1β heldio ˤ#1413. ʤűѸθ絬§ϴˤäΤǯٽۿΥˡۿˤȤۿޤ (word_order) ȤˤưŪʤΤǡؿ⤿줿ΤǤ礦ޤǤβʿѤ¿İ褵Ƥޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ѸˤʬǡָפȤСѸǤϸ絬§ΤˡűѸǤϸ礬ŪˤäȤ椬ˤʤޤʤ֤ϤʤפȤѤʵ䤬ͯƤΤǤϤʤǤ礦ϡεľΤǤϤʤФᤫΥץǤϤޤȤϲȤŪˤϿ̤ȤǤȻפޤ
ʲʸϤݤޤ촶Τ륪ꥸʥβۿˤƤİФȻפޤ
1. ⤽ָפȤϲ --- (linearity)
䤿ϡؽä˱Ѹؽ̤ơνؤӤޤѸ SVO ܤǤꡤỌ̇̄ѤäꡤʸˡŪˤʤäꤹȶäƤޤ㤨 I eat a banana. ɸŪǤꡤ*Eat I a banana. *A banana I eat. ̾ƤޤʶĴʤɤüʸ̮Ͻޤˡ
ܸǤϡֻϥХʥʤ٤ (SOV) Ǥ֥ХʥʤϿ٤ (OSV) ֿ٤롤ϥХʥʤ (VSO) ʤɤ⡤ԼϤˤ衤ʸˡŪ˴ְ㤤Ȥϸڤޤ
ǤϡʤˤϸȤΤ¸ߤΤǤ礦ϡ줬ʤ뤤ʸˤּ˱äľŪ¤٤뤳ȤˤäΩƤ뤫ǤȸƤӤޤ䤿ȯﴱʤȤ櫓ӡˤϴŪ1ĤʤΤǡʣñƱȯ뤳ȤϤǤޤäơñ֤¤٤뤷ʤΤǤϸˤʤǤꡤʪؤˤϤΤª뤳ȤǤޤ
While the dog is running in the yard, the cat is sleeping on the hot carpet. ʸäƤ֡ǭϥۥåȥڥåȤξǿƤˤȤʸϡƱ˵äƤɽ路Ƥޤ顤ɤ餫˸虜ޤ⤷˿ʹ֤2ĤӤƱ2Ĥñȯ뤳ȤǤʤ顤ι¤ۤʤäƤȤǤ礦
2. 絬§2Ĥθ
ñ֤¤٤ʤФʤʤȤ¸ͳʬޤϡ֤ɤΤ褦¤٤뤫פȤ絬§ǤθϤȡθ絬§ظˤϡ礭ʬ2Ĥΰۤʤ븶¸ߤ褦˻פޤ
(1) ʸˡθ絬§
ʸʥƥǡʼ졤ư졤Ūʤɡˤ֤ꤹ븶
ǤʸˡŪʵǽʼʤΤŪʤΤˤˤäƼ
ŵ㡧Ѹ (SVO) (SVO) ʤ
ʸˡŪʴطˤäΤˤʤȿ̡μͳ٤㤤
(2) ʸ̮θ絬§
ʸʥƥˤʸ̮áˤˤήŻ뤹븶
¿ξ硤ꡦơޡ³ǽҡ졼ޡ֤뷹
ŵ㡧ܸ졤űѸ
ή줬ˤʤʸθŪͳǡִˤפȸʤ䤹
ܸΡΡȤˡȤФޤؼǴˡפȤФͤƤߤޤ礦ǽʸǤϡθ塤Ǥ֤ȤФפ֤פȼäƸޤʸǤϡΤȤʤä֤פ֤ϡסʼˤȼäʸƬơʻؼǴ˹Ԥäȡˤ³ޤΤ褦ˡܸʸ̮ξήʼꢪҡơޢ졼ޡˤˤäɽ뤳ȤʤΤǤ
3. űѸܸ췿ä
ơǸűѸܤƤߤޤ礦ʤűѸθ絬§ϴˤäΤϡűѸ줬ѸΤ褦ʡʸˡθ絬§פ1ȤǤϤʤषܸ˶ᤤʸ̮θ絬§פŻ뤹äǤ
űѸǤϡʸ̮˱ơȸʤǤʸƬ֤³Ȥ礬ޤޤΤᡤʸ¤ȡSVO SOV VSO ǽǤꡤѸüԤλ鸫ȡ礬ꤵƤ餺ˤȴ櫓Ǥϡֵ§ʤפ櫓ǤϤʤۤʤθ˴ŤƤΤ٤ΤʤΤǤ
4. 縶žȱѸ˾Ѳ
ѸˤϡΡʸ̮θ絬§פŻ뤹륿פʸˡθ絬§פŻ뤹륿פؤȡδŪʤ礭žˤǤª뤳ȤǤޤžϡѸ˸ˤʤꡤѸˤƸ경Ƥޤ礭ʸžϡñ˸ǤʤѸ¾͡ʸˡܤˤϢŪʱƶڤܤޤ
(article) ȯãűѸˤⴧ˨ϤޤѸۤηŪʥƥǤϤޤǤ괧 the 䡤괧 a/an ȯãƤΤϡޤ˾¤ (information_structure) ʳˡǼɬޤäȤȴϢƤȹͤޤ
