#3790. 650ǯΥƥѸΰ ([2019-09-12-1]) ³ȿФ650ǯְʸפΥƥѸDurkin (116--19) 褦ΰȰۤʤŪǤϤʤޤǰΤʤΤա
650ǯȰʸμѸηˤĤӤȡԤϳ䡦ȷӤĤäΩĤȤ狼#3787. 650ǯդȤ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
[ Religion and the Church ]
acolitus 'acolyte' [L acoluthus, acolitus]
altare, alter 'altar' [L altare]
apostrata 'apostate' [L apostata]
apostol 'apostle' [L apostrolus]
canon 'canon, rule of the Church; canon, cleric living under a canonical rule' [L canon]
capitol 'chapter, section; chapter, assembly' [L capitulum]
clauster 'monastic cell, cloister, monastery' [L claustrum]
cleric, also '(earlier) clīroc 'clerk, clergyman' [L clericus]
crēda, crēdo 'creed' [L credo]
crisma 'holy oil, chrism; white cloth or garment of the newly baptized; chrismatory or pyx' [L chrisma]
crismal 'chrism cloth' [L chrismalis]
crūc 'cross' [L cruc-, crux]
culpa 'fault, sin' [L culpa]
decan 'person who supervises a group of (originally) ten monks or nuns, a dean' [L decanus]
dēmōn 'devil, demon' [L aemon]
dīacon 'deacon' [L diaconus]
discipul 'disciple; follower; pupil' [L discipulus]
eretic 'heretic' [L haereticus]
graþul 'gradual (antiphon sung between the Epistle and the Gospel at Mass)' [L graduale]
īdol 'idol' [L idolum]
lētanīa 'litany' [L letania]
martir, martyr 'martyr' [L martyr]
noctern 'nocturn, night office' [L nocturna]
nōn 'ninth hour (approximately 3 p.m.); office said at this time' [L nona (hora)]
organ 'canticle, song, melody; musical instrument, especially a wind instrument'
orgel- (in orgeldrēam 'instrumental music') [L organum]
pāpa 'pope' [L papa]
paradīs 'paradise, Garden of Eden, heaven' [L paradisus]
passion 'story of the Passion of Christ' [L passion-, passio]
prīm 'early morning office of the Church' [L prima]
prior 'superior office of a religious house or order, prior' [L prior]
sabat 'sabbath' [L sabbata]
sācerd 'priest; priestess' [L sacerdos]
salm, psalm, sealm 'psalm, sacred song' [L psalma]
saltere, sealtere 'psalter, also type of stringed instrument' [L psalterium]
sanct 'holy person, saint' [L sanctus]
stōl, stōle 'long outer garment; ecclesiastical vestment' [L stola]
tempel 'temple' [L templum]
[ Learning and scholarship ]
accent 'diacritic mark' [L accentus]
bærbære 'barbarous, foreign' [L barbarus]
biblioþēce, bibliþēca 'library' [L bibliotheca]
cālend 'first day of the month; (in poetry) month' [L calendae]
cærte, carte '(leaf or sheet of) vellum; piece of writing, document, charter' [L charta, carta]
centaur 'centaur' [L centaurus]
circul 'circle, cycle' [L circulums]
comēta 'comet' [L cometa]
coorte, coorta 'cohort' [L cohort-, cohors]
cranic 'chronicle' [L chronicon or chronica]
cristalla, cristallum 'crystal; ice' [L crystallum]
epistol, epistola, pistol 'letter' [L epistola, epistula]
fers, uers 'verse, line of poetry, passage, versicle' [L versus]
gīgant 'giant' [L gigant- gigas]
grād 'step; degree' [L gradus]
grammatic-cræft 'grammar' [L grammatica]
legie 'legion' [L legio]
meter 'metre' [L metrum]
nōt 'note, mark' [L nota]
nōtere 'scribe, writer' [L notarius]
part 'part (of speech)' [L part-, pars]
philosoph 'philosopher' [L philosophus]
punct 'quarter of an hour' [L punctum]
tītul 'title, superscription' [L titulus]
þēater 'theatre' [L theatrum]
[ Plants, fruit, and products of plants ]
alwe 'aloe' [L aloe]
balsam, balzam 'balsam, balm' [L balsamum]
berbēne 'vervain, verbena' [L verbena]
cāl, cāul, cāwel (or cawel) 'cabbage' [L caulis]
calcatrippe 'caltrops, or another thorny or spiky plant' [L calcatrippa]
ceder 'cedar' [L cedrus]
coliandre, coriandre 'coriander' [L coliandrum, coriandrum]
cucumer 'cucumber' [L cucumer-, cucumis]
cypressus 'cypress' [L cypressus]
fēferfuge (or feferfuge), fēferfugie (or feferfugie) 'feverfew' [L febrifugia, with substitution of Old English fēfer or fefer for the first element]
laur, lāwer 'laurel, bay, laver' [L laurus]
lilie 'lily' [L lilium]
mōr- (in mōrberie, mōrbēam) 'mulberry' [L morus]
murre 'myrrh' [L murra, murrha, mytrrha]
nard 'spikenard (name of a plant and of ointment made from it)' [L nardus]
palm, palma, pælm 'palm (tree)' [L palma]
peonie 'peony' [L paeonia]
peruince, perfince 'periwinkle' [L pervinca]
petersilie 'parsley' [L ptetrosilenum, petrosilium, petresilium]
polente (or perhaps polenta) 'parched corn' [L polenta]
pyretre 'pellitory' (a plant) [L pyrethrum]
rōse (or rose) 'rose' [L rosa]
rōsmarīm, rōsmarīnum 'rosemary' [L rosmarinum]
safine 'savine (type of plant)' [L sabina]
salfie, sealfie 'sage' [L salvia]
spīce, spīca 'aromatic herb, spice, spikenard' [L spica]
stōr 'incense, frankincense' [probably L storax]
sycomer 'sycamore' [L sycomorus]
ysope 'hyssop' [L hyssopus]
[ Animals ]
aspide 'asp, viper' [L aspid-, aspis]
basilisca 'basilisk' [L basiliscus]
camel, camell 'camel' [L camelus]
*delfīn 'dolphin' [L delfin]
fenix 'phoenic; (in one example) kind of tree' [L phoenix]
lēo 'lion' [L leo]
lopust 'locust' [L locusta]
loppestre, lopystre 'lobster' [probably L locusta]
pndher 'panther' [L panther]
pard 'panther, leopard' [L pardus]
pellican 'name of a bird of the wilderness' [L pellicanus]
tiger 'tiger' [L tigris]
ultur 'vulture' [L vultur]
[ Medicine ]
ātrum, atrum, attrum 'black vitriol; atrament; blackness' [L atramentum]
cancer 'ulcerous sore' [L cancer]
flanc 'flank' [L *flancum]
mamme 'teat' [L mamma]
pigment 'drug' [L pigmentum]
plaster 'plaster (medical dressing), plaster (building material)' [L plastrum, emplastrum]
sċrofell 'scrofula' [L scrofula]
tyriaca 'antidote to poison' [L tiriaca, theriaca]
[ Tools and implements ]
pāl 'stake, stave, post, pole; spade' [L palus]
(perhaps) paper '(probably) wick' [L papirus, papyrus]
pīc 'spike, pick, pike' [perhals L *pic-]
press 'press (specifically clothes-press)' [L pressa or French presse]
[ Building and construction; settlements ]
castel, cæstel 'village, small town; (in late manuscripts) castle' [L castellum]
foss 'ditch' [L fossa]
marman-, marmel- (in marmanstān, marmelstān 'marble' [L marmor]
[ Receptacles ]
purs, burse 'purse' [L bursa]
[ Money; units of measurement ]
cubit 'cubit, measure of length' [L cubitum]
mancus 'a money of account equivalent to thirty pence, a weight equivalent to thirty pence' [L mancus]
