űѸθȾ8Ⱦаʹߡϥ˿å줿ϰϡ˥ǡͤˡΧŬѤϤȤ̣ Danelaw ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ϰˤϡťΥɸǤޤ̾¿ĤäƤ롥ˤĤƤϺε#5331. ťΥɸͳ̾2ñ°ʷ ([2023-11-30-1]) Ǥ夲ۤˤ#818. ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) #1938. Ϣ -by ˤ̾ϸťΥɸΤΤ ([2014-08-17-1]) ʤɤˤƤ
ϡDanelaw Ȥʤˡ襱ȿͤǤϤǤꡤ˥ͤ褷ƽ夤ϤǤ롥äơǤ¿ϤȸѸ̾դƤϤޤǤθˤäƤΤǤꡤǤťΥɸǤѤƿ̾ͿȤϤۤ¿ʤäϤˤ⤫餺ťΥɸǤޤ̾ʤ餺ĤäƤȤȤϡ(1) ¸̾ťΥɸǤ֤뤤 (2) ޤ̾դƤʤäϤ˸ťΥɸ̾ͿȤȤˤʤ롥
δ顤Clark (484--85) ̣ŦͿƤ롥Danelaw ̾˴ؤ¤ꡤ˭ϤˤϸűѸ̾Ϳ졤ϤϤˤϸťΥɸ̾ͿƤ뷹ȤΤ
The distribution in England of Scandinavian, Scandinavianised and hybrid place-names coincides almost exactly with the Danelaw as specified in Alfred's treaty with Guthrum . . . . This implies such names to stem mainly from the late ninth-century settlements, rather than from the wider Cnutian hegemony. Throughout the area, however, Scandinavian names co-exist, in varying proportions, with purely English ones. So, in attempts to clarify the picture and its bearing on settlement history, sites to which the various types of name are applied have been graded according to their likely attractiveness to subsistence formers. Those adjudged most promising bear either purely English names or else the sort of hybrid ones in which a Scand. specific, often a personal name, qualifies an OE generic; a finding consonant with the view that often the latter sort of name represents partial Scandinavianisation of a pre-Viking OE one. Sites bearing purely Scand. names, especially ones based on the generic -bý, mostly look less promising; and the villages concerned have often indeed prospered less than ones with names in the two previous categories. The main river-valleys are dominated by OE names, whereas Scand. forms appear mainly along the tributaries. These name-patterns are taken to imply two modes of settlement: one by which pre-existing English villages acquired Viking overlords, whose names some at least of those that had changed hands thenceforth bore; and another by which Viking settlers adopted lands previously uncultivated. As yet, it remains unclear what chronological relationship is to be postulated between the two processes.
ήϤϥեѸ̾ήϤϱѸ졦ťΥɸΥϥ֥å̾ήϤϥեťΥɸ̾
ˤۤɤ줤ʬۤƤΤɤϻˤʬʤ⤷
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
̾˸ťΥɸͳ褹ǤޤޤƤˤĤƤϡ#818. ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1]) #1938. Ϣ -by ˤ̾ϸťΥɸΤΤ ([2014-08-17-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ
̾ǤˤϿ̾ʤɤ°ʷ륱¿֡ĮפȤä̾դťΥɸǤ̾ñ°ʷˤθ롥o 촴̾Ǥ -ss ā 촴ν̾Ǥ -aR Τ§θʤѷΡˤºݤ Danelaw θűѸ̾˳ǧ롥
Clark (483) ĤƤΤdzǧ
In the districts most densely settled by Vikings --- mainly, that is, in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire --- survival in some specifics of Scand. gen. sing. inflexions bears witness to prolonged currency of Scandinavian speech in the milieux concerned . . . . Both with personal names and with topographical terms, genitives in -ar occur chiefly in the North-West: e.g. Lancs. Amounderness < Agmundar nes 'A.'s headland' and Litherland < hliðar (hlið 'hill-side') + -land . . . . Non-syllabic Scandinavian-style genitives in [s] are more widespread: e.g. Yorks. Haxby < DB Haxebi 'Hákr's estate' and Lincs. Brauncewell < ME Branzwell 'Brandr's spring'.
ܿζŪ˻¸ƤΤϸͭ̾餳̸ǤϤΤ褦ʻϤۤȤɤߤʤȻפ롥Τ褦¦̤̾ (onomastics) ̥ϤǤ롥
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
ޥ֥ƥθ³űѸ̾ˤϡפΤۤƥκפʤºݡʥƥͳ̾ϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤ʬŪǤȤĤäƤΤϤcf. #3440. λĤ -chester, -caster, -cester ̾Ȥʬۡ ([2018-09-27-1])ˡ
Clark (481) Lincoln, Catterick, camp, eccles, funta, port, wīc ʤɤƤ뤬ΤΤȤƤޤΩʤ
Unlike those once-Romanised areas that were destined to become Romance-speaking, England shows hardly any place-names of purely Latin origin. Few seem to have been current even in Romano-British times; fewer still survived . . . . PDE Lincoln is a contraction of Lindum Clonia, where the first element represents British *lindo 'pool' . . . . Whether Catterick < RB Cataractonium derives ultimately from Latin cataracta in supposed reference to rapids on the River Swale)(sic) or from a British compound meaning 'battle-ramparts' is uncertain . . . .
