hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ڡ / page 12 (17)

oe - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2018-06-14 Thu

#3335. Ѳưβʬ -n [participle][oe][inflection][reconstruction][indo-european][germanic][suffix][gradation][verb][verners_law]

ѸΡԵ§ưפβʬˤϡŵŪ -(e)nwritten, born, eaten, fallen ǡǤ롥ϡűѸǶѲưȸƤФưβʬͳ褹ΤǤꡤűѸǤ⤽줾 writen, boren, eten, feallen Τ褦ˡ§Ū -en 줿ʡ#2217. űѸ춯Ѳư෿ΤޤȤ ([2015-05-23-1]) ˼ѥ򻲾ȡˡ
űѸζѲư ablaut 뤤 gradation ȸƤФ첻Ǥϡߡ12ʬ4̤졤碌ưΡ4׷ (four principal parts) ȸƤФ롥4ܤβʬγʤΤűѸ줫餵̤СϤȤȤư줽ΤΤ°볬ǤϤʤäषư줫Ωƻͳ褹餷ޥĸǤ *ROOT - - n- ƷƤꡤĸǤ * ROOT- o - nó- ƷƤ롥ķ˴ޤޤɡ n ѸˤޤǻĤʬ -(e)n εȹͤƤ롥
θϡ촴β֤ˤ⾯ƶͿƤ롥äդ٤ϡĸķǤ϶ n θ³ȤϡޥǤ Verner's Law ͳƸ촴λҲѲȤͽۤ롥ʤߤˡѲ V, VI, VII ˤĤơʬθ촴첻γˤ긽߷ƱˤʤäƤ뤳Ȥˤդ (ex. tredan (pres.)/treden (pp.), faran (pres.)/faren (pp.), healdan (pres.)/healden (pp.))
ʾ塤Lass (161--62) 򻲾Ȥ-en ˤĤƤϡϢơ#1916. ˡȽˡǰۤʤ֤ķƻ ([2014-07-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-05-27 Sun

#3317. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ˤߤ Hengest Horsa [anglo-saxon][oe][literature][popular_passage][oe_text][jute][history]

449ǯHengest Horsa Ȥ塼ȿͤη郎֥ȥͤ뤿˥󥰥ɤϤꡤθष󥰥ɤƤޤȤ郎äΤϡThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ˾ܤʲǤϸűѸؼԸ˲Ԥ줿 Smith (158--59) ꡤϢűѸ[2018-05-31-1]ʸսѤ롥ǯ嵭449ǯ455ǯ457ǯεҤȴ褷ΤǤ롥ѸդƤΤǡűѸɲγؽˤɤ̤δϢ뵭Ҥϡ#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1]) ӡ#2900. 449ǯ󥰥ͤˤ֥ƥ翯ά ([2017-04-05-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Anno 449. Hēr Martiānus and Valentīnus onfēngon rice, and rīcsodon seofon winter. And on hiera dagum Hengest and Horsa, fram Wyrtgeorne gelaþode, Bretta cyninge, gesōton Bretene on þǣm stede þe is genemned Ypwinesflēot, ǣrest Brettum tō fultume, ac hīe eft on hīe fuhton. Se cyning hēt hīe feohtan ongēan Peohtas; and hīe swā dydon, and sīge hæfdon swā hwǣr swā hīe cōmon. Hīe þā sendon tō Angle, and hēton him sendan māran fultum. Þā sendon hīe him māran fultum. Þā cōmon þā menn of þrim mǣgþum Germānie: of Ealdseaxum, of Englum, of Iotum.

455. Hēr Hengest and Horsa fuhton wiþ Wyrtgeorne þǣm cyninge in þǣre stōwe þe is genemned Æglesþrep; and his brōþor Horsan man ofslōg. And æfter þǣm Hengest fēng tō rīce, and Æsc his sunu.

457. Hēr Hengest and Æsc fuhton wiþ Brettas in þǣre stōwe þe is genemned Crecganford, and þǣr ofslōgon fēower þūsend wera. Þā forlēton þā Brettas Centland, and mid micle ege flugon tō Lundenbyrig.


Anno 449. In this year [lit. here] Martianus and Valentinus succeeded to [lit. received] kingship, and ruled seven years. And in their days Hengest and Horsa, invited by Vortigern, king of [the] Britons, came to Britain at the place which is called Ebbsfeet, first as a help to [the] Britons, but they afterwards fought against them. The king commanded them to fight against [the] Picts; and they did so, and had victory wherever they came. Then they sent to Angeln, and told them to send more help. They then sent to them more help. Then the men came from three tribes in Germany: from [the] Old Saxons, from [the] Angles, from [the] Jutes.

455. In this year Hengest and Horsa fought against Vortigern the king in the place which is called Aylesford; and his brother Horsa was slain [lit. one slew his brother Horsa]. And after that Hengest and Æsc his son succeeded to kingship [lit. Hengest succeeded to kingship, and Æsc his son].

457. In this year Hengest and Æsc fought against [the] Britons in the place which is called Crayford, and there slew four thousand men [lit. of men]. The Britons then abandoned Kent, and with great fear fled to London.