talente 'talent (as unit of weight or of money)' [L talentum]
[ Clothing ]
cæppe, also (in cantel-cāp 'cloak worn by a cantor') cāp 'cloak, hood, cap' (with uncertain relationship to cōp in the same meaning) [L cappa]
tuniċe, tuneċe 'undergarment, tunic, coat, toga' [L tunica]
[ Roles, ranks, and occupations (non-religious or not specifically religious) ]
centur, centurio, centurius 'centurion' [L centurion-, centurio]
cōc 'cook' [L *cocus, coquus]
consul 'consul' [L consul]
fiþela 'fiddler' (also fiþelere 'fiddler', fiþelestre '(female) fiddler') [probably L vitula]
[ Warfare ]
mīlite 'soldiers' [L milites, plural of miles]
[ Verbs ]
acordan 'to reconcile' [perhaps L accordare, although more likely a post-Conquest borrowing from French]
acūsan 'to accuse (someone)' [L accusare]
ġebrēfan 'to set down briefly in writing' [L breviare]
dēclīnian 'to decline or inflect' [L declinare]
offrian 'to offer, sacrifice' [L offerre]
*platian 'to make or beat into thin plates' (implied by platung 'metal plate' and ġeplatod and aplatod 'beaten into thin plates') [L plata, noun]
predician 'to preach' [L predicare, praedicare]
prōfian 'to assume to be, to take for' [L probare]
rabbian 'to rage' [L rabiare]
salletan 'to sing psalms, to play on the harp' [L psallere]
sċrūtnian, sċrūdnian 'to examine' [L scrutinare]
*spendan 'to spend' (recorded in Old English only in the derivatives spendung, aspendan, forspendan) [L expendere]
studdian 'to look after, be careful for' [L studere]
temprian 'to modify; to cure, heal; to control' [L temperare]
tonian 'to thunder' [L tonare]
[ Adjectives ]
fals 'false' [L falsus]
mechanisċ 'mechanical' [L mechanicus]
[ Miscellaneous ]
fals 'fraud, trickery' [L falsum]
rocc (only in stānrocc) 'cliff or crag' [L rocca]
sott 'fool', also adjective 'foolish' [L sottus]
tabele, tabul, tabule 'tablet, board; writing tablet; gaming table' [L tabula]
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ѸˤˤơѸƱޥ췲λǤ Old Saxon ¸ߴǤϤʤε#3819. եå粦ˤ륤ɤγò ([2019-10-11-1]) ǿ줿եå粦ζפ˺ݤơJohn Ȥ̾θťͤ亴̳ƤȤϿ롥ޤGenesis B ȤΤűѻˤϡ9 Old Saxon 줿1ޤޤƤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥
Genesis B ˤϡhearra (lord), sima (chain), landscipe (region), heodæg (today) ޤྯ Old Saxon ͳ褹Ȥܤ줬ǧ롥˼ѤʤäȤǤϡѸ˾ΰյϾȤ虜ʤɬפȤФȤñ¿줫ڤȤȯãѸλŪħűѸˤǤ˸ƤȤȤõƤƤ褤 (Crystal 27)
̤ˡѸˤˤơְŪ״طᤤޥ췲μѸ¿ϤʤŪطᤤΤǤС¤θܿ¿äϤǤϤʤ뤬ǤʤȤСʹϡ˥ɥĸ줫μѸϡ#2164. ѸˤǤޤΩʤɥĸ줫μѡ ([2015-03-31-1])#2621. ɥĸαѸؤܳŪ19 ([2016-06-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΤȤƤΩʤʤεϤDZѸ˱ƶͿȤΤϡեޥ줯餤Ͻ줫θŪƶˤĤƤϡ#149. եޥȱѸˡ ([2009-09-23-1])#2645. 줫Ѥ줿ߤΤñ ([2016-07-24-1])#2646. Ѹ˴ؤס ([2016-07-25-1])#3435. ѸˤˤϽ줫αƶϲᾮɾƤ ([2018-09-22-1])#3436. ɤӤȤܿˡ ([2018-09-23-1]) Ȥ줿
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.
ε#3819. եå粦ˤ륤ɤγò ([2019-10-11-1]) ˤ褦ˡ9ȾΥեå粦λʺ߰871--99ǯˤޤǤˡɤΡʥƥˤ˳ϤäǤޤäƤ8ˤϡȤ櫓 Northumbria Bede Alcuin ʤɤؼԤڽФɤγؽѤϥ衼åΤ˰ҸäƤΤεǰѤեå粦ľθűѸʸϤʬ̤ꡤ1Ⱦۤɸˤϡò٤ŪؤĤƤ
ͳ1ĤϡνǤ롥793ǯ Lindisfarne ⤵ư衤9ˤơɤǤϼܤ餫˸ɤδ¸μܤ¿üƤޤΦݴɤ줿ܤ⤢äȤƤۤɤοǤϤʤܤʤСɤγΤȤƳؤ֤ȤϤǤʤƥϤݻ뤳ȤǤʤäΤȤƳबΤ̵̤Ȥä
⤦1ĤͳϡνˡɤƬǾΦήФƤޤäȤȤ롥ٳ Alcuin (c732--804) ޡ˥ɮƬȤƻŤ٤ΦȯäƤޤȡNorthumbria γˤϤäȿ줿1ͤνʪήФˤä礭ʥ⤿餵ȤΤϡźοͻ
褽Ʊ塤ɽпȤǥޥͤ۶ Boniface (680?--754?) Τ뵮ȤȤ˥ɥĤؤȯäƤޤä̡Southumbria γؽѿϤäǤ8ˡdzηƤΤǤ롥إȤ㤭̤˪ΤäȤˤʤ롥
եå粦ˤ Cura Pastoralis (or Pastoral Care) θűѸ893ǯˤνʸˡ9ȾΥɤˤơνˤ䤬षƤޤäȤòͭ̾1롥եåɤϤʸŪæ٤פԤʤ̤1ۤɸ˸졤10ȾΥ٥ͥǥȲ (the Benedictine Reform) ʸݤؤȤĤʤäƤäΰ̣ǤϡʸˡʸػŪ˽פ1ǤȤ롥ʸϤ顤Ȥ櫓褯ΤƤʬűѸ츶ʸǰѤ褦 (Mitchell and Robinson 204--05) եå粦ܵäƤ롥
Ælfred kyning hāteð grētan Wǣrferð biscep his wordum luflīce ond frēondlīce; ond ðē cȳðan hāte ðæt mē cōm swīðe oft on gemynd, hwelce wiotan iū wǣron giond Angelcynn . . . ond hū man ūtanbordes wīsdōm ond lāre hieder on lond sōhte; ond hū wē hīe nū sceoldon ūte begietan, gif wē hīe habban sceoldon. Swǣ clǣne hīo wæs oðfeallenu on Angelcynne ðæt swīðe fēawa wǣron behionan Humbre ðe hiora ðēninga cūðen understondan on Englisc oððe furðum ān ǣrendgewrit of Lǣdene on Englisc āreccean; ond ic wēne ðætte nōht monige begiondan Humbre nǣren. Swǣ fēawa hiora wǣron ðæt ic furðum ānne ānlēpne ne mæg geðencean be sūðan Temese ðā ðā ic tō rīce fēng. Gode ælmihtegum sīe ðonc ðætte wē nū ǣnigne onstal habbð lārēowa.
Crystal (13) ꡤβսФ븽ͿƤ
King Alfred sends his greetings to Bishop Werferth in his own words, in love and friendship . . . . I want to let you know that it has often occurred to me to think what wise men there once were throughout England . . . and how people once used to come here from abroad in search of wisdom and learning --- and how nowadays we would have to get it abroad (if we were to have it at all). Learning had so declined in England that there were very few people this side of the Humber who could understand their service-books in English, let alone translate a letter out of Latin into English --- and I don't imagine there were many north of the Humber, either. There were so few of them that I cannot think of even a single one south of the Thames at the time when I came to the throne. Thanks be to almighty God that we now have any supply of teachers.
Mitchell, Bruce and Fred C. Robinson. A Guide to Old English. 5th ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 1992.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.
#3801. gan ˤߤűѸäηŪʡ ([2019-09-23-1]) ǤϡȤƸűѸ (derivative) ιߤűѸäηŪʤϡʣ (compound) ˤäưؤ褯롥ʣȤϡΩ2İʾñĤʤ碌ƿ1ĤñäΤǡѸǤ girlfriend convenience store ʤɤǤߤΥפñǤ롥
äơѸǤʣ (compounding) ȤϤ˳ƤΤűѸǤϤγޤŷ̡ŷ̵˥Ǥ餢롥ʣγǤΰ̣ΤäƤСĤʤ碌ʣ켫Τΰ̣⤪褽ưפǤ뤳Ȥ顤"self-explaining compounds" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Crystal (22) ꡤűѸ줫ΡּʣפĤƤߤ褦
gōdspel < gōd 'good' + spel 'tidings': gospel
sunnandæg < sunnan 'sun's' + dæg 'day': Sunday
stæfcræft < stæf 'letters' + cræft 'crat': grammar
mynstermann < mynster 'monastery' + mann 'man': monk
frumweorc < frum 'beginning' + weorc 'work': creation
eorþcræft < eorþ 'earth' + cræft 'craft': geometry
rōdfæstnian < rōd 'cross' + fæstnian 'fasten': crucify
dægred < dæg 'day' + red 'red': dawn
lēohtfæt < lēoht 'light' + fæt 'vessel': lamp
tīdymbwlātend < tīd 'time' + ymb 'about' + wlātend 'gaze': astronomer
ּΡפȤäƤ٤κϤꡤǸ tīdymbwlātend ʤɤ˼ɤϵ路ޤŪѷˤμ٤줿ʣ (disguised_compound) ʤΤ⤢СƼ뤳ȤʸṲ̄ʥʥ̤ФŪʣ (kenning) ʤΤ⤢ʳơ#260. ([2010-01-12-1])#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1]) ȡˡּʣפȤääǤαԤȤ⤤٤ΤǤϤּʣפϡűѸθˤΩäħ1ĤȤäƤ褤
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.