Ĵʸ (cleft_sentence) ȯãűѸǤϡĴǤŪͳʸƬ˰ư뤳ȤǽǤ礬경ȡΤ褦ʰư¤ޤȤơIt is ... that ... Τ褦ʶĴʸȯãǤΩ뵡ǽĤ褦ˤʤޤ
ư (passive) ¿ѡűѸˤư֤¸ߤޤ٤ϸѸۤɹ⤯ޤǤ礬경ǡŪȤʤǡʿˤʤ䤹ǡˤȤʸƬ֤ˡư֤֤ȤˤѤ褦ˤʤäƤΤȹͤޤ㤨СŪʸƬ֤ OSV θ礬ȤˤʤäˡŪˤʸƬ֤ư֤ޤ褦ˤʤäȤǤ
5. ޤȤ
űѸθ礬Ѹ줫鸫ơִˤפΤϡ絬§ʤäǤϤʤѸȤϰۤʤʸ̮θ絬§פȤŻ뤷ƤǤθϡܸȶ̤ʬ¿ޤѸˤϡδܸ礭žʥߥåʲǤꡤαƶϱʸˡ͡¦̤˵ڤǤΤǤ
űѸؤֺݤˤϡѸθŪʸѤöΥ졤־ήפȤĤȤäνˤʤ뤫⤷ޤܸüԤˤȤäƤϡषߤ䤹¦̤⤢ȤǤ礦Ȥڤ顤ѸαˤõᤷƤߤΤ⡤⤷ΤǤϤʤǤ礦
Ѹǡʻפɽ魯 part of speech (pos) ϡɤΤ褦ƤΤƤĽФΤOED Ǥ part (NOUN1) I.1.c. part of speech ΩवƤ롥Ѥ褦
I.1.c. part of speech noun
Each of the categories to which words are traditionally assigned according to their grammatical and semantic functions. Cf. part of reason n. at sense I.1b.
In English there are traditionally considered to be eight parts of speech, i.e. noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; sometimes nine, the article being distinguished from the adjective, or, formerly, the participle often being considered a distinct part of speech. Modern grammars often distinguish lexical and grammatical classes, the lexical including in particular nouns, adjectives, full verbs, and adverbs; the grammatical variously subdivided, often distinguishing classes such as auxiliary verbs, coordinators and subordinators, determiners, numerals, etc. See also word class n.
In quot. c1450 showing similar use of party of speech (compare party n. I).