The main legacy of Latin to Old English toponymy consisted not of names but of name-elements, in particular: camp < campus 'open ground, esp. that near a Roman settlement'; eccles < ecclesia 'Christian church'; funta < either fontana or fons/acc. fontem 'spring, esp. one with Roman stonework'; port < portus 'harbour'; and the already-mentioned wīc < vicus 'settlement, esp. one associated with a Roman military base', together with its hybrid compound wīchām . . . . Names involving these loan-elements occur mainly in districts settled by the English ante AD 600, and often near a Roman road and/or a former Roman settlement . . . .
ɤ̾˴ؤ¤ꡤƥϡʸѸʹߤ˴ͿƤ˥եƱͤˡʤƤʤäȤäƤ褤
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
#5203. ָ̱̾츻 ([2023-07-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ̾ˤָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ؤ䤹餯ϡ̾ޤͭ̾ˤϡؼоݤְ̣ϤʤפʤˤĤƤεȡˡ̾θ츻ŪˤȤäƤƬˤȤʤ롥
Clark (28--29) ˡYork Ȥ̾˴ؤָ̱츻⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥
. . . 'folk-etymology' --- that is, replacement of alien elements by similar-sounding and more or less apt familiar ones --- can be a trap. The RB [= Romano-British] name for the city now called York was Ebŏrācum/Ebŭrācum, probably, but not certainly, meaning 'yew-grove' . . . . To an early English ear, the spoken Celtic equivalent apparently suggested two terms: OE eofor 'boar' --- apt enough either as symbolic patron for a settlement or as nickname for its founder or overlord --- and the loan-element -wīc [= "harbour"] . . ., hence OE Eoforwīc . . . . (The later shift from Eoforwīc > York involved further cross-cultural influence . . . .) Had no record survived of the RB form, OE Eoforwīc could have been taken as the settlers' own coinage; doubt therefore sometimes hangs over OE place-names for which no corresponding RB forms are known. The widespread, seemingly transparent form Churchill, for instance, applies to some sites never settled and thus unlikely ever to have boasted a church; because some show a tumulus, others an unusual 'tumulus-like' outline, Church- might here, it is suggested, have replaced British *crǖg 'mound' . . . .
⤷ York ̾ˤĤƥޥ֥ƥʸξڵʤäȤ顤줬ָ̱츻ǤǽȴȤǤʤäȤȡ̾츻ʸ̵ͭȤɤ֤ۤʤȤȤˤʤ롥
ʤߤ˸űѸ Eoforwīc York ؤθѲˤĤƤϡClark (483) ɲŪʲ⤬ΤǡѤƤ
OE Eoforwīc was reshaped, with a Scand. rising diphthong replacing the OE falling one, assibilation of the final consonant inhibited, and medial [v] elided before the rounded vowel: thus, Iorvik > York . . . .
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
5˥֥ͤƥ褷Ȥ轻ΥȿͤθŪƶ϶ϾäȤΤꥹˤѸˤŪǤ롥ȷϸαѸؤιȤƤϡ̾иȤϤۤȤɤʤȤΤŵŪʱѸ˽ǤεҤǤ롥Τ褦̾㳰ǤȤ褯뤬⤦1θͭ̾Ǥ̾ˤĤƤϤɤʤΤ⤽⤳䤤ϻפ⤫٤ȤʤäClark ηˤĤƶ̣1Ƥ롥
The name Cædmon borne by the father of English religious verse represents a Welsh reflex of British *Catumandos ( . . . British Catu- is cognate with OE Heaðo- 'battle'); and its form suggests a structural compatibility between Celtic and Germanic types of name . . . . Despite his English cultural identity, Cædmon might, as an ox-herd, be supposed descended from an enslaved people. However, British names also appear among English royalty, including, for instance, the Cerdic (Welsh Ceredig < British *Coroticos), Ceawlin, Ceadda and Ceadwalla (Welsh Cadwallen) found in the Early West Saxon genealogies . . . . The element Cæd-/Cead- reappears in the names of two seventh-century brothers, both bishops, Cedd and Ceadda . . . . The name Cumbra . . . . current among West-Saxon nobility represents Welsh Cymro < British *Combrogos 'Welshman'. Taken with the story of Vortigern's invitation . . . . and with the archaeological evidence mentioned, such names imply that the first settlers arrived pacifically, perhaps married into Romano-British nobility, and sometimes names their sons in compliment to their hosts . . . . Assuming any such names necessarily indicate British blood would go well beyond the evidence; but their adoption by English royalty must mean respect for Celtic traditions.