#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1])#3275. ա wassail ([2018-04-15-1]) εǿ줿褦ˡhail, hale, heal, holy, whole, wassail ʤɤƱ캬̤롤ߤ˸츻Ū˴Ϣ췲Ǥ롥űѸ hāl ʴʡʡʡˤطäȸƤߤ褦
ޤűѸ hāl ľܤλ¹hale whole Ǥ롥Ԥϡ켫ΤΤȤʤä wholesome, wholesale, wholly ʤɤƤ롥
̾դűѸ hǣlþ ϡߤñ health, healthy, healthful Ƥ롥
ư hǣlan heal, healer ޤټդ Hælend ϡֵߺѼԡ䤹͡ˡפ̣פʸűѸñä
ƻղä hālig holy, holiness, holiday Ƥ롥hālig ˤƺ줿ư hālgian ϡhallow, Halloween Ƥ롥
űѸ hāl бťΥɸƱ heill αƶǡhail, hail from, hail fellow, wassail ʤɤѸѤ褦ˤʤä
űѸθ˭Ọ̇̄ѲѰ̣ۤ臘ˤϡäƤĤñ췲Ȥʾ塤Crystal (22) ꡥ
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.
Ѹθä3ع¤ǧ뤳Ȥϡܥ֥ǡ#2977. Ϣ6֤ʤѸä3ع¤Τ --- ͥΥƥ줫֤ȥס ([2017-06-21-1]) Ϥᡤĥäε䡤lexical_stratification γƵܤƤüŪˤСˤ̤͡ʸܿƤʤǡŪ˴Ϣʤ줬ѤѤƤȤ˵롥ǡask -- question -- interrogate Τ褦ˡȤƤϷӤĤʤʬΥŪʡ (dissociated) äʤĤȤˤʤä
äμѤϤʤäűѸϡ1ĤδŪʸǤȤˤƴϢߡȺФƤդǤꡤ̤ȤäϡַŪʡ (associative) ʤ (Kastovsky 294) θűѸäηŪʤڤ뤿ˡKastovsky (294--96) ˵äơֹԤפ̣ñʸ gan 夲ΤӤϢƤߤ褦
(1) gan/gangan 'go, come, move, proceed, depart; happen'
(2) derivatives:
(a) gang 'going, journey; track, footprint; passage, way; privy; steps, platform'; compounds: ciricgang 'churchgoing', earsgang 'excrement', faldgang 'going into the sheep-fold', feþegang 'foot journey', forlig-gang 'adultery', hingang 'a going hence, death', hlafgang 'a going to eat bread', huselgang 'partaking in the sacrament', mynstergang 'the entering on a monastic life', oxangang 'hide, eighth of a plough-land', sulhgang 'plough-gang = as much land as can properly be tilled by one plough in one day'; gangern, gangpytt, gangsetl, gangstol, gangtun, all 'privy'
(b) genge n., sb. 'troops, company'
(c) -genge f., sb. in nightgenge 'hyena, i.e. an animal that prowls at night'
(d) -genga m., sb. in angenga 'a solitary, lone goer', æftergenga 'one who follows', hindergenga 'one that goes backwards, a crab', huselgenga 'one who goes to the Lord's supper', mangenga 'one practising evil', nihtgenga 'one who goes by night, goblin', rapgenga 'rope-dancer', sægenga 'sea-goer, mariner; ship'
(e) genge adj. 'prevailing, going, effectual, agreeable'
(f) -gengel sb. in æftergengel 'successor' (perhaps from æftergengan, wk. vb. 'to go')
(3) compounds with verbal first constituent, i.e. V + N (some of them might, however, also be treated as N + N, i.e. with gang as in (2a): gangdæg 'Rogation day, one of the three processional days before Ascension day', gangewifre 'spider, i.e. a weaver that goes', ganggeteld 'portable tent', ganghere 'army of foot-soldiers', gangwucu 'the week of Holy Thursday, Rogation week'
(4) gengan wk. vb. 'to go' < *gang-j-an; æftergengness 'succession, posterity'
(5) prefixations of gan/gangan;
(a) agan 'go, go by, pass, pass into possession, occur, befall, come forth'
(b) began/begangan 'go over, go to, visit; cultivate; surround; honour, worship' with derivatives begánga/bígang 'practice, exercise, worship, cultivation'; begánga/bígenga 'inhabitant, cultivator' and numerous compounds of both; begenge n. 'practice, worship', bigengere 'worker, worshipper'; bigengestre 'hand maiden, attendant, worshipper'; begangness 'calendae, celebration'
(c) foregan 'go before, precede' with derivatives foregenga 'forerunner, predecessor', foregengel 'predecessor'
(d) forgan 'pass over, abstain from'
(e) forþgan 'to go forth' with forþgang 'progress, purging, privy'
(f) ingan 'go in' with ingang 'entrance(-fee), ingression', ingenga 'visitor, intruder'
(g) niþergan 'to descend' with niþergang 'descent'
(h) ofgan 'to demand, extort; obtain; begin, start' with ofgangende 'derivative'
(i) ofergan 'pass over, go across, overcome, overreach' with ofergenga 'traveller'
(j) ongan 'to approach, enter into' with ongang 'entrance, assault'
(k) oþgan 'go away, escape'
(l) togan 'go to, go into; happen; separate, depart' with togang 'approach, attack'
(m) þurhgan 'go through'
(n) undergan 'undermine, undergo'
(o) upgan 'go up; raise' with upgang 'rising, sunrise, ascent', upgange 'landing'
(p) utgan 'go out' with utgang 'exit, departure; privy; excrement; anus'; ?utgenge 'exit'
(q) wiþgan 'go against, oppose; pass away, disappear'
(r) ymbgan 'go round, surround' with ymbgang 'circumference, circuit, going about'.
θǤˤϡ٤Ƹ촴 gan ¿ѷäƤȤƤˤޤޤƤ롥űѸäηŪʤΰüָ뤳ȤǤ
űѸθŪʰ֤ŤˤĤƤϡƱ Kastovsky ˵ä#3358. ĸϸ캬١ޥĸϸ촴١űѸʹߤϸ١ (1) ([2018-07-07-1])#3359. ĸϸ캬١ޥĸϸ촴١űѸʹߤϸ١ (2) ([2018-07-08-1])#3360. ĸϸ캬١ޥĸϸ촴١űѸʹߤϸ١ (3) ([2018-07-09-1]) ȡ
Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.