[c1450Aduerbe: A party of spech þat ys vndeclynyt, þe wych ys cast to a verbe to declare and fulfyll þe sygnificion [read sygnificacion] of þe verbe. (in D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts (1984) 6 (Middle English Dictionary))
c1475How many partes of spech be ther? (in D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts (1984) 61 (Middle English Dictionary))
1517For as moche as there be Viii. partes of speche, I wolde knowe ryght fayne What a nowne substantyue, is in his degre. (S. Hawes, Pastime of Pleasure (1928) v. 27)
. . . .
Ǥϡʻ줬ʸˡỤ̄ŪʵǽˤäʬवƤ뤳ȡѸǤŪ8ġʾˤäƤ9ġˤʻ줬ǧƤȡʻʬ˽सƸ (word class) ȤʬˡŪ饹ʸˡŪ饹ʤɤʬ뤳ȤʤɤҤƤ롥
ǽʸ1450ǯΤΤȤʤäƤ뤬Ǥ party of spech θǤ뤳Ȥդ٤Ǥ롥ˤȴϢ party of reason part of reason Ȥ OED ˺ϿƤꡤ˸1450ǯƱ D. Thomson, Middle English Grammatical Texts ʸȤƤ뤳ȤŦƤ
ޤpart ñΤȤơʻפ̣ˡꡤƥɽΤʤȤ̤ǻʤűѸʸڤƤÆlfric ʸˡˡ
OEÞry eacan synd met, pte, ce, þe man eacnað on ledenspræce to sumum casum þises partes. (Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 107)
OEÞes part mæg beon gehaten dælnimend. (Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 242)
part of speech ȤѸθϡűѸ˳ǧƥʸˡŪѸ츯ˤ䤫ĤġѸ˸졤θѤ褦ˤʤäȤȤˤʤ롥
ʻͤˤĤƤ pos δϢȤ櫓ʲεȡ
#5762. ʻȤϲ --- ܸΡʻפŵŵĴ٤ ([2025-02-04-1])
#5763. ʻȤϲ --- ΡָפȸƤǤϥᤫ ([2025-02-05-1])
#5765. ʻȤϲ --- Bloomfield θ ([2025-02-07-1])
#5771. ʻȤϲ --- ʬ ([2025-02-13-1])
#5772. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˰̣ˤʬϲǽ ([2025-02-14-1])
#5773. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˵ǽˤʬλߡ ([2025-02-15-1])
#5782. ʻȤϲ --- ̩˷֤ˤʬहȤɤʤ뤫 ([2025-02-24-1])
ͺˡӸ١ʳҡ1999ǯˤ9Ϥϡָ츻ءפꤵƤ롥إɱѸ츻ŵ٤ԼԤ1ͤǤ⤢뤷פζϤ롥 (131) 9ϤƬǤƤ롥
س1ǯ֤μȤäȤǡݤ˻ĤäƤ뤫äκǸ䤦ȡ츻Ọ̇̄ȤֻŪ¿θϸ奮ꥷ˻Ϥޤ뤬Ǥϡʸˡ (grammar) ȸ츻 (etymology) 츦2Ĥä
ñϰİĤˤäƤ롥츻 (etymology) ñΰ̣ʤꥷǤ etymon ȤˤõꡤˤҤ롥äợȤ礤˴طäƤ롥Cicero ʥˤϥꥷ etymologia vēriloquium vērum ֿ¡סloquium ָ뤳ȡȤСסˤȥƥؼ Quintilianus Υƥꥢ̥Ϥ etymologia ˤɤ줬äƺˤäƤ롥grammar etymology 2ǯʾΥꥷͤ¤ѸǤ롥
ָ츻פ̣줬θˤˤƤȤΤΤʤäꥷͳ etymology ζϹ⾰ǹΥƥ vēriloquium ̣襤롥ѸǤ true word ۤɤǤ롥ܸ줢뤤ϴΡָ츻פ˴ޤޤ֤ߤʤȡפΰ̣ǤʾʤȤŪˤϡ˴ޤޤƤʤ⤷
ʤߤˡꥷͳʤƥ˼ޤƤ ethymologia ñϡűѸǤѸȤƼƤƤ褦ǡOED ˤ Ælfric, Grammar (St. John's Oxford MS.) 293 ʸڤ롥
Sum þæra [sc. divisions of the art of grammar] hatte ETHIMOLOGIA, þæ is namena ordfruma and gescead, hwi hi swa gehatene sind.
