khelfʷѸ˥եˤؤäǶ̤ǤѸˡѸؾͷӤΤ褦ʤΤȤơ֤Ϥͥ (chiguhagu_channel) Ȥ줳2ǯۤ³Ƥޤγɤ֤ϤפФƤΤǡܳŪʵνȯȤʤ뤳Ȥ¿ڤǤޤSlack ȤåȥġΤʤΡ֥ͥסʥʡΤ褦ʤΡˤȤΩƤΤǡ̾ĤƤޤΰյϼ̤ꡥ
'
ȿε17ʸ31ʸɽΤж硤ûΤȤСʱѸˤԾ1~2ԤɽΤ֤ϤͥפǤڤ̣Ǿ餹褷֤Ϥס֤פǾ餹褷Ǿ餹褷ؼԤǿ̤ͤʤƱɶǡֱӤפȤŰͥǤ
ơرԤ֤ϤפƤޤʤرȤϡܲΡرѸ˿ʹ2ԽѰĹ̳ƤƤǤ2𤦤ԡˡ
weakʷˡweakenư
strength̾ˡstrengthenư
ä2ԤǤƱԳѤʻŦäȤʤޤθ塤Ρ֤Ϥפ˥ԥ졼䤫鼡Τ褦ʼݤǡֲΡפޤ
ΤϤ˴ؾ褵Ƥ餤ޤ
shortʷˡshortenư
length̾ˡlengthenư
ͤʤ顤ɤɤȤʤȵλɤäƤʤΤǤư -en ϡΤΤβ֡˳äʡˤȤȤäȻפΤǤ͡ƻ strong long IJ /ŋ/ ǽΤǡ-en ³ʤʤȤ³ǤʤˤȤȤǤϤʤȡäĴ٤ƤߤޤȤפФƤߤޤ
θ塤ŵפФɤ夯ȤǤޤJespersen ǤJespersen pp. 355--56 濴Ȥơư -en ˴ؤܺ٤ʲ⤬ޤ§Ȥ -en ˳ (obstruent) ǽΤˤĤIJ (sonorant) 첻ǽΤˤϤĤʤȤȤǤΤ *strongen *longen ȤϤʤΥ롼ˤʤ̤δΡʺΥǤ̾ strength, lengthˤФ졤 -en ĤȤȤǤ
There are no examples of n-vbs formed from adjs in vowels (or diphthongs): free, blue, low, slow, hight, sly, shy, new; narrow, yellow, steady, holy; nor of such disyllables as able, noble; nor of adjs in m, n, ŋ, r: slim, thin, brown, clean, long, strong; far, poor, near. Note the contrast in Kipling L 135 to see the smoke roll outward, thin and thicken again | Hardy L 147 her hair greyed and whitened | Quincey 295 to soften and refine the feelings.
. . . .
Our rule accounts for the formation of length(en) and strength(en): there are no vbs long or longen 'make or become long, strong or strongen. On the analogy of these we have the rare depthen (17th c.) and breadthen (19th c.); no corresponding vbs without -en.
Adjs in -l generally have no vbs in -en (thus none from small, full, still); the two named above [= dullen and palen] are exceptional and late.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
ϡ褷ơѤʵפȤƤ뤳ȤΤʤäλ¤Ϥޤ⤳ΤäȤˤϡޤޤѸˡѸؤ椷Ƥȡǯ˰١ޤǤĹѸȤդ礤ˤȤߤʤƤȤΩƤƤȤи뤳Ȥޤhellog 饸ǤˤϡΤ褦ܤڤиˤ⤪Ϥ뤳Ȥˤꡤθͭޤ礦Ȥ⤢ޤable -able ̵طȤϿʤȤϡİʤʤ褦ꤤޤǤϡβɤ
ñΤηƻ able -able ⡤ƥηƻʸˤΤܤȤǤ϶̤ƤƤ⡤ΩϤޤǰۤʤΤǤüŪˤС̤Ǥ
ƻ able = ư촴 ab + ƻ le
-able = Ĥʤ첻 a + ƻ ble
츻Ūˤϰʾ̤ǤѸΥͥƥ֤ζŪʴФȤƤϡݡΥͥƥ֤ˤˡable -able 餫˴طȤȤ館ƤޤζŪʴФ뤫餳 -able ϡ?Ǥפΰդ¿θ촴³˭ʸŪ (productivity) ƤΤǤȴϢơ##4071,4072εåɤ
ɸ˶äΤǤϤʤǤ礦ƻ able -able ϸ츻Ūˤ̵طʤΤǤڥƱ졤?ǤפȤ̣ͭƤʤ顤ޤ츻ŪʤĤʤ꤬ʤȤϿȤǤ¤Ǥⵯϥƥ̤ޤ̸츻Ǥ
ƻ able ϡƥ habilem ͳ褷줬ե (h)abile, able ФѸäƤޤ?ǤסͭǽʡפθäƤޤƥ habilem ϡư habēre ʤġĤˤ˷ƻ -ilis դͳ褷ޤƱϱѸǤ -ile Ȥơagile, fragile, juvenile, textile ʤɤˤߤޤˡ
-able ϥƥΡ?Ǥפ̣ -ābilis ̤ޤ줬եФƤϤѸ -able ȤäƤޤƥηϡā bilis ޤԤϢ뼭ˤƻȤƼ礿̤ƤΤϸԤǤϢ뼭ȤϡΤȤʤƥư줬 -āre Ǥʤ1ѡˤˡ bilis ࡼϢ뤵뤿Ρ֤ĤʤפΤȤǤѶŪʰ̣ôäƤȤϡ뤿ηŪǤȹͤƤʤΤư줬ʳΥפϢ뼭 i ȤʤޤñǤСaccessible, permissible, visible ʤɤˤߤޤ
ʾޤȤС츻ŪˤϷƻ able ab le ʬǤ -able a ble ʬǤȤȤˤʤޤճճ able -able ̸츻ʤΤǤʤ ability -ability ˤĤƤƱȤޤ
츻Ūˤϰʾ̤ǤѸζŪʴФȤƤϡݡ餯ѸˡξǤ餫˴ϢŤƤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦षδϢŤƤȤФ뤫餳 -able ˭ (productivity) ƤΤȻפޤ
ʸ嵭2022/10/02(Sun) 2020/10/18 hellog-radio ˤơ#34. ƻ able Ƭ -able ̸츻äפȤƼ夲ޤʲɤ