(The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy) Ȥ5--9Υɤ¸ߤ7Ĥβ Northumbria, Mercia, Essex, East Anglia, Wessex, Sussex, Kent ؤ5濴Ȥ륢Υ֥ƥؤ˺ݤơȤƥͤ Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia ͤ Essex, Wessex, Sussex , 塼ȿͤ Kent ˳ơΤεǤ롥ߤ˹ɤ֤6ˤϼΩ800ǯޤǤˤ Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Wessex 4ĤؤȺԤ졤ǽŪˤ9--10ˤ Wessex Ƹꡤβǥʥɡ˲줵˻ä
ˤϡˤäưۤʤ벦Ƥ78ȾˤƤ Northumbria ƸꡤBede, Alcuin ʤɤΥɷϥꥹȶؼԤڽФʡ֥Ρ֥ꥢͥפȸƤФˡ8Ⱦ9ˤƤϡMercia Offa 졤ˤ̾Ȥɤۤɤδؤäʡ֥ޡƸסˡOffa ϶ߤ¤˶ᤤȤޤǤäޤ륺Ȥι褹֥åեݡ (Offa's Dyke) 褯ΤƤ롥Mercia Ƹ³9ʤǤ Wessex ν縢β뤳Ȥˤʤä
9Ⱦˤƥο㲽ƤȡϼΩȤɤΤϥեå粦 Wessex ΤߤȤʤäƤޤäWessex ȴ粦Ȥλ¹ϡ910ˤƥɤ¾ΰˤƶϤԻȤ¾Υ̤Ƥä
Τ褦ˡϡⰵȳˤꤽʬΩ˲äƤĤˤϥʥɡ˲ؤȯŸƤäλΤ⤦ܤǯɽˤĤƤϡ#2871. űѸΥ饤ǯɽ ([2017-03-07-1])#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ ([2018-01-23-1]) ȡ
(13) Ρ֥פꤹϿޤǤƤºݤˤΤʹä櫓ǤϤʤ줾ϷήưŪäȤդƤ

ؿ⥤ꥹˡ١Ͻн˼ҡ2002ǯ
3֤εʡ#3787. 650ǯդȤ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1])#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ ([2019-09-10-1])#3789. űѸäˤƥѸΨ1.75% ([2019-09-11-1])ˤǤ줿褦ˡ650ǯդ˥ƥ줫ѸήñˤϡճŪʤΤ¿ޤޤƤ롥
ǧˤϡŪñįƤߤΤ֤Durkin (107--16) Ȥơʲˡ̣ʬȤˡơñˤĤƸűѸμѷбʤ뤤ϸˡƥƬ "?" դƤϡμѸǤȶäƤǧʤǤ롥
[ Religion and the Church ]
abbod, abbot 'abbot' [L abbat-, abbas]
abbodesse 'abbess' [L abbatissa]
antefn, also (later) antifon, antyfon 'antiphon (type of liturgical chant)' [L antifona, antefona]
ælmesse, ælmes 'alms, charity' [L *alimosina, variant of elemosina]
bisċeop 'bishop' [probably L episcopus]
cristen 'Christian' [L christianus]
dēofol, dīofol 'devil' [perhaps Latin diabulus]
draca 'dragon, monstrous beast; the devil' [L draco]
engel, angel 'angel' [probably L angelus]
mæsse, messe 'mass' (the religious ceremony) [L missa]
munuc 'monk' [L monachus]
mynster 'monastery; importan church' [L monasterium]
nunne 'nun' [L nonna]
prēost 'priest' [probably L *prebester, presbyter]
senoð, seonoð, sinoð, sionoð 'council, synod, assembly' [L synodus]
? ancra, ancor 'anchorite' [L anachoreta, perhaps via Old Irish anchara]
? ærċe-, erċe-, arce- 'arch-' (in titles) [L archi-]
? relic- (in relicgang (probably) 'bearing of relics in a procession') [clipping of L reliquiae or OE reliquias]
? reliquias 'relics' [L reliquiae]
[ Learning and scholarship ]
Læden 'Latin; any foreign language', also (later) lātin [L Latina]
sċolu, also (later) scōl 'troop, band; school' [L schola]
? græf 'stylus' [L graphium]
? stǣr (or stær) 'history' [probably ultimately L historia, perhaps via Celtic]
? traht 'text, passage, commentary' [L tractus]
? trahtað 'commentary' [L tractatus]
[ Plants, fruit, and products of plants ]
bēte 'beet, beetroot' [L beta]
billere denoting several water plants [L berula]
box 'box tree', later also 'box, receptable' [L buxus]
celendre, cellendre 'coriander' [L coliandrum]
ċerfille, ċerfelle 'chervil' [L caerefolium]
*ċiċeling 'chickpea' [L cicer]
ċīpe 'onion' [L cepe]
ċiris-(bēam) 'cherry tree' [L *ceresia, cerasium]
ċisten-, ċistel-, ċist-(bēam) 'chestnut tree' [L castinea or castanea]
coccel 'corn cockle, or other grain-field weed' [L *cocculus < coccum]
codd-(æppel) 'quince' [L cydonium, cotoneum, or cotonium]
consolde '(perhaps) daisy or comfrey' [L consolida]
corn-(trēo) 'cornel tree' [L cornus]
cost 'costmary' [L constum]
cymen 'cumin' [L cuminum]
cyrfet 'gourd' [L cucurbita]
earfe plant name, probably vetch [L ervum]
elehtre '(probably) lupin' [L electrum]
eofole 'dwarf elder, danewor' [L ebulus]
eolone, elene 'elecampane' (a plant) [L inula, helenium]
finol, finule, finugle 'fennel' [L fenuculum]
glædene a plant name (usually for a type of iris) [L gladiola]
humele 'hop plant' [L humulus]
lāser 'weed, tare' [L laser]
leahtric, leahtroc, also (later) lactuce 'lettuce' [L lactuca]
*lent 'lentil' [L lent-, lens]
lufestiċe 'lovage' [L luvesticum]
mealwe 'mallow' [L malva]
*mīl 'millet' [L milium]
minte, minta 'mint' [L mentha]
næp 'turnip' [L napus]
nefte 'catmint' [L nepeta]
oser or ōser 'osier' [L osaria]
persic 'peach' [L persicum]
peru 'pear' [L pirum, pera]
piċ 'pitch' (the resinous substance) [L pic-, pix]
pīn 'pine' [L pinus]
pipeneale 'pimpernel' [L pipinella]
pipor 'pepper' [L piper]
pieir 'pear tree' [L *pirea]
pise, *peose 'pea' [L pisum]
plūme 'plum; plum tree' and plȳme 'plum; plum tree' [both perhaps L pruna]
pollegie 'penny-royal' [L pulegium]
popiġ, papiġ 'poppy' [L papaver]
porr 'leek' [L porrum]
rǣdiċ 'radish' [L radic-, radix]
rūde 'rue' [L ruta]
syrfe 'service tree' [L *sorbea, sorbus]
ynne- (in ynnelēac) 'onion' [L unio]
? æbs 'fir tree' [L abies]
? croh, crog 'saffron; type of dye; saffron colour' [L crocus]
? fīċ 'fig tree, fig' [L ficus]
? plante 'young plant' [L planta]
? sæðerie, satureġe 'savory (plant name)' [L satureia]
? sæppe 'spruce fir' [L sappinus]
? sōlsēċe 'heliotrope' [L solsequium, with substitution of a derivative of OE sēċan 'to seek' for the second element]
[ Animals ]
assa 'ass' [L asinum perhaps via Celtic]
capun 'capon' [probably L capon-, capo]
cat, catte 'cat' [L cattus]
cocc 'cock, rooster' [L coccus]
*cocc (in sǣcocc) 'cockle' [perhaps L *coccum]
culfre 'dove' [perhals L columbra, columbula]
cypera 'salmon at the time of spawning' [L cyprinus]
elpend, ylpend 'elephant', also shortend to ylp [L elephant-, elephans]
eosol, esol 'ass' [L asellus]
lempedu, also (later) lamprede 'lamprey' [L lampreda]
mūl 'mule' [L mulus]
muscelle 'mussel' [L musculus]
olfend 'camel' [probably L elephant-, elephans, with the change in meaning arising from semantic confusion]
ostre 'oyster' [L ostrea]
pēa 'peafowl' [L pavon-, pavo]
*pine- (in *pinewincle, as suggested emendation of winewincle) 'wincle' [perhals L pina]
rēnġe 'spider' [L aranea]
strȳta 'ostrich' [L struthio]
trūht 'trout' [L tructa]
turtle, turtur 'turtle dove' [L turtur]
[ Food and drink (see also plants and animals) ]
ċȳse, ċēse 'cheese' [L caseus]
foca 'cake baked on the ashes of the hearth' (only attested with reference to Biblical contexts or antiquity) [L focus]
must 'wine must, new wine' [L mustum]
seim 'lard, fat' (only attested in figurative use) [L *sagimen, sagina]
senap, senep 'mustard' [L sinapis]
wīn 'wine' [L vinum]
[ Medicine ]
butere 'butter' [L butyrum, buturum]
ċeren 'wine reduced by boiling for extra sweetness' [L carenum]
eċed 'vinegar' [L acetum]
ele 'oil' [L oleum]
fēfer or fefer 'fever' [L febris]
flȳtme 'lancet' [L fletoma]
[ Transport; riding and horse gear ]
ancor, ancra 'anchor (also in figurative use)' [L ancora]
cæfester 'muzzle, halter, bit' [L capistrum, perhaps via Celtic]
ċæfl 'muzzle, halter, bit' [L capulus]
ċearricge (meaning very uncertain, perhaps 'carriage') [perhaps L carruca]
punt 'punt' [L ponton-, ponto]
sēam 'burden; harness; service which consisted in supplying beasts of burden' [L sauma, sagma]
stǣt 'road; paved road, street' [L strata]
[ Tools and implements ]
cucler 'spoon' [L coclear]