λǤϤޤǥƥñȤƤμƤˤʤäȤϤѸʸˤ etymology ĹˤäƤȤ롥
ʰʲ嵭2025/01/12(Sun)
heltalk ֥ƥǡָ츻פ̣ veriloquium ⥫åǤ͡ (2025/01/10)
heldio #1322. word-lore ָפäƤǤ͡ (2025/01/11)
ͺӸ١ҡ1999ǯ
ͺ ͺ¼ סԡˡإɱѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ1989ǯ
ꥷ줬ѸͿŪƶϡƥեΤ٤ȸꤹ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤºݤˤϤ礭äΤΤȤꡤष (word_formation) Ϳƶ礭ȤäۤŬڤ⤷ʤȤ櫓Ϣ (combining_form) ѤʳطϤʣηϡꥷΰʹǤ롥
Durkin (231) ϡѸˤˤ륮ꥷαƶˤĤơ鼡Τ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Between C5 and C8-9, the Greek liberal arts education was revived, first by the Ostrogoths, later by the Carolingians, and Greek gained special prestige. Writers liberally sprinkled their woks with Greek words, many of which found their way into other languages of Europe, including Old English. Particularly noteworthy are the glossarial poems from Canterbury with words like apoplexis, liturgia, spasmus. Since then, Greek medical doctrine and the terms associated with it became the major part of English medical lexis . . . . More general scientific vocabulary from Greek has mushroomed since C18 . . . .
. . . .
Greek influence on English, then, is restricted to the lexicon, (limited) derivation, and compounding. Words entered English initially through Roman borrowings, then through direct borrowing from Ancient Greek writers, more recently through word formation (combining roots and affixes) in English.
ꥷαѸؤαƶˤϡ3ѥ뤤3ʳäȤޤȤƤ褤
(1) ƥͳơ
(2) ľܥꥷ줫ʶʹߡ
(3) ꥷǡפѤѸǤ¤ʶʹߡä18ʹߡֲʳѸ쿷ŵŪʣ (neo-classical compounds) 뤤ϡֱפȸƤǤ褤
ΥѥˤĤƤ⡤ꥷդ줿ҿ (prestige) ȿǤƳؽѸ¤줬ŪǤ롥ϢȤơʲ hellog ⻲ȡ
#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1])
#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1])
#616. Ѹβʳظäȯ ([2011-01-03-1])
#617. Ѹ5ʬθä̻ʬۡ ([2011-01-04-1])
#1694. ʳظäˤƥꥷǤ˱ɤͳ ([2013-12-16-1])
#3014. Ѹˤˤ륮ꥷο¸ߴ19 ([2017-07-28-1])
#3013. 19줿ŵŪʣ ([2017-07-27-1])
#3166. ȤƤβʳѸ ([2017-12-27-1])
#3179. ֿŵŪʣפֱפ ([2018-01-09-1])
#3368. ֥ƥϡüѤλȷϩ ([2018-07-17-1])
#4191. ʳѸΰ̣νؤŤˤĤơ ([2020-10-17-1])
#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥȡ ([2021-07-02-1])
#5718. ꥷͳμƬϢ ([2024-12-22-1])
Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.