#4060. ʤפ̣ spirit ־αפ̣Τ ([2020-06-08-1]) ȡ#4061. sprite spright ([2020-06-09-1]) εǡƥ spīrāre ©ˤ spīritus ©ˤͳ褹ȤƤ spirit, sprite/spright 䤽ܤƤ©ʤˡפȤŪʸͤСեȥ˥ߡˤꡤȤظŸ뤳Ȥ䤹ºݤ˸캬ͥåȥ˹
spiritual, spiritualist, spirituous ˻Ϥޤդ¿Ƭȼưʤ䤽̾ˤϤ¿inspire ϡ©פǤ롥סֳ赤Ϳפθȯãconspire θϡְ˸ƵۤפֶŤ롤פrespire ϡַ֤©פʤָƵۤפ̣롥perspire ϡ?̤ƸƵۤפθȯ롨ʬ礹פθtranspire ϡ֡ʿʪΤʤɤǴ̤ơ˿ʬȯפ֤߽Ф̩ʤɤϳ롤Τ錄פȤʤäaspire ϡƴΤΤ˸äƤ©ĤǮ˾פȯãexpire ϡ֡ʺǴΡ©ǤФפֽλ롨©䤨פȤʤäǸ suspire ϲ©륤ǡ֤©Ĥפ
ʡ Partridge θ츻ŵγսɤäƤȡ̣Ÿ֤ηϩ褯狼롥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
ʡ ԡرѸ츻ŵ١ܿ饤֡1992ǯ
Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.
parasynthesisˤϸ (word_formation) 1ǡʣ (compounding) (derivation) ٤˹ԤʤΤǤ롥θˤäƺ줿ϡ"parasynthetic compound" 뤤 "parasyntheton" ˤȸƤФ롥ζСwarm-hearted, demoralize, getatable, baby-sitter, extraterritorial ʤɤ롥
extraterritorial ǹͤƤߤȡθ extra-(territori-al) Ȥ (extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤ⡤extra-, territory, -al 3ĤηǤƱ˷礷ΤȹͤΤǤ롥ŪˤĤƤɤ줬Ǥɤ줬夫ȤȤΤȤȤǤϡ#418. bracketing paradox ([2010-06-19-1])#498. bracketing paradox ܸ줫 ([2010-09-07-1])#499. bracketing paradox αѸ줫äȡ ([2010-09-08-1]) εȤ줿ǵϤǤ롥
ʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) 1ȹͤʤСpickpocket blockhead Τ褦 (subordinative) exocentric compound ⡤ʣƱ˵äƤȤȤäƤ褤
жԡˡظѸؼŵ (p. 630) Ǥ̤5ʬषƤΤǡͤޤǤ˵Ƥ
(1) ַƻ̾ hot-tempered, old-maidish. (2) ̾̾ house-wifely, newspaperdom. (3) ư oncoming, half-boiled. (4) ̾ư shopkeeper, typewriting. (5) Τۤmatter-of-factness, come-at-able ʶŤ䤹ˤʤɡ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ж ϺԡˡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
114ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ2ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤפȤǤ

ϢܵϡȥȤƤϾά˾ƤƤ褦ˤߤޤºݤˤϱѸθˤγѤܻؤƤޤʣ (compounding) (derivation) ʤɤ¿ѤűѸ졥¾줫 (borrowing) 뤳ȤܳФѸ졥ʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥ (zero-derivation) ȸƤФ븼ŪʵФѸ졥ơḽѸˤƬƤά (abbreviation) û (shortening) Ǥ
Ѹˤ̤͡ȯŸƤθ (word_formation) ή§ˤʤ館绨ĤˤޤȤȡ(1) ݤθűѸ졤(2) θѸ졤(3) 껻ζḽѸȤʤޤϾάṳ̂˱ɤƤ껻λȤȤˤʤޤ
Ѹθˤ嵭Τ褦˻§ˤʤ館ŤߤƼΤϡϢܵƤǤӺǤϤޤʤȤѸˤήƬˡ1ĤȤƤͭȻפäƤޤҸʸɤߤФȻפޤ
άṳ̂ˤĤơϢܵȴϢ֥إƤߤޤ碌Ƥɤ
#631. blending γ ([2011-01-18-1])
#876. Ѹˤ뤫Ф˹⤤ ([2011-09-20-1])
#887. acronym ʬ ([2011-10-01-1])
#889. acronym 20 ([2011-10-03-1])
#893. shortening ʬ (1) ([2011-10-07-1])
#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1])
#1946. ǽŪʴߤû ([2014-08-25-1])
#2624. Brexit, Breget, Regrexit ([2016-07-03-1])
#2982. ܸ˰륢ե٥åƬ ([2017-06-26-1])
#3075. άȰŹ ([2017-09-27-1])
#3329. ʤϾάʸˤ¿Τ ([2018-06-08-1])
#3708. άṳ̂Ϸ־Τߤʤ餺ǽˡǤ ([2019-06-22-1])
ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ11ʤѸˤϾά줬¿ΤסرѸ춵2020ǯ2桤罤۽Ź2020ǯ11462--63ǡ
ε#3863. adapt ˤߤѸθ ([2019-11-24-1]) ˰³Durkin (334) retard pulse ˴ؤΩΤƤߤ褦
