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ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2017-04-17 Mon

#2912. AElfric's Life of King Oswald [oe][literature][popular_passage][pchron][oe_text]

Ælfric ⶵ3ƤȤ The Lives of the Saints ϡ998ǯޤǤ˽񤫤줿Ȥ롥Τʤ Life of King Oswald Ƭʬ򥵥ץ롦ƥȤȤƼ夲褦King Oswald 633--641ǯ˥Ρ֥ꥢ򼣤᤿ǡλ¹ȤȤ˽ͤƤҤԤȤΤƤ롥롼ʸιޤ줿Ρ֥ꥢͭ̾ Ruthwell Cross ⡤Τ褦ʽͿҤν껺
Ælfric ⶵ¿μܤǸ¸Ƥ뤬ʲ Smith ǥƥȤϡMS London, British Library Cotton Julius E.vii ΤΤǤ롥ѸդƼ (Smith 132--33)

Æfter ðan ðe Augustīnus tō Engla lande becōm, wæs sum æðele cyning, Oswold gehāten, on Norðhumbra lande, gelȳfed swyþe on God. Sē fērde on his iugoðe fram his frēondum and māgum tō Scotlande on sǣ, and þǣr sōna wearð gefullod, and his gefēran samod þe mid him sīðedon. Betwux þām wearð ofslagen Eadwine his ēam, Norðhumbra cynincg, on Crīst gelȳfed, fram Brytta cyninge, Ceadwalla gecīged, and twēgen his æftergengan binnan twām gēarum; and se Ceadwalla slōh and tō sceame tūcode þā Norðhumbran lēode æfter heora hlāfordes fylle, oð þæt Oswold se ēadiga his yfelnysse ādwǣscte. Oswold him cōm tō, and him cēnlīce wið feaht mid lȳtlum werode, ac his gelēafa hine getrymde, and Crīst gefylste tō his fēonda slege. Oswold þā ærǣrde āne rōde sōna Gode tō wurðmynte, ǣr þan þe hē tō ðām gewinne cōme, and clypode tō his gefērum:`Uton feallan tō ðǣre rōde, and þone Ælmihtigan biddan þæt hē ūs āhredde wið þone mōdigan fēond þe ūs āfyllan wile. God sylf wāt geare þæt wē winnað rihtlīce wið þysne rēðan cyning tō āhreddenne ūre lēode.' Hī fēollon þā ealle mid Oswolde cyninge on gebedum; and syþþan on ǣrne mergen ēodon tō þām gefeohte, and gewunnon þǣr sige, swā swā se Eallwealdend heom ūðe for Oswoldes gelēafan; and ālēdon heora fȳnd, þone mōdigan Cedwallan mid his micclan werode, þe wēnde þaet him ne mihte nān werod wiðstandan.


After Augustine came to England, there was a certain noble king, called Oswald, in the land of the Northumbrians, who believed very much in God. He travelled in his youth from his friends and kinsmen to Dalriada ("Scotland in sea"), and there at once was baptised, and his companions also who travelled with him. meanwhile his uncle Edwin, king of the Northumbrians, who believed in Christ, was slain by the king of the Britons, named Ceadwalla, as were two of his successors within two years; and that Ceadwalla slew and humiliated the Northumbrian people after the death of their lord, until Oswald the blessed put an end to his evil-doing. Oswald came to him, and fought with him boldly with a small troop, but his faith strengthened him, and Christ assisted in the slaying of his enemies. Oswald then immediately raised up a cross in honour of God, before he came to the battle, and called to his companions: "Let us kneel to the cross, and pray to the Almighty that he rid us from the proud enemy who wishes to destroy us. God himself knows well that we strive rightly against this cruel king in order to redeem our people." They then all knelt with King Oswald in prayers; and then early on the morrow they went to the fight, and gained victory there, just as the All-powerful granted them because of Oswald's faith; and they laid low their enemies, the proud Ceadwalla with his great troop, who believed that no troop could withstand him.


Smith, Jeremy J. Old English: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: CUP, 2009.

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2017-04-14 Fri

#2909. Peterborough Chronicle Early Britain ε [oe][literature][popular_passage][pchron][oe_text][pictish][kochushoho]

ܤˤʤ롤űѸΥƥȤȤθѸ󤲤륷꡼oe_text) ϡThe Anglo-Saxon ChroniclePeterborough Chronicle ΥƥȤǡ֥ƥ̱²졤ˤҤ٤Ƥʬȴ褹롥ؼѤֻɸಽ줿Բϡϲ (86--89) ꡤѸ碌Ƽ

Brytene īeġland is eahta hund mīla lang, and twā hund mīla brād. And hēr sind on þȳs īeġlande fīf ġeþēodu: Englisc, and Brytwilisc, and Scyttisc, and Pyhtisc, and Bōclæden. Ǣrest wǣron būend þisses landes Bryttas; þā cōmon of Armenia, and ġesǣton sūðewearde Brytene ǣrest. Þā ġelamp hit þæt Pyhtas cōmon sūþan of Scithian, mid langum scipum, nā manigum. And þā cōmon ǣrest on Norþ-Ibernia ūp, and þǣr bǣdon Scottas þæt hīe ðǣr mōsten wunian. Ac hīe noldon him līefan, for ðǣm hīe cwǣdon þæt hīe ne mihten ealle ætgædere ġewunian þǣr. And þā cwǣdon þā Scottas, `Wē ēow magon þēah hwæðere rǣd ġelǣran, wē witon ōþer īeġland hēr bē ēastan, þǣr ġē magon eardian ġif ġē willað, and ġif hwā ēow wiðstent, wē ēow fultumiað þæt ġē hit mæġen ġegān.'
   Ðā fērdon þā Pyhtas, and ġefērdon þis land norþanweard, and sūþanweard hit hæfdon Bryttas, swā wē ǣr cwǣdon. And þā Pyhtas him ābǣdon wīf æt Scottas, on þā ġerād þæt hīe ġecuren hiera cynecynn ā on þā wīfhealfe. Þæt hīe hēoldon swā lange siððan. And þā ġelamp hit ymbe ġēara ryne þæt Scotta sum dǣl ġewāt of Ibernian on Brytene, and þæs landes sumne dǣl ġeēodon. And wæs hiera heretoga Reoda ġehāten, from þǣm hie sind ġenemnode Dǣl Reodi.

The island of Britain is eight hundred miles long, and two hundred miles broad. And here in this island are five languages: English, British, Pictish, and Latin. At first the inhabitants of this island were Britons; they came from Armenia, and first occupied Britain in the south (i.e. the southern part of Britain). Then it happened that the Picts came from the south from Scythia, with warships, not many. And they first landed in North Ireland, and there begged the Scots that they might dwell there. But they (= the Scots) would not allow them, because they said that they could not live there all together. And then the Scots said, `We can, however, give you advice: we know another island to the east from here, where you can dwell, if you wish; and if anyone resists you, we will help you that you may conquer it.'
   Then the Picts went away, and conquered the northern part of this land, and the Britons had the southern part of it, as we have said before. And the Picts asked wives for them from the Scots, on the conditions that they should choose their royal line always on the female side. They kept it for a long time. And it happened then, in the course of years, that some portion of the Scots departed from Ireland to Britain, and conquered some part of the land, And their leader was called Reoda; from him they are named (the people) of Dal Rialda.


Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ١ҡ1986ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-06-27-1] [2026-03-26-1]

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2017-04-11 Tue

#2906. űѸּޤͤζá [oe][popular_passage][bible][literature][oe_text][hel_education][kochushoho]

#2895. űѸִξ˲ȤƤס ([2017-03-31-1]) ˰³űѸɤǤߤ褦ϡƱ褯Τ줿 Matthew 13: 3--8 ΡּޤͤζáפҲ𤹤롥ϲ (84--86) ꡤѸդƼ

Sōþlīċe ūt ēode se sāwere his sǣd tō sāwenne. And þā þā hē sēow, sumu hīe fēollon wiþ weȝ, and fuglas cōmon and ǣton þā. Sōþlīċe sumu fēollon on stǣnihte, þǣr hit næfde miċle eorþan, and hrædlīċe ūp sprungon, for þǣm þe hīe næfdon þāre eorþen dēopan; sōþlīċe, ūp sprungenre sunnan, hīe ādrūgodon and forscruncon, for þǣm þe hīe næfdon wyrtruman. Sōþlīċe sumu fēollon on þornas, and þā þornas wēoxon, and forþrysmdon þā. Sumu sōþlīċe fēollon on gōde eorþan, and sealdon wæstm, sum hundfealdne, sum siextiȝfealdne, sum þrītiȝfealdne.


Truly the sower went out to sow his seeds. And while he was sowing, some of them fell along the way, and birds came and ate them. Truly some fell on stony ground where it had not much earth, and quickly sprang up, because they had not any deep earth; truly, the sun (being) risen up, they dried up and shrank up, because they had not roots. Truly some fell on thorns, and the thorns grew, and choked them. Some truly fell on good ground, and gave fruit, some hundredfold, some sixtyfold, (and) some thirtyfold.


Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ١ҡ1986ǯ

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2017-04-07 Fri

#2902. Pope Gregory Υꥹȶ۶ˤۤȥ [oe][literature][popular_passage][christianity][oe_text][pun][kochushoho]

űѸɽ뻶ʸ Ælfric (955--1010) ϡɸŪ West-Saxon ¿ʸϤĤϡCatholic Homilies 2˼줿Pope Gregory Υ󥰥ƻФǮ֤ۤäͭ̾ʥƥȤҲ𤷤褦ϲΥǥ (105--10) POPE GREGORY ꡤűѸƥȤȸѸ򼨤

   Þā underȝeat se pāpa þe on ðām tīman þæt apostoliċe setl ȝesæt, hū sē ēadiga Grēgōrius on hālgum mæȝnum ðēonde wæs, and hē ðā hine of ðǣre munuclican drohtnunge ȝenam, and him tō ȝefylstan ȝesette, on diaconhāde ȝeendebyrdne. Ðā ȝelāmp hit æt sumum sǣle, swā swā ȝȳt foroft dēð, þæt englisce ċȳpmenn brōhton heora ware tō Rōmāna byriȝ, and Gregorius ēode be ðǣre strǣt tō ðām engliscum mannum heora ðing scēawiȝende. Þā ȝeseah hē betwux ðām warum, ċȳpecnihtas ȝesette, þā wǣron hwītes līchaman and fæȝeres andwlitan menn, and æðelīċe ȝefexode.
   Grēgōrius ðā behēold þǣra cnapena wlite, and befrān of hwilċere þēode hī ȝebrohte wǣron. Þā sǣde him man þæt hī of engla lande wǣron, and þæt ðǣre ðēode mennisc swā wlitiȝ wǣre. Eft ðā Grēgōrius befrān, hwæðer þæs landes folc cristen wǣre ðe hǣðen. Him man sǣde þæt hī hǣðene wǣron. Grēgōrius ðā of innweardre heortan langsume siċċetunge tēah, and cwæð: “Wā lā wā, þæt swa fæȝeres hīwes menn sindon ðām sweartan dēofle underðēodde.” Eft hē āxode hū ðǣre ðēode nama wǣre, þe hī of comon. Him wæs ȝeandwyrd þæt hī Angle ȝenemnode wǣron. Þā cwæð hē: “rihtlīċe hī sind Angle ȝehātene, for ðan ðe hī engla wlite habbað, and swilcum ȝedafenað þæt hī on heofonum engla ȝefēran bēon.” Gȳt ðā Grēgōrius befrān, hū ðǣre scīre nama wǣre, þe ðā cnapan of ālǣdde wæron. Him man sǣde þæt ðā scīrmen wǣron Dēre ȝehātene. Grēgōrius andwyrde: “Wel hī sind Dēre ȝehātene. for ðan ðe hī sind fram graman ȝenerode, and tō cristes mildheortnysse ȝecȳȝede.” Gȳt ðā hē befrān: “Hū is ðǣre leode cyning ȝehāten?” Him wæs ȝeandswarod þæt se cyning Ælle ȝehāten wǣre. Hwæt, ðā Grēgōrius gamenode mid his wordum to ðām naman, and cwæð: “Hit ȝedafenað þæt alleluia sȳ ȝesungen on ðām lande. tō lofe þæs ælmihtigan scyppendes.”
   Grēgōrius ðā sōna ēode tō ðām pāpan þæs apostolican setles, and hine bæd þæt hē Angelcynne sume lārēowas āsende, ðe hī to criste ȝebiȝdon, and cwæð þæt hē sylf ȝearo wǣre þæt weorc tō ȝefremmenne mid godes fultume, ȝif hit ðām pāpan swā ȝelīcode. Þā ne mihte sē pāpa þæt ȝeðafian, þeah ðe hē eall wolde, for ðan ðe ðā rōmāniscan ċeasterȝewaran noldon ȝeðafian þæt swā ȝetoȝen mann and swā ȝeðungen lārēow þā burh eallunge forlēte, and swā fyrlen wræcsīð ȝename.

Then perceived the pope who at that time sat on the apostolic seat, how the blessed Gregory was thriving in the holy troops, and he then picked him up from the monastic condition, and made him (his) helper, (being) ordained to deaconhood. Then it happened at one time (= one day), as it yet very often does, that English merchants brought their wares to the city of Rome, and Gregory went along the street to the English men, looking at their things. Then he saw, among the wares, slaves set. They were men of white body and fair face, and excellently haired.
   Gregory then beheld the appearance of those boys, and asked from which country they were brought. Then he was told that they were from England, and that the people of that country were so beautiful. Then again Gregory asked whether the fold of the land was Christian or heathen. They told him that they were heathen. Gregory then drew a long sigh from the depth of (his) heart, and said, 'Alas! that men of so fair appearance are subject to the black devil.' Again he asked how the name of the nation was, where they came from. He was answered that they were named Angles. Then said he, 'rightly they are called Angles, because they have angels' appearance, and it befits such (people) that they should be angels' companions in heavens!' Still Gregory asked how the name of the shire was, from which they were led away. They told him that the shiremen were called Deirians. Gregory answered, 'They are well called Deirians, because they are delivered from ire, and invoked to Christ's mercy.' Still he asked 'How is the king of the people called?' He was answered that the king was called Ælle. What! then Gregory joked with his words to the name, and said, 'It is fitting that Halleluiah be sung in the land, in praise of the Almighty Creator.'
   Then Gregory at once went to the pope of the apostolic seat, and entreated him that he should send some preachers to the English, whom they converted to Christ, and said that he himself was ready to perform the work with God's help, if it so pleased the pope. The pope could not permit it, even if he quite desired (it), because the Roman citizens would not consent that such an educated and competent scholar should leave the city completely and take such a distant journey of peril.