1130ˡǯ٤ī㡼ɶǤΥֺ¤8֤ޤϡֱѸ졤ȸήפꤷơѸˤǤϤޤܤ뤳ȤΤʤȤθܿˤĤޤˤ90ʬιֵͤơޤɤ䤷Ƥޤʤˤʤäơ줬۹ͫǤ뤳Ȥ狼ޤ̤ӥ饤ǡ¿ˤä꤬Ȥޤ
ֺ¤Ƥmarkmap Ȥ֥ġˤޥɥޥåײƤߤޤʲȤƤɤˡ֤줿ѤˡǤʤϹֺƤָ뵡ȤƤѤ
θˤƤ⡤ạ̈Ѳ (semantic_change) ϤƤդ줿פθѲǤꡤ˵äƤ롥ΤȤϡ#1955. ̣ѲΰŪ ([2014-09-03-1]) Ǥ̤Ǥ롥űѸñˤ⡤¿ΰ̣ѲäƤȤ
äǤűѸñΰ̣ѲʸŪʸڤǤ뤫ɤǤ롥⤽űѸθ¸Ͼʤᡤñΰ̣ѲűѸ˵äΤɤΤΤ˽ʬʾʤȤ¿ޤ̣ѲΤ˵äȸ뤿ˤϡѲѲθγơνŵȤʤƥȤŪ夷Ƥ뤳ȤθǤʤФʤʤˤϥƥǯǯᤰ꤬ĤޤȤ
Τ褦ʻǸűѸñΰ̣ѲˤϺΤǤ⤢ٸ뤳ȤϤ롥ŵ "semantic change" ι (p. 415) ϢսѤ롥
One area of vocabulary in which semantic change clearly took place during the Old English period is religious terminology. God 'God', heofon 'heaven', and helle 'hell', for example, necessarily adopted new meanings when they were applied to Christian rather than pagan concepts. Semantic change can also take the form of the development of a metaphorical meaning. In Old English this sometimes took place under the influence of Latin. Examples include tunge 'tongue', which was extended to mean 'language', possibly modelled on Latin lingua, and wit(e)ga 'wise man', used for 'prophet', perhaps influenced by Latin propheta. After the establishment of the Danelaw, OE terms also underwent semantic development under the influence of their Old Norse cognates. Modern English bloom 'flower' takes its form from either Old English bloma 'ingot of iron' or Old Norse blom 'flower', but its sense is clearly from Old Norse. In Old English, plog (ModE plough) was used for the measure of land which a yoke of oxen could plough in a day; its use with reference to an agricultural implement developed under the influence of Old Norse plogr. Similarly, Old English eorl 'man, warrior' (ModE earl) developed the sense 'chief, ruler of a shire' under the influence of Old Norse jarl.
ƥΥꥹȶѸαƶˤ̣ѲťΥɸбαƶˤ̣Ѳ夲Ƥ뤬˸ؤǤ̣ (semantic_borrowing) ȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ¿פΤΤǤ롥¾ˤñΰ̣ʬäƤꡤĸܿλʤɤǤСΤ褦ʰ̣ѲεǽˤʤȤȤ˸ؤʸؤˡΥȥԥåȤƤ⤪⤷
Lapidge, Michael, John Blair, Simon Keynes, and Donald Scragg, eds. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1999.
ε#5697. royal we ϡַ weפǤϤʤּҲŪʿʣס ([2024-12-01-1]) ˰³ַ we (royal_we) ܤ롥ѸȤƤ "plural of majesty", "plural of inequality" ʤɤѤƤ뤬1;ʣ̾ƱˡؤƤ롥
Mustanoja (124) ϡ"plural of majesty" ȤѸȤʤ顤ƥɤꥷˤޤǤΤܤεƤ롥ξǡѸˤˤŤŵȤơѸ֥إ3פǤ˸ڤƤ뤳Ȥܤ
PLURAL OF MAJESTY. --- Another variety of the sociative plural (pluralis societatis) exists as the plural of majesty (pluralis majestatis), likewise characterised by the use of the pronoun of the first person plural for the first person singular. The plural of majesty originates in a living sovereign's habit of thinking of himself as an embodiment of the whole community. As the use of the plural becomes a mere convention, the original significance of this plurality tends to disappear. The plural of majesty is found in the imperial decrees of the later Roman Empire and in the letters of the early Roman bishops, but it can be traced to even earlier times, to Greek syntactical usage (cf. H. Zilliacus, Selbstgefühl und Servilität: Studien zum unregelmâssigen Numerusgebrauch im Griechischen, SSF-GHL XVIII, 3, Helsinki 1953). The plural of majesty is extensively used in medieval Latin. In OE it does not seem to be attested. OE royal charters, for example, have the singular (ic Offa þurh Cristes gyfe Myrcena kining; ic Æþelbald cincg, etc.). The plural of majesty begins to be used in ME. A typical ME example is the following quotation from the English proclamation of Henry III (18 Oct., 1258), a characteristic beginning of a royal charter: --- Henry, thurȝ Gode fultume king of Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloande, Duk on Normandi, on Aquitaine, and Eorl on Anjow, send igretinge to alle hise holde, ilærde ond ileawede, on Huntendoneschire: thæt witen ȝe alle þæt we willen and unnen þæt . . ..