retard (1490) retardate (1613) 2줬ưȤƥ饤ХطˤΤǤ롥췲ǯ˵褦ʤŪˤϵžƤ褦ˤߤ륱⤢ˡretardation (n.) (c.1437), retardance (n.) (1550), retarding (n.) (1585), retardment (n.) (1640), retardant (adj.) (1642), retarder (n.) (1644), retarding (adj.) (1645), retardative (adj.) (1705), retardure (n.) (1751), retardive (adj.) (1787), retardant (n.) (1824), retardatory (adj.) (1843), retardent (adj.) (1858), retardent (n.) (1858), retardency (n.) (1939), retardancy (n.) (1947) Ȥʤ롥
Ʊ褦 pulse (?a.1425) pulsate (1674) ưδΤȤơ͡줬ƤʤϤŪˤϵžƤ褦ˤߤ륱⤢ˡpulsative (n.) (a.1398), pulsatile (adj.) (?a.1425), pulsation (n.) (?a.1425), pulsing (n.) (a.1525), pulsing (adj.) (1559), pulsive (adj.) (1600), pulsatory (adj.) (1613), pulsant (adj.) (1642), pulsating (adj.) (1742), pulsating (n.) (1829) Ǥ롥
ΤʤˤľܤμѸ⤢ѸǷ줿⤢ξǤȲ᤹Τʸ⤢䡤㤤ϲ;ʤɤΤͤޤä word family Ǥ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Ѹθä˴ؤ1ĤˡƱΩ롥#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])#3258. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (1) ([2018-03-29-1])#3259. 17˺줿ư̾췲褹 (2) ([2018-03-30-1]) ʤɤƤ adapt ȤΤȯˤΩΤƤߤ褦ʲDurkin (332--33) ˰͵롥
OED ˤȡ15 adapted 뤬adapt ñΤȤƽиΤ1531ǯǤ롥켫Ρƥ adaptāre ȥե adapter Τ줬Ѥ줿ΤʤΤ뤤Ϥη˴ŤƤΤʤΤɬΤǤϤʤ
θ塤ξΤȤ͡줬˸롥adaptation (n.) (1597), adapting (n.) (1610), adaption (n.) (1615), adaptate (v.) (1638), adaptness (n.) (1657), adapt (adj.) (1658), adaptability (n.) (1661), adaptable (adj.) (1692), adaptive (adj.) (1734), adaptment (n.) (1739), adapter (n.) (1753), adaptor (1764), adaptative (adj.) (1815), adaptiveness (n.) (1815), adaptableness (n.) (1833), adaptorial (adj.) (1838), adaptational (adj.) (1849), adaptivity (n.) (1840), adaptativeness (n.) (1841), adaptationism (n.) (1889), adaptationalism (n.) (1922) ΤȤ
θ줬θ줫μѤʤΤΤǤ뤷⤽ѤʤɤǤϤʤѸˤ¤줵줿Ǥǽ⤤ԤξˤϡֱפֱʩפȤȤˤʤ롥˸ŪˡΤ褦ʸ췲ȸƤ褤ΤǺȤǤ롥
˴ؤ Durkin (333) βƤ
Very few of these words show direct borrowing from Latin or French (probably just adapt verb, adaptate, adaptation, and maybe adapt adjective), but a number of others are best explained as hybrid or analogous formations on Latin stems. The group as a whole illustrates the impact of the borrowing of a handful of key words in giving rise to an extended word family over time, including many full or partial synonyms. In some cases synonyms may have arisen accidentally, as speakers were simply ignorant of the existence of earlier formations; some others could result from misrecollection of earlier words. . . . However, such profligacy and redundancy is typical of such word families in English well into the Later Modern period, well beyond the period in which 'copy' was particularly in vogue in literary style.
