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derivation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2015-10-08 Thu

#2355. ե󥹸θðʳؤαƶ --- 硤ֻ [french][contact][borrowing][derivation][stress][hybrid][rsr]

ѸˤǤϡե󥹸ϸäΰˤ¿ʱƶڤܤʳǤϸΤʤȸ뤳Ȥ롥#2351. ե󥹸줫ζưμѡ ([2015-10-04-1]) Ǹ褦˶ñ̤Ǥ⾯ʤ̱ƶڤܤƤֻΰˤ礭ʾ׷ͿƤ
ȤϤʸˡ䲻ˤĤƤϡե󥹸줬ƶͿʤäȤϻ¤ʲ˥󥯤ĥäǿƤ褦ˡƶͤܤ⤤ĤŦƤ뤬ڵΤʤΤ¿Υޥʸ塤ե󥹸ϱѸμҲŪϰ̤򤪤Ȥ뤳Ȥˤꡤ̤ȤƲ̸ȤƤαѸʸˡѲ¥ʤȤ̣ǡŪʱƶڤܤȸȤϤǤ

#204. ;ιʸ ([2009-11-17-1])
#1171. ե󥹸Ȥθܿȶޤο ([2012-07-11-1])
#1208. ե󥹸αʸˡؤαƶɾ ([2012-08-17-1])
#1222. ե󥹸줬ѸβǤͿʱƶ ([2012-08-31-1])
#1815. ̾ one ˡϥե󥹸αƶ ([2014-04-16-1])
#1884. ե󥹸Ѹʸˡü˴Ϳ ([2014-06-24-1])
#1924. ե󥹸Ѹʸˡü˴Ϳ (2) ([2014-08-03-1])
#2047. ΥޥαѸ˾ΰյ ([2014-12-04-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե󥹸졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])

ơϢȡѤƤ Denison and Hogg (17) ϡե󥹸θðʳؤαƶȤ˴ؤơŪˤ϶ϾǤ뤳ȤȤʤ⡤ȶΰˤƤϸΤȻŦ롥

. . . we should . . . look at French influence outside the borrowing of vocabulary. It is best to start by saying that French influence is largely absent from inflectional morphology. The only possibilities concern the eventual domination of the plural inflection -s at the expense of -en (hence shoes rather than shoon) and the rise of the personal pronoun one. Although there are parallels in French, it is virtually certain that the English developments are entirely independent.
   The strongest influence of French can be best seen in two other areas, apparently unrelated but in fact closely connected to each other. These are: (i) derivational morphology; (ii) stress.


ե󥹸ؤαƶǧˤϡ#96. Ѹȥե󥹸Ǻ褫 ( hybrid ) ([2009-08-01-1]) ˵󤲤褦ʺ (hybrid) 򸫤нʬˤĤƤϡ#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1]) rsr (= Romance Stress Rule) ˴ؤƵ򻲾Ȥ줿ȶȤ2Ĥΰ褬 "closely connected" ǤȤΤϡѸθ§ȶ§ŬѤ캬ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥˤä̤Ƥ¤ؤΤǤ롥
ޤȤȡե󥹸θðʳؤαƶȤơܤ٤ΤȤС硤ֻȤäȤ

Denison, David and Richard Hogg. "Overview." Chapter 1 of A History of the English Language. Ed. Richard Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge: CUP, 2006. 1--42.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-10-09-1]

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2015-08-05 Wed

#2291. ̾ưžˤȷֲ [diatone][conversion][i-mutation][derivation][affixation][prosody][germanic]

Ѹˤӥޥˤˤơ̾ưžˡϤäޤܼź (affixation) ˤ¾ʻˡäűѸǤС̾ lufu (love) ưդ lufian (to love) Ȥ륿פǤ롥Ѹˤ light (n.) lighten (v.) Τ褦ʥڥ졤٤̤Ȥơˡ켫Τϳǧ (cf. #1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1]))
ˡΤ褦źä줿ܼŪ˼岽ĤˤϾüƤޤäΤ롥ϡŪˤߤСʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) ȸƤФΤǤ롥Ѹʹߤ love 1Ǥꡤ̾ưϷֲޤä̤ʤ
ˡźä줿ܼŪפȤǤϥƱܼκפ촴ΰ˴Τ褦˻ĤäƤȤ롥ŵŪʥפ1Ĥϡhouse /haʊs/ (n.) vs house /haʊz/ (v.) Τ褦˸촴Ҳ̵ͭ򼨤ΤǤ롥촴첻Ĺûääơbreath /brɛθ/ (n.) vs breathe /briːð/ (v.) Τ褦Ω򼨤Τ⾯ʤʤ (cf. #2223. ФˤҲ̵ͭ ([2015-05-29-1]), #979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]))
֤ĤƤܼκספΤ⤦1ĤŵŪʥפϡi-mutation Ǥ롥i-mutation Ȥϡܼ i/j ʤɤ첻ǤȤˡԤ촴첻Ĥꤢ뤤Ϲ⤤֤ش󤻤ŪʲǤ (cf. #157. foot ʣϤʤ feet ([2009-10-01-1])) ܼ˾üƤޤȡ꤬ϸ촴첻ѰۤΤߤȤȤˤʤ롥food (n.) vs feed (v.), tooth (n.) vs teethe (v.) ʤɤ
ʥˤ̾ưβ֤ܴۤ˰פǤ⡤¿ξˡ֤Ѱۤˤʻ줬̤Τ롥diatone γƵǰäƤ̾ưפǤꡤrécord (n.) vs recórd (v.), íncrease (n.) vs incréase (v.) ʤɿ¿¸ߤ (cf. #804. ̾ưñ ([2011-07-10-1]))
ǸƤ褦ˡѸˤӥޥˤˤơܼž촴Ҳ̵ͭΩi-mutation̾ưϡ줾Ūˤ϶̤븽ݤǽŪˤߤʻžȤ̤ͭƤȤ롥ŪˤϴϢΤʤ褦ˤߤ i-mutation ȥ̾ư夬˾塤䴰Ū˵ǽƤȤȤ϶̣˴Ūʰ̴طǤϤűѸ i-mutation षȤȡѸǥ̾ư夬иŪȤʤäȤȤϥ󥯤ƤΤ
ʾƶͿƤ줿ΤϡBiese (250--51) Ǥ롥ʲ˰ѤƤ