culter 'coulter; (once) dagger' [L culter]
fæċele 'torch' [L facula]
fann 'winnowing fan' [L vannus]
forc, forca 'fork' [L furca]
*fossere or fostere 'spade' [L fossorium]
inseġel, insiġle 'seal; signet' [L sigillum]
līne 'cable, rope, line, cord; series, row, rule, direction' [probably L linea]
mattuc, meottuc, mettoc 'mattock' [perhaps L *matteuca]
mortere 'mortar' [L mortarium]
panne 'pan' [perhaps L panna]
pæġel 'wine vessel; liquid measure' [L pagella]
pihten part of a loom [L pecten]
pīl 'pointed object; dart, shaft, arrow; spike, nail; stake' [L pilum]
pīle 'mortar' [L pila]
pinn 'pin, peg, pointer; pen' [probably L penna]
pīpe 'tube, pipe; pipe (= wind instrument); small stream' [L pipa]
pundur 'counterpoise; plumb line' [L ponder-, pondus]
seġne 'fishing net' [L sagena]
sicol 'sickle' [L *sicula, secul < secare 'to cut']
spynġe, also (later) sponge 'sponge' [L spongia, spongea]
timple instrument used in weaving [L templa]
turl 'ladele' [L trulla]
? stropp 'strap' [L stroppus or struppus]
? trefet 'trivet, tripod' [L tripes]
[ Warware and weapons ]
camp 'battle; war; field' [L campus]
cocer 'quiver' [perhaps L cucurum]
[ Buildings and parts of buildings; construction; towns and settlements ]
ċeafor-(tūn), cafer-(tūn) 'hall, court' [L capreus]
ċealc, calc 'chalk, plaster' [L calc-, calx]
ċeaster, ċæster 'fortification; city, town (especially one with a wall)' [L castra]
ċipp 'rod, stick, beam (especially in various specific contexts)' [probably L cippus]
clifa, cleofa, cliofa 'chamber, cell, den, lair' [perhaps L clibanus 'oven']
clūse, clause 'lock; confine, enclosure; fortified pass' [L clausa]
clūstor 'lock, bolt, bar, prison' [L claustrum]
cruft 'crypt, cave' [L crupta]
cyċene 'kitchen' [L coquina]
cylen 'kiln, oven' [L culina]
*cylene 'town' (only as place-name element) [L colonia]
mūr 'wall' [L murus]
mylen 'mill' [L molina]
pearroc 'enclosure; fence that forms an enclosure' [perhaps L parricus]
pīsle or pisle 'warm room' [L pensilis]
plætse, plæce, plæse 'open place in a town, square, street' [L platea]
port 'town with a harbour; harbour, port; town (especially one with a wall or a market)' [L portus]
post 'post; doorpost' [L postis]
pytt 'hole in the ground; excavated hole; pit; grave; hell' [pherlaps L puteus]
sċindel 'roof shingle' [L scindula]
solor 'upper room; hall, dwelling; raised platform' [L solarium]
tīġle, tīgele, tigele 'earthen vessel; potshert; tile, brick' [L tegula]
torr 'tower' [L turris]
weall 'wall, rampart, earthwork' [L vallum]
wīċ 'dwelling; village; camp, fortress' [L visum]
? port 'gate, gateway' [L porta]
? prtiċ 'porch, portico, vestibule, chapel' [L poorticus]
[ Containers, vessels, and receptacles ]
amber 'vessel, dry or liquid measure' [L amphora, ampora]
binn, binne 'basket, bin; manger' [L benna]
buteruc 'bottle' [perhaps from a derivative of L buttis]
byden 'vessel, container; cask, tub; tub-shaped geographical feature' [probably L *butina]
bytt 'bottle, flask, cask, wine skin' [L *buttia]
ċelċ, cælc, calic 'drinking vessel, cup' [L calic-, calix]
ċist, ċest 'chest, box, coffer; reliquary; coffin' [L cista]
cuppe 'cup', also copp 'cup, beaker; gloss for Latin spongia sponge' [L cuppa]
cȳf 'large jar, vessel, or tub' [L cupia < cupa]
cȳfl 'tub, bucket' [L cupellus]
cyll, cylle 'leather bottle, leather bag; ladele; oil lamp' [L culleus]
disċ 'dish, bowl, plate' [L discus]
earc, earce, earca, also arc, arce, arca 'ark (especially Noah's ark or the ark of the covenent), chest, coffer' [L arca]
gabote, gafote kind of dish or platter [L gabata]
ġellet 'jug, bowl, or basin' [L galleta]
læfel, lebil 'spoon, cup, bowl, vessel' [L labellum]
orc 'pitcher, crock, cup' [L orca]
pott 'pot' [perhaps L pottus]
sacc, also sæcc 'sack, bag' [L saccus]
sester 'jar, vessel; a measure' [L sextarius]
spyrte 'basket' [probably L sporta, *sportea]
? cæpse 'box' [L copsa]
? sċrīn 'chest; shrine' [L scrinium]
? sċutel 'dish, platter' [L scutella]
? tunne 'cask, tun, barrel' [L tunna]
[ Coins, money; wights and measures, units of measurement ]
dīner, dīnor type of coin, denarius [L denarius]
mīl 'mile' [L milia]
mydd 'a measure' [L modius]
mynet 'a coin; coinage, money' [L moneta]
oma 'a liquid measure' [L ama]
pund 'pound (in weight or money); pint' [L pondo]
trimes 'unit of weight, a dracm; name of a coin' [L tremissis]
ynċe 'inch' [L uncia]
yntse 'ounce' [L uncia]
[ Transactions and payments ]
ċēap 'perchase, sale, transaction, market, possessions, price' [L cauō or caupōnārī]
toll, also toln, tolne 'toll, tribute, rent, duty' [L toloneum]
trifet 'tribute' [L tributum]
[ Clothing; fabric ]
belt 'belt, girdle' [L balteus]
bīsæċċ 'pocket' [L bisaccium]
cælis 'foot-covering', also (later) calc 'sandal' [L calceus]
ċemes 'shirt, undergarment' [L camisia]
ġecorded 'having cords, corded (or perhaps fringed)' [L corda]
cugele '(monk's) cowl' [L cuculla]
fifele 'broach, clasp' [L fibula]
mentel 'cloak' [L mantellum]
pæll, pell 'fine or rich cloth; purple cloth; altar cloth rich robe' [L pallium]
pyleċe 'fur robe' [L pellicia]
seolc 'silk' [perhaps L sericum]
sīde 'silk' [L seta]
*sīric 'silk' [perhals L sericum]
socc 'light shoe' [L soccus]
swiftlēre 'slipper' [L subtalaris]
? orel, orl 'robe, garment, veil, mantle' [L orale, orarium]
? purpure, purpur 'deep crimson garment; deep crimson colour (imperial purple)' [L purpura]
? sabon 'sheet' [L sabanum]
? tæpped, teped 'cloth wall or floor covering' [L tapetum, tappetum]
[ Furniture and furnishing ]
meatte, matte 'mat; underlay for a bed' [L matta]
mēse, mīse 'table' [L mensa]
pyle, pylu 'pillow, cushion' [L pulvinus]
sċamol, sċemol, sċeomol, sċeamol 'stool, footstool, bench' [L *scamellum]
strǣl, strēaġl 'curtain; quilt, matting, bed' [L stragula]
strǣt 'bed' [L stratum]
[ Precious stones ]
ġimm 'gem, precious stone, jewel; also in figurative use' [L gemma]
meregrot 'pearl' [L margarita, but showing folk-etymological alteration after an English word for 'sea' and (probably) an English word for 'fragment, particple']
pærl '(very doubtfully) pearl' [perhals L *perla]
[ Roles, ranks, and occupations (non-religious or not specifically religious) ]
cāsere 'emperor; ruler' [L caesar]
fullere 'fuller' [L fullo]
mangere 'merchant, trader' [L mango]
mæġester, also (later) māgister or magister 'leader, master, teacher' [L magister]
myltestre 'prostitute' [L meretrix, with remodelling of the ending after the Old English feminine agent noun suffix -estre]
prafost, also profost 'head, chief, officer' [L praepositus, propositus]
sūtere 'shoumaker' [L sutor]
[ Punishment, judgement, codes of behaviour ]
pīn 'pain, fortune, anguish, punishment' [L poena]
regol, reogol 'rule; principle; code of rules; wooden ruler' [L regula]