ȷϤ̾ӤӤϤβ²ȤȤϡ轻ȿͤФؤΡ֥ꥹڥȡפäȤȤްդ --- ʤʤɷŪʻŦǤ롥
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
̾ץȡ (name_project) ȤδϢǡѸˤγƻоݤˤ̾ (name-study, or onomastics) ؤǤ롥ܲ̾ (personal_name) ˴ؿƤ뤬ˤäƿ̾ΤѤΤǡ˱ѸۤʤäƤ롥 Clark (456) ȤơűѸο̾ؤˤƻȤѸηϤǧƤ
Early Germanic custom required that each individual should have single, distinctive name . . . . The system was therefore geared to constant provision of fresh forms. For students of it, the first problem is one of terminology: in this context, 'forename' and 'first-name' become meaningless, 'baptismal name' and the artificial 'font-name' are both inapplicable to pagan tradition, and 'Christian name', as well as also being inapplicable, will later be needed for a different sense. The term 'personal name' favoured for this purpose by some scholars is over-general, because 'by-names' and family-names are no less 'personal'. For convenience, the terminology adopted here will be knowingly inconsistent: simply to distinguish anthroponym from toponym, 'personal name' will be used, but where greater precision is needed the technical term 'idionym' will be brought in. A supplementary name of whatsoever kind --- genealogical, honorific, occupational, locative or characteristics --- collocated with an idionym will be called a 'by-name' . . . . The term 'nickname' will denote any characterising terms whether used as by-name or as idionym . . . .
ͤ̾ŵŪˡָ̾פȤ٤ idionym Τߤʤ롥αѸܸ̾̾Τ褦ˡ̾2फʤΤǤϤʤäơfirst-name last-name Τ褦Ѹޤʤޤꥹȶ̾˰Τ baptismal name ʤɤθƾΤŬʤ
űѸο̾ŵŪ idionym 1फʤȤϤ⤦1Ĥ̾ǤǤդդ⤢롥ؤΤ by-name ȤѸ줬Ƴ롥by-name ˤϡοʪβȷϡȡサϡʡħΤʤ͡ʼब롥
ޤȤСűѸ̾ΥեޥåȤϡidionym (+ by-name)פȤȤˤʤ롥
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
ī6˲ۿƤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸץϤޤäƤޤ̵ۿǤˡ3ޤۿƤޤȤ˥ꥹʡγˤϤɾƤޤۿγץɳդ줿ˡȤʤäƤűѸΥƥȤʤɤǺܤƤޤΤǡȤʤİƤФȻפޤޤǤ3Ǥϡեå粦űѸγʸإ٥ա٤˴طʸϤ夲ƤޤˡֽƤפ˸Ƥιֺ¤ȤʤäƤޤΤǡڤˤɤ
ʥӥϱѸˤűѸ칶뼡3ͤǤϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤkhelfʷѸ˥ե˸ĹΡ֤ޤˤפĿФ¢رءδǤ3ͤdzڤäƤΤ̥ϡȤɾ⤤Ƥޤ
줿űѸûʸ夲ʸ̤֥ײ⤷ƤޤܸˤĤǵڤ˻ϤָűѸֺ¡פʤΤϡ餯ޤǤɤΤˤƤ⳧̵äΤǤϤʤǤ礦ͣ㳰ϡޤˤˤűѸ⤷ޤˡΤӤΥϡΰ̣ǤˮȤäƤ褤ߤȤʤޤʥӥ3ͤ⡤ϤȴƤ٤ꤷƤޤΤǡ˸äڤİƤФȻפޤ
ܥΥݡȥڡȤơޤˤˤ note ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ(#1~#3)ƤޤޤXʵĥå˾heldio ߥ˥ƥ by δˤƴϢȯƤޤΥߥ˥ƥϾǧǤŪˤϥСꥯȤФꤤޤΤǡҤä
4Ƥ⤪ڤߤˡ
ε#5243. ۶θűѸ̾ ([2023-09-04-1]) ǡ̾ˤꡤϤɤλ˳줿Τ꤬꤬礬ȽҤ٤
Tysoe, Wensley, Thursley, Friden, Harrow, Weeford ʤɤϡ1Ǥ۶ʤȤ뤿ᡤǤȤ櫓Ťؤ°ȾҲ𤷤礦ɵդΥ⤢롥㤨СפФ٤ wīc ޤ̾ϡȤΩˤĤ줿Τȹͤ뤬ϥɤȻˤ˴դߤ8ʹߤΤȤȿ¬롥ĤޤꡤƱűѸǤŪ٤γǤ뤳Ȥ롥Hough (98) ϢսѤ롥
. . . some elements may be dated to a later phase of settlement on semantic or other grounds. Place-names from OE wīc 'specialized farm' are indicative of established farming communities, and are considered unlikely to have been coined before the eighth century AD. Examples from England include Butterwick (butter), Cheswick (cheese), Gatwick (goats), and Shapwick (sheep); examples from Scotland include Berwick (barley), Hedderwick (heather), and Sunwick (pigs).
Ƥϡʬ䤹ΤȤȤ⤷ʤʤ줬¿̾ͭ̾θϡŪŪʸǤϺѤߤʤȤȤǤ롥
Hough, Carole. "Settlement Names." Chapter 6 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 87--103.
̾ιǤΰ̣ҤȤȤˤäơɤλˤ̾Ĥ줿Τ㤬롥Ʊ꤬̤֤̾ƤꤹΤǡǿŤ˲᤹ɬפ뤬̾椬˳ؤʤ¾ʬ˹Ƕ̣
Hough (98) ˤȡꥹȶΥɤθűѸ̾ˡ۶οʤɤ̾ѤƤΤȤΤ褦ʥǤϡŤϤǤȲᤷƤ褵
Also indicative of early settlement are place-names referring to religious or other customs that were later superseded. Place-names referring to Anglo-Saxon paganism represent an early stratum which must pre-date the conversion to Christianity around 627. In England they fall into two main groups: those containing the names of pagan gods, and those containing a word for a heathen shrine or temple. Examples of the former are Tysoe (Tiw + OE hōh 'heel; hill-spur'), Wensley (Woden + OE lēah 'wood, clearing'), Thursley (Thunor + OE lēah 'wood, clearing', and Friden (Frig + denu 'valley'); examples of the latter are Harrow (OE hearg 'temple') and Weeford (OE wēoh 'shrine' + ford 'ford). The absence of either type from the corpus of Old English place-names in Scotland is usually taken to indicate that the Anglo-Saxons did not move north until after the conversion to Christianity, although this has been challenged on the grounds that pagan names are also absent from large areas of England . . . .
Τ褦ʰ۶Ū̾åȥɤˤǧʤȤ̣ĹǤ롥
Hough, Carole. "Settlement Names." Chapter 6 of The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Ed. Carole Hough. Oxford: OUP, 2016. 87--103.
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ۿǡ˾ΡʡˤθűѸֺ¤Ȥޤ#822. ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 1 with Ͻؤ and ޤˤǤʾ嵭κ¦ΥѥͥˡΥᥤѡʥƥϽؤʥեꥹرؤۤƿʹ亴֤ޤˤפĿФ¢رءȻ䡤δǤ
ȤȤǡűѸû1ʸΤߤǺȤƳƤޤ9ʸξƻdzåΥեå粦 (King Alfred) ˤդǤѿۤΥȤ King Alfred's Translation of the Pastoral Care ꡤܲǤޤ
Þeos boc sceal to Wiogora ceastre
夲ΤϤûʸΤߤǤ¤Ϥ˸űѸȥʸ͡¦̤Ž̤ƤΤǤϤष䤵⤷Ƥޤޤޤˤ note ˤäƤƤޤ
伫Ȥ⡤ī Voicy ۿΤäϤƤޤ#823. Ρ֥ؤ֤ϤƤθűѸ --- Part 1פȴϢİʾ嵭α¦ΥѥͥˡīۿǤϴϢ¿ڤޤVoicy ľ֤ˤؤȻפޤΤǡʲ˥ĥäƤޤνʤɤΤ֤ΤȤˡʸ "Þeos boc sceal to Wiogora ceastre" ȴϢդơűѸȥ˿äƤФȻפޤ
2ͽǤΤǡڤߤˡؤΤۤ䤴ո Voicy ΥȤꤪޤȹǤ
Ρؼ̾ this ᤰ桡
#233. this, that, the ʤɤ th ϲ̣Ρ
#274. ؼƻ this
#432. ʤû̷ that's ϤΤ *this's ϤʤΡ
#493. ؼ this, that, these, those θ츻
Ρ̾ book οˡ
#661. book beech --- ܤȥ֥ʤδطϡ
#662. ĸθζᤰ֥
Ρ̣ shall νꡡ
#218. shall will λȤʬ§ϤĤ餢Ρ
#530. ܥϥظˤѸǸǧ嵬§ shall ˡˤĤơ
Ρֻ to ⤢뤱ޡ to ˤܤ
#645. to ʳޡ
#688. ʤˤ to ȸ2बΡ
Ρ̾ˤĤƥ쥳졡
#306. Ȥ̡Ĺϥɤ
#349. Ȥ̡֥פȡ֥ƥס֥쥹פȡ֥ꥢס
#819. űѸ̾ with Ͻؤ
ΡűѸ̤Τˡ
#148. űѸäƤɤʻ塩
#149. ̡[[űѸפΤޤˤȡűѸäƤɤʸ졩
#326. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ
#628. űѸñϤɤ줯餤Ѹ˼ѤƤΡ
#778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ
#5227. űѸ̾Τθ ([2023-08-19-1]) ǿ줿ȤꡤDomesday Book ϸűѸ̾ΰλǤ롥
Domesday Book ȤϲǤСWilliam I 1086ǯ˺餻ɤΤۤĴĢʸ뤤ˤǤ롥ΩƤ;ϤʤŰŪĴֺ֤꤫ǸοȽפˤʤ館 "Domesday Book" ̾դ줿̾12溢ޤǤˤϰŪʸƾΤȤʤäƤ褦Ǥ롥
͡ȿäΤΡĴϻŻκ٤®ǡˤƤ餯ǤʹŪʶӤäĴ7--8ͤΰѰˤäƼ»ܤ졤ơۤʤϰôơľܼԤνΤ˴ؤܺ٤Ի鲦νΡ줬 Domesday Book Ǥ롥
ñ Domesday Book ȸƤФƤ뤬ºݤˤϰۤʤ2ĤδΩäƤ롥1 (Great Domesday) ϡEssex, Norfolk, Suffolk ٤ƤνϿޤǤ롥3Ĥν˴ؤƤϡǤϤʤ2 (Little Domesday) ¸Ƥ롥
Domesday Book ̾ȤƤβͤȡֻѾաפˤĤơClark (453--54) ⤷Ƥ뤳ȤѤ褦
For late OE name-forms of both kinds Domesday Book (DB) is the prime source; for many place-names, those from the North especially, it furnishes the earliest record extant . . . . DB proper consists of two volumes (recently rebound as five), always part of the state archives and now housed in the Public Record Office, wherefore they are together known as the 'Exchequer Domesday'. The two sections are, it must be emphasised, of different standing: 'Little DB', which deals with Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, represents a redaction earlier and fuller --- therefore more useful to onomasticians --- than that of 'Great DB', which deals with the rest of the Conqueror's English realm. There are also various related records, usually known as 'satellites', some (like Exon DB) official, others private . . .; on matters ranging from administrative procedure to orthography, these supplement the information given by the Exchequer volumes. Although DB as it stands results from a survey undertaken in 1086, roughly half the material there dates back to pre-Conquest times. Based as they were upon enquiries made by several panels of commissioners who collected documentary as well as oral evidence and interrogated alike French-speaking post-Conquest settlers and survivors of the pre-Conquest land-holding classes, the extant DB texts, in which the commissioners' returns have to varying degrees been recast, need careful handling. At the orthographical level, basic to onomastic study, they are notoriously unreliable. For one thing, not all the scribes used the traditional OE orthography . . . . For another, working conditions were unpropitious: name-material, unlike common vocabulary, cannot be predicted from context, and so the DB clerks, interpreting utterances of witnesses from varied linguistic backgrounds, sometimes perhaps toothless ancients, and editing drafts that bristled with unfamiliarities, were liable to mishear, misread, misunderstand, miscopy or otherwise mangle the forms. Only lately has appreciation of the types and degrees of scribal error in DB made progress enough for former broad assumptions --- for instance, about 'Anglo-Norman influences' --- to be gradually replaced by recognition of specific auditory and visual confusions.
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
űѸο̾ˤϡ family name last name פϤʤ#590. last name ϤĤ̳Ūˤʤä ([2010-12-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ褦ˤʤΤϥΥޥΤȤǤ롥
ȷϤ°ɸȯۤޤǤʤä櫓ǤϤʤä˲ȤηˤĤƤϡ̾ƱҲǻϤƬ (alliteration) ηȤвħ (sound_symbolism) DzȷϤƤޤȤʤȤӤDZ椫ǤϤʤ
Clark (458) Τ褦Ƥ롥
Despite the lack of 'family-names' in the modern sense, kinship-marking was a main motive behind old Germanic naming . . . . Thus, royal genealogies, whose partly mythical character makes them likely to show idealised forms, regularly exhibit runs of alliteration, as in the West Saxon sequence: Cerdic, Cynric, Ceawlin, Cuða, Ceada, Benbeorht, Ceadwalla . . . .
ۤˡ̾ˤĤơ§ŪǤϤʤΤΡ䷻̾˴ޤޤǤͭ뷹ߤȤ (cf. (patronymy))
̾ˤĤƤϡϿʤŪʷϻŦˤ褦Ǥ롥㤨 Bede ˵Ƥ̾ǤСűѸ̾Τ1/7ʲˤȤɤޤȤ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
ϢűѸˤ̾ܤƤ롥űѸȰˤäƤĹˤ錄ʤΤǡ̻ŪѲäȤƤ⤪ʤ̾̾դ˥ȥɤ뤳ȤϸαѸǤܸǤ褯ΤƤ̤ǤꡤűѸˤ⤽λήԤäȤƤäʤ
Clark (461) ϡBede ˤ731ǯ蘆줿 Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (= Ecclesiastical History of the English People) William I 1086ǯ˺餻Ģ the Domesday Book ˤ̾Ӥ̾դη̻ŪѲ餷ΤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Although neither sample can be taken fully to represent contemporary usages, it is no accident that in detail the recorded stocks differ, with deuterotheme usages similar but only half the protothemes in common. Even with allowance for the greater number of name-bearers represented in DB, overall variability seems little reduced. Some change of custom has none the less taken place: the fairly even seventh-century frequency-pattern has given way to a markedly uneven one, with many names occurring just once or twice but a particular few, such as Ælfrīc, Godrīc, Godwine, Lēofwine and Wulfrīc, having each a multitude of bearers distinguished from one another by by-names (a similar pattern appears in the names of Suffolk peasants of probably ca 1100 . . .). This development parallels those seen in continental West-Germanic communities. . . .
ɬΤ̻ŪѲǤȤƶĴƤ櫓ǤϤʤClark ϸűѸˤƿ̾¿ƤʬϤƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥ǡμפʾ̾ϻĤäƤꡤƱ̾ξˤ̤ (by-names) դä뤳Ȥˤ̤褦ˤʤäƤȤ
̾դήԤѲظ˲äΤˤʤȤ#813. Ѹο̾ˡ ([2011-07-19-1]) ȡ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
űѸο̾ΰ (hypocorism) ħϲȤ뤰䤤ФơClark (459--60) ԸͤˤĤġ⤷ҥȤͿƤƤ롥˲˴ؤŦŻҲ (geminate) ΩĤΤȤ
Clearly documented hypocoristics often show modified consonant-patterns . . . . Thus, the familiar form Saba (variant: Sæba) by which the sons of the early-seventh-century King Sǣbeorht (Saberctus) of Essex called their father showed the first element of the full name extended by the initial consonant of the second, in a way perhaps implying that medial consonants following a stressed syllable may have been ambisyllabic . . . . In the Germanic languages generally, a consonant-cluster formed at the element-junction of a compound name was often simplified in the hypocoristic form to a geminate, Old English examples including the masc. Totta < Torhthelm, the fem. Cille < Cēolswīð, and also the masc. Beoffa apparently derived from Beornfrið . . . .
ŻҲҲñ㲽ȤСܸΡ֤äס֤äס֤äס֤ޤä۵롥ܸβǤϽŻҲ¥ˤΤΤŪꤵƤȤäƤ褤̾䤽ΰΤʤɤˤϤȤ櫓¿ѤƤ褦ʰݤ롥ħ (sound_symbolism) δ顤餫ŪϲǽʤΤ
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
Ϣε#5225. ̾ι (2) ([2023-08-17-1])#5226. ̾̾դطʤˤ2ĤưŤ ([2023-08-18-1]) ǰѡȤƤ Clark (453) ꡤ⤽űѸ̾ (onomastics) θ (source-materials) ˤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤΤǧƤ
The sources for early name-forms, of people and of places alike, are, in terms of the conventional disciplines, ones more often associated with 'History' than with 'English Studies': they range from chronicles through Latinised administrative records to inscriptions, monumental and other. Not only that: the aims and therefore also the findings of name-study are at least as often oriented towards socio-cultural or politico-economic history as towards linguistics. This all goes to emphasise how artificial the conventional distinctions are between the various fields of study.
Thus, onomastic sources for the OE period include: chronicles, Latin and vernacular; libri vitae; inscriptions and coin-legends; charters, wills, writs and other business-records; and above all Domesday Book. Not only each type of source but each individual piece demands separate evaluation.
ŪʸűѸʸŪȤϾۤʤǧ졤̣ȤϤʸŪ椫礭Ƥ櫓ǤʤʸؤǤƤ븶ϤפʤΤѤκǸˤ褦 "each individual piece" βͤõȤⶦ̤롥ͭ̾ϰ̤ñƱ꤬ᡤ;פ˿ŤפȤϤꤽ
ᤰˤĤƤϰʲεȡ
#1264. ˸ؤθ³ȡιؤƻ ([2012-10-12-1])
#2865. Ĥ䤹ڵä䤹ڵؤΥҥȡ ([2017-03-01-1])
#1051. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (1) ([2012-03-13-1])
#1052. Ѹ˸оݤȤʤ (2) ([2012-03-14-1])
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
ε#5225. ̾ι (2) ([2023-08-17-1]) ǡClark Ȥ Bede ˤߤűѸ̾ηǧǤο̾ "themes" бäϡűѻ Beowulf Ǥ褯ѤƤñ췲ǤꡤűѸˤʸŪɤɽ魯ΤȤ뤫⤷ʤ
ǡ̾դμºݤäƤϡ줾 themes ΰ̣űѸ˶ŪƤɤʬʤ̾˹Ƥְ̣פΤϤ褯뤳ȤBeowulf θäϻθäǤꡤűѸǤäȤϡ褯Ŧ줭ȤǤ롥ʸŪɤȤʸ仺ŪɤȤäۤ褤褦ˤפ롥
ˤĤơClark ⿵ŤʸƤ (457--58)
Name themes thus largely parallel the diction of heroic verse . . . . Kindred elements in the diction of Beowulf include common items such as beorht, cēne, cūð, poetic ones such as brego and torht, and also, more strikingly, compounds like frēawine 'lord and friend', gārcēne 'bold with spear', gūðbeorn 'battle-warrior', heaðomǣre 'renowned in battle', hildebill 'battle-blade', wīgsigor 'victorious in battle' . . . . Parallels must not be pressed; for rules of formation differed and, more crucially, such 'meaning' as name-compounds possessed was not in practice etymological. Name-themes might, besides, long out-live related items of daily, even literary, vocabulary: non-onomastic Old English usage shows no cognate of the feminine deuterotheme -flǣd 'beauty' and, as cognates of Tond- 'fire', only the mutated derivatives ontendan 'kindle' and tynder 'kindling wood'. Resemblances between naming and heroic diction nonetheless suggest motivations behind the original Germanic styles: hopes and wishes appropriate to a warrior society, and perhaps belief in onomastic magic . . . .
