one ˤĤơѸǤϼƤޤäŪˡ롥֤1͡1ġ~פ̣ only alone ˶ᤤˡűѸѸǤ̤˸졤ƱŪ̾ȷӤĤˤ one Ū˰פƶѲΤǡȤƤϷƻȤäƤ褤̾줫ͷΥ֤֤뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤŪȤ⤤Τ
Mustanoja "exclusive use" ȸƤӤĤġ one ˡˤĤƾܽҤƤ롥ʲѤ褦 (293--94)
EXCLUSIVE USE. --- The OE exclusive an, calling attention to an individual as distinct from all others, in the sense 'alone, only, unique,' occurs mostly after the governing noun or pronoun (se ana, þa anan, God ana), but anteposition is not uncommon either (an sunu, seo an sawul, to þæm anum tacne). It has been suggested by L. Bloomfield (see bibliography) that anteposition of the exclusive an is due to the influence of the conventional phraseology of religious Latin writings (unus Deus, solus Deus, etc.). After the governing word the exclusive one is used all through the ME period: --- he is one god over alle godnesse; He is one gleaw over alle glednesse; He is one blisse over alle blissen; He is one monne mildest mayster; He is one folkes fader and frover; He is one rihtwis ('he alone is good . . .' Prov. Alfred 45--55, MS J); --- ȝe . . . ne sculen habben not best bute kat one (Ancr. 190); --- let þe gome one (Gaw. & GK 2118). Reinforced by all, exclusive one develops into alone in earliest ME (cf. German allein and Swedish allena), and this combination, after losing its emphatic character, is in turn occasionally strengthened by all: --- and al alone his wey than hath he nome (Ch. LGW 1777).
ѤκǸΤǤϡ alone all alone θ츻˿Ƥ롥פˤϡϤʤŪ one ˡѤǻĤäƤɽȤȤˤʤ롥ơ only ޤ one Ǥ롥
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
Bloomfield, L. "OHG Eino, OE Ana = Solus." Curme Volume of Linguistic Studies. Language Monograph VII, Linguistic Soc. of America, Philadelphia 1930. 50--59.
ī Voicy heldio ˤ#1657. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-5) with Taku --- 饤ĶɲϤޤܥ֥Ǥ3ˤ⤷#6070. B&C 62 "The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary" (4) --- Taku ȤĶɲ ([2025-12-09-1]) ³ԤȤʤޤ
³إᥤȤ Taku ʳءˤοʹԤΤȡB&C 62κǸ3ʸäɤƤޤŪñ줬¿ƤսʤΤǡرѸ츻ŵ٤ʤɤʤɤٶˤʤϤǤ
ǤϡоݤαʸǺܤޤ礦Baugh and Cable, p. 82)
Finally, we may mention a number of words too miscellaneous to admit of profitable classification, like anchor, coulter, fan (for winnowing), fever, place (cf. market-place), spelter (asphalt), sponge, elephant, phoenix, mancus (a coin), and some more or less learned or literary words, such as calend, circle, legion, giant, consul, and talent. The words cited in these examples are mostly nouns, but Old English borrowed also a number of verbs and adjectives such as āspendan (to spend; L. expendere), bemūtian (to exchange; L. mūtāre), dihtan (to compose; L. dictāre), pīnian (to torture; L. poena), pīnsian (to weigh; L. pēnsāre), pyngan (to prick; L. pungere), sealtian (to dance; L. saltāre), temprian (to temper; L. temperāre), trifolian (to grind; L. trībulāre), tyrnan (to turn; L. tornāre), and crisp (L. crispus, 'curly'). But enough has been said to indicate the extent and variety of the borrowings from Latin in the early days of Christianity in England and to show how quickly the language reflected the broadened horizon that the English people owed to the church.
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) B&C ΤǤߤСޤޤĶɥפȤäƤ褤Ǥäڡ³ƤĤǤҳܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
Voicy heldio ˤ#1654. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-4) with Taku --- 饤ĶɲϤޤ127ˤθ˥饤dzŤĶɲͻҤϿΤΰǤ
˰³إᥤȤ Taku ʳءˤ˿ʹ̳Ƥ˥إᥤȿ̾ˤ⤪Ωޤޤǡī˭ǽ¤֤ᤴȤǤޤ꤬ȤޤĶɲԤ1Ⱦۤɡθο֤Ǥ1ĶȤĹǤ heldio/helwa ʣʬۿƤͽǤ
ơīۿǥСƤΤϡB&C 62θȾλϤޤȤʤ "But the church . . ." 4ʸǤʲˡоݤαʸǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 82)
But the church also exercised a profound influence on the domestic life of the people. This is seen in the adoption of many words, such as the names of articles of clothing and household use: cap, sock, silk, purple, chest, mat, sack;6 words denoting foods, such as beet, caul (cabbage), lentil (OE lent), millet (OE mil), pear, radish, doe, oyster (OE ostre), lobster, mussel, to which we may add the noun cook;7 names of trees, plants, and herbs (often cultivated for their medicinal properties), such as box, pine,8 aloes, balsam , fennel, hyssop, lily, mallow, marshmallow, myrrh, rue, savory (OE sæperige), and the general word plant. A certain number of words having to do with education and learning reflect another aspect of the church's influence. Such are school, master, Latin (possibly an earlier borrowing), grammatic(al), verse, meter, gloss, and notary (a scribe).