ʤΰäμ͸ϸ Gregory I ƥǼƤ pāpa Pelagius II ؤƤ롥θ塤 Gregory 饤󥰥ɤ۶˽ФȤ櫓ˤϤʤäΤǡ Augustinus (St Augustine) Ȥ櫓
ΰäơȥߥ (50--51) ϡѹΥꥹȶϥǻϤޤä褦ʤΤɾƤ롥

㤤Ȥ˥쥴꡼ޤȩ򤤡ȱ򸫤ޤǡˡ֤ޤϤɤ褿ΤפȤ顤֥󥰥 (Angle)׿ͤǥ쥴꡼ϡ֤ޤϥ󥰥ͤʤƥ󥸥 (angel) Τ褦פȤäȤ褦ͭ̾äޤ
ߥͭ̾ʥǤǤ顤̣ǥꥹΥꥹȶˤϸդΥ줫ϤޤȸȤǤޤ--- Non angli, sed angeli, --- Not Angles, but angels.
ơ֤ޤιϡפʹ֥ǥ (Deira) ǤפȤȡ֡̿Ρܤ (de ira) ߤơꥹȤλ˾Ǥפȥ쥴꡼ϸäƤä줫֤ޤβͤ̾ϲפʹ֥ (Ælla) Ǥפȥ쥴꡼Ϥ򥢥Ȥơ֥ιǤ⥢ꥢ (Allelulia) ȡ򤿤դ褦ˤ褦פȸäͭ̾äޤ͡˥硼ǻϤޤäǤ͡ꥹ۶ϡ


ʸ嵭2024/04/13(Sat)Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơ1 "Eft hē āxode . . . ȝefēran bēon." ʬˤĤƸűѸ첻ɤƤޤΤǤȤ#1048. ꥹʡ󤿤ȸűѸ첻ɡǤ
ʸ嵭2024/06/12(Wed)嵭 Voicy ɤ߾夲ʬμܲؤΥ󥯤ǤCatholic Homilies, Second Series, "IX, St Gregory the Great" (MS Ii.1.33, fol. 140v)  *

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ١ҡ1986ǯ
졤ԡߥɡʪʸػˡ٥դС˥դޤǡ١罤ۡ1981ǯ

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2017-04-05 Wed

#2900. 449ǯ󥰥ͤˤ֥ƥ翯ά [bede][oe][literature][popular_passage][history][anglo-saxon][oe_text][kochushoho]

Bede θűѸˤꡤѸ˾嵭ǰ٤449ǯε ("The Coming of the English") ϲԤθűѸƥȡʸѸդˤɤǤߤ褦 (pp. 89--94) 󥰥ͤϡ֥ȥͤͶ줿˾褸ơˤƥ֥ƥ˵¤˻äΤ

   Ðā wæs ymb fēower hund wintra and nigon and fēowertiġ fram ūres Drihtnes menniscnysse þæt Martiānus cāsere rīċe onfēng and vii ġēar hæfde. Sē wæs syxta ēac fēowertigum fram Augusto þām cāsere. Ðā Angelþēod and Seaxna wæs ġelaðod fram þām foresprecenan cyninge, and on Breotone cōm on þrim miċlum scipum, and on ēastdæle þyses ēalondes eardungstōwe onfēng þurh ðæs ylcan cyninges bebode, þe hī hider ġelaðode, þæt hī sceoldan for heora ēðle compian and fohtan. And hī sōna compedon wið heora ġewinnan, þe hī oft ǣr norðan onherġedon; and Seaxan þā siġe e ġeslōgan. Þā sendan hī hām ǣrendracan and hēton secgan þysses landes wæstmbǣrnysse and Brytta yrgþo. And hī sōna hider sendon māran sciphere strengran wiġena; and wæs unoferswīðendliċ weorud,þā hī tōgædere ġeþēodde wǣron. And him Bryttas sealdan and ġēafan eardungstōwe betwih him, þæt hī for sibbe and for hǣlo heora ēðles campodon and wunnon wið heora fēondum, and hī him andlyfne and āre forġēafen for heora ġewinne.
   Cōmon hī of þrim folcum ðām strangestan Germānie, þæt is of Seaxum and of Angle and of Ġēatum. Of Ġēata fruman syndon Cantware and Wihtsǣtan; þæt is se þēod þe Wiht þæt ēalond oneardað. Of Seaxum, þæt is of ðām lande þe mon hāteð Ealdseaxan, cōmon Ēastseaxan and Sūðseaxan and Westseaxan. And of Engle cōman Ēastngle and Middelengle and Myrċe and eall Norðhembra cynn; is þæt land ðe Angulus is nemned, betwyh Ġēatum and Seaxum; and is sǣd of ðǣre tīde þe hī ðanon ġewiton oð tōdæġe þæt hit wēste wuniġe. Wǣron ǣrest heora lāttēowas and heretogan twēġen ġebrōðra, Henġest and Horsa. Hī wǣron Wihtgylses suna, þæs fæder wæs Witta hāten, þæs fæder wæs Wihta hāten, þæs fæder wæs Woden nemned, of ðæs strȳnde moniġra mǣġðra cyningcynn fruman lǣdde. Ne wæs ðā ylding tō þon þæt hī hēapmǣlum cōmon māran weorod of þām þēodum þe wǣ ǣr ġemynegodon. And þæt folc ðe hider cōm ongan weaxan and myċlian tō þan swīðe þæt hī wǣron on myclum eġe þām sylfan landbīġengan ðe hī ǣr hider laðedon and cȳġdon.


   It was 449 years after our Lord's incarnation that the emperor Martianus received the kingdom, and he had (it) seven years. He was the forty-sixth from the emperor Augustus. Then the Angles and Saxons were invited by the aforesaid king (Vortigern), and came to Britain on three great ships, and received a dwelling place in the east of this island by order of the same king, who invited them hither, that they should strive and fight for their country. And they soon fought with their enemies who had oft harassed them from the north before; and the Saxons won victory then. Then they sent home messengers and bade (them) tell the fertility of this land and the Britons' cowardice. And then they sent a larger fleet of the stronger friends soon; and (it) was an invincible troop when there were united together. And the Britons gave and alloted them habitation among themselves, on the condition that they should fight for the peace and safety of their country and resist their enemies, and they (the Britons) should give them sustenance and estates in return for their strife.
   They came of the three strongest races of Germany, that is, of Saxons and of Angles and of Jutes. Of Jutes' origin are the people of Kent and the 'Wihtsætan', that is, the people who inhabit the Isle of Wight. Of the Saxons, of the land (of the people) that is called Old Saxons, came the East Saxons, the South Saxons, and the West Saxons. And of Angles came the East Angles and the Middle Angles and Mercians and the whole race of Northumbria; it is the land that is called Angulus, between the Jutes and the Saxons; and it is said from the time when they departed thence till today that it remains waste. At first their leaders and commanders were two brothers, Hengest and Horsa. They were the sons of Wihtgyls, whose father was called Witta, whose father was named Wihta, whose father was named Woden, of whose stock the royal families of many tribes took their origin. There was no delay until they came in crowds, larger hosts from the tribes that we had mentioned before. And the people who came hither began to increase and multiply so much that they were a great terror to the inhabitants themselves who had invited and invoked them hither.


Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ١ҡ1986ǯ

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2017-04-03 Mon

#2898. Caedmon's Hymn [oe][popular_passage][literature][bede][oe_text][caedmon]

731ǯ˴Ȥ Bede Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (= Ecclesiastical History of the English People) ϡեå粦λ˥ޡγؼԤˤäƸűѸƤ롥ˤʸդε Cædmon ƺȤ롤9Ԥʤ븽¸ǸŤθűѻ Cædmon's Hymn ϿƤ뤬ΥƥȤˤĤƤϡᤤ8Ƭ Bede Υƥ (MS Kk. v. 16, Cambridge University Library; ̾ "Moore Manuscript") ˡΡ֥ꥢǽ񤫤줿СĤƤ롥ޤꥸʥ˺Ǥᤤȸ Moore СΥƥȤӸѸ Irvine (37) ƷǤ褦

Nu scylun hergan   hefænricæs uard,
metudæs mæcti   end his modgidanc,
uerc uuldurfadur,   sue he uundra gihuæs,
eci dryctin,   or astelidæ.
He ærist scop   aelda barnum
heben til hrofe,   haleg scepen;
tha middungeard   moncynnæs uard,
eci dryctin,   æfter tiadæ
firum foldu,   frea allmectig.
   