[W]e must mention another feature in the development of English sound-changes that was to become important to the process of conversion. In Old English there existed a great number of denominative verbs derived from the corresponding nouns by a suffix causing an i-umlaut, i.e. word-pairs of the following character were very common: scrȳdan?scrūd, hiertan?heorte, rȳman?rūm.
   We may regard this differentiation of nouns and verbs in OE. as a phenomenon on the same lines as the stress-distinction . . . . Now, while in the other Germanic languages the umlaut remained a living featuring principle in the field of word-formation, it soon ceased to be an integral principle of English word-formation. Even in early Middle English the umlaut as a living feature of the language, e.g. as used in forming denominatives from new substantives, had disappeared. Moreover, during the development of English a lot of levelling took place in word-pairs that had originally been distinguished by umlaut. In other cases one of the two words, the subst. or adjective on the other hand or the verb on the other, became obsolete. This feature in the development of the structure of the English language was necessarily very favourable to the spread of the process of forming new words by the method of direct conversion.


Biese, Y. M. Origin and Development of conversions in English. Helsinki: Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, B XLV, 1941.

Referrer (Inside): [2015-08-14-1]

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2015-05-29 Fri

#2223. ФˤҲ̵ͭ [phonetics][oe][consonant][analogy][diatone][derivation][word_formation][conversion][homonymic_clash]

̾ (53--54) Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡطˤǡҲͭ¾̵ʤСͭưΤۤǤפȤ§롥ʲ໤ͿƤꡤۤȤɤư̾ФǤ롥

[f] <f> vs [v] <v>: life--live, proof--prove, safe--save, belief--believe, relief-relieve, thief--thieve, grief--grieve, half--halve, calf--calve, shelf--shelve
[s] <s> vs [z] <s>: close--close, use--use, excuse--excuse, house--house, mouse--mouse, loss--lose
[s] <s> vs [z] <z>: grass--graze, glass--glaze, brass--braze
[c] <s> vs [z] <s>: advice--advise, device--devise, choice--choose
[θ] <th> vs [ð] <th>: bath--bathe, breath--breathe, cloth--clothe, kith--kithe, loath--loathe, mouth--mouth, sheath-sheathe, sooth--soothe, tooth--teethe, wreath--wreathe

close--close Τ褦λҲֻƱΤ⤢Сadvice--advise Τ褦˰ۤʤΤ⤢ (cf. #1153. ̾ adviceư advise ([2012-06-23-1])) ޤưϸ e ĤΤ⾯ʤʤ (cf. #979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1])) <th> ˴ؤΤˤĤƤϡԤ첻βۤʤΤ¿
ФθҲ (voicing) Ωˤϡ¿ξ硤ŪʲͿƤ롥١̵̾ưͭפΥѥ󤬳Ωȡ줬פȤʤä (analogy) ˤ㤬ȤȤ⤢줾ФΩǯʤɤĴɬפ롥
ߤطˤ̾ưΤβ֤ˤƤˡƱ (homonymic_clash) 򤱤뤿ΩѤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ƱưŤϡ֤㤨 récord vs recórd Τ褦ʡ̾ưפΥڥ (diatone) ˤѻ褦˻פ롥

̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-30-1] [2015-08-05-1]

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2014-10-08 Wed

#1990. ͡ʼΰ̣ [semantics][pragmatics][derivation][inflection][word_formation][idiom][suffix]

#1953. Stern ˤ̣Ѳ7ʬ (2) ([2014-09-01-1]) ǿ줿Stern ͡ʼΰ̣̤Ƥ롥2ΩǤ狼䤹ΰ̣˴Ūʻ󶡤ΤȤɾǤ롥ΤʤǤŪʴˤȤΰ̣ζ̤򲼤󤷤褦 (Stern 68--87)

(1) actual vs lexical meaning. ԤϼºݤȯäΤʤΰ̣򡤸Ԥϸʤˤʸ̮Ω֤ñΤȤƤỊ̇򤵤ԤϼŪʰ̣Ȥ⤤ʸˡʸȤƤʸΰ̣⡤ʸ̮ΩƤȤǡlexical meaning ह롥̾̣ϼºݤȯäΤʤˤƸΤǤꡤñΤǸΤϾ嵭Τ褦˼ʸˡʤɸؤ˴ؤ̤򤪤Ƥۤˤʤactual meaning (definiteness) Ĥlexical meaning (indefinite) Ǥ롥

(2) general vs particular meaning. 㤨 The dog is a domestic animal. μϽŪŪʰ̣ĤThat dog is mad. μϸ̤ΰ̣ġ٤Ƥ̾ϡΤ褦˼ɽ魯ŪˡȸΤɽ魯Ūˡġ̾Ȥϼ㴳ϰۤʤ뤬ƻưˤƱζ̤롥

(3) specialised vs referential meaning. λؼоݤĤͭȤüԤϤ1Ĥ뤤ϤĤ˾Ƥʤ餽θѤ뤳Ȥ롥㤨 He was a man, take him for all in all. Ȥʸˤ man ϡƻŪäƤΤȤ򤵤Ƥ롥Τ褦ʻؼλʤȤѤƤ specialised meaning ͭƤȤߤʤ롥He had an army of ten thousand men. ȤȤ men ϡơθäƤꡤޤǻؼŪʰ̣ (referential meaning) ͭˤʤ̩ˤϡreferential meaning specialised meaning ΩȤϡüʸ1ĤȤȤ館٤ particular meaning ܹ specialised meaning ϺƱ䤹particular meaning ϸλؼоݤϰϤθȤơspecialised meaning ϸΰ̣ϰϤθȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥

(4) tied vs contingent meaning. ԤϸȸŪʸ̮ˤؼоݤꤹΰ̣ǤꡤԤϤǤϻؼоݤꤻüԤ䤽¾ξθʤФʤʤΰ̣Ǥ롥Ԥϰ̣Ūʰ̣ԤϸŪʰ̣ȤäƤ褤

(5) basic vs relational meaning. 줬ָ촴פäƤ硤촴ΰ̣ basicΰ̣ relational Ȥ롥㤨Сƥ lupi ϡϵȤỤ̄ͭ촴 lup- ñ°ʤȤطỤ̄ (syntactical relational meaning) ͭ -i ʤ롥طỤ̄ˤäɽ蘆Ȥϸ¤餺촴첻 ( Ablaut or gradation ) ˤäɽ蘆줿 (ex. ring -- rang -- rung) ˤäɽ蘆줿 (ex. Jack beats Jill. vs Jill beats Jack.) ⤹СˤäƤɽ蘆ʤȤ⤢롥طỤ̄ (derivational relational meaning) ϡ㤨 like -- liken -- likeness Υ꡼ˤߤ褦 -en -ness ˤäɽ蘆Ƥ롥绨ĤˤäơطỤ̄طỤ̄ϡ줾ܼܼбȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥

(6) word- vs phrase-meaning. δѶ (idiom) 䴷Ūʸ (ex. How do you do?) פ⤫٤Ф狼褦ˡΰ̣ϡФФʣñΰ̣¤ˤϤʤʤ

(7) autosemantic vs synsemantic meaning. ʹ˥᡼򴭵տޤȯɽŵŪˤʸ̾ˤϡautosemantic meaning ĤȤ롥ֻ졤³졤ƻ졤ưη (ex. goes, stands, be, doing) °ᡤгʤ̾졤ʣγǤ synsemantic meaning ĤȤ롥

Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.

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2014-03-19 Wed

#1787. coolth [productivity][suffix][noun][derivation][morphology]

ưƻ줫̾ -th ˤĤơ#14. ̾-th ([2009-05-12-1])#16. -th ̾ΤȤˤʤäư졦ƻϡ ([2009-05-14-1])#595. death and dead ([2010-12-13-1]) ˤϸѸǤŪǤϤʤ̾Ͼʤ餺¸ߤ櫓ǤꡤüԤ -th ̾첽ȤƤεǽˤϵŤƤȹͤ롥äơ餫Τä -th Ŀ̾줬׻Ū˸줿ȤƤ⡤ۤɶäϤʤ
coolth ʤ̾ߤĤ̾Ϸƻ cool Ф̾ coolness coolth OED ˤ1547ǯ˽Фư衤ΤȤߤˤޤ³Ƥ롥졼٥Ȥ "Now chiefly literary, arch., or humorous" ȤʤäƤꡤͽ̤̤λȤǤϤʤ褦cool ΡäפθǤϤʤŪʡ֤äפθ̾ȤƤ coolth 1966ǯ˽ФƤ롥̤ᤤ뤤׻Ūʸ촶ϡθѸ줫ʸ˸Ƥ롥

The walls of the house alone have 230,000 lb of adobe mass that can store heat and coolth (yes, this is a word).
Of course, just saying 'hippest' gives away my age and my utter lack of coolness or coolth or whatever term those people are using these days.
How soothing it is, forsooth, to desire coolth and vanquish inadequate Brit warmth.


ѥ餤Ĥ㤬󤬤ΤǡŵŪ׻ (nonce-word) ȤϤʤǡòƤȤۤɤΰ괶ϤʤΤ褦ʸͷӤˤᤤŪ褷Ȥǡ#732. -dom Ū ([2011-04-29-1]) Ǽ夲 -dom Ω˶ܤ롥coolth ϡ-th Ⱦü褯Ƥȸ
Ūˤ׻ȤС#1761. ޷Ȥʧֹ⤵פȡֹߡס ([2014-02-21-1]) δϢơĿŪʻ㤬롥٤Ҥơ뤤ˤĤޤȤ줿줬äȤˡ֤Τߤ줿dzڤˤʤäʤפȸФܸθȤơ֤뤵פϤäƤ֤ߡפ̤ǤϤʤȵŤƶФΤΡ֤뤵פǤϤʤʬΤߤΤäƤ뤢äԲȼ֤뤵סʬˤȤäƤϽʬ˶ŪƤ׻˸òƤ٤֤뤵פɽ魯ˡǤŪ֤ߡפФ̤ȯư֤ߡפФ줿Τʤ
ʤܼ׻¤Ȥǰϸߤ˴طǼ褦ˡñΩȤ褦ʤΤǤϤʤˤĤƤϡ#938. (4) ([2011-11-21-1]) #940. ¤ ([2011-11-23-1]) 򻲾ȡŤԤεǡޤ coolth *դˤ󤲤Ƥ

Referrer (Inside): [2016-09-23-1] [2015-01-04-1]

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2014-02-21 Fri

#1761. ޷Ȥʧֹ⤵פȡֹߡ [suffix][japanese][morphology][derivation][productivity][neurolinguistics]