Hengest Horsa Υ֥ƥ翯ˤĤƤϡanglo-saxon εΤۤȤ櫓ʲ򻲾ȡ

#33. 塼ȿͤ̾Τˡ ([2009-05-31-1])
#389. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes θϤȰܽ ([2010-05-21-1])
#1013. 󥰥ͤϤɤ֥ƥϤä ([2012-02-04-1])
#2353. ʤ󥰥ͤϥ󥰥ɤ򤫤᤯Τ ([2015-10-06-1])
#2443. 󥰥ɤˤ륱ȸ̾ʬۡ ([2016-01-04-1])
#2493. 󥰥ͤϲäơͤϰ󤻤줿 ([2016-02-23-1])
#2900. 449ǯ󥰥ͤˤ֥ƥ翯ά ([2017-04-05-1])
#3094. 449ǯˤ⥲ޥͤϥ󥰥ɤ¸ߤ ([2017-10-16-1])
#3113. 󥰥ͤ˥󥰥ɤ᤯Τ ([2017-11-04-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Smith, Jeremy J. Essentials of Early English. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-07-06-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-05-09 Wed

#3299. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (2) [sobokunagimon][plural][consonant][oe][phonetics][fricative_voicing][analogy][number][conjugation][inflection][paradigm]

ε ([2018-05-08-1]) ǡwolf (sg.) Ф wolves (pl.) ȤʤͳűѸβ§˾Ȥ餷ˤꡤϢ¾ -f (sg.)/ -ves (pl.) 㡤ʤ calf/calves, elf/elves, half/halves, leaf/leaves, life/lives, loaf/loaves, knife/knives, self/selves, sheaf/sheaves, shelf/shelves, thief/thieves, wife/wives ʤɤ⤭줤ǤȻפ⤷ʤѸˤϤۤɥȥ졼ȤΤǤϤʤȤʣʥƥबɤˤϡʤʤ⤢ΤǤ롥
㤨Сwife (sg.)/wives (pl.) λ夲褦̾ϡűѸǤ wīf ȤñʡʸФ˷äƤθϡֺʡפȤֽפäˡf ϡ¦ͭ첻챦¦ˤϲʤΤǡͭ˶ޤƤפ櫓ǤϤʤǥեȤ /f/ ȯ롥ơȤͽۤΤϡ֤Ȥʣʡʡгʡ˷Ǥ wīf -as ζ޸դϤǤꡤf ͭ˶ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫顤/v/ ͭΤפȤȤ
ϴñˤʤȤΤϡwulf ξϤޤѲȤ롼פ°ƤꡤεǷǤɽ˽ȤˤʤäƤΤwīf ѲȤ롼פ°̾ǤꡤűѸǤϰۤʤޥѥ򼨤ƤʲˡζɽǤ褦

Ѳ̾ñʣ
wīfwīf
гwīfwīf
°wīfeswīfa
Ϳwīfewīfum


ѲζޥѥϾ嵭̤ǤꡤΥפ̾Ǥʣʡʡгʡ˷ñʡʡгʡ˷ƱˤʤΤǤ롥Ѹ˻ĤñʣƱ̾ΰ (ex. sheep) ϡűѸǤΥפ̾äȤˤǤʡ#12. How many carp! ([2009-05-11-1]) 򻲾ȡˡȤȡwīf ˤơñ /f/ ʣ /v/ Ѳڹ礤ϡʤʤȤˤʤ롥/f/ /v/ Ȥˡ⤽ʣ s ʤդʤäΤ顤Ѹ wives Ȥ֤ϡ嵭θűѸΡľܤΡȯãȤ򤹤櫓ˤϤʤʤ롥¤ϡƱȤ leaf/leaves life/lives ˤƤϤޤ롥줾θűѸ lēaf līf ϡwīf Ʊ͡Ѳ̾Ǥꡤʣʡʡгʡ˷Ϥ̵ѲʣפäΤ
Ǥϡʤ̾ʣߤǤ wolves leaves, lives ȤʤäƤΤϡwīf, lēaf, līf Ȥ wulf ƱѲ̾ζޥѥˡ־괹פȤˤ롥wulf ΥѥϳΤ˸űѸˤƺǤͥʥѥǤꡤ¾¿̾ϤӤäŪޥʡʸबƶϤΤǥˤäѲѤ򡤸ؤǤ (analogy) ȸƤǤ뤬ŵǤʡ#946. ̾ʣˤγס ([2011-11-29-1]) 򻲾ȡˡѤˤꡤŪʣʸ̩ˤʣʡгʷˤǤ wīf, lēaf, līf ϡwīfas, lēafas, līfas Υפؤȡ־괹פΤäθȯŸϡwulfas ƱǤ롥
ݥȤϡѸʣ wives, leaves, lives Ū褦Ȥ硤wolves ξۤñǤϤʤȤȤ⤦󡦥åɲäɬפʤΤǤ롥ǤϡűѸΡ໤ͭפȤ§ϡޤä̵طȤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡޤطŪȤ٥ؤԤ롥ܲ򤤤СȺεɸˤϡȤΤʤ wolf (sg.)/wolves wife (sg.)/wives (pl.) ȤȤǤϤ롥wife/wives Τۤ٤⤤ξɤͭ첻Ȥʬ䤹ʤΤǡΤζȤƤϱǤ뤫嵭ͳǡ໤ͭŵȤ̤˽ФƻȤ櫓ˤϤʤΤǤ롥Ѹ˾塤äȡֻǰʻפȤȤˤʤ롥
ȤϤwives ϡѤȤ⤦1ĤΤƶ̣Ūݤդ򴭵Ƥ줿DZѸˤα1ʿޤäϤϡϢǤʤ뿼ߤء