sċrift 'something decreed as a penalty; penance; absolution; confessor; judge' [L scriptum]
[ Verbs ]
*cōfrian 'to recover' (implied by acōfrian in the same meaning) [L recuperare]
*cyrtan 'to shorten' (implied by cyrtel 'garment, tunic, cloak, gown' and (probably) ġecyrted 'cut off, shortened') [L curtus, adjective]
dīligian 'to erase, rub out; to destroy, obliterate' [L delere]
impian 'to graft; to busy oneself with' [L imputare]
*mūtian (implied by bemūtian 'to exchange' and mūtung 'exchange') [L mutare]
*nēomian 'to sound sweetly' or *nēome 'sound' [L neuma, noun]
pinsian 'to weigh, consider, reflect' [L pensare]
pīpian 'to play on a pipe' [L pipare]
pluccian 'to pluck' [perhaps L *piluccare]
*pundrian (implied by apyndrian, apundrian 'to weigh, to adjudge') [L ponderare, if not a derivative of OE punduru]
pynġan 'to prick' [L pungere]
sċrīfan 'to allot, prescribe, impose; to hear confession; to receive absolution; to have regard to' [L scribere]
seġlian 'to seal' [L sigillare]
seġnian 'to make the sign of the cross; to consecrate, bless' [L signare, if not < OE seġn]
*-stoppian (implied by forstoppian) 'to obstruct, stop up' [perhaps L *stuppare]
trifulian 'to break, bruise, stamp' [L tribulare]
tyrnan, turnian 'to turn, revolve' [L turnare]
? cystan 'to get the value of, exchange for the worth of' [L constare]
? dihtan, dihtian 'to direct, command, arrange, set forth' [L dictare]
? glēsan 'to gloss, explain' [L glossare (verb) or glossa (noun)]
? lafian 'to pour water on, to bathe, wash' [L lavare]
? *pilian 'to peel, strip, pluck' [L pilare]
? plantian 'to plant' [L plantare, or < OE plante]
? *pyltan 'to pelt' (implied by later pilt, pelt) [perhaps L *pultiare, alteration of pultare]
? sealtian 'to dance' [L saltare]
? trahtian 'to comment on, expound; to interpret' [L tractare, if not < OE traht]
[ Adjectives ]
cirps, crisp 'curly, curly haired' [L crispus]
cyrten 'beautiful' [perhals L *cortinus]
pīs 'heavy' [L pensus]
sicor 'sure, certain; secure' [L securus]
sȳfre 'clean, pure, sober' [L sobrius]
byxen 'of box wood' [probably L buxeus]
? cūsc 'virtuous, chaste' [L conscius, perhaps via Old Saxon kusko]
[ Miscellaneous ]
candel, condel 'candle, taper', (in figurative contexts) 'source of light' [L candela]
ċēas, ċēast 'quarrel, strife; reproof' [L causa]
ċeosol, ċesol 'hut; gullet; belly' [L casula, casella]
copor 'copper' [L cuprum]
derodine 'scarlet' [probably L dirodinum]
munt 'mountain, hill' [L mont-, mons]
plūm-, in plmfeðer '(inplural) down, feathers' [L pluma]
sælmeriġe 'brine' [L *salmuria]
sætern- (in sæterndæġ 'Saturday') [L Saturnus]
seġn 'mark, sign, banner' [L signum]
tasul, teosol 'dice; small square of stone' [L tessella, *tassellus]
tæfl 'piece used in a board game, dice; type of game played on a board, game of dice; board on which this is played' [L tabula]
-ere, forming agent nouns [probably L -arius; if so, borrowed early]
-estre, forming feminine agent nouns [perhaps L -istria]
? coron-(bēag) 'crown' [L corona]
? diht 'act of directing or arranging; direction, arrangement, command' [L dictum]
? *pill (perhaps shown by pillsāpe soap for removing hair, depilatory) [perhals L pilus 'hair']
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
Ѹ츻ؤͼ Durkin ˤСűѸޤǤ˱Ѹ˼Ѥ줿ƥñοϡʤȤ600ϤȤ650ǯդˡ300ۤɡ300ۤɤȤΩƤǤ롥600ȤűѸΤįƤߤȡ1.75%Ȥ礬ϤФ롥ΥƥѸñΤǤϤʤ˴Ťƺ줿ޤǤθȡűѸäˤ4.5%ķ;夬롥Durkin (100) βѤ褦
If we take an estimate of at least 600 words borrowed (immediately) from Latin, and a total of around 34,000 words in Old English, then, conservatively, around 1.75% of the total are borrowed from Latin. If we include all compounds and derivatives formed on Latin loanwords in Old English, then the total of Latin-derived vocabulary probably comes closer to 4.5% . . . , although this figure may be a little too high, since estimates of the total size of the Old English vocabulary (native and borrowed) probably rather underestimate the numbers of compounds and derivatives.
οͤɤɾ뤫ϻμǤ롥ˤˤѸθüѤεϤȤαƶͤСʳǤΥƥѸγʤɡʤˤߤ줳ѸθüѤˤǤȤߤʤС0%ȯѸΨǤ˸űѸ1.75%ʤ뤤4.5%ˤãƤȤΤϡݤǤȤʤʤˤС¿ɴǯ֤ƤѸˤĤäƤꡤȤѤƤΤΩĤΤǤʺε#3788. űѸΥƥѸΰճ ([2019-09-10-1]) ȡˡ
űѸΥƥѸˤĤƤϱѸ˸ˤƤ⤵ۤܤƤ櫓ǤϤʤѤнʬ̥Ūʥȥԥåˤʤꤽ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ε#3787. 650ǯդȤ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡűѸȤ櫓650ǯäƤǽΥƥѸˤϡߤǤŪѤƤΤ¿#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) ʤɤǸƤ褦ˡƥѸˤϥ٥ι⤤ñ줬¿Τϻ¤űѸμѸ˴ؤƤСΥƥ쥪פɬ¤ɽ路Ƥʤ
Durkin (138--39) ˤ붽̣ͤ롥Durkin ϡ#3400. Ѹ˸ä˼Ѹ줬ɤǤ뤫 ([2018-08-18-1]) Ǥ⼨Ȥꡤ"Leipzig-Jakarta list of basic vocabulary" ȸƤФ̸Ū˺ǤŪʰ̣ô100Ѹ줫ФΤʤˤɤۤɼѸ줬ޤޤƤ뤫ĴƤߤ̤ȤƤϡƥѸˤĤƤСˤ1ޤޤƤʤä
"the WOLD survey" ˤ1,460ĤδŪʰ̣ܤʤꥹȤĴƤߤȡ137ۤɡʤ褽10%ˤűѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥѸǧꤵΤä⡤ñϡ24ߤƤ̣ΥƥΤ"Kinship", "Quantity", "Miscellaneous function words" 21ĤΥƥˤ錄äƸФȤĤޤꡤѸ˾塤ǽäƤƥѸϡʬˤ錄ŪѤѸθäξʤʬƤȤ櫓űѸηǶĤƤ
butere "butter"
ele "oil"
cyċene "kitchen"
ċȳse, ċēse "cheese"
wīn "wine" (and its compounds)
sæterndæġ "Saturday"
mūl "mule"
ancor "anchor"
līn "line, continuous length"
mylen (and its compounds) "mill"
scōl, sċolu (and the compound leornungscōl) "school"
weall "wall"
pīpe "pipe, tube"
pīle "mortar"
disċ "plate/platter/bowel/dish"
candel "lamp, lantern, candle"
torr "tower"
prēost and sācerd "priest"
port "harbour"
munt "mountain or hill"
Τ褦˥ƥѸΤʤˤϰճ¿ִܸáפ⤢뤳ȤõƤϢơܸγƵ⻲ȡ
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
ѸˤˤƥѸȤСűѸΥꥹȶѸ졤ѸΥͥߤθáʤ뤤ϡ֥Ѹ (inkhorn_term)ˡḽѸ濴Ȥ뿷ŵʣʤɤΥפˡַáפȤƥ쥪פܥ֥Ǥ⡤줾ʲεǼ夲Ƥ
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1])
#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ ([2014-07-05-1])
#478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])
#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])
#1408. ([2013-03-05-1])
#1410. Ƚ ([2013-03-07-1])
#1615. 礹ߡ2 ([2013-09-28-1])
#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1])
#3438. ʤѸΥƥѸΤ ([2018-09-25-1])
#3013. 19줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])
ŪˤСΥƥ쥪פϷ褷ƴְ㤤ǤϤʤŪܶȤ⤤ƥѸ¸ߤȤ¤˺ƤϤʤʤ绨Ĥˤе650ǯդĤޤΦ夫űѸˤƱѸʤ뤤ϥޥˤäƤƥñ¿ϡճʤȤˡ褽褽äǤϤʤˤʤƤϤʤʤäƤΤǤ롥λ¤ϡ֥ƥҿȶܤθפȤظ˱ƤΤǡ褯ǧƤȤɬפǤ롥
650ǯȤΤϤ褽ǯλäƤƥѸΥפϰۤʤäƤ롥ñ㲽ƤСϡֿƤߤΤ졤ʹߤϡ֤⤤ȳѸ줬äƤDurkin (103) ʸѤ褦
The context for most of the later borrowings is certain: they are nearly all words connected with the religious world or with learning, which were largely overlapping categories in the Anglo-Saxon world. Many of them are only very lightly assimilated into Old English, if at all. In fact it is debatable whether some of them should even be regarded as borrowed words, or instead as single-word switches to Latin in an Old English document, since it is not uncommon for words only ever to occur with their Latin case endings.
The earlier borrowings include many more words that are of reasonably common occurrence in Old English and later, for instance names of some common plants and foodstuffs, as well as some very basic words to do with the religious life.