饭ɤФ "hybrid or analogous formations", "ignorant", "misrecollection", "profligacy and redundancy" ʤɤȤʤ
ƤȴϢȤơʲε⻲Ȥ줿
#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])
#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])
#3165. ȤƤ conspicuous external ([2017-12-26-1])
#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])
#3348. Ѹ˼ѷϤܼΤ˿ĥ ([2018-06-27-1])
#3858. פֱפȤ̤θݡ ([2019-11-19-1])
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1])#3275. ա wassail ([2018-04-15-1]) εǿ줿褦ˡhail, hale, heal, holy, whole, wassail ʤɤƱ캬̤롤ߤ˸츻Ū˴Ϣ췲Ǥ롥űѸ hāl ʴʡʡʡˤطäȸƤߤ褦
ޤűѸ hāl ľܤλ¹hale whole Ǥ롥Ԥϡ켫ΤΤȤʤä wholesome, wholesale, wholly ʤɤƤ롥
̾դűѸ hǣlþ ϡߤñ health, healthy, healthful Ƥ롥
ư hǣlan heal, healer ޤټդ Hælend ϡֵߺѼԡ䤹͡ˡפ̣פʸűѸñä
ƻղä hālig holy, holiness, holiday Ƥ롥hālig ˤƺ줿ư hālgian ϡhallow, Halloween Ƥ롥
űѸ hāl бťΥɸƱ heill αƶǡhail, hail from, hail fellow, wassail ʤɤѸѤ褦ˤʤä
űѸθ˭Ọ̇̄ѲѰ̣ۤ臘ˤϡäƤĤñ췲Ȥʾ塤Crystal (22) ꡥ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.
Ѹܼ (affix) ϡֲŪʴ2Ĥμ˶̤롥줾쥯饹 I ܼ饹 II ܼȸƤФƤ뤬ξԤ¿оŪǤ롥 (89--90) ˤäơޤȤ褦
| 饹 I | 饹 II | |
| -al, -ard, -ative/-itive, -ian, -ic, -ion, -ity, -ous, in- ʤ | -er, -ful, -ingN, -ish, -less, -ly, -ness, -ship, -yADJ, un- ʤ | |
| ʥ˶ְư (stress shift) | ʤ | |
| párent vs. paréntal | párent vs. párentless | |
| Cánada vs. Canádian | Fíinland vs. Fínlander | |
| átom vs. atómic | yéllow vs. yéllowish | |
| prohíbit vs. prohibítion | óbvious vs. óbviously | |
| májor vs. majórity | ácid vs. ácidness | |
| móment vs. moméntous | cítizen vs. cítizenship | |
| ʥ˻û첻 (trisyllabic shortening) | ʤ | |
| divíne vs. divínity | gréen vs. gréenishness | |
| sáne vs. sánity | bríne vs. bríniness | |
| obscéne vs. obscénity | ráin vs. ráininess | |
| deríve vs. derívative | róse vs. rósiness | |
| ʥ (velar softening) | ʤ | |
| electric vs. electricity, electrician | traffic vs. traffickingN | |
| panic vs. panickyADJ | ||
| ʥ˻Ҳά (consonant cluster simplification) | ʤ | |
| elongate cf. long | singer | |
| bombard cf. bomb | bomber | |
| hymnalADJ cf. hymn | crumby | |
| condemnation cf. condemn | condemner | |
| ʥƬɡƱ (nasal assimilation) | ʤ | |
| immoral | unmoral | |
| impatient | unpack |
Ѹ (suffix) ˤϡȸ촴Ȥζ֤ΰưȤ顤礭3ब̤롥(1) 촴ζ֤ݻΩ (stress-neutral suffix)(2) 촴ζ֤ưư (stress-shifting suffix, stress-affecting suffix)(3) Τ (stress-bearing suffix) 뤤Ͷܼ (stress-attracting suffix) 3Ǥ롥ʲʡ (88--89) ꡤƼ
ΡΩ
-dom: ˈfreedom, ˈkingdom
-en: ˈthicken, ˈwiden
-ful: ˈcheerful, ˈpocketful
-ish: ˈchildish, ˈfoolish
Ρư
A. 綯ľβˤ
-fic: scienˈtific, speˈcific
-ic: alˈlergic, eˈlectric
-ics: matheˈmatics, phoˈnetics
-ion: diˈversion, exˈpansion
-ity: faˈtality, hospiˈtality
B. 綯2βˤ
-cide: ˈgenocide, ˈhomicide
-fy: ˈmodify, ˈsatisfy
-gon: ˈhexagon, ˈpentagon
-tude: ˈattitude, ˈsolitude
C. 綯1ޤ2βˤ
-al: uniˈversal, geoˈlogical
-ar: faˈmiliar, ˈsingular
-ide: diˈoxide, ˈfluoride
-is: syˈnopsis, ˈemphasis
-ive: exˈpensive, comˈpetitive
-ous: treˈmendous, harˈmonious
Ρ
-ade: blockˈade, gingeˈrade
-eer: engiˈneer, volunˈteer
-ese: officiaˈlese, Japaˈnese
-esque: gardeˈnesque, pictuˈresque
ʡ 5ϡȡꥺ ԡˡزءīоȸإ 2īҽŹ2012ǯ84--103ǡ
Ƭ en- ưˤĤơ#1877. ưƬ en- -en ([2014-06-17-1]) Ǽ夲ϡƬˤĤƷδꤿ
Ǥϡֱ¦§ (right-hand head rule: RHR) Ȥ§Ūˤߤ졤ˤȡŪʣʸμϱ¦ǤǤȤ롥̤θС¦ǤΤʻꤹȤȤǤ⤢롥ȤСsinger μϱ¦ -er ǤꡤϹټԤɽ魯ƬǤ뤫顤Τ̾Ȥʤ롥peaceful μϤϤ걦¦ -ful ǤꡤˤΤƻȤʤ롥ŪˤСʻǽϤäƤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤȤǤ롥
ǤϡƬˤĤƤϤɤƬ屦¦ǤȤʤ뤳ȤϤꤨʤΤǡʻǽϤ⤿ʤϤǤ롥ε ([2014-06-17-1]) 褦ˡΤƬ en- դưϾʤʤƵСΤ̾졤ƻ졤ưΤΤޤ encase, enchain, encradle, enthrone, enverdure; embus, emtram, enplane;, engulf, enmesh; empower, encollar, encourage, enfranchise; embitter, enable, endear, englad, enrich, enslave; enfold, enkindle, enshroud, entame, entangle, entwine, enwrap ʤ¿롥ϡ嵭ΰȿơֺ¦§פŬѤƤ뤫Τ褦˻פ롥