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-05-08 Tue

#3298. ʤ wolf ʣ wolves ʤΤ (1) [sobokunagimon][plural][consonant][oe][phonetics][fricative_voicing][number][v][conjugation][inflection][paradigm]

ɸϡ#1365. űѸˤ뼫IJˤϤޤ줿̵໤ͭ ([2013-01-21-1]) Ǽ夲#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) #2948. Ϣ5alive ˸ءס ([2017-05-23-1]) ǤŪ󤲤Ρ⤦1ĤαǤ롥wolf ʣ wolves Ȥʤʤɡñ /-f/ ʣ /-vz/ ؤȰ츫Ե§Ѳ㤬Ĥ̾˸롥㤨Сcalf/calves, elf/elves, half/halves, leaf/leaves, life/lives, loaf/loaves, knife/knives, self/selves, sheaf/sheaves, shelf/shelves, thief/thieves, wife/wives ʤɤǤ롥Ϥɤäͳ
űѸǤϡ̵໤ /f, θ, s/ ϡξ¦ͭ˶ޤȼͭ [v, ð, z] Ȥʤ벻§ΩƤε§ϡŬѤ벻Ķξ郎Ѳ뤳Ȥ⤢СˤäƤޤޤѸʹߤǤ⤷ФФܤˤ롼Ǥ롥ɬݤäŬѤƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΡ̣DZѸˤ̤Ƹư³Ƥ§Ȥ롥໤ͭ (fricative_voicing) ʤɤȤ̾ͿƤ롥
ɸ˾Ȥ餷ʲǤ /f/ ξʤwolf ϵˤϸűѸǤ wulf Ȥ֤ä̾ѲȤ롼פ°̾ǡʤȿ˱ưʲΤ褦˶ޤ

Ѳ̾ñʣ
wulfwulfas
гwulfwulfas
°wulfeswulfa
Ϳwulfewulfum


ñʡʡгʡˤη֡븫ФǤ wulf ˤ϶޸Ĥf Ω줫ߤȡΤ˺¦ͭ l ϤΤα¦ˤϲʤΤǡͭ˶ޤƤ״ĶǤϤʤäơ f ϤΤޤޥǥեȤ /f/ ȯ롥ɽΤ¾6ޥǤϡ첻ǻϤޤ벿餫ζ޸ղäƤꡤ f ͭ˶ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥໤ͭ§ȯưf ȯ /f/ /v/ ؤѲ롥űѸǤֻ <f> <v> Ȥʬ봷ϤʤʤȤ <v> ʸ¸ߤʤˤΤǡʸ̵ǤͭǤ <f> ΤޤޤǤʸ <v> ȯãˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡζɽʣʡʡгʡˤ wulfas θĤäƸѸˤʣפȤä櫓ʣǤϡֻ wolves Ƚ񤭲줿ȯϸűѸ /f/ ʤ /v/ äĤäƤ롥
Τ褦ˡűѸβ§ǰƬˤС wolf/wolves δطϤ줤Ǥ롥ѸȤƤߤȳΤˡԵ§פȸƤӤʤطѸˤ򻲾ȤСषֵ§ŪפʤΤǤ롥Τ褦ʵŤѸˤؤ̥ϤǤꡤѸˤαȤ롥
ѸˤαϤǻߤޤʤǼƽꡤǤϤʤȯŸƤäȤ⤷ԲĻ׵ĤŸƤΤѸˤǤ롥ŸˤĤƤʹߤεǡ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-05-03 Thu

#3293. űѸ̾ [oe][gender][noun][hel_education]

ѸˤμȤʤɤǡűѸˤʸˡ (grammatical gender) äΤȶä¿Ѹϰ²νΤʤǤʸˡ礤Ƥꡤष㳰ŪʸʤΤդѸΤߤˤƤȡλ¤˵Ťʤ²¿θ줬ʸˡäƤ뤳Ȥϡ#487. ʰʸˡ ([2010-08-27-1]) 餫Ǥ롥ơűѸ⤽Τ褦ʡ̤Ρװ1Ĥä
űѸ̾ˤϡ (masculine) (feminine) (neuter) 3ĤäˤȽǤդΤˤ뤬§ȤƶŪˤͽ¬ǽϹ⤯ʤ̣δ¿Ωľ礬ꡤ㳰wīf "woman" ̾ǡwīfmann "woman" ̾ʤɡˤϤΤΡ̾ɽ魯̾̾ɽ魯̾Ͻ̾Ǥ롥ɤ١űѸ̾ͽ¬ǤΤǤʤΤϡ˷Ǥʲ򻲾Ȥ줿