"the English proclamation of Henry III (18 Oct., 1258)" ʡ֥إ3סˤǤˤĤơʥۥɤȻפϤ롥#5696. royal we θűѸ줫㡩 ([2024-11-30-1]) κǸǿ줿褦ˡǤμ¤ royal we ˡɤϲΤǤ롥θʸˤĤƤϡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) ȡ
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
ַ֡ we (royal_we) դˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥Jespersen äƤߤȡַ weפʤּ̡ҲŪʿʣ ("the plural of social inequality") ȤѸ줬Ƥ2;̾ˤ롤 "T/V distinction" (t/v_distinction) ȴϢŤ we ݤˤϡΤѸ줫⤷ʤ
4.13. Third, we have what might be called the plural of social inequality, by which one person either speaks of himself or addresses another person in the plural. We thus have in the first person the 'plural of majesty', by which kings and similarly exalted persons say we instead of I. The verbal form used with this we is the plural, but in the 'emphatic' pronoun with self a distinction is made between the normal plural ourselves and the half-singular ourself. Thus frequently in Sh, e.g. Hml I. 2.122 Be as our selfe in Denmarke | Mcb III. 1.46 We will keepe our selfe till supper time alone. (In R2 III. 2.127, where modern editions have ourselves, the folio has our selfe; but in R2 I. 1,16, F1 has our selues). Outside the plural of majesty, Sh has twice our selfe (Meas. II. 2.126, LL IV. 3.314) 'in general maxims' (Sh-lex.).
. . . .
In the second person the plural of social inequality becomes a plural of politeness or deference: ye, you instead of thou, thee; this has now become universal without regard to social position . . . .
The use of us instead of me in Scotland and Ireland (Murray D 188, Joyce Ir 81) and also in familiar speech elsewhere may have some connexion with the plural of social inequality, though its origin is not clear to me.
٥ȤѸǤϤʤ⤷ʤҲŪʿˤ־פؤΤˡַʣ ("polite plural") ʤɤνѸϤ뤤ϡǤϤ魯뤫⤷ʤΤǡäȿȤʤ־ʣפʤɡ䡤ꤷơäȤȤʤѸȤơַʣפǤ褤Τ⤷ʤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.
ַ we (royal_we) ˤĤơ#5284. ñ we --- royal we, authorial we, editorial we ([2023-10-15-1]) #5692. royal we --- ϼȤ I ǤϤʤ we ȸƤ֡ ([2024-11-26-1]) εǼ夲Ƥ
OED εҤˤȡűѸ royal we θŤȤܤΤ뤬㤫ɤȽǤȤ롥Mitchell OES (§252) ؤλȤäΤǡäƤߤ
§252. There are also places where a single individual other than an author seems to use the first person plural. But in some of these at any rate the reference may be to more than one. Thus GK and OED take we in Beo 958 We þæt ellenweorc estum miclum, || feohtan fremedon as referring to Beowulf alone---the so-called 'plural of majesty'. But it is more probably a genuine plural; as Klaeber has it 'Beowulf generously includes his men.' Such examples as ÆCHom i. 418. 31 Witodlice we beorgað ðinre ylde: gehyrsuma urum bebodum . . . and ÆCHom i. 428. 20 Awurp ðone truwan ðines drycræftes, and gerece us ðine mægðe (where the Emperor Decius addresses Sixtus and St. Laurence respectively) may perhaps also have a plural reference; note that Decius uses the singular in ÆCHom i. 426. 4 Ic geseo . . . me . . . ic sweige . . . ic and that in § ii. 128. 6 Gehyrsumiað eadmodlice on eallum ðingum Augustine, þone ðe we eow to ealdre gesetton. . . . Se Ælmihtiga God þurh his gife eow gescylde and geunne me þæt ic mote eoweres geswinces wæstm on ðam ecan eðele geseon . . . , where Pope Gregory changes from we to ic, we may include his advisers. If any of these are accepted as examples of the 'plural of majesty', they pre-date that from the proclamation of Henry II (sic) quoted by Bøgholm (Jespersen Gram. Misc., p. 219). But in this too we may include advisers: þæt witen ge wel alle, þæt we willen and unnen þæt þæt ure ræadesmen alle, oþer þe moare dæl of heom þæt beoþ ichosen þurg us and þurg þæt loandes folk, on ure kyneriche, habbeþ idon . . . beo stedefæst.