Now [we] must praise the Guardian of the heavenly kingdom, the Creator's might and His intention, the glorious Father's work, just as He, eternal Lord, established the beginning of every wonder. He, holy Creator, first shaped heaven as a roof for the children of men, then He, Guardian of mankind, eternal Lord, almighty Ruler, afterwards fashioned the world, the earth, for men.


ˡեåɻΤΤ Mitchell (212) Ѥ롥ξƥȴֻ֤֡äκդ

   Nū sculon heriġean   heofonrīċes weard,
Meotodes meahte   ond his mōdġeþanc,
weorc wuldorfæder,   swā hē wundra ġehwæs,
ēċe Drihten,   ōr onstealde.
   Hē ǣrest scēop   eorðan bearnum
heofon tō hrōfe,   hāliȝ Scyppend;
þā middanġeard   monncynnes weard,
ēċe Drihten,   æfter tēode
fīrum foldan,   Frēa ælmihtiġ.


Irvine, Susan. "Beginnings and Transitions: Old English." Chapter 2 of The Oxford History of English. Ed. Lynda Mugglestone .Oxford: OUP, 2006.
Mitchell, Bruce. An Invitation to Old English and Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell: Malden, MA, 1995.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-04-1]

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2017-03-31 Fri

#2895. űѸִξ˲ȤƤ [oe][popular_passage][bible][literature][oe_text][hel_education][voicy]

űѸϡűѸɲΤνԸȤͭѤǤ롥Ѹζ (The Authorized Version) 丽ѸǤϤܸޤढȤؤФƤꡤӡȤǤ뤫
ʲ Matthew 7: 24--27 Ρִξ˲ȤƤ׶äˤĤơűѸǥƥȤ MS Corpus Christi College Cambridge 140 꼨 (Mitchell 60) 碌ơбѸƥȤѤ롥

Ǣlċ þāra þe ðās mīne word ġehȳrþ and þā wyrcþ byþ ġelīċ þǣm wīsan were se hys hūs ofer stān ġetimbrode.
Þā cōm þǣr reġen and myċel flōd and þǣr blēowon windas and āhruron on þæt hūs and hyt nā ne fēoll sōþlīċe hit wæs ofer stān ġetimbrod.
And ǣlċ þāra þe ġehȳrþ ðās mīne word and þā ne wyrcþ sē byþ ġelīċ þǣm dysigan menn þe ġetimbrode hys hūs ofer sand-ċeosel.
Þā rīnde hit and þǣr cōmon flōd and blēowon windas and āhruron on þæt hūs and þæt hūs fēoll and hys hryre wæs miċel


Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock:
And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock.
And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand:
And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it.


˴ؤűѸƥȤˤĤƤϡ#1803. Lord's Prayer ([2014-04-04-1])#1870. 2:18--25 7ɤ١ ([2014-06-10-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

ʸ嵭2022/05/03(Tue)Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤơ1űѸȯɤ߾夲ƤޤΤǤȤָűѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤ׶äǤ

Mitchell, Bruce. An Invitation to Old English and Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell: Malden, MA, 1995.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-05-1] [2017-04-11-1]

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2017-03-30 Thu

#2894. 793ǯ󥰤ˤǥե罱 [anglo-saxon_chronicle][popular_passage][oe][history][literature][oe_text]

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ϡեå粦̿ˤ890ǯԻϤ줿ǯ嵭Ǥ롥űѸǽ񤫤Ƥꡤ9ܤ¸Ƥ롥ǤĹ³Τ̾ Peterborough Chronicle ȸƤФΤǡ1154ǯޤǤεϿĤäƤ롥ʲȴϡWorcester Chronicle ȸƤФС793ǯεϿǤCrystal 19 긽Ѹ碌ưѡˡǯ饤󥰥ɤ˽פϤ᤿󥰤ǯˡΡ֥ꥢΥǥե򽱤ä󥰥ɿͤζͤŪ˵Ƥ롥Ǹ˸ڤƤ Sicga ʤʪϡ788ǯ˥Ρ֥ꥢ Ǣlfwald 򻦤̾⤤²Ǥ롥

Ann. dccxciii. Her ƿæron reðe forebecna cumene ofer noðhymbra land . 7 þæt folc earmlic breȝdon þæt ƿæron ormete þodenas 7 liȜrescas . 7 fyrenne dracan ƿæron ȝeseƿene on þam lifte fleoȝende. þam tacnum sona fyliȝde mycel hunȝer . 7 litel æfter þam þæs ilcan ȝeares . on . vi. id. ianr . earmlice hæþenra manna herȝunc adileȝode ȝodes cyrican in lindisfarna ee . þurh hreaflac 7 mansliht . 7 Sicȝa forðferde . on . viii . kl. martius.


Year 793. Here were dreadful forewarnings come over the land of Northumbria, and woefully terrified the people: these were amazing sheets of lightning and whirlwinds, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. A great famine soon followed these signs, and shortly after in the same year, on the sixth day before the ides of January, the woeful inroads of heathen men destroyed god's church in Lindisfarne island by fierce robbery and slaughter. And Sicga died on the eighth day before the calends of March.


˾塤793ǯλϡ󥰥ɤˤܳŪʥ󥰤ογϤ𤲤ŪʽǤ롥

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

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2017-03-29 Wed

#2893. Beowulf Ƭ11 [beowulf][link][oe][literature][popular_passage][oe_text][hel_education]

Beowulf ϡűѸǽ񤫤줿ǤĹ3182ԡˤǤꡤ󥰥夫鸽¸ǤפʸغʤǤ롥ǥʥαͺ Beowulf ϥǥޡDzʪ Grendel 򻦤³Ƥ⻦Beowulf ϸ˥ǥ Geat ²βȤʤ뤬ǯϷƤε襤ह롥
νϡűѸ scop ȸƤФ줿ͷͤˤꡤϡפαդȤȤ˶㤸줿Ȥ롥¸ͣμܡ1731ǯβл»Ƥˤ1000ǯΤΤǤꡤ2ͤμ̻μˤʤ롥ԤԾܤǤꡤ줿ˤĤƤΤʤȤʬäƤʤ8ΩȤ⤢С11Ȥ⤢롥
Ƭ11Ԥ Crystal (18) ꡤѸդǰʲ˺Ƹ褦

1HǷÆT ǷE GARDEna in ȝeardaȝum .Lo! we spear-Danes in days of old
2þeodcyninȝa þrym ȝefrunonheard the glory of the tribal kings,
3hu ða æþelinȝas ellen fremedon .how the princes did courageous deeds.
4oft scyld scefing sceaþena þreatumOften Scyld Scefing from bands of enemies
5monegū mæȝþum meodo setla ofteahfrom many tribes took away mead-benches,
6eȝsode eorl[as] syððan ærest ƿearðterrified earl[s], since first he was
7feasceaft funden he þæs frofre ȝebadfound destitute. He met with comfort for that,
8ƿeox under ƿolcum, ƿeorðmyndum þah,grew under the heavens, throve in honours
9oðþ[æt] him æȝhƿylc þara ymbsittendrauntil each of the neighbours to him
10ofer hronrade hyran scoldeover the whale-road had to obey him,
11ȝomban ȝyldan þ[æt] ƿæs ȝod cyninȝ.pay him tribute. That was a good king!


Ƭʬޤܲ (Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, fol. 132r) ϡǤ롥¾ʲΥȤ⻲ȡ

Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, Augustine of Hippo, Soliloquia; Marvels of the East; Beowulf; Judith, etc.: ܲǽ
Beowulf: BL ˤʪȼܤβ⡥
Beowulf Readings: űѸ츶ʸȡɤ߾夲פؤΥꡥ
Beowulf Translation: Ѹ
Diacritically-Marked Text of Beowulf facing a New Translation (with explanatory notes): űѸ츶ʸȸѸΥѥƥȡ

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-29-1] [2017-04-20-1]

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2017-03-16 Thu

#2880. AElfwine's Prayerbook ĬˤĤ [oe][calendar]

ϤꡤŷΤ伫ѻ夲Ƥä˿ȶʴѻоݤˡĬ롥1ĬδκĬˤȾѲ򷫤֤˾ʱ115ˤΤĬˤȤʤꡤ岼ΤǾʾĬˤȤʤ롥
űѸƥȤˤ⡤ĬˤεҤ롥Winchester New Minster νƻĹ Ælfwine ŪʵμܤäƤʸߤǤ London, British Library, Cotton Titus D. xxvi--xxvii Ȥ2ĤμܤʬƤˡμܤԤޤ줿Τϡ1023--31ǯδ֤Ȥ졤ͿƤ2ͤμ̻Τ1ͤ Ælfwine οͤȤ롥μܤˤ78ΥƥȤƤ뤬ȾϿʸʸǤ롥ۤȤɤƥǽ񤫤Ƥ뤬10ΥƥȤˤĤƤϸűѸǽ񤫤Ƥ롥
űѸǽ񤫤줿¯ŪʥƥȤ1Ĥˡַ礱Ĭפ˴ؤΤ롥ʲMarsden (15--16) ǤѤ褦ǯϳؤζʽɤǤ뤫Τ褦

Hēr is sēo endebyrdnes mōnan gonges ond sǣflōdes. On þrēora nihta ealdne mōnan, wanað se sǣflōd oþþæt se mōna bið XI nihta eald oþþe XII. Of XI nihta ealdum mōnan, weaxeð se sǣflōd oþ XVIII nihta ealdum mōnan. Fram XVIII nihta ealdum mōnan, wanaþ se sǣflōd oþ XXVI nihta ealdum mōnan. Of XXVI nihta ealdum mōnan, weaxeð se sǣflōd oþþæt se mōna bið eft ðrēora nihta eald


Marsden, Richard, ed. The Cambridge Old English Reader. Cambridge: CUP, 2004.

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2017-03-07 Tue

#2871. űѸΥ饤ǯɽ [timeline][web_service][oe][anglo-saxon]

#2358. 饤ɤǤѸǯɽ ([2015-10-11-1]) ˤʤ餤Mitchell (361--64) θűѸǯɽ򥹥饤ɲƤߤޤʲβ򥯥åƤ饤ǯɽǤϡΥ̤ Lay = СReligious = ֡Literary = ĤǿʬƤޤ

HEL Timeline for OE by Mitchell

ʲϡ饤ǯɽΥ١Ȥ̾ɽǯɽǤͤޤǤˡ

DateLayReligiousLiterary
449Traditional date of coming of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. The legend of Arthur may rest on a British leader who resisted the invaders.
c. 547  Gildas writes De excidio Britanniæ.
560--616Æthelbert King of Kent.  
c. 563 St Columba brings Celtic Christianity to Iona. 
597 St Augustine brings Roman Christianity to Kent. 
616--632Edwin King of Northumbria.  
c. 625Earliest possible date for Sutton Hoo ship-burial.  
627 Edwin converted to Christianity. 
632Edwin killed by heathen King Penda of Mercia.  
635 Aidan settles in Lindisfarne, bringing Celtic Christianity. 
635 King Cynegils of Wessex converted. 
641Oswald King of Northumbria killed by Penda.  
654Penda killed by Oswy King of Northumbria.  
664 Synod of Whitby establishes supremacy of Roman Christianity. 
664 St Chad becomes bishop. 
657--680 Hild Abbess of Whitby.Cædmon uses Germanic alliterative verse for religious subjects during this period.
c. 678 English missions to the continent begin. 
680  Approximate earliest date for composition of Beowulf.
c. 700  Date of first linguistic records.
709 Death of Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne. 
731  Bede completes Historia gentis Anglorum ecclesiastica.
735 Death of Bede. 
c. 735Birth of Alcuin.  
757--796Offa King of Mercia.  
782 Alcuin settles at Charlemagne's court. 
793Viking raids begin.Sacking of Lindisfarne. 
fl. 796  Nennius, author or reviser of Historia Britonum.
800Four great kingdoms remain --- Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Wessex.  
780--850  Cynewulf probably flourishes some time in this period.
804 Death of Alcuin. 
851Danes' first winter in England.  
865Great Danish Army lands in East Anglia.  
867Battle of York. End of Northumbria as a political power.  
870King Edmund of East Anglia killed by Danes. East Anglia overrun.  
871Alfred becomes King of Wessex.  
874Danes settle in Yorkshire.  
877Danes settle in East Mercia.  
880Guthrum and his men settle in East Anglia. Only Wessex remains of the four Kingdoms.  
?886Boundaries of Danelaw agreed with Guthrum. Alfred occupies London. The period of the Alfredian translations and the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
892Further Danish invasion.  
896Alfred builds a fleet.  
899Death of King Alfred.  
899--954The creation of the English Kingdom.  
c. 909 Birth of Dunstan. 
937Battle of Brunanburh. Poem commemorates the battle.
954The extinction of the Scandinavian kingdom of York.  
959--975Edgar reigns.  
960 Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury. The period of the Monastic Revival. 
c. 971  The Blickling Homilies.
978 or 979Murder of King Edward.  
950--1000  Approximate dates of the poetry codices --- Junius MS, Vercelli Book, Exeter Book, and Beowulf MS.
978--1016Ethelred reigns.  
988 Death of Dunstan. 
991Battle of Maldon. Poem commemorates the battle.
990--992  Ælfric's Catholic Homilies.
993--998  Ælfric's Lives of the Saints.
1003--1023 Wulfstan Archbishop of York. 
c. 1014  Sermo Lupi ad Anglos.
1005--c. 1012 Ælfric Abbot of Eynsham. 
1013Sweyn acknowledged as King of England.  
1014Sweyn dies.  
1016Edmund Ironside dies.  
1016--1042Canute and his sons reign.  
1042--1066Edward the Confessor.  
1066Harold King. Battle of Stamford Bridge. Battle of Hastings. William I king.  


Mitchell, Bruce. An Invitation to Old English and Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.

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2017-03-05 Sun

#2869. ťΥɸ줫μѤϸűѸǤäƤ⡤ʸڤѸ [old_norse][loan_word][borrowing][oe][eme]

üԤ̤θ줫ѤȤ԰٤ȡθѤȤȤϡʪǤ롥ԤϤޤˡּڤפȤ԰٤ԤʤƤȤ̣ưŪ borrowing ǤꡤԤϤ줬ηϤǼޤäŪ loan_word ѤǤ롥2Ԥΰ㤤ڵ (evidence) ȤҤ٤Сʸ塤Ԥ "borrowing" βϳǧ뤳ȤϤۤȤɤԤ "loan word" ѤȤƤξΤߤȿǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ΰ㤤򡤱ѸˤθťΥɸμѡʸˤˤƹͤƤߤ褦Ѹ줬ťΥɸθäѤϡξ줬ܿǤ뤫顤濴ϸűѸǤ롥ˤäƤ¿ʤȤѸޤǤȤƤ⡤ܤϸűѸǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤʡ#2591. ťΥɸϤĤޤǥ󥰥ɤǻȤƤ ([2016-05-31-1]
ѤȤ԰٤űѸνǤäȤƤ⡤Τ褦˼Ѥ줿Ѹ줬λκȤܤʤɤʸƱŪȿǤƤ뤫ɤǤ롥̾ѸϼҲŪˤٹǧΤ褦ˤʤäƤ񤭸դ˽ȤΤǤꡤѤʤ줿ȼѸ줬ʸڤδ֤ˤϥåפ롥Ȥ櫓¸űѸʸΤۤȤɤϡŪ˸ťΥɸαƶǤⴶˤ West-Saxon ɸŪʱѸˤǽ񤫤Ƥ뤿ᡤťΥɸ줫μѸξڵۤȤɼʤťΥɸαƶǻä󥰥ϡɸŪȤơȤ񤭵뵡񤬤ʤäΤǡڵȤʤʸΤΤĤäƤʤˡΥޥʹߡѸϡɤǤ졤ʸ˽Ȥ뵡񤽤ΤΤ㸺ᡤѸˤƤťΥɸ줫μѸλѤǧǤʸɬ¿ʤäơ¿θťΥɸѸ줬ʸư̾ڵȤƳǧΤϡ᤯ƤѸ졤٤иѸʹߤȤȤˤʤ롥ťΥɸμѡʸˤݤˡϤȤƤפʤΤǡõƤ
Crowley (101) ˡˤĤüŪƤս꤬ΤǡƤ

[T]he Scandinavian influence on English dialects, which began after c. 850 and outside the tradition of writing, does not show up in any significant way in the records of Old English. The substantial pre-1066 texts from the Danelaw areas show either the local Old English dialect without Scandinavian influence or standard Late West Saxon. So, despite the circumstantial evidence and Middle English attestation of a significant Scandinavian influence, not much can be made of it for Old English.


Crowley, Joseph P. "The Study of Old English Dialects." English Studies 67 (1986): 97--104.

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2016-12-07 Wed

#2781. פȸűѸ츦 [reformation][emode][oe][history_of_linguistics][anglo-saxon]

󥰥ɤˤܳŪʸűѸ츦椬ϤޤäΤϡäƤǤ롥ѸˤϡűѸؤδؿϤۤȤɤʤäȤäƤ褤ǤϡʤȤߥ󥰤ǡŪˤ16ˤʤäƤ顤űѸ줬ǡȤƸ椹٤оݤȤʤäΤ
16ϽפλǤ롥Henry VIII ޶路ѹ񶵲ΩΤ1534ǯΤȤɤϡѹ񶵲ȤζȼŪ³ĥɬפäǻФ줿ΤŪʤѸˤǤä󥰥ɤȤȤʬ񤯷ӤĤ줿ѸȤĹˤ錄ȼΤΤǤ³ȤΤɤˤȤäƤȹͤ줿ޤѸ̤Ȥİ٤ϡйºŪ˥󥰥ɤˡΧŪԤεõȤߵŬΤǤ⤢ä
űѸʸդ줿ǽΤΤϡÆlfric ˤⶵǡ1566--67ǯ A Testimonie of Antiquity Ȥ˽Ф줫1λ֤򤪤ơ1659ǯˤ William Somner ˤθűѸ켭 Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum Ǥ롥ǽθűѸʸˡ⡤George Hickes ˤä1689ǯ˽ǤƤ롥ơ1755ǯˤϥåեؤǺǽ "Anglo-Saxon" ؤζ Richard Rawlinson ˤꤵ줿ʱѸ˾1ʳȤƤѼɽ魯Τ "Old English" ǤϤʤ "Anglo-Saxon" ȤѸ줬ѤƤȤˤĤƤϡ#234. Ѹˤλʬ (3) ([2009-12-17-1])#236. Ѹˤλʬ (5) ([2009-12-19-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Τ褦ˡ16--18ˤƸűѸ츦椬ֶƤطʤˤϡ˳Ūʹ񿴤Ȥϡפüȯ뤹ŪʻǤäΤǤ롥ηаޤˤĤơʷˤ Baugh and Cable (280fn) 򡤾ܤΡ8ϡ󥰥ɤΥ󥰥ػϡפ򻲾ȡ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
졡رѸʸˤΤ뤿15ϡ١ҡ2009ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2016-10-17 Mon

#2730. palatalisation [palatalisation][assimilation][consonant][phonetics][oe][vowel]

űѸҲѲΤʤǤ⡤ߤˤޤǸ̻ĤäƤΤˡ (palatalisation) 롥ޤǤˤ⡤ʲεޤᡤ͡ʷǤβˤĤƿƤ

#49. /k/ θڥ ([2009-06-16-1])
#168. <c> <g> β ([2009-10-12-1])
#2015. seek beseech θҲ ([2014-11-02-1])
#2054. seek beseech θҲ (2) ([2014-12-11-1])
#2367. űѸ <c> Ѹ <k> ء ([2015-10-20-1])

ѸλǤ Frisian ˤǧ벻Ǥʡ#787. Frisian ([2011-06-23-1]) 줬ϡѸˤˤƤƸŤʳΤȤȹͤƤ롥Ūˤϡ4--5˻Ϥޤꡤ11ޤǿʹԤȤ롥
äȤϡĺ [k], [gg], [g] ǤĴȤʤꡤ2ĤˤĤƤϻȤǤ롥ŵŪ˸űѸ <c> ֤줿 [k] ϡ[i, iː, e, eː, æ, æː, ie, iːe, eo, eːo, io, iːo, ea, eːa] Τ褦첻ʤޤ2첻ˤΰ֤ǡ̵ĺ [c] Ȥʤꡤ [ʧ] ؤȯŸˤꡤ㤨 ċiriċe [ˈcirice] [ˈʧiriʧe] ءċeosan [ˈceozɑn] [ˈʧeozɑn] ءbenċ [benc] [benʧ] ؤѲ
[gg] ˤĤƤ [k] ƱĶǡͭĺ [ɟɟ] Ȥʤꡤ˻ [ʤ] Ȥʤäˤꡤbrycg [bryɟɟ] [bryʤ] ءsecg [seɟɟ] [seʤ] , licgan [ˈliɟɟɑn] [ˈliʤɑn] ؤѲ
[g] ξƱͤξǸ [j] ȤʤäϻʤäȤơġift [gift] [jift] , ġeong [geoŋg] [jeoŋg] Ѳ
βθ̤ϡѸ¿ñ˷ѾƤ롥ʾ塤߷ (4, 6) 򻲾Ȥ

߷ ˧ͺ 顡ԡرѸǯɽ?ѸˡѸػˡʸػˡ̻?١ҡ1993ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-22-1]

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2016-09-12 Mon

#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ [punctuation][manuscript][writing][scribe][word][prosody][oe][inscription][distinctiones]

αѸν񵭤Ǥ뤵Ƥʬ (distinctiones) ŤˤǤϤʤष³ (scriptio continua) ̤äȤˤĤơ#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1]) ǽҤ٤ºݡűѸʸʤɤǤϸζڤ꤬ʤΤ¿űѸѸμܤˤƤ⸽ΰӤʬ񤭤ϤޤãƤʤ
ʬ񤭤ȤݤΤΤʤä櫓ǤϤʤ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ǤߤǽΥ롼ʸʸǤ顤ȸδ֤˶ǤϤʤȤ⾮ݤ֤Ƥꡤʬ񤭤ԤʤƤȤ狼뤷7餤ޤǤˤϼܤ˵줿ѸˤƤ⡤֤ζϹԤʤƤݥȤϡֹԤʤƤפȤȡָ˰ӤƹԤʤƤפȤȤϰۤʤȤȤʬ񤭤ؤΰܹԤϡŤ³񤭤ξ˿ʬ񤭤ˡˤ֤äƤǤꡤξν¸ߤ֤ĹäΤǤ롥Ѹζˡ (punctuation) ˤˤĤư̤˸褦ˡֶεϤ뤳ȤϤʤޤǽ񤭼Ŀͤΰջ֤Ǽͳ˥ȥ뤷Ƥ褤ʪä
񤭼ˤ϶֤֤ʤμͳͿƤǤϤʤ֤ˡɤĹΥڡ뤫ȤͳͿƤ礦ɸѸʣˤơ2Ǵ֤Υʤ֤뤫 (flowerpot)ϥե뤫 (flower-pot)Υ֤뤫 (flower pot) 񤭼ȽǤ˰ѤͤƤΤȻ褦ʾǤ롥䡤ξˤϤ3Ĥ褷ʤξˤ϶̯̤ˤĴȤʥŪʼͳͿƤΤǤ롥㤨С礭Ūñ̤̣Ūñ̤ޤȤᤢ뤿Ĺζ֤줿ꡤǥ٥ξñ̤ζɽ魯Τ˶Ϥʶ֤ʤɡ񤭼θ촶Фܾ̯ȿǤ줿
Crystal (11-12) ϤξÆlfric ⶵ󤲤Ƥ롥

Very often, some spaces are larger than others, probably reflecting a scribe's sense of the way words relate in meaning to each other. A major sense-break might have a larger space. Words that belong closely together might have a small one. It's difficult to show this in modern print, where word-spaces tend to be the same width, but scribes often seemed to think like this:

     we bought   a cup of tea   in the cafe

The 'little' words, such as prepositions, pronouns, and the definite article, are felt to 'belong' to the following content words. Indeed, so close is this sense of binding that many scribes echo earlier practice and show them with no separation at all. Here's a transcription of two lines from one of Ælfric's sermons, dated around 990.

     þærwæronðagesewene twegenenglas onhwitumgẏrelū;
     þær wæron ða gesewene twegen englas on hwitum gẏrelū;
     
     'there were then seen two angels in white garments'
     
     
     Eacswilc onhisacennednẏsse wæronenglasgesewene'.
     Eacswilc on his acennednẏsse wæron englas gesewene'.
     
     'similarly at his birth were angels seen'

The word-strings, separated by spaces, reflect the grammatical structure and units of sense within the sentence.


äդǤϡٻ (pause) (intonation) ĴʤɤޤƼαΧŪʼʤǤȻ褦ʵǽ̤Ȥǽ񤭸դǤˡͿƤȤΤϡषˤϸʤħȤ٤Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1910. ٻߡ ([2014-07-20-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

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2016-09-02 Fri

#2685. 󥰥ɤȥΥޥǥδطϥΥޥ [norman_conquest][french][oe][monarch][history][family_tree]

#302. űѸΥե󥹼Ѹ ([2010-02-23-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ󥰥ɤȥΥޥǥܿϡΥޥͤ (norman_conquest) ˤ¸ߤȤϤޤΤƤʤΤȤϡѸȥե󥹸ܿ⤽龯ʤʤ¸ߤȤȤǤꡤѸ˾ΰ̣롥
å̵ (Ethelred the Unready) κʤϥΥޥǥͤΥ (Emma) Ǥꡤϥ󥰷ϤνΥޥǥ (Rollo) ηåɤε¹¤˥衼2 (Guillaume II)Υꥢ (William the Conqueror) οͤǤ롥̤δ餤ȡꥢϡåɤȥޤޤ줿Υɥڲ (Edward the Confessor) ˤȤäơ©ҤȤΩǤ롥
٥λˤޤ̤ (860?--932?) ϡ˥ΥޥͤȸƤФ褦ˤʤäǡͤμΤǤꡤ²Ȥ9ޤǤ̥ե󥹤Υϸն꽻911ǯˤϥꥹȶΤȤˡϽΥޥǥȤե󥯲3 (Charles III) ˿òȤƼ줿ʹߡΥޥǥϺ̤ƥե󥹡󥰥ɤβȤȷӤĤϤȤƬ
ơ3ܥꥷ㡼1 (Richard I) ̼ޤϡ֥ΥޥСפȸƤФۤɤǤꡤå̵ (968--1016) ȷ뺧뤳Ȥˤʤä2ͤޤ줿ɥɤϡ쥨ޤθκƺꥫ̡ (Canute) äζΤΥޥǥ˰ꡤǶˡäΥޥ󹥤ߤˤʤäƤơ󥰥ɤǥǡīȡΥɥɤΥޥǥäƤƥɥڲȤ¨̤ΤǤ롥
Τ褦طʤˤꡤ󥰥ɤȥΥޥǥΤĤʤϡƳ᤯1000ǯ夫鸫줿ΤǤ롥
üȯΥޥͤη濴˲ȷϿޤƤϢơ󥰥īηϿޤˤĤƤϡ#2620. 󥰥īηϿޡ ([2016-06-29-1]) ȡ#2547. 奤󥰥ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) dzǧǤ롥

                                   
                                    
                                    
                              衼IĹ               
                                    
                                    
                            ꥷ㡼Iʹ
                                    
                                    
                
                                                        
                                                        
 ̡ȡᥨޡᥨå̵          ꥷ㡼II
                                                        
                                                        
                                    
                                                      
                                                      
  ɥڲ       եå                     
                                                          
                    
                    
          
                            
                            
    ꥷ㡼III     ١Iʰˡᥢ
                                               
                                               
                                  衼IIʥꥢ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-05-1]

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2016-08-26 Fri

#2678. Beowulf kenning ɲ [kenning][oe][compounding][metonymy][metaphor]

ε#2677. Beowulf ˤߤֲפɽ魯 ([2016-08-25-1]) ǡűѻʸŪȤƤ kenning ˿줿kenning ζϡ#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1]) ǵ󤲤 Beowulf ȾʤȤ⤦1Ĥλ˸ kenning 򤤤Ĥɲä (Baker 136) 򥯥åỌ̇̄롥

kenningliteral sensemeaning
bāncofa, masc."bone-chamber"body
bānfæt, neut."bone-container"body
bānhūs, neut."bone-house"body
bānloca, neut."locked bone-enclosure"body
brēosthord, neut."breast-hoard"feeling, thought, character
frumgār, masc."first spear"chieftain
hronrād, fem."whale-road"sea
merestrǣt, fem."sea-street"the way over the sea
nihthelm, masc."night-helmet"cover of night
sāwoldrēor, masc. or neut."soul-blood"life-blood
sundwudu, masc."sea-wood"ship
wordhord, neut."word-hoard"capacity for speech


kenning ϸͤˤȤäƿǥޥå˶űѸǤϤǤ˴ɽȤ夷ƤΤ⤢롥ͤȼ kenning ͳ˺ФѤ뤳ȤǤȤ¤ǤꡤBeowulf ͤΤŪɽ߽ФƤΤǤ롥
ʤkenning ˤϡ᥿ե (metaphor) ͿΤȡȥ˥ߡ (metonymy) ͿΤ롥㤨Сbāncofa ۤ bān- ʣϥ᥿եǤꡤsundwudu ϥȥ˥ߡǤ롥ޤhronrād Ǥϥ᥿եȥȥ˥ߡξͿƤꡤ̣Ūˤʣ kenning Ȥ (cf. #472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1]))

Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-04-01-1] [2017-09-30-1]

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2016-08-25 Thu

#2677. Beowulf ˤߤֲפɽ魯 [synonym][oe][lexicology][compounding][kenning][beowulf][metonymy]