MasculineFeminineNeuter
ǣsc "ash tree"bōc "book"ǣġ "egg"
brōðor "brother"beadu "battle"ċild "child"
cyning "king"benċ "bench"corn "grain"
dōm "doom"clǣnness "cleanness"ēage "eye"
enġel "angel"cwēn "queen"ġeat "gate"
feoh "money"dǣd "deed"hēafod "head"
hæle(þ) "warrior"dohtor "daughter"hūs "house"
here "army"ġiefu "gift"lamb "lamb"
hrōf "roof"hand "hand"land "land"
mann "man"hnutu "nut"mæġþ "maiden"
nama "name"lenġu "length"scēap "sheep"
stān "stone"sāwol "soul"scip "ship"
sunu "sun"sorg "sorrow"searu "skill"
wealh "foreigner"strengþ "strength"þing "thing"
wīfmann "woman"tunge "tongue"wīf "woman"


Ϣơ#28. űѸ˼Ϥʤä ([2009-05-26-1])#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1])#1135. ĸʸˡε ([2012-06-05-1]) ɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2024-02-05-1] [2020-05-18-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-04-15 Sun

#3275. ա wassail [be][etymology][oe][bible][imperative][old_norse]

4ϿεȤȤǡꡥwassail /ˈwɒseɪl, ˈwɑːsl/ Ȥϡ̾Ȥơ֡ʼ˥ꥹޥΡ˽ˤμפưȤơּ򤹤롨ǽˤפ̣롥ˤϡϤʤ be ư̿ŪޤƤCrystal 21 򻲾ȡˡ
űѸǤδդΰϡ꤬ñξˤ wes hal "(you (sg.)) be in good health"꤬ʣξˤ wesað hale "(you (pl.)) be in good health" ȸäwes wesað ϡߤǤϻȤƤʤ be ưΰ wesan 2;̿ʤ줾ñʣˤǤcf. #2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]hal(e) ϡѸǡַʡ򹯤ʡפɽ魯 whole hale θűѸǤꡤСפȤƤӤб hail ȤƱǤcf. #1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1])ˡűѸΥȥʡǤϡLuke 1.28 ŷȤޥꥢФ Hal wes ðu Ȱս꤬롥
ѸǤ wesan be ư̿ϾüƤäδդɽ wassail ȤƸ경֤Ĥäʤwassail Ф֤ΰϡdrinkhail Ǥ롥
ťΥɸˤƱɽ ves heill ꡤѸɽθ츻ȤƤϤषθťΥɸαƶ礭Ȥ뤬ߤ wassail ϤˤŪʥꥹδդλȤΤƤ롥

Crystal, David. The Story of Be. Oxford: OUP, 2017.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-09-1] [2019-10-04-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-04-10 Tue

#3270. mother tongue ʣǤϤʤ̾ä [compound][genitive][inflection][oe][relationship_noun]

#2654. a six-foot man a ten-mile drive ˻ĤʻĤäƤʤ˸űѸʣ°ʷ ([2016-08-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸǤ̵޷ˤߤΤΡϤĤƤζ޷μ岽üФ̤η֤ǤȤ褦㤬Ȥ˳ǧ롥a six-foot man foot whilom, seldom Lady Chapel, ladybird ʤɤˤ1 lady츫ȶޤʤɤƤʤη֤Ȥߤ뤬줾줫ĤƤʣ°ʷʣͿʷñ°ʷͳ褹롥˸ޤä꼺줿ꤷơŪ̵޷Ǥ뤫Τ褦ˤȤ館褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
Ƕᡤmother tongue ˤ⤽Τ褦1Ĥ餷ΤäѸǤʣȤǧ츻Ūˤ1 mother ϤΤޤޤñ°ʷȤĤޤꡤѸȯ֤ۤСޤ "mother's tongue" ȸäƤ褦ʤΤäΤ#703. űѸο²̾ζɽ ([2011-03-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡmother üʶޤ򤹤̾1Ĥǡñʷ mōdor Ʊñ°ʷȤʤꤦ롥mother tongue ȤɽνϡѸ Wyclif moder tonge ȤƽиۤƱ modir langage ⸽Ƥ롥η֤󤯸űѸ̵޷ȿǡƧƤȤ櫓ޤḽŪΤ°ʸȼä modiris langage ƱʸڤƤ뤳ȤդäƤ
ȤϤΤΡˤʤ롥 "mother" űѸ̵Ѳ°ʷ̤ȸѶŪʺϲѸǽФ餫顤ѸƱФǡʣȤƤȤ館줿ȤǽϤʤΤ嵭Τ褦 modiris langage ʻ¸ƤȤȤϡ1ĤΥݥȤˤʤ뤫⤷ʤθǤۤɶϤʤ褦ˤפ롥OED Ǥ⡤°ʷͳ褹Ȥˤ "Probably" źƤ롥դϡѸʣΥѥˤĤƤ褯ؤФʤȡȽǤǤʤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-04-03 Tue