Ǥ royal we 餷űѸ㤬ĤƤ뤬Τˤ1;ʣȤƲ᤹뤳ȤǽǤ롥ǸոƤѸ줫ˤƤ⡤royal we ȳθǤ櫓ǤϤʤľ1;ʣȤᤷΤĤδ֤ˤʸؤȼҲ˸ξ¤ͶƤޤä롥
ʤߤˡ嵭 "the proclamation of Henry II" "the proclamation of Henry III" θǤ롥Ѹ˾ȤƤפʡ#2561. The Proclamation of Henry III ([2016-05-01-1]) ȡ
Mitchell, Bruce. Old English Syntax. 2 vols. New York: OUP, 1985.
heldio/helwa ꥹʡ夵Ȥ X ˤơֱѸ˥פŸϤƤޤ2ϡʤǤ˲ȲƤޤˤʤʤΥǤ

եå粦˴ؤ뵭ҤȤƸäΤǤȤ4Ǥ4ĤȤơ֥ǡ͡ʥˤ˥ꥹȶĤפޤ¿βԤФƤΤǤɤʬ̤ꡤǤϤʤΤǤĤޤ֥ǡ͡ʥˤ˥ꥹȶĤפϻ¤ʤΤǤ
̩ˤСդλˤĤƤʣʤȤ¿ΤǤͻ¤ǤȹͤƤ褤إΥޥͤء٤2ѤȻפޤޤ2ϡ֥פ pp. 86--87 ꡥ
ʤ餳ΥץʡΰѼϥΥ꽻ΥץˤϡɿͤˤȤäƤñʤ뽱Ԥ鶦ٿͤؤѤˤäɮ٤̣äƤư֤ƤʳΥǡͤϡϽĤ̤ȤˡϼҲݤ٤ƻ侦Ⱦδ뤳ȤϤǤʤäǤä餬ϤͿ꽻ǤϤʤϤˤä褻ʤʤȡζ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ŪϤκǤΤǤꡤեå粦μ礿ŪΰĤǤäȤǤ롥۶Ԥ쥭ꥹȶŪưͼȤƻɡȲؤζʤӤٿ̳ͤؤΤǤС䤬ʿ¤ʶ¸뤳Ȥˤʤ
䤿ϤǤˡեåɲ褦ˤᤷΤΤäƤ롥ϽǯƱͤβإƥˤߤޤϤʤäإƥ©Ҥϡեåɲȡ̲̼̻ǥޡμͥ͡ɡޥåɤ岡뤳ȤˤäƲ줿Τ褦ˤƥꥹȶ̤ȤʤäƳԤϡ۶ǤΤƤ褦ˤǶ⤷ʤǤϼºݤ˼¹ԤΤƤΤ褦ʲץ䤷ʤߤϡɤۤɤΤꥹȶץ˴ؤơˤϤۤȤɲξڵʤꥹȶǥʥͤˤɤΤ褦ʱƶͿΤ¬बʤ櫓ǤϤʤξڵϤǤ롥۶ϤǧϰϤϸ¤Ƥꡤӡȥץȥ̤ˤˤϳ̵˶ᤫäΤᡤȬǯˤϰ꽻ΤǤ۶Ԥݻ뤳ȤǤʤäȤ狼롥ξڵߤǤ롥ȡꥢˤ϶塻ǯɥޥɤߤи뤬Ϥ餯ǡͻۼԤΰͤμˤʤΤǤ롥λ¤ϡɥޥɿɤλफ⤿ʤˤʤäƤȤ¤Ʊˡ緳פλƳԤλ¹Τˤ⥭ꥹȶνԤФºǰƤȤƤ롥ƥǡǤ⡤졻ȾФޤǤˤ϶ȿ褷ǽƤȹͤ롥λ¤ϡ졻Ⱦ˥եåɲθѼԤǡ뤳ȤˤꡤǡͷϤο꽻ԤꥹȶĤȤδƤϼҲ˵®Ʊ뤳ȤˤʤäȤդȤʤ