ǤϡŪΥƥѸȤϤɤΤ褦ñʤΤˤĤƤϺεǾҲ𤷤ƤͽǤ롥
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
åΥեå粦¹륢륹Athelstan; ߰ 924--40ǯˤϡåˤȤɤޤ餺¾κǽΥɲȸƤ֤٤¸ߤǤ롥937ǯΥ֥ʥ֥դ襤Ƿۤեå粦äȯŸˡŵԻڥˡߤ¤ƱʤɤζӤŤͤ (20--21) ˤС
륹ˤȤäƺθӤϡΤιɾIJIJεȤ⤤٤ؤ֤ȤǤ륹ʹߤιϡΩˡפ˿Ȥ褦ˤʤꡤΤŪͭϼԤȤβĤ褦ˤʤäʶʥޥˤ̤ΩˡԤϡΡ֥ꥢΥɥλϻǯˤ䥦åΥͲλϻ塻ǯˤˤ⸫줿륹Ϥ絬ϤʤΤȤꥹȶνפʹԻǤ륭ꥹȹºסʰˡסʻͷˡסʸˤŪ˳Ť褦ˤʤä
줬ָͲġסʥƥʥ⡼ȡˤȸƤФΤǤ롥ɳϤɽԤĤǡ٥ȥ衼ʶ¿λʶ罤ƻĹʥޥˤͭϵ²²ʥˤ餬ʤ褦ˤʤꡤŪ⡤Τ˴ؤ볰ɱꡤˤΧˡˡ˴ؤ˶ĤƤβĤ˽ޤ褦ˤʤäͭϼԤˤȤäڤȤʤäΤ貦λफ鼡ηѾޤǤδ֤꤬ʤ褦ĴȤޤ˲̷ѾϤ˴ؤǤä
ͲĤϡΥꥹȶԻȤϴؤΤʤˤ⾤줿פβĤǤϽդη˴ؤ̤ˤ˹Ԥʤ줿ޤ夬ȤȤˡʼԤʼʽˤ˷褦ˤʤäƤä
륹ָ֤ͲġפϡűѸǤ witenagemōt ȸɽ witena + gemōt 2줫ʤʣǤꡤ witena ϡָ͡ɾİפ̣̾ wita ʣ°ʷǤ롥̾ϡѸ̾ wit cf. űѸư witan Τסˤƻ wise ȸ츻Ū˴ϢƤ롥
gemōt ϡֲġפ̣̾켫ΤƬ ge- ̾ mōt ʬ롥ge- Ͻɽ魯ƬǡѸʹߤ˼岽üƤäyclept, yclad, alike, among, enough, either, handicraft, handiwork ʤɤ첻˺פĤmōt ϡ츻Ū meet ʲˤȴطƤꡤǤ moot Ȥǡֵ;ϤΤפ̣ƻȤѤƤ롥
äơwitenagemōt ΰ̣Ϥޤˡָͤ礹ġפǤ롥ʤѸǤѸȤƤȯ /ˈwɪtnəgəˌmoʊt/ Ȥʤ롥
ΥޥʹߤεIJ (parliament) ˤĤƤϡ#2334. ѸȵIJȯŸ ([2015-09-17-1]) ȡ#2335. parliament ([2015-09-18-1]) ȡޤīηϿޤǯɽˤĤơ#2620. īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1]) ȡ#2547. 奤ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) ɤ
ľδʪ졡ꥹˡʾ岼ˡ١ҡӡ2015ǯ
Ѹ줳Ȥ虜ϡűѸѸˤ⤿ϿƤ롥ǸŤαѸ줳Ȥ虜 Proverbs of Alfred (c. 1150--80) ȸƤФΤ뤷ʸغʤˤͳΤΤޤƿΤȤ虜ϿƤ
13--14ΤΤ濴ȤSkeat ԤΤȤ虜롥ˤѤƤΤ¿ΤǡѸѸˤγؽˤäƤĤǤ롥ʲˡĤƤĤФƤߤ褦
Hwa is thet mei thet hors wettrien the him-self nule drinken? (Old English Homilies): "Who is he that may water the horse and not drink himself?"
Nis nawer nan so wis mon / That me ne mai bi-swiken. (Layamon): "There is nowhere so wise a man that one cannot deceive him."
Euer so the hul is more and herre, so the wind is more theron. (Ancrene Riwle): "The greater and higher the hill, the greater the wind on it." hul ˤĤơ#1812. 6ñѰۤǸѸ ([2014-04-13-1]) )
Wel fight that wel specth --- seide Alvred. (Owl and Nightingale): "He that speaks will, fights well --- said Alfred."
Strong hit is to rowe ayeyn the see that floweth, So hit is to swynke ayeyn un-ylimpe. (Prov. of Alfred): "As it is hard to row against the sea that flows, so it is to toil against misfortune."
For qua bigin wil ani thing / He aght to thinc on the ending. (Cursor Mundi): "For he who will begin a thing ought to think how it may end."
Ther God wile helpen, nouht ne dereth. (Havelok): "Where God will help, nothing does harm."
More honour is, faire to sterve, Than in servage vyliche to serve. (Kyng Alisaunder): "It is more honour to die fairly than to serve cunningly in servitude."
Tel thou neuer thy fo that thy fot aketh. (Hending): "Never tell thy foe that thy foot aches."
The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne. (Parlement of Foules): "Life is so short, art is so long to learn."
Hit is not al gold, that glareth. (Hous of Fame): "All is not gold that glitters."
The nere the cherche, the fyrther fro Gode. (Handlyng Synne): "The nearer to the church, the further from God."
That that rathest rypeth roteth most saunest. (P. Pl.): "What ripes most quickly, rots earliest."
A litell stane, as men sayis, / May ger weltir ane mekill wane. (Bruce): "A little stone, as many say, can cause a great waggon to be overturned."
For spechëles may no man spede. (Confessio Amantis): "For no man can succeed by being speechless."
It is nought good a sleping hound to wake. (Troilus): "It is not good to wake a sleeping dog."
Mordre wol out. (Canterbury Tales) wol ˤĤơ#89. one ȯ¤äȯ ([2009-07-25-1]) ȡ
Charite schuld bigyne at hem-self. (Wyclif, Works): "Charity should begin at home."
Skeat, Walter W., ed. Early English Proverbs, Chiefly of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, with Illustrative Quotations. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910.
#1264. ˸ؤθ³ȡιؤƻ ([2012-10-12-1])#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵä䤹ڵؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ˸ؤˤϻθ³ȤȤ⤷꤬롥̤Ȥ˾ۤɤΤΤĤäƤƤʤΤ¤Ǥ롥 (29) ϡ˸ء٤ΤʤΡָűѸαŪŪפȤˤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
˸ؤǤϸ¸ǽפǤ뤳ȤϤޤǤʤθоݤȤΤǤСʸϿ˲äơüԤθľѡʤʤɤθ쿴ŪޤƼ¤˭٤ʻȤΤǤ뤬˸ؤǤϤϴñˤʤʤŤλȤȤ¿ʬʤΤǡμθ³Τ褦˻פ뤬ºݤϡʾ˸ΤǧʤФʤʤä˰ŤиŤۤɸΤꡤѸˤǤϡäOEθ³ˤĤƤϤ褯ǧǡʤƤʤƤϤʤʤ
Ūˤɤ줯餤Τָ뤿ˡűѸѸλˤĤƻϤƤս⤷Ƥ
űѸμܤ˴ޤޤ300ǡʸ2000Ǥ롥ʬŪˤϥˤ˲Ǥ롥̤ϥΥޥʹߤ200ǯ֤˽줿Ѹλ⾯ʤ(29)
Ȥ850ǯλǻĤäƤΤϡ4ĤΥƥȤ35ۤɤˡΧʸļʤɤûŪʸȾǤ롥(29)
űѸ9䤬ȥǽ줿Ǥ롥(31)
ɮ (authorial holograph) ѸǤ Ayenbite of Inwit 1340ǯˡ Hoccleve (1370?--1450?) νʪ15Ρեε²μˤʽ Paston Letters 䤽¾ƱνʽۤɤǤ롥(34)
Ѹˤˤ礭ʸ (philology) ʸɾ (textual criticism) Υץʬǽ뤵ʤǤ롥
Ϣơ#1264. ˸ؤθ³ȡιؤƻ ([2012-10-12-1])#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵä䤹ڵؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1])#1051. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (1) ([2012-03-13-1])#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1]) ⻲ȡ
2ϡѸ˳ѡ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ22--46ǡ
2֤ε ([2018-07-07-1], [2018-07-08-1]) ˰³root-based morphology ʰĸˢ stem-based morphology ʥޥĸˢ word-based morphology ʸűѸʹߡˤȤѸ礭ĬήˤĤơ
űѸϤŪեȤˤ stem-based morphology word-based morphology ؤȰܤѤȤǽʳȤ뤬ޤʤ stem-based morphology ǻ˻ĤäƤLass (191) ϸűѸθˡμब˭٤ʤȤˤĤơKastovsky ѤĤļΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
One of the most striking features of the OE lexicon is the extensive involvement in WF, not only of transparent affixation, compounding, and conversion, but of other devices of varying ages: ancient ones like ablaut, and newer ones like i-umlaut. This results in what Kastovsky (1992: 294) calls 'large morphologically related word-families'; considerable portions of the lexicon 'cohere' in a rather special way, characteristic of older IE and to some extent more archaic modern languages like German, but quite alien to Modern English.