#3263. ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿Ѹ˽ФΤ [sobokunagimon][old_norse][standardisation][loan_word][borrowing][medium][oe][eme]

#2869. ťΥɸ줫μѤϸűѸǤäƤ⡤ʸڤѸ ([2017-03-05-1]) Ǥ夲ƤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ѸθäˤϸťΥɸ줫μѸ줬¿ޤޤƤ롥ŪطʤȤƤϡ9Ⱦʹߤ˸ťΥɸȤ󥰤󥰥꽻DZѸüԤȺäȤаޤ롥ǼѤ줿Ϥ¿θťΥɸ줫ñ줬ʸ˽ƸΤϡ󥰤꽻ʤűѸˤƤǤϤʤʤ̻֤ѸʹߡȤ櫓13ʹߤΤȤʤΤǤ롥ŪͽۤǯȼºݤʸڤǯȤδ֤˥åפȤϡѸˤǤ⤷Фм夲뤬ͳϰŪ˼Τ褦˹ͤƤBlake, p. 92 ˡ

It is a feature of the history of the English language that there are a considerable number of Old Norse loans in the language, but the appearance of these loans in writing occurs mainly from the thirteenth century onwards and not from the pre-Conquest period which is when the Viking invasions and settlements occurred. The usual explanation for this is as follows. Most Old English literature which has survived is written in the West Saxon dialect, and the dialect represents those areas of England which were least affected by the Scandinavian invasions and settlements. Hence Scandinavian influence in these areas cannot have been very significant. Even in those areas where the Danes had settled, they continued to live in their own communities and would only gradually have become absorbed among the Anglo-Saxon population. This implies that the new settlers were for a long time regarded as foreigners and no attempt was made to assimilate them. Consequently the introduction of Old Norse words into English was delayed in the Anglian dialects, and their southward drift would be even later than that. It is hardly surprising in this view that words of Scandinavian origin are not found in English in any numbers until the thirteenth century.


Ĥޤꡤ󥰤ϳΤ˥󥰥ˤɬ⤹ˤ轻Υ󥰥ͤȺä櫓ǤϤʤüѤޤ᤿ŪͻϰƳ٤äȤ櫓ޤűѸʸȤƻĤäƤΤ¿ϥ󥰥 West Saxon ǽ񤫤Ƥ뤿ᡤ󥰤θŪƶϸűѸˤʸڤˤΤȤ
Blake (93--94) ϤΰŪʸɤ˲ȤߤƤ롥

The continuity of West Saxon as Standard Old English would have discouraged the adoption of new words from other varieties and even from other languages. The tenth-century reforms were a continuation of the policies introduced by Alfred, and it is not surprising that the attitude towards standardisation and conservatism should have become more rigid as the standard grew in importance.


Blake ιͤϤäդΥ٥ǤϡŪаޤ鼫ͽۤȤꡤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿Ǥ˸űѸäƤɸŪݼŪ West Saxon ν񤭸դˤƤϡŪάŪʶοȤ⤤٤ťΥɸѸѤ뤳ȤϤդ路ʤȹͤ졤ӽ줿ΤǤϤʤĤޤꡤ͡θȯƤʸϤˤȿǤʤäȤȤǤϤʤ
񤭸դݼϤ褯Τ줿¤ɸŪʽ񤭸դȤʤФޤޤݼŪˤʤȤȤϡΤ˹ͤ롥

Blake, N. F. A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-03-31 Sat

#3260. űѸˤɸಽ [oe][standardisation][orthography][lexicology]

űѸˤĤɸಽ (standardisation) ݤ˼礿ȤʤΤϡ(1) űѸ "Early West Saxon" 뤤 "Alfredian Old English" ˡ(2) űѸ "Late West Saxon", "Ælfrician Old English" 뤤 "Standard Old English" ˡ(3) "Winchester vocabulary" 3Τۤˤ⡤"Mercian literary language" ʤɤɸಽȤܤΤȤǰ꤫⤷ʤ
θűѸΡɸפϡ#2745. Haugen θɸಽ4ʳ (2) ([2016-11-01-1]) #3209. ɸಽ7Ĥ¦̡ ([2018-02-08-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 Haugen Milroy and Milroy ɸಽŪʴ˾Ȥ餷ƤߤСޤǸŪʰ̣ǤΡɸפˤʤȤϤ㤨 Late West Saxon űѸɸʾʤȤˡˤơˤǤȤªŪˤʤäƤ뤬 Haugen Τ Selection ʳФ٤˲᤮Codification, Elaboration, Acceptance Ȥ¦̤ˤĤƤϤۤܲؤäƤʤ̩ˤΤǤСɸפʤɤǤϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Late West Saxon ˤĤƤϡˡǤϤʤष޷ˤɸʲˤۤŬڤǤϤʤȤո⤢ (Kornexl 231)
ѸΤήΤʤɸಽͤǤϡϤűѸξоݤȤƲƤΤ褤㤨СűѸ Early West Saxon ȸűѸ Late West Saxon ˤĤƤϡ줾ˡθŪɸಽ뤳ȤǤ뤬ξԤδ֤ˤɬ̻ŪϢ³ϤʤȤƤϽפǤ (Kornexl 230) ޤѸȯãɸ⡤θűѸɸΤȤϢ³ʤĤޤꡤѸɸಽϡ˾塤ΩƲ٤Ƥ롥
ä˴ؤűѸɸಽλȤƤϡ"Winchester vocabulary" 󤲤롥10--11 "Winchester group/circle" ̾դ줿ɤ Winchester ˽äƽ񤤤ʸϤΤʤˡꤵ줿Ȥܤθäǧ롥γɤΤʤǺǤŵŪԤ Ælfric ǤꡤΥƥȤˤƤ "Winchester vocabulary" κΨ98.3%ˤȤɸŪäεɤˤΤˤĤƤϵ뤬ƥƥȤθűѸκݤȤ夷Τ¿ȤȤƤ롥äợǤϳΰϤˤɸಽλȤȤˤʤ