ѤκǸˤ褦ˡClark ϥ̾̾դطʤˤ2ĤưŤȤ (1) μҲˤդ路˾ߤȴꤤ(2) ̾ˡؤοġƤ롥ͭȤǤ뤬ƸФ̣̾դŪưŤȤȤ館줽
Ǿ줿̾ˤְ̣פᤰˤĤƤϡʲ⻲ȡ
hellog #2212. ͭ̾ϥ˥եʤ˥եǤ ([2015-05-18-1])
hellog #5197. ͭ̾˰̣ϤΤʤΤ ([2023-07-20-1])
heldio #665. ͭ̾ˤϻؼоݤϤ뤱ɤ̣ϤʤǤ͡2023ǯ327
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
#4539. ̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1]) ˰³űѸο̾ˤĤ Clark ˤ뵭ҤߤƤߤ
Clark ϡBede ˤ Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (= Ecclesiastical History of the English People) ˸215ο̾ʼ˵ͤο̾ˤˤĤƼƤ롥2/3ۤɤο̾2Ĥǡ1ǡ2Ǥ줾 "prototheme""deuterotheme" ȸƤ֡ˤȤ߹碌ʤäƤꡤ "themes" ʤ뤤 "name lemmas" ȸƤǤ褤ˤμ夲ȡ85--90ۤɤ̤ʼ̤ˤΤ⤢Ȥˡ50ʾϤäѤ1ǤȤơ20ϤäѤ2ǤȤѤƤꡤ1Ǥˤ2ǤˤѤƤΤ12ढ롥űѸ̾ˤĤƤΰȤơ1ǤѤ themes Τۤ¿ͤȤ
űѸο̾ themes ϡ̾̾졦ƻȤƤѤ뤢դ줿Ǥ뤳ȤħǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ John Mary Τ褦˿̾òѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤBede ˸90ۤɤ themes ˤĤƤС70ʾ夬ޥŪǤǤꡤ2/3ۤɤ̥ޥˤߤǤǤ롥ޥηǻѤ themes ȤȤ
ѥ Bede ˸¤äƤ⡤̾įƤߤȡ˷֤복ǰˤʤäƤ롥Clark (457) 롥
Recurrent concepts and typical Bedan name-themes include: nobility and renown --- Æðel- 'noble', Beorht-/-beorht 'radiant', Brego- 'prince', Cūð- 'renowned', Cyne- 'royal', -frēa 'lord', -mǣr 'renowned', Torht- 'radiant'; national pride --- Peoht- 'Pict', Swǣf- 'Swabian', Þēod- 'nation', Wealh-/-wealh 'Celt' and probably Seax- if meaning 'Saxon'; religion --- ælf- 'supernatural being', Ealh- 'temple', Ōs- 'deity'; strength and valour --- Beald-/-beald 'brave', Cēn- 'brave', Hwæt- 'brave', Nōð- 'boldness', Swīð-/-swīð fem. 'strong', Þrȳð-/-þrȳð fem. 'power', Weald-/-weald 'power'; warriors and weapons --- Beorn- 'warrior', -bill 'sword', -brord 'spear', Dryht- 'army', Ecg- 'sword', -gār 'spear', Here-/-here 'army', Wulf-/-wulf 'wolf; warrior', and perhaps Swax- if meaning 'dagger'; battle --- Beadu-, Gūð-/-gūð fem., Heaðu-, Hild-/-hild fem., Wīg-, and also Sige- 'victory' (limitations of function apply only to the Bedan evidence). Peace (-frið), prudence (Rǣd-/-rǣd 'counsel'), and defence (Bōt- 'remedy', Burg-/-burg fem. 'protection', -helm 'protection' and -mund 'protection') are more sparingly invoked. In compound names, protothemes appear in stem-form. Inflections are added only to the deuterothemes; when not Latinised, masc. names follow the a-stems and fem. ones the ō-stems.
Ϣưʲε⻲ȡ
#4539. ̾ιǡ ([2021-09-30-1])
#3902. 㥢̾ Edward, Edgar, Edmond, Edwin ([2020-01-02-1])
#3903. ޥ̾ atheling, edelweiss, Heidi, Alice ([2020-01-03-1])
#5195. ̾ (name lemma) ([2023-07-18-1])
Clark, Cecily. "Onomastics." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 452--89.