³ơűѸΥꥹȶοƩ5Ϥ p. 213 Ѥޤ
ʤɤΤ褦˥ꥹȶ줿ΤϤ褯狼äƤʤŪ˶顤ȤΤĤǤϤ롥̡緳פβȬ塻ǯͤȤ۲μäԤϡȬȬǯθ塤եåɲȤδ֤ʿξΰĤȤ֥ȥ衼³Ū˻ۤաʥ֡ˡ顼ʶȬǯˤϡͻǯ˥ɤǡɥޥɲȤơˡ쥷ɤϡФΥΥ륦աȥåˤǯ뤳Ȥ줿Ūβϡ˽ԤäƲȤǽפǤϤäʤ顤꽻ԤΤ륳ߥ˥ƥΤФƻҤԤˤϡ꽻ԤܤʺפɬפǤꡤäƶ¸ߤɬפǤäĤޤꡤβϡǽˤȿ¸ߤżƤ뤫˸롤ȤȤǤ롥ʤ顤Ūˡ֥Τ褦ʥɤΥǥʥϤ⡤ǡϰϤ®˹Ԥ줿ΤǤ롥Ԥζȿɡʥ֥٤ޤˤΤ⡤餫ˤ꺮𤷤Ƥˤ⤫餺Ǥ롥ΤȤϡǡϰǤϡʶ¶ߥžͫܤ¸³Ƥꡤλʺפ餬ƻưԤäȤȤΤ⤷ʤޤ뤤ϡåԤޤơƻưԤäΤ⤷ʤоŪˡɤԤˤϡʤƤޤƱ֤Ȥ˲ڤⴶƤʤäɤβˤˡ۶Ρ֤褽Ԥפ褦Ȥ餯ʤäΡ֥ꥢ䡤ޡƥȡꥢ٤ơ֤褽ԡפ꽻ϰϤϤ뤫˶ο⾯ʤäΤǤ롥äˡΰ㤤ϡ۶ȥꥹȶȤΤФơ롼פȤ˰ۤʤäбΤȤȤƤ롤ȤȤ褦
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10ƤϡϤƳǸűѻη Beowulf Ƭˤۤɶᤤ ll. 24--25 1ʸܤޤʰʲ Jack Ǥˡ
lofdǣdum sceal in mǣgþa gehwǣre man geþēon.
ǦˤܸˤС֤ʤ̱ˤäƤ⡤ͤ̾롿ԤäƱɤΤǤפȤʤޤűѸʸˡäξܤϡ嵭ۿäꤪİ
¤Ͼ嵭θϿ Voicy heldio ΤۤkhelfʷѸ˥եˤθ Instagram @khelf_keioǥưȤƤۿϿƤޤ奢ߤȤϡꤴǮȻפޤ
hajimeteno_koeigo ꤴˬ䤯
Jack, George, ed. Beowulf: A Student Edition. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.
Ǧ ջϺˡإ١ա١ȽŹ1990ǯ
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