Kornexl, Lucia. "Standardization." Chapter 12 of The History of English. Vol. 2. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. 220--35.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-07-1] [2020-04-22-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-02-10 Sat

#3211. ù¤ [syntax][discourse_analysis][oe][information_structure][pragmatics][tense][aspect][word_order][historical_pragmatics]

ǯù¤δطõ븦椬ƤƤ롥ŪˤäơȸΥ󥿡եܤƤƤ褦ѸˤǤС㤨иűѸ˴ؤơù¤δطõäꡤȾ¤ؤɵ᤹븦椬Ƥ롥
⤦Ū˽Ҥ٤褦űѸǡ (tense) (aspect) ϷŪɸ졤ϤäѤʸˡŪȤưƤƥȤθǤɽѤʬۤĴ٤ƤߤȡλϾʲô̤λϾطʲôȤ餫ˤʤ롥Сñ졤ưŪֻͭĽϴλɽ蘆졤³ȿ̵Ľ̤λɽ蘆ȤʾϡHopper ˤ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle оݤȤʬϷ̤ǤꡤűѸ̤ƤϤޤ뤫ɤŪʷù¤Ѥǽ򼨤ΤȤƶ̣
Ʊ褦ˡŪͳȤűѸθ¤˰äƤȤߤʤ㤬ŦƤ롥Ѹ "then" þa, þonne ϡäΤĤʤȤƺѤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥Ʊˡ줬֤뤳Ȥˤꡤ¾ʸǤŪ֤ƶ뤳Ȥ褯ΤƤ롥ɤνиѰۡù¤3Ԥϡʣ̩ܤ˴ϢäƤ褦ʤΤ㤨СʸϤޤꡤľ onginnan (to begin) ư֤ȡäη³ްդ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ줬ǡƤСä³ްդȤ
ޤþa, þonne ϤȤ "focus particles" ȤΤ褦ˡξˤؤäƤȤ롥ʸ˸Ȥʬ (topic) Ȥʤꡤʬ (focus) Ȥʤ롥
̻Ūʻ鶽̣ΤϡűѸ줫ѸˤơŪʥꥨ󤬸경ƤˤĤơ餬ôäƤù¤뵡ǽषƤäϤǤȤȤǤϡù¤뵡ǽϡ¾Τʤʤˤä줿Τ뤤ʤäΤȸΥ󥿡եΤΤˡʥߥåѲǽ롥

Lenker, Ursula. "Old English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 21 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 325--340.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-23-1] [2018-02-18-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-02-07 Wed

#3208. ݥ饤ȥͥäűѸ [speech_act][politeness][solidarity][anglo-saxon][oe][face][pragmatics][historical_pragmatics]

Ѹ˸θԤǡűѸȯù԰ (speech_act) ȤƤ Thomas Kohnen ˤС󥰥ʸˤƤϸŪʰ̣Ǥ negative politeness ϤۤȤ¸ߤʤäȤä̿ȯù԰٤ˤơűѸǤϸŪʥݥ饤ȥͥάѤ줺ľŪ Ic bidde eow þæt . . . (I ask you to . . . ) þu scealt . . . (thou shalt . . .) Ѥ줿Ȥ󥰥ʸǤϡnegative politeness ϻ¾ǧʤ褦
solidarity ʤ positive politeness άϡuton (let us) ʤɤɽꥹȶŪʸ̮ʤɤǤǧ뤬ȤΩäƻѤ櫓ǤϤʤäɤ饢󥰥ʸűѸǤϡͼΥݥ饤ȥͥǤ츽٤ƱƤäȤȤ̸Ūˤ٤ŪꤵƤݥ饤ȥͥѸθŤʳˤƻ¾ԺߤäȤȤϡ̣ǥå󥰤ȯǤ롥Lenker (328) ˤĤơΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Politeness as face work may thus not have played a major role in Anglo-Saxon society. This highlights the intrinsically culture-specific nature of phenomena like politeness and suggests in accordance with other cross-cultural studies that the universal validity or significance of politeness theory --- as devised by Brown and Levinson . . . --- is a gross mistake. Negative politeness in particular is fundamentally culture-specific, reflecting the typical patterns of today's Western, or even more particular, Anglo-American, politeness culture . . . . The study of Anglo-Saxon pragmatics thus does not only affect our understanding of the historicity of verbal interaction but also challenges issues of universality.