ܸ֤̾פȡ֤ߡפˤĤơHagiwara et al. ʸɤƻθ촴³̾첽뵡ǽäƤ뤬֤פŪǤǡ֤ߡפϴΤ֤ȤȤΤƤ롥ֲסִŤס뤤סˤסֽŤסֹ⤤סֶסֶ줤סֿסִݤסֽ餫פʤɤϤ뤳ȤǤ뤬䤿סָǤסְ¤פʤɤϡ֤ߡפӽ뤷ʣƻֻҶ餷סֱפʤɤƱͤºݡ֤ߡפ³ǤΤ30ۤɤ˸¤졤ˤƸꤵƤ롥̣⡤̵֤̾ɸͽ¬ǽ⤤֤ߡ̾ͭɸͽ¬ǽ㤤㤨Сֹ⤵פŪֹ̾ߡפϡֹ⤤ȤפۤɤΤŪʰ̣̾Ǥ롥
Ρ֤פȡ֤ߡפηỤ̄Ūΰ㤤ϡѸ -ness -ity ΰ㤤Ȥ褽ʿԤƤ롥Ѹ2Ĥ̾ˤĤƤϡ#935. (1) ([2011-11-18-1]) Ǽ夲Τǡ򻲾ȤƤܸȱѸΥȤǤκۤϡѸŪ -ity ϴΤβ֤Ѳ (ex. válid vs valídity) ΤФơܸŪ֤ߡפϴΤβ֤ݤĤȤȤΤȤƤϡѸ4Τʿˤܤ٤
Hagiwara et al. εϤǤ롥Ѹε§ưγѷϵ§ˤ뤬Ե§ưγѷϵľܰФ롥Ʊ褦ˡܸΡ֤̾ϵ§ˤ뤬֤ߡ̾ϵľܰФƤΤǤϤʤκݤˡѸư϶޷ (inflectional morphology) °ǤꡤܸΡ֤ס֤ߡפ (derivational morphology) °ǤϤ뤬ƱξޤƯƤڵǤϤʤȡ衤޷Ͻ̤٤2ĤȹͤƤζˤƹ⤤βϡषޤ˶ᤤ񤤤򤹤ȹͤΤǤϤʤȤΤ Hagiwara et al. ƤǤ롥ʾεɴԤΥƥȤи (neurolinguistics) δʤƤ롥Ѥ褦

Our investigation of the Japanese nominal suffixes -sa annd -mi led us to the conclusion that the affixation of these two suffixes involves two different mental mechanisms, and that the two mechanisms are supported by different neurological substrates. The results of our study constitute a new piece of evidence for the dual-mechanism model of morphology, where default rule application and associative memory are supposed to operate as mutually independent mechanisms. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the dual-mechanism model is valid for morphological processes in general, and is not limited to inflectional ones. This, in turn, shows that some derivational processes can involve default rules or computation, much like those in inflection or syntactic operations. From the neurolinguistic point of view, our study has contributed to the clarification of the localization of linguistic functions, namely, the Broca's area functions as the rule-governed grammatical computational system whereas the left-middle and inferior temporal areas subserve the unproductive/semiproductive memory-based lexical-semantic processing system. (758)


޷ȤʬŪ˼ʧȤȤοиؾƤϡ㤨С#456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1]) Τ褦ˤ⿷ʸꤲ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ

Hagiwara, Hiroko, Yoko Sugioka, Takane Ito, Mitsuru Kawamura, and Jun ichi Shiota. "Neurolinguistic Evidence for Rule-Based Nominal Suffixation." Language 75 (1999): 739--63.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-01-1] [2014-03-19-1]

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2014-02-11 Tue

#1751. ʣ1Ǥβû [phonetics][word_formation][compound][derivation][vowel][trish]

ε#1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡʣ1ǤŪˤĤŤޤȤϡѸˤǤ⤷ФƤ롥
Skeat (490) ε󤲤Ƥ벻§ˤС"When a word (commonly a monosyllable) containing a medial long accented vowel is in any way lengthened, whether by the addition of a termination, or, what is perhaps more common, by the adjunction of a second word (which may be of one or two syllables), then the long vowel (provided it still retains the accent, as is usually the case) is very apt to become shortened." ȤĤޤꡤΤդ̤μͳǤ³ʣˤơ1ǤȤʤȤδΤĹ첻첻ûʤȤȤ졤ʣ졤¾ξʬơSkeat (492--94) ꡤ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦
ޤϡ㡥Ҳ³ȡΤĹ첻첻û䤹

heather < heath
rummage < room
throttle < throat
harrier < hare
children < child (cf. #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1]))
breadth < broad (cf. #16. -th ̾ΤȤˤʤäư졦ƻϡ ([2009-05-14-1]))
width < wide (cf. #1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]))
bliss < blithe
gosling < goose
led (pa., pp.) < lead (cf. #1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]))
fed (pa., pp.) < feed
read (pa., pp.) < read (cf. #1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]))
hid (pa., pp.) < hide
heard (pa., pp.) < hear

ˡʣ㡥2Ҳ³ȡȤ櫓Τ첻û

bonfire < bone (cf. #1750. bonfire ([2014-02-10-1]))
breakfast < break (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
cranberry < crane
futtocks < foot (+ hooks)
husband, hustings, hussif, hussy < house (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
Lammas < loaf (+ mass)
leman < lief (+ man)
mermaid < mere (cf. #115. ˤο͵ϤʤΤ ([2009-08-20-1]))
nostril < nose
sheriff < shire (+ reeve)
starboard < steer
Whitby, Whitchurch, whitster, whitleather, Whitsunday < white
Essex < East
Sussex, Suffolk < South

¾ΥȤơ³ҲˤΤǤϤʤ˵Ȥߤ㤬롥

cushat < cow (+ shot)
forehead < fore (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))
halyard < hale
heifer < high
knowledge < know
shepherd < sheep
stirrup < sty (+ rope)
tuppence < two (+ pence)
thrippence < three (+ pence)
fippence < five (+ pence)
holiday, halibut, hollihock < holy (cf. #260. ([2010-01-12-1]))

Skeat, Walter W. Principles of English Etymology. 1st ser. 2nd Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-01-1] [2015-05-31-1]

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2013-05-14 Tue

#1478. Ƭ [affix][prefix][suffix][word_formation][morphology][lexicology][statistics][derivation]