6 Other words of this sort, which have not survived in Modern English, are cemes (shirt), swiftlere (slipper), sūtere (shoemaker), byden (tub, bushel), bytt (leather bottle), cēac (jug), læfel (cup), orc (pitcher), and strǣl (blanket, rug).
7 Cf. also OE cīepe (onion, ll. cēpa), nǣp (turnip; L. nāpus), and sigle (rye, V.L. sigale).
8 Also sæppe (spruce-fir) and mōrbēam (mulberry tree).
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
˥塼ɤ硤Christchurch Х6֤ۤɤ Dunedin ظä椫ϡμʿΤįʤιϿޤƤߤȡΥ롼Ȥ쳤ߤϡѡפȸƤ֤ˤϤϤФΤΡˤ䤫¦ѶʤƤ롥ΤäΤΤ褦Ѷʤγߤϡbay ȤϤ鷺Ȥ bight ȸƤФ餷ʹˤΤʤñä¼ŵˤϡbay 礭Ԥפäŵϥȥꥢߤ礭ѶʤǡGreat Australian Bight ȸƤ֤餷礭ѤȤƤ¾ gulf Ȥñ⤢ꡤѸ
bight ȤñʹľΤϡbight Ȥϸ츻Ūˤ bay ο̤ʤΤȤȤgh y ϸűѸ٥Ǥϸߤ˰۷֤Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿
ȤرѸ츻ŵ٤ƤߤơޤäƤ줿츻˴ؤľиƤˤʤʤϤꤷä꼭Ĵ٤ƤߤʤСΤʤȤʬʤΤ
ޤϡ߿ bay Τۤ顥ϡ⤽ǤϤʤƥ baiam ͳ褷ťڥǤȯŸ bahia ťե baie ͳơѸ bai ȤƼѤ줿Polychronicon ˽ФƤ롥̤ä츻ˤĤƤԾܤǡθΤ褦Ǥ롥
ܤ bight ϡ<gh> ֻۤܳμ¤ͽ̤ۤꡤäűѸ byht ϡֶѡפ̣ѸˤʤäơֳߤѶѡפθȤƱȤƥɥĸ Bucht 䥪 bocht ꡤޥĸ *buχtiz ƷƤ롥˰캬 *bheug- "to bend" ̤ꡤϱѸΡ֤ʤˡפ̣ bow ФƤ롥
˸츻ŵĤʤȰääƤޤޤȤǤܵˤ heldio Ǥ⤢ޤ#1626. The Canterbury Bight ֥٥ѡסꤪİС
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
1025ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ71ȤƳ֤ޤơޤϡI --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפǤï⤬ΤĶܸǤʤ顤Ѹˤδ鸫ȡξñ I ϡû¿ΥɥޤŽ̤Ƥ뤳Ȥʬޤ
ιֺ¤ꡤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ؤѹȤʤꡤޤϥ饤ΤߤȤʤޤǤΥȤȤʤޤ¿ˤäտ夲ޤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1602. 1025īֺ¤ I --- 1;ñ̾ܡۿޤ hellog ˤơ#6021. 1025ڡˡīֺ¤ν1I --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪפ֤ޤ ([2025-10-21-1]) ƤƤޤ
1;ñ̾ I ˤϡޤ˱Ѹ˾βѲν̿ޤȤޤűѸ졤ñ ic ȤȤäƤޤѸѸˤƿβѲꡤη˷ҤäƤޤ
7ֺ¤Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲåƳˡѤˤȤ

ʤīֺ¤Υ16ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
#6013. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤6English --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-10-01-1])
μ8ϡ1129ڡˤˡtake --- ⤿餷ĶܸפꤷƳ֤ޤϰ³饤Τߤǡֻ֤ 15:30--17:00 ǤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤйǤ
ε#6307. New Zealand English ˤ봧μ¸ ([2025-11-06-1]) ³New Zealand English ʹħȯˤĤƼ夲롥Bauer (391) ˼Τ褦˵Ҥ롥
There is a small set of words such as known, thrown, which are regularly pronounced with two syllables, allowing distinctions between such pairs as groan/grown.