Lenker, Ursula. "Old English: Pragmatics and Discourse" Chapter 21 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 325--340.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-23 Tue

#3193. űѸμפʽǯɽ [timeline][oe][christianity][synod_of_whitby][history][chronology][monarch]

Algeo and Pyles (86--87) ꡤűѸμפʽǯɽ򼨤

449Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians began to occupy Great Britain, thus changing its major population to English speakers and separating the early English language from its Continental relatives.
597Saint Augustine of Canterbury arrived in England to begin the conversion of the English by baptizing King Ethelbert of Kent, thus introducing the influence of the Latin language.
664The Synod of Whitby aligned the English with Roman rather than Celtic Christianity, thus linking English culture with mainstream Europe.
730The Venerable Bede produced his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, recording the early history of the English people
787The Scandinavian invasion began with raids along the Northeast seacoast.
865The Scandinavians occupied northeastern Britain and began a campaign to conquer all of England.
871Alfred became king of Wessex and reigned until his death in 899, rallying the English against the Scandinavians, retaking the city of London, establishing the Danelaw, and securing the position of king of all England for himself and his successors.
991Olaf Tryggvason invaded England, and the English were defeated at the Battle of Maldon.
1000The manuscript of the Old English epic Beowulf was written about this time.
1016Canute became king of England, establishing a Danish dynasty in Britain.
1042The Danish dynasty ended with the death of King Hardicanute, and Edward the Confessor became king of England.
1066Edward the Confessor died and was succeeded by Harold, last of the Anglo-Saxon kings, who died at the Battle of Hastings fighting against the invading army of William, duke of Normandy, who was crowned king of England on December 25.


ǯȽ˲äơñʲ⤬źƤΤ褤⡤Ūյ˴ؤŪΤʥȤ롥㤨С449ǯνϡФХ֥ƥˤѸγϤȤħŪʰ̣礤äƾҲ𤵤뤬ǤϱѸ줬¾Υޥ줫֤ʬäȤˤȤäƤ롥ˤϡҲʸءŪȤϸŪ¦̤ˤ궯ؿ Algeo and Pyles αѸ˵ҤˤƤ褦˻פ롥
664ǯΥۥåȥӡĤŪյˤܤΩ597ǯ˥󥰥ɿͤꥹȶϼƤȤ뤫⤷ʤΥ󥰥ɤǤϡޤΥꥹȶȤȤ˥ɤäȲꥹȶ礹ǽäβĤˤꥤ󥰥ɤˤƥޤΥꥹȶͥȤʤäȤǡΥ󥰥ɻˤѸˤ⡤ƥϤȤΦŪʤΤ礭ƶƤȤˤʤäǤʤΦŪǤȤܿݤ³θˤͤȡβĤŪյΤΤ롥

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2018-01-22 Mon

#3192. ̡쥲ޥ췲δ֤ˤߤ벻֡μפʺ [germanic][comparative_linguistics][verners_law][inflection][article][rhotacism][i-mutation][oe][gothic][old_norse]

ޥĸ줬3̡Υ롼פʬƤݤˡ줾ȼθѲ̤ȤơƱδ֤ˡбط뤳ȤˤʤäAlgeo and Pyles (82--83) ˤäơפѲбط6󤲤褦

(1) ޥĸǤϤĤ̾μñ *-az ǽäƤ (ex. *wulfaz ϵ) θޥ췲Ǥϼ (Old English wulf)̥ޥ췲Ǥ -r Ȥʤ (Old Icelandic ulfr)쥲ޥ췲Ǥ -s Ȥʤä (Gothic wolfs)
(2) ޥĸǤư23ñ줾̤Ƥ쥲ޥ췲Ǥ϶̤³OE Ǥ bindest (you bind), bindeþ (he/she/it binds) ȤʤꡤGo Ǥ bindis, bindiþ Τɤḁ̈ޥ췲Ǥ2ñ -r 3ñݤ߹ߡȤ bindr Ȥʤä
(3) ̥ޥ췲Ǥ괧줬̾˸³褦ˤʤä (ex. ulfrinn (the wolf)) 쥲ޥǤϤΤ褦Ѳϵʤä
(4) Verner's Law νϤȤƤ *z ϡ̥ޥ췲Ǥ r Ȥʤä (= rhotacism) 쥲ޥ췲Ǥ s ȤʤäȤơOE ēare (ear), OIc eyra, Go auso
(5) ̥ޥ췲Ǥ i-mutation ơ㤨 OE mann (man) ФƤʣ menn (men) ȤʤäGo Ǥñ mannan Фʣ mannans Ȥʤ첻ѲȿǤƤʤ
(6) ޥ췲Ǥ Verner's Law νϤȤƤ *ð d Ȥʤä̡쥲ޥ췲Ǥ໤ˤȤɤޤäȤơOE fæder (father) ФơOIc faðir, Go faðar ʤֻ fadarˡ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-03-16-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-12-05 Tue