ϸѸܼź (affixation) ˴ؤŪꡥѸθˤѤ礿Ƭ (prefix) (suffix) Quirk et al. (1539--58) ˤƬν󤹤롥ʲΥꥹȤǤϡƱܼΰ۷̡֤˵󤲤Ƥ뤬ƬȤˤ褽50Ĥ롥

A-, AN-, ANTI-, ARCH-, AUTO-, BE-, BI-, CO-, CONTRA-, COUNTER-, DE-, DEMI-, DI-, DIS-, EM-, EN-, EX-, EXTRA-, FORE-, HYPER-, IN-, INTER-, MAL-, MINI-, MIS-, MONO-, MULTI-, NEO-, NON-, OUT-, OVER-, PALEO-, PAN-, POLY-, POST-, PRE-, PRO-, PROTO-, PSEUDO-, RE-, SEMI-, SUB-, SUPER-, SUR-, TELE-, TRANS-, TRI-, ULTRA-, UN-, UNDER-, UNI-, VICE-


-(I)AN, -ABLE, -AGE, -AL, -ANT, -ATE, -ATION, -DOM, -ED, -EE, -EER, -EN, -ER, -ERY, -ESE, -ESQUE, -ESS, -ETTE, -FUL, -FY, -HOOD, -IAL, -IC, -ICAL, -IFY, -ING, -IOUS, -ISH, -ISM, -IST, -ITE, -ITY, -IVE, -IZE (-ISE), -LESS, -LET, -LIKE, -LING, -LY, -MENT, -NESS, -OCRACY, -OR, -OUS, -RY, -SHIP, -STER, -WARD(S), -WISE, -Y


Ʊ Quirk et al. ˤ̣䵡ǽˤ뤳ܼ绨Ĥʬ̥ڡ˼Τǡ⻲ȡ
Crystal (150) ˤСOED ˤ븫Ф쥵ץĴη̡100򾯤ĶۤɤƬΤ줫ѸΤ40--50%˸ȤܼźäѸομ礿ʤǤ뤳Ȥϡ#873. ѸοˤʣΥХ󥹡 ([2011-09-17-1])#875. Bauer ˤ븽ѸοΥΤޤȤ ([2011-09-19-1])#878. Algeo Bauer ο쥽Ĵӡ([2011-09-22-1])#879. Algeo ο쥽Ĵ鼨̻Ū([2011-09-23-1]) ʤɤǺƻƤŪѤƤѸΤߤƤ⡤Ϥܼźä礭ȤȤ狼롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-08-1]

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2013-01-05 Sat

#1349. procrastination [morphology][french][latin][derivation][word_formation][diachrony][combining_form][loan_word][romancisation][neo-latin]

procrastination /prə(ʊ)ˌkræstɪˈneɪʃən/ Ȥƥͳ褹Ǥʤ줬롥ٱפ̣ǡѸǤν1548ǯȤʤäƤ롥츻ȤƤϡŵƥ̾ prōcrāstinātiō ѤΤǤ롤ȽҤ٤ƺѤޤȻפкѤޤ뤬ñ procrastination η֤ȯܳŪ褦ȤСѸ줬˥ƥե󥹸ηֵ§䲻§ǤȤˤҤ٤ʤˤϡѸʹߡ򤫤̻Ū˰ޤƤŪŪʷֵ§䲻§ȤƸ경ƤˤǤ롥
Bloomfield ˤСѸüԤϥƥñѤݤˡ"a fairly well-fixed set of habits" (493) ƤȤ

[T]hese habits are composed of (1) the adaptations and phonetic renderings that were conventional in the French use of book-Latin words round the year 1200, (2) adaptations that have become conventional in the English usage of Latin-French forms, and (3) phonetic renderings due to English sound-changes that have occurred since the Norman time.


procrastination ƤϤƤߤ褦ե󥹸Ǥϡƥ̾ϼʤǤϤʤгʤåʤη֡ΤˤϤȤ֤ǼΤǤ롥äơƥ prōcrāstinātiō ϡʷΤޤޥե󥹸ΤǤϤʤprōcrāstinātiōnem ʤɤμгʷ -em 줿֤ǡprocrastination Ȥƥե󥹸롥⤷13դ˥ե󥹸äƤʤСե󥹸Ǥ *[prokrastinaˈsjoːn] ʤɤȤʤäƤȤοꤵ벻 (1) ν˴Ť
ˡѸüԤϡ(2) ν˽äơե󥹸ͳƱѸäƤñȯѸ첽롥嵭οˤ2첻 *[a], 4첻 *[a], ľ *[sjon] 򡤤줾Ѹ [æ], [eɪ], [ʃən] ؤ֤ΤǤ롥νϡѸ줬̤Υե󥹼Ѹʤۤ夲Ƥαʩб§Ǥ롥
Ǹˡ(3) νʤѸˤ붯ưˤ뵬§Ѳ˽äơ1ǽᤫ餽ΰذư
Bloomfield ܿͤ p. 450 ǧƤ褦ˡ(2) (3) ζܤɬΤǤϤʤ嵭ϡѸ졤ե󥹸졤ƥ3Ԥδ֤̻Ū˰ޤƤб§̻ŪƤѲȤαѸˤ붦Ūʷֵ§ʤ뤤ϷֽˤȤƳΩƤȤŪǤ롥Ѹ줬16ȾФˡƥ prōcrāstinātiō ѤȤ뤤ϻȤƼ˼ȤȾ̵ռ (1), (2), (3) νŬѤ졤Ѹβ procrastination 줿ΤǤ롥ˤϡñʤѰʾβѤƤ롥
Ĺ֤Τ˷֤ŤƤвϩĤΤޤˤ®ϩȤʤäơľŪŤ褦ˤʤäȤǤѸäμȤϡˤ diachrony synchrony ȤǤ⼨ͿƤ줽

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-01-31-1] [2013-02-08-1]