LPD äƤߤȡ줾ɸŪñȯμˡ§/ˈnəʊ ən/, §/ˈθrəʊ ən/, §/ˈgrəʊ ən/ 2ȯǺܤƤ롤LPD ˤ § ˤĤƤϡ"Pronunciations which are widespread among educated speakers of British English but which are not, however, considered to belong to RP (Received Pronunciation) are marked with the symbol §." (xix) ȤΤǡꥹѸǤRPȯȤƤϹʹΤΤ褦
2ȯ˻פ鷺ӹäƤޤΤϡ줬餯űѸŪȯͳѤǤ뤫űѸǤϾ嵭ưϤѲ7°ʬϤ줾 knāwen, þrōwen, grōwen Ȥʤ롥MED ѸθΤȡ2ܤ첻첻ĤäƤΤ⤢СĤäƤʤΤ⤢롥ʤȤѸʹߡñȯ2ȯ variants ȤƤԤʤƤȤʬ롥
űѸ줫1ǯλ֤ή졤¦ϤäƤ븽 NZE ˤơħŪ2ȯĤäƤȤΤϴ
Bauer L. "English in New Zealand." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 5. Ed. Burchfield R. Cambridge: CUP, 1994. 382--429.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
927ڡˤˡǯ٤ī㡼Υֺ˾äȤԻĤʱñ6ʲƴȤƤ3ˤɶˤƳ֤ޤơޤϡEnglish --- ƤñɤޤǤꤹפǤޤ߿ñǤ90ʬ뤳ȤǤۤ˭ʥȥԥåǤ
ֺ¤ȴϢơ Voicy heldio ˤ#1574. "English" ȤñˤĤƻפᤰ餻ȤϤޤ --- 927īֺ¡ۿޤ
6ֺ¤Ƥ markmap ˤޥɥޥåײޤʲåƳˡѤˤȤС

ʤīֺ¤Υ14ˤĤƤޥɥޥåפƤޤ
#5857. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤1she --- 츻䤨ʤ̾פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-05-10-1])
#5887. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤2through --- ޤ¿ֻͤĸפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-06-09-1])
#5915. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤3autumn --- ³ƤפޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-07-07-1])
#5949. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤4but --- Ĥ¿³פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-08-10-1])
#5977. 2025ǯ٤ī륷ֺ¤5guy --- ̾饫եʰ̣Ѳ뤲פޥɥޥåײƤߤޤ ([2025-09-07-1])
μ7ϡ1025ڡI --- 1;ñ̾ᤰʪꤷƳ֤ޤγϤȤʤ뤳βꡤֻ֤ 15:30--17:00饤ΤѹȤʤޤؿΤϡī㡼ɶθHPܺ٤ǧξ塤ߤйǤ
107ʲСˤ heldio ǤϤ khelf ˤνɾפ3#1591. νɾ by khelf ߷ --- ߷˧ͺˡαѸθ١ʸҡ2009ǯˡˤơquick Ȥƻ줬̣ѲȤδϢȤƤޤ
quick ϡ®Ф䤤פʤɤθܤǤ뤤ʸŪʶäơƤפθޤषθηƻθǡƤעȤƤ롤ӤӤƤעֵҤʡҴʡע®Ф䤤פΤ褦ʰ̣ŸéäȹͤޤOED ˤȡƤפϤȤ¿θǤ˸űѸ줫ߤޤäȤ߿Ǥ®Ф䤤פ1300ǯ˽ФƤޤ¿θˤΤʤؤΤ褦Ѥ߽ŤʤäƤƤꡤquick ŵŪ¿ηƻȤʤäƤΤǤ
quick ΤޤߤΤʤѤƤɽĤƤߤޤ礦ʸŪǤ the quick and the dead ȤСԤȻԡפǤƱɽȤ quick with child ǥơưƤˡפ⤢ޤquick water ϡήפۤɤΰ̣ǡquicksilver ϡήפʤֿפ̣ޤ
̾첽 the quick ϡֿФκǤҴʬפۤɤΰ̣顤Ȥ櫓֡ޤϤޤβפθޤֿޤפ cut a nail to the quick ʤɤɽޤ
quick ϸƤפե䶦ФΥᥫ˥Фơޤޤʰ̣߽ФƤޤŪʸ餳ιϤŸȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦
θ˴ؤ뤵ʤŸ縵θ츻ˤĤƤϡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å quickly ιܤ⤴
߷ ͧ ɹ δˡʡ 쵮 ءʹܶϡˡرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å١ҡ2025ǯ
Voicy heldio ǤϤ#1548. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-2) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary³Ԥīۿޤ#1573. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-3) with Taku --- ֱѸ˥饤2025פǤϵ913ڡˤֱѸ˥饤2025ˤơī7ۿǤϤΤǤ
ĶɲƱͤˡإᥤȤ Taku ʳءˤ˻ʲ̳ƤޤˤϡΤۤ̾ΥإᥤȤ⥮ȤƻäƤꡤīǮɲȤʤäƤޤ40ʬۤɤλ֤ơ18ʸۤɤɤ߿ʤޤ2ͤɤˤǮۤĤġҤդ礤С
ʲˡоݤαʸǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, pp. 81--82)
It is obvious that the most typical as well as the most numerous class of words introduced by the new religion would have to do with that religion and the details of its external organization. Words are generally taken over by one language from another in answer to a definite need. They are adopted because they express ideas that are new or because they are so intimately associated with an object or a concept that acceptance of the thing involves acceptance also of the word. A few words relating to Christianity such as church and bishop were, as we have seen, borrowed earlier. The Anglo-Saxons had doubtless plundered churches and come in contact with bishops before they came to England. But the great majority of words in Old English having to do with the church and its services, its physical fabric and its ministers, when not of native origin were borrowed at this time. Because most of these words have survived in only slightly altered form in Modern English, the examples may be given in their modern form. The list includes abbot, alms, altar, angel, anthem, Arian, ark, candle, canon, chalice, cleric, cowl, deacon, disciple, epistle, hymn, litany, manna, martyr, mass, minster, noon, nun, offer, organ, pall, palm, pope, priest, provost, psalm, psalter, relic, rule, shrift, shrive, shrive, stole, subdeacon, synod, temple, and tunic. Some of these were reintroduced later.
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
597ǯKent ˥ꥹȶ⤿餵줿аޤˤĤƤϡ#5444. űѸθʸɤ --- 597ǯɤǥꥹȶ۶Ϥޤ ([2024-03-23-1]) εǼ夲Ƥɻ˾塤ƱѸ˾塤ƽʽäȤäƤ褤
͡ʥѥȤäΤ1ĤϥꥹȶȤȤ˥ (Roman alphabet) Ƴ줿Ȥ衤ޥ̱²ϥȿ̴طˤä롼ʸ (runic script) äƤ˻ʸؤȾ괹ƤȤˤʤä
ΥμƤξħŪǯȤơ602ǯ뤳ȤǤ롥Lucas and Mulvey (19) "CANTERBURY --- The adoption of the Roman alphabet (602)" ꤹᤫ顤Ƭ3Ѥ롥
The Jutish kingdom of Kent is the first region of post-Roman Britannia to leave evidence of an organized realm. That is because Kent was the first area to be reconverted to Christianity. Sent by Pope Gregory, Augustine and fellow monks arrived in Canterbury in 597, bringing not only Christianity but also writing in the form of Roman script. In 602, King Ethelbert of Kent had the monks write down the laws of his people in that script.
Those laws, called 'dooms', had been brought to Kent from Continental Europe 150 years before. They are the first surviving example, in any Germanic language, of a legal document. They are the starting point of the Anglo-American common law and tradition. They are also of great importance in the history of the English language.
First, they show that within five years of the arrival of the Roman script, it had been adopted in place of the runic alphabet . . . . Second, they provide evidence of Kentish, a dialect of English that was to disappear altogether. Third, they are the beginning of regular and widespread written records in English, as the script of the dooms spread rapidly west and north.
Ȳ Ethelbert 602ǯˡΧǽȤΤθαѸΥѤˤȤäƷŪʽäȤˤʤ롥ˡˤδ˽פǯäȤʬ롥
ˤƤιᤤ®597ǯΤ5ǯΤȤǤ롥ϴְ㤤ʤꥹȶȤȤˤ⤿餵줿ΤʤΤ

Lucas, Bill and Christopher Mulvey. A History of the English Language in 100 Places. London: Robert Hale, 2013.
Voicy heldio ǤϤ#1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary³ԤīΥۿޤ
Ʊ621θȾʬBut ǻϤޤʬޤǤإᥤȤ Taku ʳءˤĶɤƤޤ21ʬۤɤλ֤ơä10Ⱦۤɤ߿ʤޤ2ͤΤ٤ꡤߡɤˤǮۤäƤйǤ
оݤαʸ夲սޤƷǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 81) Ķɤˤդ礤
62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
From the introduction of Christianity in 597 to the close of the Old English period is a stretch of more than 500 years. During all this time Latin words must have been making their way gradually into the English language. It is likely that the first wave of religious feeling that resulted from the missionary zeal of the seventh century, and that is reflected in intense activity in church building and the establishing of monasteries during this century, was responsible also for the rapid importation of Latin words into the vocabulary. The many new conceptions that followed in the train of the new religion would naturally demand expression and would at times find the resources of the language inadequate. But it would be a mistake to think that the enrichment of the vocabulary that now took place occurred overnight. Some words came in almost immediately, others only at the end of this period. In fact, it is fairly easy to divide the Latin borrowings of the Second Period into two groups, more or less equal in size but quite different in character. The one group represents words whose phonetic form shows that they were borrowed early and whose early adoption is attested also by the fact that they had found their way into literature by the time of Alfred. The other contains words of a more learned character first recorded in the tenth and eleventh centuries and owing their introduction clearly to the religious revival that accompanied the Benedictine Reform. It will be well to consider them separately.
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1]) äڡǤ³ƤޤܽꤷĶɤˤդ礤С

ī Voicy heldio #1546. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (62-1) The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the VocabularyۿޤإᥤȤ Taku ʳءˤȤȤˡפ֤ Baugh and Cable Ķɲޤ1֤ۤǮɽȤʤޤ1ְʾɤ߿ʤΤ621ΤߤǤ˭ɲλ֤ heldio ϿƤޤͻҤԤȸԤ2ʬơheldio Ȥۿޤ
62ǤϡűѸŪᤤˤƥ줫θŪƶˤĤơȤȤƤޤɤ̣臘ȤȤˡ2ͤΤ٤ڤߤʤ顤űѸȥƥδط˻פڤƤߤƤ
īۿоݤȤʬΥƥȡBaugh and Cable, p. 81) ʲ˷ǺܤޤΤǡĶɤˤդ礤С
62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
From the introduction of Christianity in 597 to the close of the Old English period is a stretch of more than 500 years. During all this time Latin words must have been making their way gradually into the English language. It is likely that the first wave of religious feeling that resulted from the missionary zeal of the seventh century, and that is reflected in intense activity in church building and the establishing of monasteries during this century, was responsible also for the rapid importation of Latin words into the vocabulary. The many new conceptions that followed in the train of the new religion would naturally demand expression and would at times find the resources of the language inadequate.
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץĴ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

إᥤȤ ykagata HatenaBlog ŸƤ֥ blog.heartyfluid --- ٶ뤳Ȥɤˤơ֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸפꤹ̥ŪʥϤƤ롥ޤǤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥å a/an, baby, cake, dad/daddy, each 夲5ĤεƤꡤA to Z ˤ롥ʱ礷Ƥޤ
811Ƥ줿2֡رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ˤĤƳؤ֥ɥĸ #2 babyꡤñ baby ¾ؤŸͻҤ⤷ɤǤ;̡ޥĸ *barną ֤פˤĤơפ1ܤαޤä֤פžơֻҶפ̣褦ˤʤäñȤơ*barną ΤΤϡɸɥĸǤϻĤäƤʤȤǤϡष *kiną Ϥ Kind ̲ȤΤȤȤɥġȥꥢΰǤϡ*barną Bua ʾǯˤ Bar/Bärn ʻҡˤѤƤȤ
ѸˤؤǤȡǥԥȤ롥űѸǡֻҶ¹פ̣ѽи̾ bearn ΤȤOED ˤȡθѸǤϼ barn Ȥ¸³ʤθˤϸťΥɸƱ줬ͿƤǽˤɸѸˤϤۤȤɻĤʤäåȥɤǤ bairn ηˤ̤ƻѤ³Ǥ̤ѤƤ롥ɸѸǤ1700ǯ衤ʸظȤ bairn Ȥ˸뤬ϥåȥɸˡμѤȲ᤹Τ褵
ɥĸˤƤѸˤƤ⡤ֻҶפ̣֤˱ƳƤȤΤ⤷ưʪͷӤθդʤɡҶŪ˹Τ̾ˤФ䤹Ȥ뤬ֻҶפȤ줽ΤΤˤΤ
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)#1501. ּεפ̣臘űѸʸ --- Helvillian 7ǺܡϽؤˤտȤεǤޤϲ hellog ȤƤҲ𤷤ʤФʤʤȻפɮäƤޤhellog/heldio ǤϤäꤪߤǡԤ줿رѸ츻ϥɥ֥å٤ǤܶϼԤȤ¿ʹƤäؤϽä٤ƥĤˤƤޤ
Helvillian ϡheldio ꥹʡ֤ͭˤäĤƤ륦֥ޥǡ628˺ǿȤʤ7椬Ƥޤʡ#5911. ַ Helvillian 7椬ޤ ([2025-07-03-1]) ȡˡýϡָűѸϤ⤦פȤѸ˥եˤϼ¤̥ŪʤǤýˤꡤԽűѸ츦Ȥ뾮ϤΩƤΤϡΤȤäޤơδԤ˾Ϥ120%ƤޤƤ줿ּε̣臘űѸʸΡפϡޤȤμˤ밵ΥƥĤǤ
εϡǤǤͭ̾ʵʸǤ Lord's Prayer ּεפȤƤޤñ˸űѸҲ𤷡ʸˡŪʲܤȤäŪƤˤȤɤޤΤǤϤޤűѸɽ2ͤΰʻʸȡÆlfric Wulfstan ĤּεפΥðǰӤξԤʸΡҤƤϻۤΰ㤤ޤǤ䤫դФȤˤŪĥͤȤʤäƤޤ줳ѸˤѸʸؤθΥƥĤǤ
Ælfric Wulfstan ϡƱ˳ʤ⡤ʸΤоŪǤÆlfric ϡȤСֶŪפʸϤդȤƤޤϤܤƤ Wulfstan ϡƬ (alliteration) Ʊȿ¿Ѥߤ褦ʥꥺİδľʤ롤ǮŪⶵΤƤޤϤεϡ2ͤʸΤκּۤεפȤû귿ʸˤ˿ǻȿǤƤ뤫Ū˲Ƥˤޤä Wulfstan ΥƥȤˤߤˡ䶯ĴɽʬϤϡϤθοĺǤꡤɤǤŪʶʳؤޤ
εΤ˶ä٤ŦȻפޤι⤵ˤ⤫餺ŰƬŰ heldio ꥹʡ濴ȤѸˤγؽԤɼԤȤƶռʿפʬ䤹դǽƤǤƳȤܸѸ⤭ߤʹɼԤűѸؤͶäƤޤ桤űѸLINE˸ڤ褦ͷӿ˺Ƥޤ
嵭 heldio ۿǤϡ90ʬ180ʬعֵɤŨͤפȽҤ٤ޤ褷ƸĥǤϤޤۤɤμι⤤ƥĤïǤ⥢ǤǸƤȤΤϡ˾ιȤäƤ褤ǤïƤʤ⤷ޤ˿ʤȤǤ
Helvillian ϻ䤬ľܴؤäƤ륦֥ޥǤϤޤݤ˻Ʊ礷Ƥ뻨Ǥΰ̣ǡϤ Helvillian ؤκΤƤ˴פޤ꤬Ȥޤ

1٤ΤפΤΤ餻Ǥ628ط Helvillian 〜ϥѸˡ٤2025ǯ79ָޤhellog ɼԤˤϤ⤦ߤΤȤȻפޤhelwa ΥС֤ͭ note Ƥ hel (helkatsu) η֥ޥǤϴ餢äȤ֤9뤳Ȥˤʤޤ̤Ȥ˽¤Υ饤ʥåפǤäꤪɤߤäꤪڤߤ
ɽΤϡcamin һäɤ̿ǤŤʥɤʤ顤إᥤȤγǮפäƤޤ
ýϡָűѸϤפǤűѸʹȡȤäĤˤȴ⤤뤫⤷ޤѸȤϰۤʤʸʸˡĸǤ顤ǤýɤСα̥ϤʬȻפޤűѸƧɤˤʤϤǤ
Ȥ櫓ܤƤΤϡheldio/helwa Ǥ⤪ߤϽʾءˤˤ̴ƤǤּ֡εפ̣臘űѸʸΡꤹ1ԡűѸȤˤűѸҲǤΤǡؤŤǤ
ޤֿ衡Ѹ츻ϥɥ֥åפܤǤرѸ츻ϥɥ֥åȯ618ΤȤǤäơإᥤȤδ֤Ǥϡ֥ϥɥ֥åˤϤ줳뤫⤷ʤʤ⤷ʤפȤͽͷӤ깭ƤޤͷӤ˴ؤ뵭ȤޤȤΤοΥǤ
Τۤˤ¿̤ʵʸܤǤǤ٤ƤҲ𤹤뤳ȤϤǤޤƼԤΤ̾Ƥޤ礦ari umisio camin 夵Grace פäĤߤȤmozhi gengo Taku ʶˡlacolaco ~ߤLilimi Ǥ
Helvillian ϡhelwa γȯʥߥ˥ƥưλʪǤꡤֱѸˤδ֤ˡϤȤɸ϶䤷ʤƤ¸ߤǤhelwa ˻äƤ볧γưͻҤˤĤƤϡ Voicy ץߥꥹʡۿֱͥѸˤ (helwa)ΥСˤʤꡤȤȤİС
Helvillian ΥХåʥСΥڡˤޤȤޤäƤޤhellog helvillian ΤĤƵ⤪Ǥ
βƤ helǮǤhellog ɼԤγˤϡҺǿ Helvillian ƤФȻפޤ
Helvillian 7ˤĤƤϡVoicy heldio Ǥ⤴Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ#1494. Helvillian 7椬 --- űѸϤ⤦⤪İ

heldio/helwa ΥꥹʡǤפäĤ1֤ۤ note ǸƤGemini ȸűѸɤϡˤȤäƾŪǤǿAIѡʺ Geminiˤޤǿʹ֤ˤۤɤԲķȻפƤűѸؽΤ줫ʤĤĤ븽¤ޤޤȸĤ줿Ǥ
ɤޤä줿ΤϡAI٤ι⤵ǤȤƼޤ줿űѸΥƥȡʡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡˤ˴ޤޤ æ þ ȤäüʸAIʤƥȲȤˡפäĤAI䤤ʤ鵿äƤͻҤϡޤ˰ǤפäĤΡAIȤʤɤ뤫פȤľŪ椷ޤΤ褦ʤȤޤᤤʳǸ¤ΤΤȤʤȤϡľʤȤפޤǤ
פäĤΡѤФ볫줿ˤⴶäޤ̤ΤΰǤűѸˡAIѶŪ˳ѤʤӹǤõ濴ϡԤλˤȤäƤ礤˻ɷȤʤޤAIȤä̤̾γѲưγѤȤäűѸʸˡƤäƤͻҤΤ餳餫äƤޤäʣ ġedæġhwāmlīcan ι¤AIȶ˲Ƥˤϡޤޤ
ΤפäĤ note ϡѸˤȤ伫ȤΩ֤ˤĤƤͤޤޤDZѸˤűѸθԤϡŪμи褫ơʬα̥ϤƤȤ餬ޤAIۤɤ٤dzؽԤε뤳ȤǤΤǤСԤϺɤΤ褦ˤʤäƤΤǤ礦
פäĤθűѸؽθ̤ɤˤĤAIϤϤñʤġǤϤʤǤ˳ؽԤΥڡ˹碌μǤͥʲդǤȤäƤǤϤޤˡʸŪطʤʤɡߤAIμǤªʤ¦̤¸ߤǤ礦ŪʸˡνȤäŪʳ˴ؤ¤ꡤAIƸŪʽÿͤȤʤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤʤޤ
ؽ顤ˤơ餫ηAIϤڤꤺˤȤϡդʤʤǤ礦פʤΤϡAIŪʲͤ¤˰Ф꿼ΨŪʳؤӤ¸ˡϺ뤳Ȥȹͤޤ
פäĤΡGemini ȸűѸɤץϡޤˤβǽΤǤꡤαѸˤγؽ顦Τͤǡ˽פʵŤȤʤޤޤεѳȤ˾٤뤳ȤʤAIȤοʶƯˡõᤷƤȹͤƤޤAIȤƻˤ䤿줫ɤΤ褦ʿڤ곫ƤΤڤߤǤ
ʰʲ嵭2025/05/29(Thu)
Ʊݤ heldio ۿ⤪ϤޤפäĤˤб餷ƤƤ̲Ǥ֡#1460. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ᤰ뻨 --- ϿĤסꤪİ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡҡ1986ǯ
ƱνʼʷءˤȱĤƤ YouTube ֤Τۤإͥϡ§Ȥ轵θ6˺ǿۿƤޤ¿ˤƤޤ꤬ȤޤޤǸطϤΥͥȤƾΤ褦ˤʤäƤޤʥͥϿԤܲ1.42͡ˡ
1ۿ줿#333. ѲȤѲƤʤȤ⤷˸ءפΤۤ褯İƤޤ20ʬۤɤưǤҤİС
βΥơޤϡܥ֥Ǥ濴Ū˼夲ƤѲ (language_change) ǤϾɤưȤȤˤλѤѤƤޤΰǡѲʤǤ¸ߤޤưǤϡθѲΥʥߥȡα˾Ƥޤ
ޤѲθѤ˸ (historical_linguistics) ˤŪʻҲ𤷤ƤޤŪˡ˸ؤϡܤˤɤªƤޤˤªǽפʤΤϡѲݤǤʤϢʤȼѤƤĤޤѤʤäݤˤܤ뤳ȤǤޤ
Ҳʸ礭ưݤˡޤƶȯƤꡤäޤ줿ꡤ¸θΰ̣Ѥäꡤ뤤ʸˡѲꤷޤΰǡҲѲˤ⤫餺ηݻ³ܤ¸ߤޤưǤϡΡѲפνˤĤơŪʤŸޤ
ä˶̣Ȥƴñ˿줿ΤѸˤ God ȤñǤűѸɤ˥ꥹȶƩǡ¿ΥꥹȶϢѸ줬ƥ줫ƳޤֿפȤǤ⺬Ūʳǰɽ魯ñϡбƥ deus ڤʤɤǤϤʤޥ쵯 god Ĥޤʤ¾¿Ѹ줬ƥˤä֤줿ˤ⤫餺ñˤĤƤϸ˻ޤǤηݤ³ƤΤǤ礦䤤õ뤳Ȥϡñʤ츻ˤȤɤޤޤ춦ƱΤʸˤȤߤǤ⤢ޤʲ˴ϢƤޤ
#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#865. ѸƤˤΰϲ ([2011-09-09-1])
#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ ([2013-10-02-1])
#2663. ֥ץѡפȡ֤äĤѡ (1) ([2016-08-11-1])
#3382. ͤסޥꥢִѲסѥ饤ֶ˳ڡפ ([2018-07-31-1])
ưǤϡ¾ˤ⡤ԡѲظˤϳؤˤĤƿƤޤϡήΤ褦˾ѲƤޤˤϡĶѤʤפΤ褦Ǥ¸ߤƤΤǤѲȤݤ¿ŪªǤΤǤйǤ
528ˡkhelfʷѸ˥եˤζΤȡheldio ˤϽؤʾءX @scunogawaˤȤȤˡֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥåפ饤ǤϤޤͻҤȤƤǤ YouTube ǤǸƤ뤳Ȥϡε#5851. ֱѸ˴ؤѤʵ ܥΥå --- GW with ϽؤפΥ YouTube ۿޤ ([2025-05-04-1]) Ǥ̤Ǥ٤ heldio ΥȤƤۿޤǽʬȤʤİȤϡ#1439. Ѹ˴ؤѤʵ䡡ܥΥå --- GW with Ͻؤꤴİ褯Ԥ65ʬۤɤĹǤ
ܥΥåǼ夲Ѥʵ15濫ޤ5ܡԤ26ʬ18դ꤫ˤܤޤμݤȤƤϡ괧 an/a λȤʬan apple vs. a penˤθݤϡꥷͳƬ an-/a- θݤƱǤפȤΤǤԤΤι٤ʻŦˤषٶˤʤäݡϤȥ饤Ǥ줿̤Ǥ
Ĵ٤ƤߤȡΤξԤˤơan- ŪˤηǤǤ첻ʤ뤤 hˤǻϤޤǤ³ˤϡؤˤǤ n æa- Ȥ۷֤ѤƤޤ줤ʿŪȤޤ
Webster μ3Ǥ˽ A Dictionary of Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms ˤȡꥷͳƬ a-, an- ˤĤƼΤ褦˵Ҥޤ
2a- or an- prefix [L & Gk; L a-, an-, fr. Gk --- more at UN-]: not: without <achromatic> <asexual> --- used chiefly with words of Gk or L origin; a- before consonants other than h and sometimes even before h, an- before vowels and usu. before h <ahistorical> <anesthesia> <anhydrous>
ΤʤǼƤ̤ꡤΥꥷͳƬϡѸƬ un- ȤƱǤ롥ĤǤƱŵ un- ιܤƤ
1un- prefix [ME, fr. OE; akin to OHG un- un-, ON ō, ū-, Goth un-, L in-, Gk a-, an-, Skt a-, an- un-, OE ne not]
űѸ꼭 ne ⤳ƱǤ뤫顤ĤޤȤ not, never, no ʤɤȤ̤뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ƤѤʵ䤫ŸǤؤٶˤʤޤ
Ҳ𤷤ŤѸȤ̾⤤ظűѸ졦Ѹ١2ǡˤ p. 12 ˡּѲ̾ ēage 'eye' ēare 'ear' 2ǤפȿƤꡤēage ζɽΤ褦˵Ƥ롥
| ēage (n.) 'eye' | ||
| ñ | ʣ | |
| 硦г | ēage (-e) | ēagan (-an) |
| ° | ēagan (-an) | ēagena (-ena) |
| Ϳ | ēagan (-an) | ēagum (-um) |
The only invariably weak neuters are ēage eye, ēare ear; wange, cheek (also þunwange), can be weak, but has also strong forms partly masc., partly fem.: g.s. wonges, d.s. -wange, n.p. wangas, -wonge, -wonga, g.p. -wonga; so (þun)wenġe, a strong form, has weak inflexion, d.s. -wenġan.
űѸѲ̾ϡΤˤϡܡפȡּפȡˡפ3ȤäȤ
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡҡ1986ǯ
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

ܸǽ줿űѸ졦ѸζܤȤŪ̾ܤǤܥ֥Ǥ⤿ӤܽȡѤƤޤǤȤʤäƤޤΤǸŽŹۤǤǤޤǤ1955ǯǤμ̿2Ǥ1986ǯΤΤǤ
1955ǯΡ֤Ϥ (vi) ǡԲϼΤ褦˽Ƥޤ
錄ܿͤȤƤϤɤޤǤ⸽Ѹθ˽Ť֤٤ǤꡤڤѸθϫ¿ƸΤǤȿԤǤ뤬ŪΩˤƤϸŤαѸΤʴŪɬפʤΤǤ뤫顤Ԥ̤αѸ츦Ԥˤ⻲ͤˤʤ褦˽ĤǤ롥
˴ؿΤͤ˼äߤȤ褦ʥåɤޤʤΡϫ¿ƸפȤΤդˤĤƤϡѨۤʤָʤפȤϤʤȡϹͤƤޤʡϫ¿ơפƱաˡ
ŤѸȤƤޤɤ߷ѤƤܤȻפΤǡʲܼƤޤ (vii--viii)
Ϥ
Ϥ2ǡ
űѸ
I. ֤ȯ
II.
II. ˡ
IV. űѻˤĤ
TEXTS
I. From the Gospels of St. Matthew
II. Early Britain
III. The Coming of the English
IV. Alfred's War with the Danes
V. Orpheus and Eurydice
VI. Pope Gregory
VII. Apollonius of tyre
VIII. Beowulf
XI. The Riddles
X. Deor
Ѹ
I. Ѹ
II. Ѹβ
II. Ѳ
TEXTS
I. Peterborough Chronicle
II. The Ormulum
III. Ancrene Wisse
IV. The Owl and the Nightingale
V. Havelok the Dane
VI. Richard Rolle of Hampole
VII. The Bruce
VIII. The Pearl
XI. Piers the Plowman
X. Geoffrey Chaucer
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
GLOSSARY TO THE TEXTS
(1) OE
(2) OE
ʤߤˡʤΥߥܽҲ𤹤뤳ȤˤʤäΤˤĤƤ1 heldio ۿ#1429. űѸ졦ѸؤӤʤޤ͡ --- ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡ1986ǯˡİС
Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡҡ1986ǯ
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