ФŪнˡ1ĤȤơΤˤʻž (conversion) 뤤ϥβꤹȤΤ롥ƻδ rich Ƭ en- դư enrich ǹͤƤߤ褦нˡˤСƻ rich ˤϡޤư를դ졤ˤɽŪˤϷ֤Ѥ̤ޤưز롥ơθ塤äʻǽϤĤ櫓ǤϤʤƬ en- ղä줿ˤʤȹͤΤǤ롥Τ褦˲᤹Сư를θκǤⱦ¦ǤȤʤꡤ줬ΤʻǽϤĤȲꤹ롤ᦧŬʾ3ƥåפηֲޤȤСΤ褦ˤʤp. 54ˡ
(i) lexicon: [rich] A
(ii) suffixation: [[rich] A + 0] V]
(iii) prefixation: [en + [rich] A + 0] V] V
ǤϡƬ en- εǽϤäʤΤȤϻĤ롥Ūˡϡembolden, enfasten, engladden, enlighten ʤɡ -en դƤǤư첽ƤΤФƤƬ en- դ륱ˤĤƤݤƤǤƤ롥
Ϣơʻž䥼ˤĤ conversion γƵȤ줿
ůͺ2ϡι¤ˤĤơ ůͺԡˡظīоȸإ 3īҽŹ2012ǯ39--63ǡ
ε ([2018-03-29-1]) ³ԡ Bauer ư̾ΥꥹȤǤϡ-ment -ure ¸ߤΩäƤ17̾ˤɤΤ褦ʼΤΤꡤ줾줬Ĥ̾äƤΤˤĤƤ⡤Bauer (185) OED ˴ŤפȤäƤ롥̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ
| Suffix | Number |
| -y | 2 |
| -ery | 8 |
| -ancy | 10 |
| -ency | 10 |
| -ence | 18 |
| -ion | 20 |
| -ance | 49 |
| -al | 56 |
| -ure | 96 |
| -ation | 190 |
| -ment | 258 |
. . . there is a constant application of unproductive morphology in order to solve problems provided by productive morphology, so that the language is continually having new words added to it which are not the forms which would be the predicted ones, as well as a number of predicted forms. That is, the processes of history add irregularities (which are available to turn into regularities if enough of them are coined). History, rather than simplifying matters (or rather than merely simplifying matters), reflects a process of building in extra complications.
ѼԤοؤϡɬŪͿƤʤȤη̤Ǥʤۤɤʣ̯ʤΤǡŪμʤѤơԵ§ФȤ⤢Τ⤷ʤ˸ؼԤϡѼԤΡΤ褦ʣ̯¤쿴ˤɤޤΤǤϤ뤬ƥʥơޤǤ롥
Bauer, Laurie. "Competition in English Word Formation." Chapter 8 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 177--98.
ѹͥ17ˤϡƥ䥮ꥷ濴Ȥ줫̤θäѤ줿ηаޤˤĤƤϡޤǡ#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ʤɤε͡ʳ٤夲ƤλˤϡФСƱפۤʤäȼäȤݤ줿㤨СǤ1586ǯ discovery Ѹä˲äƤȤˡ17ˤʤäƱ discoverance discoverment ⸽졤û֤ȤϤ硦¸ΤǤʴϢơ#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ʲϡBauer (186) OED 17˽Фư̾ȤǤ롥
| abutment | abuttal | |
| bequeathal | bequeathment | |
| bewitchery | bewitchment | |
| commitment | committal | committance |
| composal | compositure | |
| comprisal | comprisement | comprisure |
| concumbence | concumbency | |
| condolement | condolence | |
| conducence | conducency | |
| contrival | contrivance | |
| depositation | depositure | |
| deprival | deprivement | |
| desistance | desistency | |
| discoverance | discoverment | |
| disfiguration | disfigurement | |
| disproval | disprovement | |
| disquietal | disquietment | |
| dissentation | dissentment | |
| disseveration | disseverment | |
| encompassment | encompassure | |
| engraftment | engrafture | |
| exhaustment | exhausture | |
| exposal | exposement | exposure |
| expugnance | expugnancy | |
| expulsation | expulsure | |
| extendment | extendure | |
| impartment | imparture | |
| imposal | imposement | imposure |
| insistence | insisture | |
| interposal | interposure | |
| pretendence | pretendment | |
| promotement | promoval | |
| proposal | proposure | |
| redamancy | redamation | |
| renewal | renewance | |
| reposance | reposure | |
| reserval | reservancy | |
| resistal | resistment | |
| retrieval | retrievement | |
| returnal | returnment | |
| securance | securement | |
| subdual | subduement | |
| supportment | supporture | |
| surchargement | surchargure |
Individual ad hoc decisions on relevant forms may or may not be picked up widely in the community. . . . [I]t is clear from the history which the OED presents that the need of the individual for a particular word is not always matched by the need of the community for the same word, with the result that multiple coinages are possible.