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2012-06-18 Mon

#1148. űѸ˭ʸ [oe][lexicology][derivation][compound][compounding][word_formation][productivity][kenning]

űѸθ (word formation) (derivation) ʣ (compounding) ˤꡤ˭Ǥ뤳ȤϡűѸʸˡѸˤγ̤Ƥ褯ΤƤ롥Baugh and Cable (64--65) ǤϡŪȤơűѸ mōd "mood, heart, mind, spirit; boldness, courage, pride, haughtiness" Ȥ1Ĥθ캬顤100ʾθ줬Ȥ¤Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥100ĤȤޤǤϤʤǵ󤲤Ƥ򡤰̣ȤȤ󤷤Ƥߤ褦

mōdig "spirited, bold, high-minded, arrogant, stiff-necked"
mōdiglic "magnanimous"
mōdiglīce "boldly; proudly"
mōdignes "magnanimity; pride"
mōdigian "to bear oneself proudly or exultantly; to be indignant, to rage"
gemōdod "disposed; minded"
mōdfull "haughty"
mōdlēas "spiritless"

mōdsefa "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgeþanc "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgeþoht "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgehygd "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgemynd "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdhord "mind, thought, understanding"

mōdcræft "intelligence"
mōdcræftig "intelligent"

glædmōdnes "kindness"
mōdlufu "affection"
unmōd "despondency"
mōdcaru "sorrow"
mōdlēast "want of courage"
mādmōd "folly"
ofermōd "pride"
ofermōdigung "pride"
ofermōdig "proud"
hēahmōd "proud; noble"
mōdhete "hate"

micelmōd "magnanimous"
swīþmōd "great of soul"
stīþmōd "resolute; obstinate"
gūþmōd "warlike"
torhtmōd "glorious"
mōdlēof "beloved"

Hall θűѸ켭2ǡˤ mōdig դΤȡۤˤϢΤ뤳Ȥ狼롥

MOD in Hall's Dictionary

Τ˸űѸθ "resourcefulness" ˤ϶äʣ˴ؤƤϡαĹ kenning ȤʸŪΤ뤳ȤŦƤ
"resourcefulness" űѸζŪɽ魯ΤɤȤˤĤƤϽθפ롥[2011-05-28-1]ε#761. űѸ derivation ϻǤפǹͻ褦ˡ "resourcefulness" ϡűѸ̻Ūʣη̤ߡѤ졤˭ʸåͥåȥȤƸűѸ˶Ū˸ƤȤȤǤϤʤsynchronic productivity diachronic productivity ȤʬƹͤɬפΤǤϤʤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Hall, John Richard Clark, ed. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1916.

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2012-02-09 Thu

#1018. par ȡ֤ [japanese][etymology][derivation][semantic_change][metathesis]

ε#1017. par ([2012-02-08-1]) ³εǤϡƥ par ѸؼѤ줿줹븶ϡ캬 *perə- "to allot" ꤵֳƤ롤ƤפǤȤȤޤǽҤ٤
̣ȯŸȸȤ par ȱĤʤΤܸΡ֤Ƥפ˸캬ؤȴԸС֤ʤˡפȤʤ롥 (146) θ캬ɽꡤ"ata" ʬѤ褦

ataŨ
ata-Fi͡
ata-FëͿ
ata-kamöʳ
ata-raˡ
ata-rasiˡ
ata-riա
ate


(73--74) Υ˱褤ʤ顤Ѹ par ȤŦƤ椭캬ΥŨؤǤꡤcompare Ĥƥ饤ХΰդäƤȤϺ줿Ȥ˥ءʹˤܤΤءͿ "to allot" Ǥ롥Ϣ̾ҡʲˤϡpar ʿˤ۵롥캬˥ܤΤư쥢ǡ饷ˡˤϡΩˤʤꤿפɤ⥢ˤʤΤǡ֤äʤˤפۤɤΰդǡcomparable ٤ƤҤȤʤˤθȯŸʿԤΤܸۤǤϡĤ롤ΥꡤƤʤɡ̣Ϣθ
顤饷ˤĤƤϡܸˤž (metathesis) ɽ1ĤȤΤƤ롥ʥˤȤΰ̣Ͼ嵭̤ "new" ΰ̣Υ饿Ȥ줬¸ߤȤŽˡԤ˲ž饿졤ԤǤܤƤޤäȤ"new" ΰ̣ȤĤƤθȤδطϡޤʤ饿ʡʿʡˡ饿ʲˡ饤ʿˤ˻ĤäƤ롥ˤפΥ饿Ʊͤ˶ΤϤʤ饿ʤ䥢饿Ȥˤ겻ž˻ߤʤäΤϤʤʤɡޤθ٤ϻĤƤ롥

ܸ򤵤Τܤ١ȽŹ1974ǯ
ƽܸ츻缭ŵ١شۡ2005ǯ

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2012-02-08 Wed

#1017. par [etymology][derivation][metanalysis][semantic_change]

ƥ pār Ȥƻ濴Ūʸ "equal, equal to, a match for, of the same rank or age, fit, meet, suitable, proper, right" ¿줬߽Ф졤ĤϱѸˤѤƤ롥ʡ (469--71) ꡤѸä󤹤Ȱʲ̤ꡥ

compare, comparable, incomparable, incomparably, comparative, comparatively, comparison; par, parity, disparity; pair; peer, compeer, peerage, peerless; disparage, disparagement; umpire


compare θϡƱΤΤĤ碌פǤꡤߤǤѵȤʤäƤ뤬֥饤Хפɽ魯̾ȤƤѤ줿ƱԤŨȤߤ뤫̣Ȥߤ뤫ϻŤǡcompeer ϤषԤΤȤ館ȿǤƤꡤ֡פƱνפɽ魯Ʊͤˡpeer ϡ²ֵ²פΰ̣ȯãѸؼѤ줿 par ϡʿ̲ʡפ̣롥pair ƱΤ2Ĥʤ1ȤǤ롥umpire ϡ[2010-07-25-1]ε#454. GVS ʳФ褦˸ brier, choir, friar, umpireפǤߤ褦ˡnon-peer ƱǤʤԡˤκǽ n ʬ (metanalysis) 졤æͳ褹롥
ơƥ pār ϡĸ *perə- "to allot" ˤΤܤꡤ캬ΰ̣ϡֳƤ롤ƤפȤäȤƤפϤޤꡤס٤סƱסƱ̤μԡפʤɤؤỌ̇̄ȯŸ줬߽Ф줿ΤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ
pār ΰϢꤢΤϡΰ̣ι꤬ܸΤ캬ξȤ⤷ۤɰפ뤫Ǥ롥ˤĤƤεǡ

ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ޽饤֡1992ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2012-02-09-1]

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2011-09-17 Sat

#873. ѸοˤʣΥХ [romancisation][compound][derivation][lexicology][pde][word_formation][productivity][statistics][pde_language_change]

Ѹäˤϡ븻Ȥ顤绨Ĥ˼Τ褦˳礵롥űѸǤʣ (composition) (derivation) äѸ줫ѸˤƤϼ (borrowing) ѸʹߤϺƤʣĥƤθûˤήơϿζ븻򡤼Ѥ¸ǡʤ켫ΤȤϸ¤ʤˤκѤ¿äƤȤȤˤʤ롥ǤϡѸħŤȤʣ2ĤθǤϡɤ餬⤤ȤPotter (69--70) ϡξԤΥХ󥹤Ϥ褯ƤɾƤ롥

German and Dutch, like ancient Greek, make greater use of composition (or compounding) than derivation (of affixation). French and Spanish, on the other hand, like classical Latin, prefer derivation to composition. Present-day English is making fuller use of both composition and derivation than at any previous time in its history.


ξԤΥХ󥹤Ƥ뤫Ȥä¾ͥ줿ȤȤˤϤޤäʤʤޥɤȥޥ󥹸ɤθħƤ뤳ȤˤꡤѸ줬Ω줫ֶᤤ׸ȴȤ̤Ϥ뤫⤷ʤʴϢ[2010-05-27-1]εֱѸΥޥ󥹸첽ˤĤƤɾפ򻲾ȡˡޥϤǤ⤢ޥ󥹷ϤǤ⤢ȤѸħϡ˸¤餺Τˤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ơPotter Ͼ嵭Τ褦ʣιХ󥹤ŦŪ¬ä櫓ǤϤʤ¾μפʥ衼åѸ줢뤤ϸŤѸȤӤˤɾˤʤˤĤƤҴŪĴΤBauer (32--33, 36--39) Bauer The Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (1972--86) Ѥ̵ɸĴǡоݤФ줿Ǥ뿷1559ǯˤ (1) 1880--1913, (2) 1914--38, (3) 1939--82 3˶ʬơ¤ˡ̤˸̤줿¤ˡȤϡAbbreviations, Blends, Shortenings, Compounds, Prefixation, Suffixation, Names, Neo-classical compounds, Simultaneous prefix and suffix, Other 10Ǥ롥
Bauer (38) ηǤɽΥǡ Log-Likelihood Tester, Ver. 2 ꤲ׽ƤߤʥǡHTML򻲾ȡդϰʲ򻲾ȡˡΤȤƻ̤κ p < 0.05 Υ٥ͭդǤꡤʬ̻ۤŪѲѻȸäƤ褤¤ˡ̤Ѳ򸫤ƤߤȡAbbreviations p < 0.01 Υ٥ͭդä򼨤Suffixation Neo-classical compounds 줾 p < 0.05 Υ٥ͭդʸ򼨤¾¤ˡˤĤƤϡ3ˤ錄ɤϸϰȤȤˤʤ롥Bauer (37--38) ϡBlends äͭդǤȼƤꡤФлŦƱݤηٻƤ褦׻ p < 0.05 Υ٥ǤͭպǧʤäΤդɬפǤ[2011-01-18-1]εblending γפ򻲾ȡˡ

Processes of Word-Formation: Changes over a Century

ʣ (Compounds, Neo-classical compounds) (Prefixation, Suffixation, Simultaneous prefix and suffix) ٤ȡ3̤ƸԤγԤγ2.7٤ǰݤƤʰʲΥդ򻲾ȡˡŪˤϡΤۤ˥Х󥹤ФäƤ褦

Composition and Derivation: Changes over a Century

Bauer, Laurie. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1994.
Potter, Simon. Changing English. London: Deutsch, 1969.

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2011-07-20 Wed

#814. ̾ưʤ̷ư [stress][diatone][statistics][derivation][prefix][suffix][phonaesthesia][-ate]

Ʊ֤ʻˤäƶ֤θؤ (diatone) ŵǤ̾ưפˤĤƤϡ[2009-11-01-1], [2009-11-02-1], [2011-07-07-1], [2011-07-08-1], [2011-07-10-1], [2011-07-11-1]ΰϢεڤƤ̾ưκۤĴƤƻ⤳ε˴ؤäƤ[2011-07-07-1]εǤϴϢ˸ڤˡ֤ˤĤơƻϸ§Ȥ̾Ʊ񤤤򼨤ư֤롥СַưפǤ롥
ưλ¤ϡޤŪ˻ٻ롥Bolinger (156--57) ˤС3ζѸýΥץĴˤȡ¿ˤĤơƻ91% non-oxytonic ʺǽʳ˶ˤư63% oxytonic ʺǽ˶ˤǤȤñˤĤƤϡΰ֤뤳ȤϤǤʤΰ̣ʤñưȷƻθĿΨư줬60.7%롥ñζ̾ oxytonic ȲᤵΤǡΨϷƻ椷ư oxytonic ʷٻͤȤ褦
ưȤ֤ʬۤ˴ϢơBolinger ξʻθκۤ˸ڤƤ롥ƻˤäΤ¿ (ex. -ant, -ent, -ean, -ial, -al, -ate, -ary, -ory, -ous, -ive, -able, -ible, -ic, -ical, -ish, -ful) ưƬˤ¿ (ex. re-, un-, de-, dis-, mis-, pre-) 㳰Ūˤ켫Ȥ˶ -ose Τ褦ʷƻ⤢뤬㳰ŪǤ뤳ȤˤäƤäƺΩ (phonaesthesia) ʤ ( augmentative ) ȤƤεǽ碌ĤȤˤʤäƤ缭ˤĤƤ[2009-08-30-1]εɼפ⻲ȡˡbellicose, grandiose, jocose, otiose, verbose ʤɤǡǤ롥
ΤȤʤ顤Τʤˤ줿¿ηƻɬ non-oxytonic Ȥʤ뤷ΤʤƬˤ줿¿ư϶2ܰʹߤ֤뤳Ȥˤʤ oxytonic Ȥʤǽ⤤εȯŸˤϡܼμθɬפ뤬ܼˤѥ㤬ưνи˹׸ȤȤǤ礤˶̣ޤ̾⡤ƻƱͤˡƬǤϤʤ¿Ѥ뤳ȤͤС̾ưˤƱΩĤΤǤϤʤ

Bolinger, Dwight L. "Pitch Accent and Sentence Rhythm." Forms of English: Accent, Morpheme, Order. Ed. Isamu Abe and Tetsuya Kanekiyo. Tokyo: Hakuou, 1965. 139--80.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-06-29-1]

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2011-05-28 Sat

#761. űѸ derivation ϻǤ [derivation][word_formation][productivity][oe]

̤˸űѸθ ( composition ) ( derivation ) ħդȤ롥ԤˤĤƤ[2011-02-04-1], [2010-08-12-1]ʤɤεǡԤˤĤƤ[2009-10-31-1], [2009-05-18-1]ʤɤεǸڤƤ
ȤԤ derivation ˤĤ Bradley ۤʤ븫Ҥ٤Ƥ롥űѸϡ¤ϸűѸ˳ΩƤΤǤꡤderivation ȤβΤΤűѸŪǤä櫓ǤϤʤȤ⤷줬¤ȤȡѸˤγϸäʾʤȤ򾷤˼ĥ򷫤֤ƤȤȤˤʤ롥뤤ϻ䤬ñ˸򤷤ƤȤȤȤƤȷ̤ȤƤȤ򴪰㤤ƤȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ

Old English was considerably less rich than Modern English in methods of making new words by derivation. It is true that a large portion of the Old English vocabulary consists of words derived from other words that existed in the language. But very many of these derivatives had been already formed before the English came over from the continent, and the processes by which they were made had become obsolete before the date of the earliest Old English literature. (91)


The Old English language, at the earliest period at which it is known to us, had already lost one of the most useful of the means for word-making which it originally possessed. . . . Almost all those modes of derivation which were actually current in Old English have continued in constant use down to the present time. (93)


derivation űѸħŪʸ1ĤȤƼ夲ݤˤդɬפȤȤϢơderivation ( productivity ) 򤤤ˤ¬ꤹ뤫Ȥϡ[2011-04-28-1]ε -dom ̻̾ŪʬۡפǤ⿨줿ȤꡤŪˤ񤷤Ǥ뤳ȤٻŦƤ

Bradley, Henry. The Making of English. New York: Dover, 2006. New York: Macmillan, 1904.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-06-18-1] [2011-09-20-1]

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2010-11-05 Fri

#557. finis [etymology][derivation]

ȤDZʸɤǤơֺ٤פȤ̣Ѥ fine ˽вäʼºݤˤ finely Ȥơˡֺ٤פȤϳΤߤʤ⤷ʤfine rain ֤̤סfine dust ֺ٤ԼפʤɤɽǻѤ롥
fine μθι򤹤ˤϡ츻ͤȤ褤ƻ fine ϡOld French fin 13˱Ѹää̤ Late Latin fīnus "fine, pure" Latin fīnis "end" ˤɤ夯ƥ fīnis ϡڤפ̣캬 fid Ƥ ( cf. fissure ܡ ) θ캬θˤȤƿθ줬߽Ф뤳ȤȤʤä
ΤڤפȤˤäơֺ٤פʤ롥١סֱҡססס־ʡפʤɤΰ̣ϤڤפȡֶפǤϰϡסָ١פ롥ָ١סָ³פüסֽפؤỌ̇̄ŸˡֻסֲפؤĥʲΥꥹȤθϤ٤ƱѸˤ⤿餵줿 fīnis ƱǤ롥ΰ̣ˤϡ嵭ΰ̣Τ줫ȿǤƤ롥췲ΰ̣ΤĤʤȹ̣äƤ餤

affinity ֿƶסʢξüܤƤ֡
confine ¤
define ָꤹ롤
final ֺǸΡ
finance ֺ⸻סʢʪ˻դ뤿ζΰ
fine ֤줿
fine ȳסʢʪ˻դ뤿ζ⡤ʾ٤褹ʤȤƤζ
finery ֡ʲ٤ʡ
finesse ֵͥ
finial ĺڡü
finical ֶŤΡऺ
finis ֽꡤ
finish ֽλ
finite ͭ¤Ρ
infinite ̵¤Ρ
infinitesimal ֶ˾Ρ
infinitive סʢ;ΤˤäƸꤵƤʤ֡
infinitude ̵¡
refine ϣ

ˤϡ㤨 definition, definitive ʤɤΤʤϴޤޤƤʤ캬̣ι̣臘ˤϡʡ缣μŵäƤĤǤ롥츻ŵڡ륯ͭѡ
ƥ sequi ˤĤƽҤ٤[2009-07-08-1]ε׻ȡ

ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ޽饤֡1992ǯ

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