damn you, Go to hell, Bugger off <BrE>, Fuck off, Fuck you
EXPLETIVES (familiar; likewise graded in order of increasing strength): My Gosh, (By) Golly, (Good) Heavens, Doggone (it) <AmE>, Darn (it), Heck, Blast (it) <BrE>, Good Lord, (Good) God, Christ Almighty, Oh hell, Damn (it), Bugger (it) <esp BrE>, Shit, Fuck (it)
MISCELLANEOUS EXCLAMATIONS: Shame <familiar>, Encore, Hear, hear, Over my dead body <familiar>, Nothing doing <informal>, Big deal <familiar, ironic>, Oh dear, Goal, Checkmate
ʸ¿ϲ餫ŪάФΤǤꡤǤԵ§ȸ뤬ä͡ŪݤȤħ⤢롥㤨Сˤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ̤ο;ΤѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤܵळȤǤʤĤΤ¿ʸȤΤǡ(A) happy new year! Τ褦ˡ괧̵ͭʤɤ˴ؤ variation ĤΤ⤢ȹͤƤ롥
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ѸǺǤ٤ι⤤ϡ괧 the Ǥ롥#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) ΤɤɽߤƤ⡤Ū1̤Ǥ롥ȤۤɽפʸǤʤָŪʰ̣פϤʤΤϡʸˡŪʵǽפΤߤǤ롥the ϡ̤ˤΤΤΤΤΤؼôäƤȤ졤ʸˡŪǤƱŪŪʸǤ⤢롥
̤괧֤Τ괧 a(n) ̵ˡδ֤λȤʬȤϤĤȤΤƤ롥§Ǥ뤳ȤǤ㳰¸ߤ롥ޤƱѸǤѼ֤ǻȤʬۤʤ롥֥Ƥפ play the guitar ʤΤ play guitar ʤΤơפ in hospital ʤΤ in the hospital ʤΤ
Ѽ֡ʤüԸĿʹ֡ˤǰۤʤΤϡȤˤȤɤޤʤȯ [ðə], [ði], [ðiː] ʤɤѰۤ롥Τ褦ʸ줬ȥĤĶٸǤȤΤ⡤ͤƤߤФؤääǤ롥
ˤˤĤƤϤɤűѸ䡤Ǥ륲ޥĸ졤ƵˤĤĸǤ⡤ΤϤʤäѸˤߤƤ⡤ꡦ˴ȤϡűѸˤ¸ߤѸʹߤȯãƤԤǤ롥űѸˤ this that ؼ¸ߤƤꡤ˸ԤǴ줬ޤƤȤаޤ롥줬ѸʹߤˤϡʤƤϤʤʤŪʸؤФͤƤ櫓顤ԻĤä
the ˤĤܤ30ʬΥ饸ȤҲ𤷤褦BBC Radio 4's Word of Mouth: The Most Powerful Word Ǥ롥ѸˤȤthe ԻĤ̥Ϥ;ȤʤäƤ롥ȤƤޤȤɤᤷѸˤδϡȤ櫓Ⱦ "Origins" ͭѡ
ʤܥ֥Ǥ the ˤĤ͡˰äƤ##3831,154,156,2144,2855,2856,906,907,2236,4132εåɤ
hellog 饸18ϡʤ <w> ֤Τʤ one /wʌn/ ȯΤǤȤѤʵǤѸֻȯδطϥ㥯ȸޤone ۤɤδܸǤ줬ѻȤȤϡϤꤿǤϤޤ⡤ź <w> ʸʤ /w/ ȯñʤ¾˻פĤޤäȤҤɤñȤȤˤʤޤǤϡŪطʤƤߤޤ礦
<one> = /wʌn/ ϡ鸽Ūʴ鶦ŪäƤ褷ޤѸȯȤθΥڥɸಽβͳ褹롤ŪǤϤΤ褦ˡޤäŪ¸ߤʤΤǤ
ϳΤηϤȤƤ¦̤ޤ餳ؤΩäƤΤǤ줬٤ƤǤϤޤħΤʤˤϡ夫Ѥ졤ɬ⸽Ū˺Ԥ줿ηϤˤŬΤޤĤäƤΤ⤢ޤθˤϡꤷħʬŪȿǤƤޤϡ头ȤˤäȥХȥ졼֤Ƥ̻Ū¸ߤʤΤǤ
/aːn/ one ȤδϢˤˤβǴĶ˱ /oʊn/, /wʌn/, /ən/, /ə/ ʤɤȯŸ餬ߤȤƶ¸ƤΤǤ
ˤȾʬŪޤ⤦ȾʬˤεǤǤȤϤäǤʤȤˤεȤƼ롥Ϥ줯餤δˤΤʤΤȻפޤ
ȴϢơ##86,89,3573,831,2723,3551εå
hellog 饸17ϡ괧 the ȯ˴ؤǤ̤ the θ첻³ˤ [ði ˈæpl] Τ褦ȯ졤[ðə ˈæpl] ȤȯʤȽޤȯΤ䤹ȤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ΤǤ㴳ε䤬ޤԤȯˤΤǤ礦ȤƤäʤ褦˻פΤǤºݡĴ٤ƤߤȸαѸüԤǤ [ðə ˈæpl] ȯ륱ʤΤǤ
Ǥϡʤ [ði ˈæpl] ŪȯȤƤΤǤ礦ʲβޤİ
ήǤƤСѸˤ̤ä th'apple, th'orange ʤɤ elision ȯѤƤޤ˵ϼŪʸѤΤȤ the apple ʤ⤽ȯñζܤȤΤˤʤ褦 [ði ˈæpl]ˤʷפȤơֿͰŪ줿פΤǤϤʤȵäƤޤȯˤ貿ˤ衤ټȯãǴάά줿ΤƤӤȤʣĹȤΤϡQǤϹͤˤǤˤϵŪŪͰŪȸƤӤŪϤƯȻפޤ嵭ϤޤDzǤͤޤǤˡ
ȴϢơ##906,907,2236εåɤߤ
hellog 饸12ϡ1ĤθȤƳؽ뤳Ȥ¿ɸιʸˤĤơ
The longer you work, the more you will earn. ĹƯƯۤɡ¿ΤԤޤ
The older we grow, the weaker our memory becomes. ǯȤФȤۤɡϤϿꤨޤ
The sooner, the better. ᤱᤤۤɤ褤
ιʸǤϡӵѤ2Τǡ?Фۤ?פȤ̣ˤʤ뤳ȤϲȤʤʬ뵤ΤǤʤ괧 the ФƤΤ礦 the ϤäʤΤǤ礦ϡƤޤ
¤϶äۤˤθŤʸʤΤǤ͡⡤the (adverb) ȤƵǽƤȤϡͤȤƤϡwhen . . . then, if . . . then, although . . . yet, as . . . so Τ褦عʸƱ˰Ф褤ȤȤˤʤޤ
ˤĤƾܤϡ##812,811εå
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