hellog #5206. Beowulf Ƭ11Ԥɡ ([2023-07-29-1]) Voicy heldio #783. űѻηإ٥ա (Beowulf) --- ߷ͧǦϽؤȰߤʤ餴Ҳ̤ơűѸǽ줿ɽŪʱͺ Beowulf ˴ؿ⤿줿⤤뤫Ȼפޤ
˰³űѸȤ߷ͧΩءˡǦʽٲءˡϽʥեꥹرؤۤˤ3̾ȡ路ʤ Beowulf ̵깭ޤȤ櫓κʤȤǤ߷ˡBeowulf ϤˤƸäƤΤθոħϲʪϤΩΤμꤲޤ
ԤΤߤ40ʬۤɤĹܤȤʤäƤʤ⽪ϾӤƤˤޤ֤ΤȤˤİС
heldio #797. ߷ͧ Beowulf ΤȤǤ䤷Ƥߤޤ with Ǧ and Ͻؤ
κʤ˴ؿϡܥ֥ beowulf γƵ⤴
#5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1]) Ǥ⤷̤ꡤī㡼ɶˤƥֺʸֻαѸˡ2ȤʤָűѸֻ --- μʤ֤ޤ¿̤뤤ϥ饤ǻäޤƴտ夲ޤ꤬Ȥޤ
űѸˡˤƱѸüԤޥ̱²äƤ롼ʸΤơƤΤơˤƥDZѸɽˡˤĤƻ֤ϺƤäΤޤƳˡμʤƥѸֻűѸֻɸಽ (standardisation) űѻ Beowulf ˤߤʸֻˤĤơ3֤äޤ
βä4Ⱦ2λȤˤʤޤ3ϾΤȤˤʤޤ107ڡˤ 15:00~18:45 ˡѸֻ --- ɸʤ˱ɡפȤƳ֤ͽǤѸˤϡűѸȯãƤֻ1066ǯΥΥޥˤä뤹ȤŪѲޤǷˤꡤθαѸֻϥƻɤ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ
ֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפϥȤϤƲϴϢĤĤΩƤȤʤäƤޤʹߤβ³ꤤޤԹ礬դʤǤ⡤ÿޤȸư1ָۿˤ˥Ǥ褦ˤʤޤΤǡѤ⤴Ƥ
ܥȴϢơʲ hellog ɤߤ
hellog #5088. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ ([2023-04-02-1])
hellog #5194. 729ڡˡīΥֺ¡ʸֻαѸˡפ2ָűѸֻ --- μʤס ([2023-07-17-1])
ƱͤˡȴϢŤ Voicy heldio ۿ⤪İФȡ
heldio #668. īֺ¤οʸֻαѸˡפ429Ϥޤޤ2023ǯ330
heldio #778. űѸʸ --- 729ڡˤīΥֺ2˸ơ2023ǯ718
#2893. Beowulf Ƭ11ԡ ([2017-03-29-1]) ȡ#2915. Beowulf Ƭ52ԡ ([2017-04-20-1]) ǡűѻη Beowulf Ƭۤʤ륨ǥҲ𤷤ޤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פϢưλƬ11Ԥ Jack Ǥɤ߾夲ƤߤΤǡİƤФȻפޤ#789. űѻηإ٥ա٤Ƭ11ԤɡǤʲˡJack ǤǦˤܸΥƥȡӼܲǤƤޤ
1 Hwæt, wē Gār-Dena in geārdagum, İ뤨Τߤ⤭ǥͿͤη̱β̾͡ϡ 2 þēodcyninga þrym gefrūnon, ͤ餬ŷͦοʤϡ 3 hū ðā æþelingas ellen fremedon. ѤƤ餬˵ڤ֤ȤȤʤä 4 Oft Scyld Scēfing sceaþena þrēatum, դλҥɤϡ˴դʤȤˤ 5 monegum mǣgþum meodosetla oftēah, ФƸ塤ФŨηꡤ 6 egsode eorl[as], syððan ǣrest wearð ¿̱ꡤ̪ʤåꡤͤο 7 fēasceaft funden; hē þæs frōfre gebād, 餷Ϥ䤬ƤĤƤԹؤΰ֤Ф 8 wēox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þāh, ʤŷ˱ɤɸ˽ƻ 9 oðþæt him ǣghwylc þ[ǣr] ymbsittendra ˤϻ٤Τʤ٤Ƥ̱ 10 ofer hronrāde hȳran scolde, ߤαˤۤӤ 11 gomban gyldan. Þæt wæs gōd cyning! פ˻äΤǤ롥ͥ줿뷯ǤϤä

Beowulf ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ beowulf γƵǼ夲ƤޤޤκʤˤĤƤϡ Voicy heldio ȤȤ̤ϿۿΤǡ⤪İ#783. űѻηإ٥ա (Beowulf) --- ߷ͧǦϽؤȰߤʤ餴ҲǤ
űѸζ˴ؿäϡ Voicy heldio ʲ⤪İС
#326. ɤƸűѸȯ狼ΤǤ
#321. űѸäȤɡޥִξ˲ȤƤä
#735. űѸ첻 --- ޥּޤͤζáפá
#766. űѸäȤɡ֥ɥλΡס
Jack, George, ed. Beowulf: A Student Edition. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.
Ǧ ջϺˡإ١ա١ȽŹ1990ǯ
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