ˤ衤Ū𤬡Ѹư̾η֤˾ʤȺ⤿餷³Ƥ뤳Ȥϻ¤Ǥ롥塤Ƥ椯ȤƤ⡤餯ˤϿȤĹ֤뤳Ȥ
Bauer, Laurie. "Competition in English Word Formation." Chapter 8 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 177--98.
ŵŪʣ (neoclassical compounds) Ȥϡaerobiosis, biomorphism, cryogen, nematocide, ophthalmopathy, plasmocyte, proctoscope, rheophyte, technocracy Τ褦ʸʤФвʳѸˤؤDurkin (346--37) ˤСतθä1600ǯ夫ǧ졤㤨 polycracy (1581), pantometer (1597), multinomial (1608) ߤ롥ȯŪ̻褦ˤʤäΤϡʳؤ®ȯŸѸȤ櫓19ˤʤäƤΤȤǤʡ#616. Ѹβʳظäȯ ([2011-01-03-1])#3013. 19줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])#3014. Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷο¸ߴ19 ([2017-07-28-1])#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1]) ȡˡ
ŵŪʣˤĤƶĴƤ٤ϡ줬ѸǤϤʤޤDZѸʤϤȤ衼åѤνˤˤƷ줿ǤȤΤ˥ƥ䥮ꥷʤɤθŵǥȤƤϤ뤬褷ƤѤ줿櫓ǤϤʤΰ̣ǤϱñݤκۤƤʤñǤϤʤѸפӤ뤳ȤǤ롥ŵŪʣϱѸǤ뤫顤ĤޤֱפȤäƤ褤ѸȤΤäϡԤȤƹŪDzʳŪʸ̮Ѥ뤬ԤϤǤϤʤȤ¤ˤ롥ʤξԤΤˤϻѰˤиߤ롥Durkin ϡŵŪʣˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . these formations typically belong to the international language of science and move freely, often with little or no morphological adaptation, between English, French, German, and other languages of scientific discourse. They are often treated in very different ways in different traditions of lexicography and lexicology; however, those terms that are coined in modern vernacular languages are certainly not loanwords from Latin or Greek, even though they may be formed from elements that originated in such loanwords. (347)
. . . Latin words and word elements have become ubiquitous in modern technical discourse, but frequently in new compound or derivative formations or with new meanings that have seldom if ever been employed in contextual use in actual Latin sentences. (349)
¤ؤơֿŵŪʣפȸƤֱ֤פȸƤ֤ϡǤϤʤѸξˤϡֱѸŪʣפȸƤФʤΤϤʤΰ㤤ϲ˵Τ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ɸȴϢϡ#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])#2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1]) 䡤waseieigo γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Baugh and Cable (222) ǡ˱Ѹ줬ƥñݤ˻ܤŬ (adaptation) Ƥ뤬Τ褦1ʸä
. . . the Latin ending -us in adjectives was changed to -ous (conspicu-us > conspicuous) or was replaced by -al as in external (L. externus).
αñϡ̣ǤϼѤ줿Ȥ⤤뤬̣ǤϱѸ줬Ȥ⤤롥ֱפȸƤ֤Τդ路ǤϤʤ
OED ˤСconspicuous ϡƥ conspicuus ˴ŤѸ¦ǤϤƥͳηƻ -ous դȤˤäƿ˷Ǥ롥16ȾФ˽ФƤ롥
1545 T. Raynald tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde Hh vij These vaynes doo appeare more conspicuous and notable to the eyes.
¤ϤΡʼȤƥƥͳ¾θξ⤢ˤղäƼͳ˿ʷƻѥϥޥ˹줿Τǡե -eus դΤ14--15濴ȤƱѸˤ -ous η̤äƤĤޤꡤޤäʩȤ٤Τ졤줬ѸˤήǤȤ櫓Ȥơdangerous, orgulous, adventurous, courageous, grievous, hideous, joyous, riotous, melodious, pompous, rageous, advantageous, gelatinous ʤɤOED -ous, suffix ˡ
ޤѸǤե˽ǤΥѥѶŪѤ conspicuous Τ褦ʱ褦ˤʤäƤƱȤơguilous, noyous, beauteous, slumberous, timeous, tyrannous, blusterous, burdenous, murderous, poisonous, thunderous, adiaphorous, leguminous, delirious, felicitous, complicitous, glamorous, pulchritudinous, serendipitous ʤɤOED -ous, suffix ˡ
ɸΤ⤦1Ĥñ external conspicuous Ȥ褯ѥñϡƥ externus ˴ŤѸ¦ǥƥͳηƻ -al դȤˤäƷǤ롥Ф Shakespeare
a1616 Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) v. vii. 3 Her vertues graced with externall gifts.
a1616 Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) v. ii. 340 If they had swallow'd poyson, 'twould appeare By externall swelling.
ȿո internal Ʊͤλ𤫤Ȼפ䡤ϰΤȤ post-classical Latin Ȥ internalis ǧȤθΥƥȤƤλѤ "14th cent. in a British source" ȤȤʤΤǡϤϤפפ롥ѸǤνϡ15 Polychronicon
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 53 The begynnenge of the grete see is..at the pyllers of Hercules..; after that hit is diffusede in to sees internalle [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. þe ynnere sees; L. maria interna].
֡פϷ褷ʤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
106դīʹˡJICA ߥޡȻٱΤˡֽ ٤ȤֲüפƤޤ˻Ŧ줿ȤäѸɽǡü humidifier dehumidifier ʤΤǡde- ̵ͭŤʬȤμܸǤ⡤1뤤1⡼㤤ξǤ롥Ʊ;ϤʤǤϤʤˤ260ߤȤۤؤäƤ롥
Ƭ de- ϡŵŪưδΤղäơΰ̣ȿžꡤδްդäꤹ롥ȤȤϥƥ "off" ۤɤ졦ֻ de- ͳ褷եФƱѸäƤ⤢Сľܥƥ줫äƤ졤˱Ѹ¤줵줿Τ⾯ʤʤϳ˱ѸƬȤĹƤΤǤ롥de- θϡʬаʲ̤ˤʤ (Web3 ˡ
1. ٤ȿž (ex. decentralize, decode; decalescence)
2. (ex. dehorn, delouse; dethrone)
3. (ex. derate)
4. εäʸˡѸʤɤˡ (ex. decompound, deadjectival, deverbal)
5. (ex. debus, detrain)
6. Ҥηǡ (ex. dehydro-, deoxy-)
7. (ex. de-emanate)
ˤϵƤʤ#2638. Ƭ dis- ([2016-07-17-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡde- dis- ȺƱ졤̣ŪʱƶȤƤ롥ޤεǤ줿ΤȤŪʰ̣ޤǤˤϡde- Τ褦ŪƬĤȡĴ̤िᡤֶĴפˡ٥뤬դ路ʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥㤨Сdecline Ǥϡcline Ȥȡֶʤ롤ޤפȲΤͥƥʴްդäƤΤǡde- ˡϡָפǤȤϡֶĴפȤʤʤdenude derelict de- ΤδްդͥƥʤΤǡde- ̤ȤơֶĴˡȲƤ
dehumidifier de- ֶĴˡȤƤФȤϤǤˤʤƬ¿ˤդƤ
(morphology) Ȥϡ (inflectional morphology) (derivational morphology) ʬΤǤ롥2ʬˡϡ#456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])#1761. Ȥʧֹ⤵פȡֹߡס ([2014-02-21-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡŪʤǤϤʤؤǤϹȤƤ롥
2ʬˡˤ˺ʬƤ椯ȤǤ뤬Bauer (33) ŪѸ췲ƳĤķʬ⤷ƤƤΤǡѤ褦ˤϡε#2652. ʣ̾ΰ̣Ūʬ ([2016-07-31-1]) ǾҲ𤷤ʬޤƤ롥
Morphology deals with the internal structure of word-forms. In morphology, the analyst divides word-forms into their component formatives (most of which are morphs realizing roots or affixes), and attempts to account for the occurrence of each formative. Morphology can be divided into two main branches, inflectional morphology and word-formation (also called lexical morphology). Inflectional morphology deals with the various forms of lexemes, while word-formation deals with the formation of new lexemes from given bases. Word-formation can, in turn, be subdivided into derivation and compounding (or composition). Derivation is concerned with the formation of new lexemes by affixation, compounding with the formation of new lexemes from two (or more) potential stems. Derivation is sometimes also subdivided into class-maintaining derivation and class-changing derivation. Class-maintaining derivation is the derivation of new lexemes which are of the same form class ('part of speech') as the base from which they are formed, whereas class-changing derivation produces lexemes which belong to different form classes from their bases. Compounding is usually subdivided according to the form class of the resultant compound: that is, into compound nouns, compound adjectives, etc. It may also be subdivided according to the semantic criteria . . . into exocentric, endocentric, appositional and dvandva compounds.