1Ȥơĸθ캬 *bhVr- "carry, bear" űѸñˤɤΤ褦ȿǤƤ뤫ͤƤߤ褦 (Lass 191--92) ΰ캬ˤ ablaut Ȥơ*bher- (e-grade), *bhor- (o-grade), *bhe:r- (lengthened e-grade), *bhr̥- (zero-grade) 4Ĥβä
ޤe-grade *bher- ˴ؤƤϡ*bher- > *er- > ber- ȷФơűѸ ber-an , ber-ende ʸʬ, ber-end "bearer"ber-end-nes "fertility" ˻äƤ롥
ˡo-grade *bhor- ˤĤƤϡ*bhor > *¦r- > bær- ФƸűѸ bær 1ˤ˽夷ۤ bær- (breaking) βФ bear-we "barrow, basket", bear-m "lap, bosom" ˻äΤ⤢롥
³ lengthened e-grade *bhe:r- ˤĤƤϡ*bhe:r- > *e:r- > bǣr ФƸűѸ bǣr-on 2, bǣr "bier", bǣr-e "manner, behaviour" ʤɤ뤷
Ǹ zero-grade *bhr̥- ϡ*ur- ؤѲ塤a-umlaut ˤ bor- *bur- Ϥ줿ԤϸűѸ bor-en ʲʬ, bor-a "carrier" ԤϤ i-umlaut ФƸűѸ byrðenn "burden", byr-ele "cup-bearer" ʤg߽Ф줿
űѸǤ /bVr-/ ȤŪʸ촴 (root) 첻ʣθ촴 (stems) ȤʤꡤŪʶŸƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤؤ "stem-based morphology" 뤤 "variable-stem morphology" ȸƤ֤ȤǤ (Lass 192)
űѸˤ⡤ʻ衤ʤ word-based morphology 뤤 invariable-stem morphology ͽǤǤʬŪ˸ФƤȤˤդƤ
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.
ε ([2018-07-07-1]) ˰³ƤꡥKastovsky ƤθˤСѸˤϳάŪ root-based morphology ʰĸˢ stem-based morphology ʥޥĸˢ word-based morphology ʸűѸʹߡˤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥
űѸʤɲϴˤƤϿΥפ¸Ƥ뤿ˡ줫1ĤˤäϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤޤǥǡȤƤȤ館٤ѸǤ鶯Ѳưθ촴ؤ stem-based morphology ѸŵŪ sane : sanity, serene : serenity, Japán : Jàpanése ʤɤθ촴ؤƱͤǤ (cf. #3341. ƥեѸϱѸζѥĸصꤵ ([2018-06-20-1]))
Kastovsky (129) ꡤŪեȤĬή˴ؤǻ̩ʸѤ褦
Modern English morphology is the result of a long-range typological restructuring, triggered by phonological changes in connection with the emergence of the Germanic language family, leading to an erosion of unstressed final syllables. As a result, the originally root-based morphology became stem-based and finally word-based. Also morphology was originally characterized by pervasive phonologically conditioned morphophonemic alternations, which gradually became morphologically conditioned, because of phonological changes. This was replaced by a simplified system with base invariancy and phonologically conditioned alternations of inflectional endings as a default case characterizing the regular inflection of nouns, verbs and adjectives. The irregular patterns continue properties of the original system and can be interpreted as stem-based with morphologically conditioned alternations of the base form. This is also true of many non-native word-formation patterns, which have been borrowed from stem-based languages such as French, Latin or Greek and have re-introduced base alternation into English derivational morphology.
¤˻̻ŪӸŪȶŪŪȤ碌פȤǤ⤤٤ѤδäƤΤ
Kastovsky, Dieter. "Linguistic Levels: Morphology." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 129--47.
#3340. ޥˤưζѲȸƬȤߴط ([2018-06-19-1]) ȡ#3341. ƥեѸϱѸζѥĸصꤵ ([2018-06-20-1]) ǰѡȤ Kastovsky ͤǤϡĸ줫饲ޥĸФƸѸ˻ޤǤΡʳǡ˱Ѹˤˤơ (morphology) ŪѲƤȤĥƤ롥̾ˤŪѲȤС礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ΥեȤפ⤫֤ȤϴϢĤĤΩĬήȤ root-based morphology stem-based morphology word-based morphology ȤŪѲȤ줾ˤĤ Kastovsky (131)
a) word-based morphology: The base form can function as a word (free from) in an utterance without the addition of additional morphological (inflectional or derivational) material, e.g. ModE cat(-s), cheat(-ed), beat(-ing), sleep(-er).
b) stem-based morphology: The base form does not occur as an independent word, but requires additional inflectional and/or derivational morphological material in order to function as a word. It is a bound form (= stem), cf. OE luf- (-ian, -ast, -od-e, etc.), luf-estr-(-e) 'female lover', Grmc. *dag-(-az) 'day, NOM SG', ModE scient-(-ist) vs. science, dramat-(-ic) vs. drama, ast-ro-naut, tele-pathy; thus luf-, luf-estr-, *dag-, dramat-, ast-, -naut, tele-, -pathy are stems.
c) root-based morphology: Here the input to morphological processes is even more abstract and requires additional morphological material to become a stem, to which the genuinely inflectional endings can be added in order to produce a word.
ΤΤ褦ǰƬˡKastovsky (132) root-based morphology ʰĸˢ stem-based morphology ʥޥĸˢ word-based morphology ʸűѸʹߡˤȤˤ䤫ĬήŦƤ롥
The ultimate starting point of English was a root-based morphology (indo-European), which became stem-based in the transition to Germanic. In the transition from Germanic to Old English, inflection became partly word-based, and this eventually became the dominant typological trait of Modern English.
ºݤˤϸűѸǤϤޤ stem-based morphology ǻǡword-based morphology ε̣¿ߤ褦ˤʤäƤʳˤʤ礭ήȤƤȤ館ΤǤ word-based morphology ǽʳȤߤʤȤǤѸˤŤߤ¿ʻǤ롥
Kastovsky, Dieter. "Linguistic Levels: Morphology." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 129--47.
ޥɤκǤΩäħ1ĤˡѲư¸ߤ롥#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1])#3135. -ed ε ([2017-11-26-1]) ǿ줿褦˻ (dental suffix) դȤǡȤñ˲뤳ȤǤ褦ˤʤä˴ŤδߤȡˤäƸűѸޤॲޥϡ (inflecting languages) æ (agglutinating language) 뤤ϸΩ (isolating language) ؤȰŤȤˤʤ (cf. #522. ˤ ([2010-10-01-1])) ΰ̣ǤϡѲưƳϡ緶ˤСγ̿ŪפäȤ롥von Mengden (287) βʹƤߤ褦
It is remarkable that in a strongly inflecting language like Old English (in contrast to both agglutinating and to analytic), there is a suffix (-d-) which is an unambiguous marker of the tense value past. The fact that this suffix -d- is the only morphological marker in all the paradigms of Old English with a truly distinctive one-to-one relation between form and value may indicate that this morpheme is rather young.
֤ȵǽƩ٤ι⤤11δطˤȤȤϡѸܸΤ褦ʥפθˤƤȡˤʤʤΤΤ褦ʥפǤϤʤäűѸζǰƬ֤ĤIJƹͤƤߤȡΤ˶ˤȤä-d- ̿1ȤϡθϢŪ˳̿ȤͶȯѸŪѤƤȤˤʤäΤǤ롥
von Mengden, Ferdinand. "Old English: Morphology." Chapter 18 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 272--93.
ѸԵ§ư (irregular verb) οϡʣưޤС褷ƾʤȤϤʤ⤷ʤѸ춵δŪư˸¤С60٤Ǥ롥㤨СعؽƳΡ٤dzؽ٤Ȥ139ĤưΤ§ư82졤Ե§ư57Ǥ롥 (44--45ˤƷǤƤ57ΥꥹȤʲ˵Ƥ
| *become | *begin | *break | bring | build | buy |
| catch | *come | cut | do | *draw | *drink |
| *drive | *eat | *fall | feel | *find | *fly |
| *forget | *get | *give | go | *grow | have |
| hear | keep | *know | leave | lend | *let |
| lose | make | mean | meet | put | read |
| *ride | *rise | *run | say | *see | sell |
| send | *sing | sit | *sleep | *speak | spend |
| *spring | *stand | *swim | take | teach | tell |
| think | *wind | *write |
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow