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oe - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2015-04-16 Thu

#2180. ѸμɤƤޤűѸʸ [oe][hel_education]

ʲϡMitchell and Robinson A Guide to Old English (179) ˷ǺܤƤ롤ѸȤƤۤܤΤޤɤűѸʸϤǤ롥

Harold is swift. His hand is strong and his word grim. Late in līfe hē went tō his wīfe in Rōme.
Is his inn open? His cornbin is full and his song is writen.
Grind his corn for him and sing mē his song.
Hē is dēad. His bed is under him. His lamb is dēaf and blind. Hē sang for mē.
Hē swam west in storme and winde and froste.
Bring ūs gold. Stand ūp and find wīse men.


ǯ٤νμȤǸűѸƳĤǾʸϤ򸫤ȡ˸򾷤ȤˤʤѸȤǤäʸˡǶˤǤäʸϤǤꡤºݤˤϡۤȤɰ´ʤɤƤޤΤ褦ʸűѸʸ˽в񤦵Ϥޤȸ虜ʤűѸȸѸ줬ǯʾλ֤ƤϢʤȤĤʤäƤ뤳ȤϡʸϤ餫Ǥ롥ϤꡤѸϱѸǤ롥
³ơܤϸѸȤΥƤ뤬¿θűѸȯ§ؤȯƤߤȸѸζˤ褽̤褽ǽȤűѸʸ򸫤Ƥߤ褦 (Mitchell and Robinson 179--80)

Is his þeġn hēr ġīet?
His līnen socc fēoll ofer bord in þæt wæter and scranc.
Hwǣr is his cȳþþ and cynn?
His hring is gold, his disc glæs, and his belt leðer.
Se fisc swam under þæt scip and ofer þone sciellfisc.
His ċicen ran from his horsweġe, ofer his pæð, and in his ġeard.
Se horn sang hlūde: hlysten wē!
Se cniht is on þǣre brycge.
Sēo cwēn went from þǣre ċiriċe.
Hēo siteþ on þǣre benċe.
God is gōd.
Þis trēow is æsc, ac þæt trēow is āc.
Hē wolde begān wiċċecræft, and hē began swā tō dōnne.
Fuhton ȝē manlīċe oþþe mānlīċe?
His smiððe is þām smiðe lēof.


ǯ٤θűѸؼԤΤߤʤ󡤶ɬפϤޤ

Mitchell, Bruce and Fred C. Robinson. A Guide to Old English. 8th ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-27-1]

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2015-04-08 Wed

#2172. űѸƳ³ [oe][conjunction][preposition][syntax][case]

Mitchell and Robinson (83--86) ꡥƳ³󤹤롥Non-prepositional conjunctions Prepositional conjunctions ʬ롥ޤԤ顥

[ Non-prepositional conjunctions ]

ǣr"before"
būtan"but, except that, unless"
gif"if"
hwonne"when"
nefne, nemne"unless"
"now that"
"until"
sam . . . sam"whether . . . or"
siþþan"after, since"
swā þæt"so that"
swelce"such as"
þā"when"
þā hwīle þe"as long as, while"
þanon"whence"
þǣr"where"
þæs"after"
þæt"that, so that"
þēah"although"
þenden"while''
þider"whither"
þonne"whenever, when, then"
þȳlǣs (þe)"lest"


Prepositional conjunctions ΰϡֻθ þæt Ŭڤʳʷ³ơʤѲ subordinating particle þe 뤤Ѳ þæt ³Ȥ⤢ˡΤ³ȤƵǽΤǤ롥for ˤȤСfor þǣm, for þam, for þan, for þon, for þy, for þi, for þæm þe, forþan þæt ʤɡѤ롥

[Prepositional conjunctions]

æfter + dat., inst.Adv. and conj. "after".
ǣr + dat., inst.Adv. and conj. "before".
betweox + dat., inst.Conj. "while".
for + dat., inst.Adv. "therefore" and Conj. "because, for". For alone as a conj. is late.
mid + dat., inst.Conj. "while, when".
+ acc.Conj. "up to, until, as far as" defining the temporal or local limit. It appears as oþþe, oþþæt, and oð ðone fyrst ðe "up to the time at which".
+ dat., inst.Conj. "to this end, that" introducing clauses of purpose with subj. and of result with ind.
+ gen.Conj. "to the extent that, so that".
wiþ + dat., inst.Conj. lit. "against this, that". It can be translated "so that", "provided that", or "on condition that".


Ϣơ³űѸֻˤĤơ#30. űѸֻȳʡ ([2009-05-28-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Mitchell, Bruce and Fred C. Robinson. A Guide to Old English. 8th ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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2015-01-10 Sat

#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won [verb][conjugation][inflection][vowel][oe][homorganic_lengthening][sobokunagimon]

ѸԵ§Ѥ򼨤ư졤ä˸촴첻 ( Ablaut or gradation ) ˤʬư¿ϡŪʶѲưͳ褹롥űѸǤϸѸ¿ư줬Ѳư°ƤꡤȾޤǤ˼Ѳʵ§ѡˤذܹԤ뤫뤤ѸȤʤäưΤ붯ܹԤˤˤĤƤϡ#178. ưε§Ѳά ([2009-10-22-1]) #527. Ե§Ѳưε§®٤ٻɸ2ȿ㤹? ([2010-10-06-1]) #528. ˵§ư wed !? ([2010-10-07-1])#764. ѸưѤ3Ĥʬˡ ([2011-05-31-1])#1287. ưζܹԤ١ ([2012-11-04-1]) ʤɤε򻲾Ȥ줿
ơѸˤޤʤ館ѲưϡѤλˤäɸ drink--drank--drunk Τ褦ABC win--won--won Τ褦ABBʤɡĤμ˶ʬ뤬϶ѸʸɸѸˤƳΩΤȹͤƤ褤#492. ѸζѲưɤ ([2010-09-01-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡǤϤޤʬ첻ɤ򼨤ΤʤʤäߤǤޤɸѼǤϰۤʤ첻Ѥ줿ꤹ롥
drink win γѥפΰ㤤Ѹ˸ɤεϡűѸζѲưˤ1ʡñפȤˤ2ʡʣפȤˤ2ब̤Ƥ¤ˤ롥#42. űѸˤϲθ촴ढä ([2009-06-09-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡưϼοȿ;Τ˱2ĤΰۤʤäƤdrink ǤС -- 1 -- 2 -- ʬνˡdrincan -- dranc -- druncon -- druncen Τ褦˳Ѥwin ˤĤƤ winnan -- wann -- wunnon -- wunnen ȳѤʤѼ׷ (principal parts) ȸƤ֡ˡȤѸʸ塤ηΤδάĬήȼưβ2η֤̤뵡򸺤餷ƤäĤƤ12Τ줫ͥȤʤͣβȤƵǽƤȤˤʤäβʾʣǤꡤѸޤǤ˷֤夻㤷ɤ򼨤Ŀͺư¿ädrink Ϥޤ1 dranc ͳ褹֤ɸѸβȤ夹뤳Ȥˤʤꡤwin ˤĤƤϤޤ2 wunnan η֡ʸ won ֤ /wʌn/ ȯˤͳ褹֤Ѥ줿ȤȤǤ롥
12Τ줬Ѥ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫ŤװǤʤdrincan winnan °붯Ѳ3¾ưˤĤĴ٤Ƥߤȡdrinkcan Τ褦˸1Ѥ줿Τˤ hringan, scrincan, sincan, singan, springan, swimmanwinnan Τ褦2Τ줿Τˤ clingan, spinnan, stingan, wringan 롥ɸѼǤϲ̤첻ķ֤Ѥ륱⾯ʤʤ㤨Сsing βɸѼǤ sang ɸѼ sung Ѥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ޤspin βɸѼǤ spun ʳѼǤ span ⤢ꤦ롤ʴꡤp. 76ˡ
ʤbindan, findan, grindan, windan ⶯Ѳ3ưǡ2Ѥ줿פǤ (ex. bound, found, ground, wound) 첻ϡѸƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ˤĹʤꡤ˸첻 (gvs) ˤ2첻 /aʊ/ Ĥ˻äƤǡwinnan ΥפȤϾۤʤ벻Ūаޤéä

ͺرѸˡ3ǡ̿2013ǯ

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2014-08-24 Sun

#1945. űѸΥƥѤλʬ [typology][loan_word][latin][oe][christianity][borrowing][statistics]

#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1]) ³ơűѸΥƥѸꡥűѸˤƥѸοϡˤ뤬ɴĤȤ롥򻲾Ȥ Miller (53) ϡο600--700ĤۤɤȸѤäƤ롥

Old English had some 600--700 loanwords from Latin, about 500 of which are common to Northwest Germanic . . ., and 287 of which are ultimately from Greek, seventy-nine via Christianity . . . .


ĿȤȤ˳ꤷΤϤ줾μѸμǯǤ롥[2013-04-03-1]εǤϡSerjeantson ˽äƼǯ (i) Φ塤(ii) c. 450--c. 650, (iii) c. 650--c. 1100 3ʬƼ¿ԤˤäƺѤƤŪʻʬǤ롥ȤۤܽŤʤ뤬4μѤȤäʲ4ʬƤƤ롥

(1) continental borrowings
(2) insular borrowings during the settlement phase [c. 450--600]
(3) borrowings [600+] from christianization
(4) learned borrowings that accompanied and followed the Benedictine Reform [c10e]

4ʬ򤵤˺٤ Dennis H. Green (Language and History in the Early Germanic World. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.) ˤʬ⤢ꡤMiller (54) Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥줾ħˤĤ Miller Ѥ˴ñդ

(1a) an early continental phase, when the Angles and Saxons were in Schleswig-Holstein (contact with merchants) and on the North Sea littoral as far as the mouth of the Ems (direct contact with the Romans)
ϾʤȤƾȸ줬¿ޤξʡƻʤɡwine ŵ㡥
(1b) a later continental period, when the Angles and Saxons had penetrated to the litus Saxonicum (Flanders and Normandy)
饤ϸǥ޿ͤȤľܿƼѤ줿Ȼפ street, tile ŵ㡥
(2a) an early phase, featuring possible borrowing via Celtic
λ°ȻפϡꥢäƤ¯ƥȲŪ˰פƤꡤ֥ƥǤμѤɤϵ路Ȥ⤤롥
(2b) a later phase, with loans from the continental Franks as part of their influence across the Channel, especially on Kent
(3) begins "with the coming of Augustine and his 40 companions in 597, and possibly even at an earlier date, with the arrival of Bishop Liudhard in the retinue of Queen Bertha of Kent in the 560s"
λμѸϸűѸβѲۤȤɼʤǡ¾λΤΤȰۤʤäƤ롥¿϶ƥѸǤ롥
(4) of a learned nature, culled from classical Latin texts, and differ little from the classical written form

ºݤˤϡޤǺ٤ȤꤷƤ⡤Ѹ򤤤ȤˤϤ٤οäƷ褹뤳Ȥ񤷤continental insular Ȥ绨ĤʬǤ񤷤ۣ early later 餤դȤȤ⾯ʤʤ

Miller, D. Gary. External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance. Oxford: OUP, 2012.

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2014-07-07 Mon

#1897. "futhorc" acrostic [runic][word_play][acronym][oe][alphabet][alliteration]

#1875. acrostic ޶ ([2014-06-15-1]) εǡѸܸ줫 acrostic ʤͷӤߤűѸˤ acrostic λ롥The Rune Poem ȸƤФ6ᤫʤǡγʸФȡ󥰥ϥ롼ʸ켰θƾΤǤ "FUÞORC" Ȥñ줬⤫Ӿ夬ʡ#1006. 롼ʸѼ ([2012-01-28-1]) 򻲾ȡˡCrystal (13) ꡤThe Rune Poem ̣ɤ褦ƻԤƬ (alliteration) ⵬§ŪǤ롥

Feoh byþ frofur   fira gehwylcum---Wealth is a joy to every man---
sceal ðeah manna gehwylc   miclun hyt dælan  but every man must share it well
gif he wile for Drihtne   domes hleotan.  if he wishes to gain glory in the sight of the Lord.
  
Ur byþ anmod 7 oferhyrned,Aurochs is fierce, with gigantic horns,
felafrecne deor,   feohteþ mid hornum,  a very savage animal, it fights with horns,
mære morstapa:   þæt is modig wuht!  a well-known moor-stepper: it is a creature of courage!
  
Þorn byþ ðearle scearp,   ðegna gehwylcumThorn is very sharp, harmful to every man
anfeng ys yfyl,   ungemetun reþe  who seizes it, unsuitably severe
manna gehwylcun   ðe him mid resteð.  to every man who rests on it.
  
Os byþ ordfruma   ælcre spræce,Mouth is the creator of all speech,
wisdomes wraþu   and witena frofur  a supporter of wisdom and comfort of wise men,
and eorla gehwam   eadnys and tohiht.  and a blessing and hope to every man.
  
Rad byþ on recyde   rinca gehwylcumJourney is to every warrior in the hall
sefte, and swiþhwæt   ðam ðe sitteþ onufan  pleasant, and bitingly tough to him who sits
meare mægenheardum   ofer milpaþas.  on a mighty steed over the mile-paths.
  
Cen byþ cwicera gehwam   cuþ on fyre,Torch is to every living thing known by its fire;
blac and beorhtlic,   byrneþ oftust  bright and brilliant, it burns most often
ðær hi æþelingas   inne restaþ.  where the princes take their rest within.


Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

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2014-01-01 Wed

#1710. of yore [etymology][oe][vowel]

쿷ǯǯܥ֥³Ƥޤꤤޤ
New Year ˤʤǡyear ȴϢʤ⤷ʤ˸θ츻ˤĤơɸ of yore ϡΤΡΤϡפ̣Ǥ롥Τ褦˷ƻŪ뤤ŪѤ롥

This was once a Roman road in days of yore.
The great composers of yore performed for kings and queens.
But Satan now is wiser than of yore.


yore ϡűѸ gēar (year) ʣ°ʷ gēara ͳ褹Ȥ롥°ʤŪǽ̤ΤǡֲǯΡפȤ̣ΤȲᤵƤ롥yore ñȤǤȤƤˡϸűѸ줫餢ꡤ1613ǯǸѤȤʤä̾ȤƤ ?c1350 ˽Ф餿°ʤˡȿǤΤ褦 of yore 礬ޤ졤ߤޤ³Ƥʸڤ a1375 ˡ
θ츻ϲŪˤ񤬤褦ˤߤ롥űѸʣ°ʷ *geāra ǤФθβѲˤĤʤ뤬ºݤˤ gēara ǤϤʤäSkeat (Principles 55fn) ϡ"The A.S. ge-, as occurring here before á, represents the sound of mod. E. y; at any rate, it did so in late A.S." ȲᤷƤꡤȤȤβ2첻 (falling diphthong) 徺2첻 (rising diphthong) ѲȤߤƤ롥ƱͤˡKlein gēara geāra µơξȤʸűѸǤȤߤʤƤ롥ˡBarnhart geāra "variant" ȤߤʤƤ롥Partridge ⤳θ츻äǧƤʤ
OED yore, adv. (and adj.) Ǥϡ츻ˤĤ "Old English geára, also geáre, geáro, adverbial formations of obscure origin." ȤƤꡤ"year" ȤδϢˤĤƤϸڤ򤱤Ƥ롥Oxford Ϥθ츻ŵϡƱͤ "of obscure origin" źƤ롥OED ˵Ƥ̤θ츻ˤȡgefyrn (< ge- + fyrn (long ago)) ޤͤ ge- + ār (ere) Ȥ¤줵줿ΤǤϤʤȤ⤵롥
嵭λǡʣ°ϤޤʤȤ櫓ǤϤʤ¿θ츻ؼԤѤƤͭϤǤ뤳Ȥˤϰ㤤ʤ⤷θ츻⤬ȤС of yore ϡűѸ̾첽ʣ°ʤˡǽȷ֤ˤơ¤ʤŪʷǤϤ뤬ƸߤˤޤäͭȤȤˤʤ롥

Skeat, Walter W. Principles of English Etymology. 1st ser. 2nd Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1879--82. 2nd ed. 1883.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. New ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1882.
Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development, Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. 2 vols. Amsterdam/London/New York: Elsevier, 1966--67. Unabridged, one-volume ed. 1971.
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-15-1]

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2013-10-02 Wed

#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ [christianity][latin][loan_word][oe][lexicology][borrowing][semantic_borrowing]

6˥ꥹȶ֥ƥˤ⤿餵줿θ塤űѸˤϿɴΥƥñ줬Ѹή¿ϥꥹȶطѸǤ롥ϡ#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1]) #1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2013-04-03-1]) ˤ̤Ǥ롥
ꥹȶطƥñήȤߤƤƤϡλΥꥹȶθŪ¦̤ʬ򤹤뤳ȤϤǤʤBaugh and Cable (90) Ѥ褦

The words that Old English borrowed in this period are only a partial indication of the extent to which the introduction of Christianity affected the lives and thoughts of the English people. The English did not always adopt a foreign word to express a new concept. Often an old word was applied to a new thing and by a slight adaptation made to express a new meaning. The Anglo-Saxons, for example, did not borrow the Latin word deus, because their own word God was a satisfactory equivalent. Likewise heaven and hell express conceptions not unknown to Anglo-Saxon paganism and are consequently English words.


#865. ѸƤˤΰϲ ([2011-09-09-1]) ˤ̤ꡤʤ deus ɮƬˡ̣ǺǤ⥭ꥹȶŪȤ뤤Ĥθ줬ѤʤäΤפʻͿ޽2顤ˤĤƤθڤ򸫤褦ޤϡKastovsky (310) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Substitutive semantic borrowing is particularly frequent in the religious vocabulary, since in using a native ('heathen') word for a Christian concept, the pagan interpretation had to be replaced by the Christian concept and all its theological associations. A good example is the word God as used for Deus (cf. Strang 1970: 368). Originally it seemed to have meant 'that which is invoked', 'that to which libation is poured', was a neuter noun and could form a plural, since the Germanic peoples had a polytheistic religion. The missionaries, however, had to convey the notion of a single Deity, a Person or One of the persons of the Trinity. Instead of adopting the lexical item Deus, its meaning was substituted for the old meaning of god, which, in this case, even produced a grammatical change: God as a singular noun became masculine; if it occurred in the plural, it only referred to pagan gods and remained neuter.


ˡΰʸǸڤƤ Strang (368) äƤߤ롥Strang ϡűѸ (loan_translation) ̣ (semantic loan) ˤĤƿƤսǡgod ΰ̣ѲʲΤ褦Ƥ롥

The best term to start with is the word god. This is an old neuter noun, the meaning of whose stem has been disputed. It may mean 'that which is invoked' or 'that to which libation is poured' (in which case, it represents the same stem as we find in the name of the Goths and the Geats . . .); OE shares the form with other Germanic languages, which have formations from the same stem with the same meaning. In its inherited form the noun has a plural, since the monotheistic idea was unfamiliar to the Germanic peoples. The missionaries need to convey to the English the conception of a single Deity, a Person, One of the Persons of the Trinity, the Father, the Creator of the Universe, etc. They have a choice of explaining all this, and adding that the word for it is Deus; or of saying that the English have hitherto misunderstood the nature of god --- not it, but He, not many but One, etc. They choose the latter course, and their usage, as well as their belief, prevails. The noun acquires a new meaning, or rather, the whole complex of Christian meanings, though it is still the term for the old gods. From this development follows a curious grammatical change, akin to the modern use of the capital letter. When singular the word becomes masculine; when plural (therefore pagan in reference) it remains neuter. Thus, even syntax enters into the pattern of adaptation.


ɸϡߤ˴Ϣ2ĤǶ̣1ĤϡľܼѤ̣Τۤ露﷿Ǥꡤꥹȶ۶ˤäơȤͭäǽ뤳ȡ⤦1Ĥϡ̤ˡ¾줫θäؤαƶͤݤˤϡʷ֡ˤǤʤ̣ʰ̣ˤŻ뤷ʤФʤʤȤȤ Baugh and Cable (91) äơѤƤ

It is important to recognize that the significance of a foreign influence is not to be measured simply by the foreign words introduced but is revealed also by the extent to which it stimulates the language to independent creative effort and causes it to make full use of its native resources.


ϢơѤ importation substitution ζ̤ˤĤơ#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Vocabulary." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 290--408.

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2013-08-10 Sat

#1566. existential there ε (2) [adverb][syntax][oe][grammaticalisation][existential_sentence]

ε[2013-08-09-1]˰³¸ߤ there εˤĤơ֤ɽ魯ؼŪˡ there locative there ȸƤ֤Ȥˤȡlocative there λؼŪʰ̣ޤꡤʸˡŪʵǽӤӤ褦ˤʤäΤ existential there ǤȤΤŪʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤȤǤ롥
Bolinger ϡʸˡȤѸ줳ѤƤʤexistential there εȯã嵭ήǤȤ館Ƥ롥ʲϡBreivik ʸΰѤǤBreivik ¸ߤˡ there2 Ȥơؼˡ there1 ȤƸڤƤˡ

Bolinger argues that there2 'is an extension of locative there' . . . and as such does refer to a location, but he characterizes this as a generalized location to which there2 refers 'in the same abstract way the the anaphoric it refers to a generalized "identity" in It was John who said that' . . . . According to Bolinger . . ., '[there2] "brings something into awareness", where "bring into" is the contribution of the position of there and other locational adverbs, and "awareness" is the contribution of there itself, specifically, awareness is the abstract location. . .' (337)


Bolinger ϡŪʰ֤ɽ魯 there1 Ūʵդɽ魯 there2 ذܹԤȹͤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Breivik Bolinger Τθ "impressionistic account" (337) ȤŪɾƤꡤεǽΰܹԤʸڤʤȼĥ롥षthere1 there2 ˡϡѸˤ̤ȤϰۤʤΤΡǤ˽űѸǤΤ˶̤ĤƤϤƤ롥

There is no evidence in the material utilized for the present investigation that there2 originated as there1, meaning 'at that particular place'. We have presented conclusive evidence that there2 sentences occurred already in early OE. The factors governing the use or non-use of there2 in older English were, however, different from those operative today. If there2 did indeed derive from there1, the separation must have occurred before the OE period. Whether or not there2 carried any semantic weight in OE and ME is a question we know nothing about. However, to judge from my material, it does not seem likely that OE and ME there2 was used to refer to what Bolinger, in his discussion of present-day English there2, calls an 'abstract location'. (346)


there1 there2 ϸߤ˵Ū̵طǤȤޤǤϸʤΤΡBreivik ϡ˻ޤǤξˡϤäʬƤȤĴƤ롥
ǽɤ߹˰¸񤷤ڵιۤȤäˤĤƹͤǤ⤢롥

Breivik, L. E. "A Note on the Genesis of Existential there." English Studies 58 (1977): 334--48.

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2013-08-09 Fri

#1565. existential there ε (1) [adverb][syntax][oe][existential_sentence]

¸ߤɽ魯 there is/are . . . . ʸѤŪ there ϡ¸ߤ there (existential there) 뤤ϵ there (expletive there) ȸƤФƤ롥OED Ǥ there, adv. θ4ˤˡƤ롥ϸűѸȤʤäƤꡤŤĤȤ狼롥ޤMED Ǥ thēr (adv.) 3a, 3b θΤȤˡ there ˡ¿ȤȤ˵ҤƤ롥
¸ߤ there ȯˤĤƤϡMustanoja (337) ʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

ANTICIPATORY AND EXISTENTIAL 'THERE.' --- The use of anticipatory and 'existential' there goes back to OE . . . . In this function there occurs mainly in conjunction with intransitive verbs: --- an cniht þer com ride (Lawman A 26187); --- now knowe I that ther reson in the failleth (Ch. TC i 764); --- whilom ther was dwellynge in Lumbardie A worthy knyght (Ch. CT E 1245); --- him thenkth ther is no deth comende (Gower CA i 2714); --- and some þer were . . . That pleined sore (Lydgate TGlas 179). There is occasionally found also with transitive verbs, usually before an auxiliary of tense or mood: --- whan it was ones itend . . . þere couþe no man it aquenche wiþ no craft (Trev. Higd. I 223). . . . / It is unnecessary to explain this use of there as a reflection of Celtic influence on English, as has been done by W. Preusler . . . . The construction occurs in other Germanic languages too (e.g. Sw. där ligger en bok på bordet).


¸ߤ there űѸ줫鸫줿ȤϳΤʤ褦ʬۤˤĤƤϵ롥 (367) ˤȡԤˤäƤϡʸ Chron Bede ǤϾʤ Ælfric ˤ¿ȤԤ⤢Сʸ Beowulf ʤɤαʸǤ¿ȼĥԤ⤢롥OED 侮ꤤĤ󤲤褦

þa com þær gan in to me heofencund Wisdom. (Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. iii. 1)
þa com þær ren and mycele flod and þær bleowun windas. (West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) vii. 25)
7 þær is mid Estum ðeaw, þonne þær bið man dead, þæt. . . (''Or 20, 19--20)
On ðæm dagum þær wæron twa cwena (Or 46, 36; in Latin "Duae tunc sorores regno praeerant")
þær wæs sang and sweg samod ætgædere fore Healfdenes hildeswican (Beowulf 1063)


Traugott (218--19) ˤСűѸǤϤιʸǤ뤳ȤϳΤʤ褦ޤʸ̮θȡȤ櫓äդħäΤǤϤʤȤǽŦƤ롥

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
С סرѸ I١Ѹ8罤۽Ź1980ǯ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 168--289.

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2013-06-16 Sun

#1511. űѸ sc θ [phonetics][oe][palatalisation][metathesis]

ε#1510. scale ڡˤθ츻 sc- ([2013-06-15-1]) ǡsc ɽ蘆ҲˤĤƿ줿űѸ sc ֤ҲϡʳǤ [sk] λҲɽ路Ƥ9 (palatalisation) Ȼ (assibilation) βϤޤꡤ10Ⱦ1100ǯˤ [ʃ] ѲȤp. 356ˡβλĶȽ/ʃ/ βDzλʤɤäƤ͡ʰոΩƤꡤΤФƤʤ1ĤθȤ Campbell (177--78) 󤹤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥
[sk] θ [k] ñΤΤⵯ䤹ƬˤƤϡǽ첻֤ǡ˾ʤȤ900ǯ˸첻֤Ƥ㤨Сscip (ship), scōh (shoe), scyldig (guilty), sceadu (shadow), sceal (shall), scilling (shilling) ǡǤ롥˸ˤϡr ֤ǤƱꡤscrēad (shred), scrēawa (shrewmouse), scrīc (shrike), scrīfan (decree), scrīn (coffer), scrincan (shrink), scrūd (shroud) ʤɤ [ʃ] Ԥʤ줿Ǥϡwasce (wash), þersce (I thresh), asce (ashes), risce (rush), disches (dish's), fisces (fish's) blyscan (blush), wȳscan (wish) Τ褦첻ˤĶǸäޤǤϡæsc (ash), disc (dish), fisc (fish), risc (rush), -isc (-ish), flǣsc (flesh) Τ褦첻θ֤ [ʃ] Ȥʤä
ʤ[ʃ] Ȥʤ餺 [sk] Τޤ޻ĤäΤϡǸ첻֤䡤Ǹ첻θ֤ˤǤ롥fiscas (fishes), *wascan (wash), þerscan (thresh), þerscold (threshold), āscaþ (asks), tosca (frog) frosc (frog), husc (insult), tusc (tooth) ʤɤȤƵ󤲤롥θǤϤФλҲž (metathesis) 򵯤[ks] ȤƼ¸롥㤨Сāxian, dixas, dox (dusk), fixas, frox, flaxe, rixe, toxa, þerxan, þerxold, waxan ǡǤ롥
űѸ˾嵭Τ褦ʲᡤߤǤѸˤ [sk] λҲϰŪˤäƬˤƤϤȤ櫓Ǥ롥դˤСƬ [sk] ĸǤϤʤѸǤǽ⤤ȤȤˤʤ롥ޤϸťΥɸβǽ򡤤줫ƥ졤ꥷʤɤβǽ򵿤score (ON), ski (ON), skill (ON), skin (ON), skirt (ON), sky (ON), school (L) script (L), skeleton (G)

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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2013-04-19 Fri

#1453. Franks Casket [inscription][runic][oe][christianity][anglo-saxon]

8ȾNorthumbria Ǻ줿Ȥ The Franks Casket Ҳ𤹤롥1867ǯʪۤι͸ųγطݰä Augustus Franks ϡѥǹƤ߹Ǻ줿ȢŸΤȤȢα¦̤ϼƤˤ¦̤ꥢȯ졤ߤϤ򷿤Ϥ줿֤ʪۤ˽¢Ƥ롥̡ξ¦̡̡ˤϡ롼ʸˤűѸ޻ˤƥ줬ޤƤꡤΥƥȤĦƤ볨ȤȤ˥ޡ䡤ꥹȶޥɽ路Ƥꡤꥹȶزƴ֤ʤΥ󥰥ɤΰܹŪŪʸ򼨺롥
ϡȱˤ2Ĥγʤ롥ˤϥޥ Wayland the Smith 졤ˤλΤ֤˷ΥꥹȤҤƤͻҤƤ롥Ƭξˤϥ롼ʸ mægi ȵƤ롥̤αˤϺײ˥롼ʸʸĦƤ뤬ΥƥȤϸűѸȤƤϺǸŤΤΤǤꡤƤϳǤϤʤʤʤ (riddle) ȤʤäƤ롥ƥȤɤߤˤĤƤϵ뤬ˤмΤ褦ˤʤʸѸĤˡ

fisc . flodu . ahof on fergenberig    the flood cast up the fish onto the cliff-bank
warþ gasric grorn þær he on greut giswom    the ghost-king was sad when he swam onto the shingle
hronæs banh    whale's bone


ʤʤϡξȢκǤַ߹פǤ롥#1435. The Caistor rune ([2013-04-01-1]) ǤߤΥΥ褦ˡ򤳤ȤФǼϡλιʤˤ褯롥
¦ϡϵ˰Ƥ줿ޤ2ͤη Romulus Remus Ƥ롥ƥȤϸűѸǡǤ롥
ˤϡ70ǯΥ޹ Titus ˤ Jerusalem άͻҤƤ롥ƥȤϸűѸȥƥǤ
¦ϡűѸƥȤ̣ϤäꤷʤޥˤʤǤ褦
ʬˤϡÆgili ʤͼ꤬ȤäƤ볨롥
ΤȤƲޤȤޤäåˤʤäƤȤϡʸͻ礬롥
ʾ塤Crystal (15--16) 򻲾ȤƼɮűѸʸˤĤƤϡ#572. ¸ǸŤαʸ ([2010-11-20-1]) ⻲ȡ

Crystal, David. Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices. London: The British Library, 2010.

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2013-04-03 Wed

#1437. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ [loan_word][latin][oe][christianity][borrowing]

ѸˤˤƥѤˤĤƤϡlatin loan_word δ¿εǼ夲ƤűѸΥƥѤˤĤƤϡ#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1]) Ǵñʻ̤ʬ˿졤Ĥ󤲤ˤʤΤǡϤ⤦󤲤Ƥߤ
Crystal (59--65) ǤϡűѸΥƥѤSerjeantson (Appendix A) ˤä (1) Φ塤(2) c. 450--c. 650, (3) c. 650--c. 1100 Ȼ̤3ʬƤ롥ʲˡ줾λɽ򤤤Ĥ󤲤褦

(1) Φ
belt (belt) < L balteus
butere (butter) < L butyrum
camp (field, battle) < L campus
candel (candle) < L candela
catt (cat) < L cattus
ceaster (city) < L castra
cetel (kettle) < L catillus
cupp (cup) < L cuppa
cycene (kitchen) < L coquina
cyse (cheese) < L caseus
draca (dragon) < L draco
mæsse (mass) < L missa
mil (mile) < L mille
minte (mint) < L menta
munuc (monk) < L monachus
mynster (minster) < L monasterium
panne (pan) < L panna
piper (pepper) < L piper
pise (pea) < L pisum
plante (plant) < L planta
port (door, gate) < L porta
port (harbour, town) < L portus
pund (pound) < L pondo
sacc (sack, bag) < L saccus
sinoð (council, synod) < L synodus
stræt (road) < L strata
tigle (tile) < L tegula
weall (wall) < L vallum
win (wine) < L vinum
ynce (inch) < L uncia

(2) c. 450--c. 650
cocc (cock) < L coccus
cugle (cowl) < L cuculla
cyrtan (to shorten, curtail) < L curtus
forca (fork) < L furca
fossere (spade) < L fossorium
græf (stylus) < L graphium
læden (Latin) < L ladinus (Vulgar Latin)
leahtric (lettuce) < L lactuca
mægester (master) < L magister
nunne (nun) < L nonna
pere (pear) < L pirum
pinsian (to reflect, consider) < L pensare
punt (punt, flat boat) < L ponto
relic (relic) < L reliquia
renge (spider) < L aranea
seglian (to seal) < L sigillare
segn (mark, sign) < L signum
stropp (strap) < L stroppus
torr (tower) < L turris
turl (ladle, trowel) < L trulla

(3) c. 650--c. 1100
alter (altar) < L altar
biblioþece (library) < L bibliotheca
cancer (crab) < L cancer
creda (creed, belief) < L credo
cucumer (cucumber) < L cucumer
culpe (guilt, fault) < L culpa
diacon (deacon) < L diaconus
fenester (window) < L fenestra
fers (verse) < L versus
grammatic (grammar) < L grammatica
mamma (breast) < L mamma
notere (notary) < L notarius
offrian (sacrifice, offer) < L offere
orgel (organ) < L organum
papa (pope) < L papa
philosoph (philosopher) < L philosophus
predician (preach) < L praedicare
regol (religious rule) < L regula
sabbat (sabbath) < L sabbatum
scol (school) < L scola

Serjeantson ΥꥹȤˤС(1) ˤ183졤(2) ˤ114졤(3) ˤ244줬󤬤äƤ뤬ƸλʬɬݾڤƤ餺̤˼ˤդפ롥ñΰ̣ΰˤĤưŪˤС(1) ޤ̣ΰʤäƤ뤬(2) ǤϽŪʿ̤Ϥᡤ(3) ǤϽ˲äؼ򴶤ñ줬¿ꥹȶˡƥѸμѲȤ򸫤Ƽ뤳ȤǤ롥Ѥ޲˴ؤƤ⡤(1) (2) ϼȤäդä(3) ϼȤƽ񤭸դ̤ήꤵ롥
嵭ΥꥹȤǤϡ˸ѸޤǻĤäƥѸ󤲤Ƥ뤬ºݤˤϸѸˤޤĤʤäΤ¿ɸѸ˻ĤäƤΤϡ100줯餤ΤΤǤ롥¿˻ȤʤäطʤˤϡѸƱΥե󥹼Ѹ줬ήȤ𤬤롥ƳʹΤ褤ե󥹸줬Ťᤫƥ˼ääΤǤ롥ޤǻĤäƤƥѸ¿ϡäƱ餤Ф˱Ѹä˺դƤ롥
ʤűѸƱΥƥñ줬2ټѤ줿⤢ΤǡƤL calicem "cup" ΰ̣Ǻǽ celc Ȥơ calic ȤƸűѸ˼Ѥ줿Ʊͤ󤲤롥

cliroc, cleric (cleric, clergyman) < L clericus
læden, latin (Latin) < L latinus
leahtric, lactuca (lettuce) < L lactuca
minte, menta (mint) < L menta
spynge, sponge (sponge) < L spongea

Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Serjeantson, Mary S. A History of Foreign Words in English. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1935.

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2013-01-21 Mon

#1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵໤ͭ [phonetics][oe][consonant][verners_law]

#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1]) (2) Ǽ夲űѸǤŵŪ첻Ƕޤ줿̵໤ [f, θ, s] ͭ [v, ð, z] Ȥʤ (ex. hūsian "to house", ofer "over", sūþerne "southern") ̵໤ͭȤݤˤĤơ (377) ˽äơܺ٤򵭽Ҥ
βϡ٤Ȥ6ޤǤˤϳΩȤ롥벻Ķˤϡ(1) VV, (2) V/l, r, m, n/, (3) /l, r, m, n/V 3बä⼫IJˤϤޤ줿ĶǤ롥/f, θ, s/ ˺Ѥ줾θűѸǤ󤲤褦

[f] > [v]: giefan (give) ? geaf ([he] gave), heofon (heaven), ofer (over)
[θ] > [ð]: weorðan (become) ? wearð ([he] became), feþer (feather), ōþer (other), fæðm (fathom), eorðe (earth)
[s] > [z]: rīsan (rise) ? rās ([he] rose), nosu (nose), bōsm (bosom), ōsle (ouzel)


(1) (2) δĶˤĤơV ˶ʤˤϡͭβ˻ߤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥㤨С*triuwiþu > trēowþ (truth) seofoða (seventh) ϡVerner's Law ŬѤȤϰۤʤ뤳Ȥդ
βϸűѸֻˤȿǤʤ(a) δĶ <þ> /d/ Ѥ줿ꡤ(b) ໤ľ <t> ǤϤʤ <d> ³ꡤ(c) þl > dl 뤤 þm > dm Τ褦ʲꤹ뤳Ȥ顤Ȥϵʤ
ʤűѸѸǤϡͭ໤ФƵ뤳Ȥ¿ĺǤϵʤդˡѸǤͭϡ໤ȤƤ [s] > [z] 뤰餤 ʬĺǵäƤ롥̵ˤĤƤ̤ʬۤۤʤ롥űѸѸǤ໤ĺˤȤ˱ƶ뤬ѸǤϤޤ໤˱ƶΤߤǤp. 376ˡ̵ͭβˤϡ̤ĬήȤȤ⤷ʤ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2012-08-25 Sat

#1216. űѸΥȼѸ [loan_word][oe][celtic][toponymy][hydronymy]

5˥󥰥֥ͤƥ塤̱Ǥ륱ȿͤϤʤŪƶ뤳ȤȤʤäűѸˤ륱ȸαƶκǤΤϡ̾Ǥ롥[2012-07-28-1]ε#1188. 󥰥ɤβ̾ Thames, Humber, Stourפǥ̾ˤĤƤο򸫤ΤȤƥȤ̾¿ĤäƤ뤳ȤǧƤ褤
̾뤤ϰ̾ȤơBarr (cf. Welsh bar = "top", "summit"), Bernicia, Bredon, Brockhall, Brockholes (brocc = "badger"), Bryn Mawr, Cornwall, Creech, Cumberland, Cumbria, Deira, Duncombe (cumb = "a deep valley"), Exeter, Gloucester, Holcombe, Huntspill, Kent, Lichfield, Pendle (cf. Welsh pen= "top"), Pylle (pill = "a tidal creek"), Salisbury, Torcross, Torhill, Torr (torr = "high rock, peak"), Torhill, Winchcombe, Winchester, Worcester ˤϡΤ뤤ϸΰˤƥȸ etymon ޤޤƤ롥Avon, Exe, Esk, Usk, Dover, Wye ʤɤβ̾⥱ȸǤ롥
̾ΤСȸ줫μѤ϶ϾǤ롥ass, binn (basket, crib), bratt (cloak), brocc (brock or badger), crag (a high steep rough mass of rock), cumb (valley), dun (dark colored), luh (lake), torr (outcropping or projecting rock, peak) ʤɤθϡ󥰥ͤȿͤȤṲ̄ܿƱѸؼΤǡancor (hermit), cine (a gathering of parchment leaves), clugge (bell), cross, cursian (to curse), drȳ (magician), gabolrind (compass), mind (diadem), stær (history) ʤɤθϡɤ붵դˤ륱ȷϥꥹȶڤ̤ƱѸ˼ޤ줿
˵󤲤Τ18ФűѸ˼Ѥ줿ñϤ褽夵Ƥ롥̤ˤѤʤޤޤƤꡤȼѸ¸ߴ狼
ʾ塤Baugh and Cable (75--77) 򻲾ȤƼɮ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.

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2012-07-21 Sat

#1181. -ly Ω (2) [adverb][suffix][productivity][oe][flat_adverb][-ly]

[2012-07-16-1]ε#1176. -ly ΩפǼ夲³Donner ˤȡ -ly ϡѸγϤޤǤ˳ͳΩƤȤȤǵ䤬롥äƸűѸǤξϤɤäΤűѸˤơ-lice ϡƻ -lic ˡŪåʸͳ褹 e ղä줿Ū (Lass 207) ȤʬϤƤΤ뤤 -lice ΤȤʬϤƤΤ
Campbell (275) ˤСפ٤ɤ뤫ȤϤΤΡűѸǤ⤹Ǥ -lice ȤǧƤȤ

§664. Since adjs. in -liċ normally formed adv. in -liċe, this ending early became regarded as an adverbial suffix, which could be used beside or instead of -e, e.g. heardliċe, holdliċe, hwætliċe, lætliċe (beside hearde, holde, late), the advs. of heard, hold, hwæt, læt.


ƱݤǡLass (207) ⼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Since {-e} was typically added to adverbialize the extremely common adjectives in -līc, the complex {-līc-e} was reinterpreted during OE times as an adverbial ending in itself, and there were thus a number of doublets off the same base: from heard 'hard' the adverbs heard-e, heard-līc-e, from hwæt 'brave' hwæt-e, hwæt-līc-e. (Our ModE adverbial {-ly} is of course the descendant of {-līc-e}.) (Lass 207)


λ˼褦ˤϻäƤʤΤΡ-lice ϡǤ˸űѸˡ-e ¤ǡष -e ŪΤޡȤƵǽƤ餷Ѹñ -ly ȤεϡDonner ε򻲾Ȥ¤ꡤѸ̤뤳ȤǤȤξȯΤΤϡűѸˤޤ̤뤳ȤǤΤǤ롥ơˤϡޤˤʤΤˤʤΤȤ꤬ͿƤꡤ[2012-07-06-1]ε#1166. -ly ȯãפ󼨤줿֤ʤѸ -ly Τ褦ȯãΤפؤȤĤʤäƤ椯褦˻פ롥

Donner, Morton. "Adverb Form in Middle English." English Studies 72 (1991): 1--11.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2012-07-29-1]

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2012-06-19 Tue

#1149. The Aldbrough Sundial [inscription][old_norse][oe][inflection][contact][personal_pronoun]

űѸȸťΥɸθܿľܤʸڤ뵭ϿϤۤȤɻĤƤʤ󥰥ܿʸĤäƤ뤬ޤۤɤˤʤ
ξʸΤʤǤ褯ΤƤΤ1ĤThe Aldbrough Sundial ȸƤФפα߼˹ޤƤäǤ롥East Yorkshire ξĮ Aldbrough ˤ St. Bartholomew's church ɤˤϤޤƤΤǡʸϥΥޥ󡦥󥯥Ȱ˹ޤ줿ΤȹͤƤ롥University of Pennsylvania Anthony Kroch ΥڡDzǤ롥  *  
ΥڡˤѤΤ롤Page ʸɤפʸˤϡűѸȸťΥɸθܿ򼨺뵮ŤʸħȤʸݻȸѸź褦

+VLF LET (?HET) ARŒRAN CYRICE FOR HANVM 7 FOR GVNWARA SAVLA

"+Ulf had this church built for his own sake and for Gunnvǫr's soul."


űѸζηϤƤ뤳ȤCYRICE SAVLA 狼롥Late West-Saxon ɸǤС*cirican *saule ȤʤϤΤȤǤ롥Northumbrian ǤϸűѸˤϤǤˤμζޤοʿϿʹԤƤꡤäƸťΥɸȤθܿˤƶ뤳ȤϤǤʤGVNWARA ˤĤƤϡŪ°ʷȹͤ뤬Ѹ첽޷򼨤Ƥ褦ʤͭ̾ GVNWARA VLF ϤȤ̲Ϥ̾Ǥ롥
ηϤ򼨺ʾ˶̣ΤϡƵ̾Ϳʤɽ魯Ȥܤ HANVM ȤǤ롥űѸǤ3;ñ̾ͿʤȤƤη֤ϳǧƤʤťΥɸǤϤޤˤη֤ѤƤäơθťΥɸ줫Ѥ줿ȤϼƤ褤3;̾줬ƵŪѤƤ뺣Τ褦ʸ̮ǤϡťΥɸǤкƵ̾ sér ѤΤǤ롥űѸǤϡƵ̾Ƶ̾ηŪʶ̤Ϥʤäʾͤ碌ȡϡűѸ3;ñ̾εǽˡݤäޤޤˡη him ťΥɸб HANVM ֤äȤȤˤʤ롥
VLF GVNWARA ʤʪƤʸʪϡťΥɸüԤäǽ롥ϡűѸüԤȤοͻΤˡʸ˼褦ʡܿˤäѷѸä褦ˤʤäƤΤ⤷ʤPage (178) ϡʤڵ򤫤餽Τ褦ʲǽФȤˤդפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Even in the highly Scandinavianized York, people with Norse names need not be of Norse descent. Surviving English inhabitants may have given their children fashionable Norse names in imitation of a Norse dominant class.


Page ϡ֥󥰥ɤǸťΥɸϤĤޤäƤפȤΤΤʷ󼨤ĤƤ롥Page ŪĴϡޤĹ⤿ʤäΤǤϤʤȤɤ߼롥

Page, R. I. "How Long Did the Scandinavian Language Survive in England? The Epigraphical Evidence." England Before the Conquest: Studies in Primary Sources Presented to Dorothy Whitelock. Ed. P. Clemoes and K. Hughes. Cambridge: CUP, 1971. 165--81.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-08-1] [2016-05-31-1]

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2012-06-18 Mon

#1148. űѸ˭ʸ [oe][lexicology][derivation][compound][compounding][word_formation][productivity][kenning]

űѸθ (word formation) (derivation) ʣ (compounding) ˤꡤ˭Ǥ뤳ȤϡűѸʸˡѸˤγ̤Ƥ褯ΤƤ롥Baugh and Cable (64--65) ǤϡŪȤơűѸ mōd "mood, heart, mind, spirit; boldness, courage, pride, haughtiness" Ȥ1Ĥθ캬顤100ʾθ줬Ȥ¤Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥100ĤȤޤǤϤʤǵ󤲤Ƥ򡤰̣ȤȤ󤷤Ƥߤ褦

mōdig "spirited, bold, high-minded, arrogant, stiff-necked"
mōdiglic "magnanimous"
mōdiglīce "boldly; proudly"
mōdignes "magnanimity; pride"
mōdigian "to bear oneself proudly or exultantly; to be indignant, to rage"
gemōdod "disposed; minded"
mōdfull "haughty"
mōdlēas "spiritless"

mōdsefa "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgeþanc "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgeþoht "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgehygd "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdgemynd "mind, thought, understanding"
mōdhord "mind, thought, understanding"

mōdcræft "intelligence"
mōdcræftig "intelligent"

glædmōdnes "kindness"
mōdlufu "affection"
unmōd "despondency"
mōdcaru "sorrow"
mōdlēast "want of courage"
mādmōd "folly"
ofermōd "pride"
ofermōdigung "pride"
ofermōdig "proud"
hēahmōd "proud; noble"
mōdhete "hate"

micelmōd "magnanimous"
swīþmōd "great of soul"
stīþmōd "resolute; obstinate"
gūþmōd "warlike"
torhtmōd "glorious"
mōdlēof "beloved"

Hall θűѸ켭2ǡˤ mōdig դΤȡۤˤϢΤ뤳Ȥ狼롥

MOD in Hall's Dictionary

Τ˸űѸθ "resourcefulness" ˤ϶äʣ˴ؤƤϡαĹ kenning ȤʸŪΤ뤳ȤŦƤ
"resourcefulness" űѸζŪɽ魯ΤɤȤˤĤƤϽθפ롥[2011-05-28-1]ε#761. űѸ derivation ϻǤפǹͻ褦ˡ "resourcefulness" ϡűѸ̻Ūʣη̤ߡѤ졤˭ʸåͥåȥȤƸűѸ˶Ū˸ƤȤȤǤϤʤsynchronic productivity diachronic productivity ȤʬƹͤɬפΤǤϤʤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Hall, John Richard Clark, ed. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1916.

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2012-04-11 Wed

#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ [numeral][adjective][inflection][oe][phonetics][assimilation][analogy][sobokunagimon][shocc]

ɸϡѤʵؤ˴󤻤줿䡥 five Фƽ fifth ǤΤϤʤ twelve Фƽ twelfth ǤΤϤʤȤΤƱǤ롥
εΤ褦ˡִܷ A ФơϢ A' Ե§ӤӤƤΤϤʤפȤפϾʤʤ󵯤դ˸ۤŪ¤Ф¤ǤȤȤФФ롥ΥǸС /v/ Ĵ five ФơϢ줬Ե§ /f/ fifth ȤʤäƤΤϤʤפǤϤʤ /f/ Ľ fifth ФơϢ줬Ե§ /v/ five ȤʤäƤΤϤʤפȹͤ٤Ǥ롥Ūˤ fifth /f/ ϼǤꡤfive /v/ פʤ Ǥ롥
űѸ̤ȡ5פ fīf Ǥꡤ12פ twelf äֻ˼Ƥ̤ꡤ̵ [f] Ǥcf. ɥĸ fünf, zwölfˡűѸǽ -(o)þa ä໤Ҳ [f] θǤ [t] ȤƼ¸졤űѸǤб fīfta, twelfta ȤƸ줿Ѹʹߤˡ¾νȤ (analogy) ˤ t th ֤졤Ѹ fifth, twelfth ޤ줿
⤦1ä٤ϡűѸǡ5ܤΡפ fīfta Ĺ첻򼨤ߤǤû첻򼨤Ȥϡ2Ҳ³ĶľĹ첻ûȤѸˤŪʲѲη̤Ǥ롥ƱѲФޤڥ򤤤ĤѸǤϤƤ첻βؤ롥[2009-05-14-1]ε#16. -th ̾ΤȤˤʤäư졦ƻϡפ⻲ȡ

feel -- felt
keep -- kept
sleep -- slept
broad -- breadth
deep -- depth
foul -- filth
weal -- wealth
wide -- width


fifth ˤĤƤϡΤ褦λҲ촴첻̤˴ؤ¿Ѳä촴2ҲȤƤϸűѸӤ̵ /f/ ѾƤƤꡤűѸδ fīf ľϤλ¹ȤäƤ褤
ǤϡܼŪꡥűѸδ fīf θҲͭ /v/ ȤʤäΤϤʤѸǤ⤽ϡ5פΤ褦ñȤ̾ŪѤȡ5ĤΡפΤ褦˷ƻŪѤ礬롥űѸǤϡƻȤƤδϡ¾̾ηƻƱͤˡط̾ʡʤɤʸˡƥ꡼˽äζ޸Ȥäfīf ϡʤ顤Υƥ꡼˴ؤʣȤƤζ޸ȤäŵŪˤ -e ä¾θ⡤ɡѸޤǤˤ -e ؼ̤ˡűѸǤϡ§Ȥͭ˶ޤ줿̵໤Ʊ (assimilation) ˤͭΤǡfīfe2Ҳ <f> ֤ƤƤ [v] ȯ줿ơ䤬Ƥͭķ̵֤ķ֤֤ܷȤߤʤ褦ˤʤätwelve ˤĤƤƱͤλǤ롥ºݤˤϡζޤξϰ̤ηƻʣǤꡤʤ [v] Ķ޷ΤۤͥȤʤꡤܷǧ褦ˤʤäΤϡ̤٤ȤƻĤ롥
ΤʤǤϡޤ five / fifth twelve / twelfth Τߤ嵭βѲξ˹פˡ̤ȤơԵ§פ˸ѤԤȤΩäƤ롥ŪˤԵ§ȸ븽ݤ⡤̻Ūˤϡʤٵ§ŪѲη̤Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼äƤ롥§ŪʲѲԵ§ʽϤͿȤΤ̷⤷Ƥ褦ˤϤФдѻ뤳ȤǤ롥ޤԵ§ʷѲ§ŪʽϤͿ㤨ѡˤȤΤޤˤϤФдѻΤǤ롥

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2012-01-28 Sat

#1006. 롼ʸѼ [runic][writing][spelling_pronunciation_gap][graphemics][oe][old_norse][hiragana][etruscan]

ε#1005. ʿ̾ˤǸŤΡ֤ϲΡפȯ줿 ([2012-01-27-1]) κǸǿ줿̤ꡤϥ롼ʸ (the runic alphabet) ѼˤĤơ
奲ޥ̱²ˤäƻȤ줿롼ʸ (the runic alphabet) εˤĤƤ⤬ʤ[2010-06-24-1]ε#423. ե٥åȤˡפǿ줿̤ꡤȥꥢʸȤ⤬롥ǡꥷʸ (the Greek alphabet) ޻ (the Roman alphabet) Ȥ⤢롥Τˤ狼äƤ뤳ȤϡޥüԤǯȾˡθŬǥ롼ʸηϤȯŸƤȤ
롼ʸϡ800ǯޤǤ̲Ѥ줿ޥ󡦥롼 (the Early Germanic runic script) 5--12˥֥ƥѤ줿󥰥󡦥롼 (the Anglo-Saxon runic script) 8--13˥󥸥ʥӥȥɤѤ줿Υǥå롼 (the Nordic runic script) ̤롥ޥ󡦥롼24ʤꡤǽ6 <f>, <u>, <þ>, <a>, <r>, <k> Ȥä "fuþark" ȾΤ롥ʰʲ롼ʸοޤϡؿѸؼŵ٤ꡥ

The Early Germanic Runic Script (24 letters)

֥ƥƳƲɤ줿󥰥󡦥롼ϡűѸβηϤȿǤʸɲäSalzburg Codex 140 ˵ϿƤ褦28ηϤءƸűѸˤϤ˳礷33ʤηϤؤƤƤäޤǤ4 <a> <o> ء6 <k> <c> ֤Ƥꡤ󥰥ǥ롼ʸ "fuþorc" ȤƤФ롥

The Anglo-Saxon Runic Script (33 letters)

Τ褦ˡɸʸǤ¤ꡤѲѰۤȿǤơ¿ʤȤѲȤΤϼΤȤΤ褦˻פ롥롼ʸˤ24 fuþark 33 fuþorc ϡεǼ夲褦ˡ̾ˤ48֤Ĥλפ47֤ϲΡפȤ롥
ɸʸˤäƤ顤ʸδطɬ⸷̩ǤϤʤȡѲʸηϤɤĤƹԤʤȤޤˤƿ¤Ǥ롥롼ʸξǤСΥǥå롼ɽ路Ƥ̲ϡűѸˤޤ˭٤ʲäƤषʸȤƤϸäƤꡤǽŪˤ16ˤޤǽ̾ͳϺäǤʸδطŪʤΤǤϤʤޤǴˤΤǤ뤳Ȥ򼨤̾Ρ֤פȡ֤ס֤ϡפȡ֤ס֤פȡ֤ءפδطѸ spelling_pronunciation_gap ̵⡤ξԤδطδˤƤ롥Ϣơ[2009-06-28-2]ε#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τפ [2011-02-20-1]ε#664. littera, figura, potestasפε򻲾ȡ

ʸ嵭2013/03/18(Mon)ʲϡǥޡΩѴǹϤꥹ󤷤24ʸ롼
futhark

Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2008.
⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

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2011-11-15 Tue

#932. neutralization ϰ۷֤ν̸ˤ׸ [oe][old_norse][inflection][conjugation][paradigm][contact][language_change][analogy]

[2011-11-11-1]ε#928. ޤ neutralization simplificationפ[2011-11-14-1]ε#931. űѸȸťΥɸζ޸κۡפǡťΥɸȤθܿ˵űѸζηϤδñˤĤƼ夲ƤO'Neil neutralization ȸƤ֡αѸκˤĤƤϡξüԤˤ޸ѶŪڤȤȤ¦̤Ĵ뤳Ȥ¿Ωʤ¦̡allomorphy ν̸Ȥ¦̤⸫ƨƤϤʤʤ
εǼѥоɽ򸫤С޸κۤڤȤۤƱθ촴ˤ̤ȤüԤάͭǤ뤳Ȥʬ뤬촴ΤΤƱɬݤǤʤ롥ѥΥåȤˤäƤϡ촴۷ (allomorph) ȤƸ뤳Ȥ롥Ǥϡdrīfan βˤƤϡñ13; (drāf) ā θ촴첻򼨤ñ2;Τʣ (drifedrifon) i θ촴첻򼨤
¾ˤ⡤ñ23;ΤζޤˤƸ촴첻 i-mutation 򼨤űѸưϾʤʤOE lūcan "to lock" θ߷γɽ򼨤ȡʲΤ褦˸촴첻Ѱۤ (O'Neil 262)

 Old English
Inflūcan 'lock'
Pres. Sing. 1.lūce
2.lȳc(e)st
3.lȳc(e)ð
Plur.lūcað


ȤѸŵŪʥѥǤϡñ23;Τθ촴¾ΥåȤƱ촴褦ˤʤäƤ롥Τ allomorphy ν̸Ǥꡤ̤ȤơѤθ촴߷Υѥ̤Ѥ褦ˤʤäưŤΤʤ allormophy 򤳤Τ褦˽̸뤳Ȥϡߤ˰ջ̤ޤȤƤűѸťΥɸüԤˤȤäƤϹŪ˷ޤ줿ʾˤ餬̸ѶŪ˷ޤ줿Ȥͤ뤳ȤǤ롥

I think it clear that working from quite similar, often identical, underlying forms but with different sets and intersecting sets of endings associated with them and bewildering allomorphies as a result of the conditions established by the endings, the basic underlying sameness of Old English and Old Norse had become somewhat distorted and thus a superficial barrier to communication between speakers of the two languages had arisen. It is not surprising then that the inflections of the languages were rapidly and radically neutralized, for they were the source of nearly all difficulty. (O'Neil 262--63)


allormophy ν̸ϡܿˤ neutralization βȤƤǤʤŪ (analogy) ñ㲽 (simplification) βȤƤª뤳ȤǤ롥ºݤˤϡΤߤѤƤȹͤΤǤϤʤξԤ˺ѤƤȹͤΤ⤷ʤ
allomorphy ν̸ϡѥ levelling ʿʿˤɤؤ뤳ȤǽѸˤĤƤϡ[2010-11-03-1]ε#555. 2 analogyפ򻲾ȡ

O'Neil, Wayne. "The Evolution of the Germanic Inflectional Systems: A Study in the Causes of Language Change." Orbis 27 (1980): 248--86.

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