ʸϤƤʬΤפʽˤĤƿ褦Bauer (34) ѤƼˡ
[ The Basic Divisions of Morphology ]
INFLECTIONAL
(deals with forms CLASS-MAINTAINING
of individual lexemes)
MORPHOLOGY DERIVATION
(affixation)
CLASS-CHANGING
WORD-FORMATION
(deals with COMPOUND NOUNS
formation of
new lexemes) COMPOUNDING COMPOUND VERBS
(more than one
root) COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
Ƭ dis- ˤĤơμݤμ䤬줿ưղä줿 disable ƻղä줿 dishonest ʤɤˤߤ褦ˡdis- ȿẓ̌뤳Ȥ¿solve ФƬղä줿 dissolve ˤϤΤ褦ʴްդʤΤϤʤʤΤΤˡΤθϸ츻ҤȤФ켫ΤϲפäΤǤꡤdis- ղäΰ̣ˤȿžδްդϤʤ
ޤܼΰ̣ˤĤȤ٤Ȥϡ̾ñƱͤ¿ΤΤ¿ (polysemy) ͭƤȤȤơƤ¿1Ĥθ̣Ÿ̤Ǥ롥Ƭ dis- ˤĤƤСΤ˼פʰ̣ϡȿžספۤɤȻפ뤬ǤƥʤӥꥷˤǤƱƬθϡ2ĤءפۤɤǤ롥츻Ūˤϥƥ duo (two) ȴϢθŤ *dvis äꤵ롥Ĥޤꡤ2ĤؤΡʬΥפǤ롥discern, disrupt, dissent, divide ʤɤˤΰ̣Ƽ뤳ȤǤƬλҲϡΤȤ³ˤüѷꤹ뤳Ȥˡס̡פΰ̣ȯŸdijudicate, dinumerate ʤɤʬΥפåסַǡפΤϼǤꡤˤסȿСפΰ̣ȯŸȤ⡤礭ǤϤʤ disjoin, displease, dissociate, dissuade ʤɤ줿
˹ͤ٤ϡҤƬΰ̣ϡΤΰ̣Ȥδطˤޤ뤳ȤȤȤȤȴΤˡʬΥספʤɤΰ̣ޤޤƤˤϡƬϻ¾夽ΡֶĴפɽ魯ΤȤƵǽ롥dissolve ϤǤꡤϾʤ disannul, disembowel ʤɤ⤢롥Τΰ̣Ĵ¤СƬΰֶ̣ĴפȤʤΤϡdis- ˸¤ʤ
ǸˡƬηֻ֤ˤĤƽҤ٤ƤѸäˤ dis- ϡĶ˱ƻҲä di- ȤʤäƸ뤳Ȥ⤢Сƥ̤Ƭ de- ȹή de- Ǹ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ޤեͳΤ des- ȤʤäƤΤ⤢ (cf. #2071. <dispatch> vs <despatch> ([2014-12-28-1])) Ϣơ츻Ūˤ̤Ƭƥ䥮ꥷγؽŪʷϵ⤹ dys- ʤȤ dis- ֤ˡϡµסɡסְ۾פްդȤ dysfunction, dysphemism ʤɤ롥
ʲˡWeb3 Ƭ dis- εҤƤ
1dis- prefix [ME dis-, des-, fr. OF & L; OF des-, dis-, fr. L dis-, lit., apart, to pieces; akin to OE te- apart, to pieces, OHG zi-, ze-, Goth dis- apart, Gk dia through, Alb tsh- apart, L duo two] 1 a : do the opposite of : reverse <a specified action) <disjoin> <disestablish> <disown> <disqualify> b : deprive of (a specified character, quality, or rank) <disable> <disprince> : deprive of (a specified object) <disfrock> c : exclude or expel from <disbar> <discastle> 2 : opposite of : contrary of : absence of <disunion> <disaffection> 3 : not <dishonest> <disloyal> 4 : completely <disannul> 5 [by folk etymology]: DYS- <disfunction> <distrophy>
(inflection) ˤϡŪʴߤĸͭ (inherent inflection) ȡŪʴߤʸ̮ (contextual inflection) 2बȤ롥Booij (1) ˤȡ
Inherent inflection is the kind of inflection that is not required by the syntactic context, although it may have syntactic relevance. Examples are the category number for nouns, comparative and superlative degree of the adjective, and tense and aspect for verbs. Other examples of inherent verbal inflection are infinitives and participles. Contextual inflection, on the other hand, is that kind of inflection that is dictated by syntax, such as person and number markers on verbs that agree with subjects and/or objects, agreement markers for adjectives, and structural case markers on nouns.
Τ褦ʶޤ2פζ̤ϡޤǤθǤŦ뤳ȤϤäƥñ urbs ʣ urbes ΰ㤤ϡοΰפˤͿ뤳ȤϤ뤬Ȥựοˤưۤʤ㤤ǤꡤͭޤطƤ롥ʷ urbs гʷ urbem ΰ㤤ϡ̣Ūʰ㤤ͿƤ뤬ȤŪᤵ뺹ۤǤȤǡδͿضȽǤ롥äơǤʸ̮ޤطƤȤ
ѸˤĤƹͤƤ⡤̾οʤɤ˴ؤͭޤϡ̣ŪŪ¦̤äƤ롥бʣΤʤ̾졤бñΤʤ̾pluralia tantum)ñʣŪʰ̣ۤʤʤʤۤʤ2ǤߤСΤȤϼΤǤưʬδ֤ˤδطߤ롥ϡΤ졦ʣδط˶ᤤ
ʸ̮ޤ꿼˴ؤäƤ뤳Ȥϡɸͭޤɸ⳰¦ղä뤳ȤȴͿƤ褦Booij (12) ۩"[C]ontextual inflection tends to be peripheral with respect to inherent inflection. For instance, case is usually external to number, and person and number affixes on verbs are external to tense and aspect morphemes"
콬δ⡤ͭޤʸ̮ޤζ̡äԤԤͥۤȤϻٻ褦ͭޤȼΰ̣Ĥľܤʸ˹뤬ʸ̮ޤΩ⤿ޤŪ˴ŪʰյĤˤʤ
ǤϡѲλˤơ줿褦ʸͭޤʸ̮ޤζ̡ˤԤθԤФͥۤϡɤΤ褦ɽΤѸˤǤߤ褦ˡʸˡŪǽä̾졤ƻ졤ưʤɤζüƤäȤˡεǽ顤ζʬ˾üƤäν餫ˤʤСȾ嵭2ĤζޥפȤϢưشطĴ٤뤳ȤǤ⤷ȡѸƻޤλ㤬Ūˡ餫ƶ⤿餷ƤΤǤϤʤȴƤ롥ѸηƻޤˤĤƤϡilame γƵȤ줿
Booij, Geert. "Inherent versus Contextual Inflection and the Split Morphology Hypothesis." Yearbook of Morphology 1995. Ed. Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996. 1--16.
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