űѸʣ (compounding) ˤդʸäϡ#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1]) ǤǧѤߤʣϤȤ櫓ʸˤƺ¤˳Ѥ줿º Beowulf ɽűѻˤƤϡֲסͦΡס襤סֳפʤɤѽФ복ǰФơ͡ (synonym) Ѥ줿ϡñĴ򤱤뤿Ǥ⤢äε#2676. űѻƬ ([2016-08-24-1]) Ǽ夲Ƭε§˱褦˼ɽɬפäǤ⤢ä
ʲBaker (137) ꡤBeowulf ʵڤӤ¾λˤ˸ֲ緯פɽ魯󤷤褦ʣ줬¿ñǤθޤޤƤˡ

bēagġyfa, masc. ring-giver.
bealdor, masc. lord.
brego, masc. lord.
folcāgend, masc. possessor of the people.
folccyning, masc. king of the people.
folctoga, masc. leader of the people.
frēa, masc. lord.
frēadrihten, masc. lord-lord.
frumgār, masc. first spear.
godlgġyfa, masc. gold-giver.
goldwine, masc. gold-friend.
gūðcyning, masc. war-king.
herewīsa, masc. leader of an army.
hildfruma, masc. battle-first.
hlēo, masc. cover, shelter.
lēodfruma, masc. first of a people.
lēodġebyrġea, masc. protector of a people.
mondryhten, masc. lord of men.
rǣswa, masc. counsellor.
siġedryhten, masc. lord of victory.
sincġifa, masc. treasure giver.
sinfrēa, masc. great lord.
þenġel, masc. prince.
þēodcyning, masc. people-king.
þēoden, masc. chief, lord.
wilġeofa, masc. joy-giver.
wine, masc. friend.
winedryhten, masc. friend-lord.
wīsa, masc. guide.
woroldcyning, masc. worldly king.


ˤϻˤʤʣ¿ޤޤƤꡤŪʣ (poetic compound) ȸƤФƤ롥1Ǥ2Ǥ򽤾 folccyning (people-king) Τ褦⤢СξǤۤƱǾĹ frēadrihten (lord-lord) Τ褦⤢롥ˡȥ˥ߡѤ椫ͷ bēagġyfa (ring-giver) ⤢롥Ǹ˵󤲤तŪʣ kenning ȸƤФ졤űѻˤ礭ħȤʤäƤʡ#472. kenning ([2010-08-12-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ

Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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2016-08-24 Wed

#2676. űѻƬ [alliteration][oe][consonant][stress][prosody][germanic]

Ѹˤϡ˸ƬλҲ碌ĴҤФƬ (alliteration) 롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#943. Ƭˤ ([2011-11-26-1]) Ϥᡤalliteration γƵǡ˸Ѹ˻ĤƬθݤ򰷤äƤ
ѸˤǡƬפȤСʤˤűѻˤ뱤Χ§ȤƤƬפФ롥ƬϡűѸΤߤʤ餺ťɸ졤ť졤ŹϥɥĸʤɥޥαʸħŤ뱤ΧμʤǤꡤƥ졦ޥ󥹽εӱ (rhyme) ȺΩäʤƥޥŪʤαΧʤˤĤơűѻˤƤ˻Ѥ줿Baker (124--26) ˵äƳ⤷
űѻ1 (line) 2ĤȾ (verse) ʤäƤꡤȾԤ on-verse (or a-verse)ȾԤ off-verse (or b-verse) ȸƤ֡δ֤ˤιԴֵٻ (caesura) ޤäƤꡤΰǤĹζɽ蘆ΤǤ롥ȾԤˤ2Ĥζʤ줾 lift ȸƤ֡ˤޤޤƤꡤμϤˤϼ岻 (drop) ֤롥Τ褦˹Ԥˤơon-verse 2Ĥ lifts 뤤ξθƬȡoff-verse κǽ lift θƬϡƱΤȤʤ롥줬űѻƬǤ롥
ƬδܤϸƬҲˤΤºݤˤϸƬ첻ˤΤ⤢롥첻ˤƬǤ첻βʤΤǡ㤨 e i ǤⲡǤ롥ޤҲˤƬˤĤƤϡsc, sp, st λҲ˸¤äơλҲȤȲʤФʤ餺㤨 stān sāriġ ϲǤʤ (see #2080. /sp/, /st/, /sk/ Ҳð ([2015-01-06-1])) g ġc ċ ϲۤʤ졤̾ߤ˱ƧळȤǤ롥
ƬԤ֤ѥˤϡĤΥꥨ󤬤롥ܤϰʲ3Ǥ롥

xa|ay: þæt biþ in eorle   indryhten þēaw
ax|ay: þæt hē his ferðlocan   fæste binde.
aa|ax: ne se hrēo hyġe   helpe ġefremman

ʲΤ褦 ab|ab η (transverse alliteration) ab|ba η (crossed alliteration) ⸫뤬̤˽ŪʶäƤȹͤ롥

ab|ab: Þær æt hȳðe stōd   hringedestefna
ab|ba: brūnfāgne helm,   hringde byrnan

űѸƬλԤϡ嵭ι¤ܤȤơξ͡ʺ§˱äƹƤ롥Ϣơ#1897. "futhorc" acrostic ([2014-07-07-1])#1560. Chaucer ˤƬ ([2013-08-04-1]) ⻲ȡ

Baker, Peter S. Introduction to Old English. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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2016-08-02 Tue

#2654. a six-foot man a ten-mile drive ˻ĤʻĤäƤʤ˸űѸʣ°ʷ [inflection][genitive][plural][case][adjective][oe][dative]

ѸˤϡɸΤ褦˿ñ̤ФʣƻȤʤɽ롥#1766. a three-hour(s)-and-a-half flight ([2014-02-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŵŪˤñ̤̾ʣȤʤ㳰⤢뤬̤ˤ *a six-feet man *a ten-miles drive ȤʤʤʤʣˤʤʤΤ
¤ϡηŪˤʣ°ʤ̾ĤǤ롥äơ衤ʤʣäȤ˲ѲŪñƱ夤ƤޤäȤΤμǤ롥
űѸǤϡΤ褦ɽˤñ̤ɽ魯̾ʣ°ʤ˶ޤ줬̾򽤾Ƥfōt mīl ξˤϡΤޤޤñʤη֤ǤϤʤʣ°ʤη֤˶ޤ fōta, mīla ȤȤѸˤʣ°ʤɽ魯 -a /ə/ ؤȿʿ˸ˤϴ˾ṳ̈Ȥơ֤ȤƤϲ⺯פĤȤʤΩäΤʣ°ʤεǽӤӤˡΤΤϷȤƼѤ졤ߤ˻äƤ롥Ѹͽۤʣ *six-feet *ten-miles ˤʤäƤ餺츫Ե§ʸˡˤߤ뤬ϸűѸʸˡܤʤΤǤ롥
űѸ̾γʶޤη֤Τ褦ȤʤäƸѸ˻ĤäƤϡʤ㤨С#380. often <t> ǤϤʤ <n> ⤷ ([2010-05-12-1]) ǿ줿 whilom, seldom, often θΡ첻ɡפαˡĤƤʣͿʸ -um ѷΤ򸫤뤳ȤǤ롥ޤalive ʤɤˤϡűѸֻ on līfe ˵§Ūˤߤ줿ñͿʸ -e ʤȤֻĤäƤ롥ۤˤϡLady Chapel ladybird 1 lady ̵Τ褦ˤߤ뤬ĤƤñ°ʸ -e դƤ줬˿ʿüˡŪˤϺפĤƤʤǤ롥
ʾ塤Algeo and Pyles (105) 򻲹ͤˤƼɮ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-04-10-1]

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