#3144. Ѹ첻ˤˤ long ash 1 long ash 2 [vowel][diphthong][oe][germanic][phonetics][i-mutation][oe_dialect][pronunciation][phoneme]

Ѹ첻ˤǤϴȤơűѸ West-Saxon ˤ <æ> ֤Ĺ첻ϡε˱2˶̤롥줾Ū ǣ1 ǣ2 ȤƸڤ뤳Ȥ¿ʤʤȤ˸ԤˤäƤ 1 2 źžڤߤˡ2ϡѸʹߤˤˤƤˤäƤФж̤뤳Ȥ顤ƱѤʤɡѸ˸塤פôäƤ롥
(75--76) ˤСޥӸؾ塤ǣ1 ǣ2 εϰۤʤäƤ롥ǣ1 ޥʳǤ *[aː]- ɡ֤ West-Saxon ˤ岽Τǡnon-West-Saxon ǤϤ˾夲Ф [eː] Ȥʤä (ex. dǣd "deed", lǣtan "let", þǣr "there") ǣ2 ޥ *[aɪ] űѸޤǤ [ɑː] ѲΤ i-mutation ФϤǤ (ex. lǣran "teach", dǣlan "deal") ϡWest-Saxon Τߤʤ餺 Anglian Ǥݤ줿Kentish ǤϾ夲ˤ [eː] Ȥʤääơǣ1 ǣ2 βδطϡWest-Saxon Ǥ [æː] : [æː]Anglian Ǥ [eː] : [æː]Kentish Ǥ [eː] : [eː] Ȥʤ롥ޤȤСʲ̤ꡥ

PGmcaː > OEWS æː
  NWS æː > eː
WGmcaɪ > OE ɑː > (i-mutation)WS, Angl æː
  K æː > eː


סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-08-27 Sun

#3044. űѸˤʬ [punctuation][writing][manuscript][oe][distinctiones]

ѸʬˤĤơʲεˤƤ#1112. ʬ (1) ([2012-05-13-1])#1113. ʬ (2) ([2012-05-14-1])#2695. Ѹˤʬ񤭤ζ̡ ([2016-09-12-1])#2696. ʬ񤭡ɽꥹȶΥƥȲؤΤ ([2016-09-13-1])#2970. ʬ񤭤ȯ³񤭤 ([2017-06-14-1])#2971. ʬ񤭤϶ˡΤȯ㥠([2017-06-15-1])
Ūʸȸʬ񤭤ϡűѸǤϤޤˤȯãƤʤäʬ䤹ˡϳΤϺƤˡȤˤƤ⡤λȤϤƤӤƤ餺ˤȯŸӾȤʳˤߤΤǤ롥1ȤơȤȤ <> ѤƤ Bede Historia Ecclesiastica, III, Bodleian Library, Tanner MS 10, 54r. Ƭ4ԤƸ褦Crystal 19ˡ

Bede,

ÞAǷÆSGEWORDENYMB

syx hund ƿyntra7feower7syxtig æft(er) drihtnes
menniscnesseeclipsis solisþæt is sunnanaspru
ngennis

then was happened about
six hundred wintersand sixty-four after the lord's
incarnation(in Latin) eclipse of the sunthat is sun eclipse


ޤ2ʬ񤭤츫Ȥǽκ򼨤ȤʤʻѤƤȤܤޤδФȤƤϡʬ䤹٤Ȥʬ䤬ʤ7 [= "and"] μաˡդʬ䤹٤ǤʤȤʬ䤬̾ GEWORDENYMB ˤߤƬȸ촴δ֡ˤȤⶽ̣
ʬ񤭤硤񤭤ξˤϸȸδ֤ˤɤΤ餤ζ뤫Ȥ꤬ꡤʬ䵡ǽǽ뤬ϡʸΥȥͻ礷ʤ¤˶֤ǤǤƤȤǤƤΤǡͭϤ褦˻פ롥
ϡѸ˸¤餺ν񵭤ˤФи줿ʶˡ1ĤȤäƤ褤ܸǤ⡤üˡäƳƤ롥

Crystal, David. Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation. London: Profile Books, 2015.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-12-22-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-08-21 Mon

#3038. űѸ쥢ե٥åȤ27ʸ [alphabet][oe][ligature][thorn][th][grapheme]

ѸΥե٥åȤ26ʸȷޤäƤ뤬Ѹˤγʳǥե٥åȤʸμοϡ¿򷫤֤Ƥ㤨иűѸǤϡѸˤʸΤ3ĤȤƤ餺դ˸űѸͭʸ4Ĥۤɤä26 - 3 + 4 = 27 ȤȤǡűѸΥե٥åȤˤ27ʸäȤˤʤ롥

PDEa bcdefghijklmnopqrst  uvwxyz 
OEaæbcdefghi (k)lmnop(q)rstþðu ƿ(x)y(z) 


#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1]) ɽȤϼ㴳ۤʤ뤬űѸ¸ߤϤۤɤѤʤʸ򥢥ե٥åȡåȤ˴ޤ뤫ޤʤΰ㤤ˤʤɽˤƥåǼȤꡤűѸǤ <k>, <q>, <x>, <z> ϤۤȤɻȤƤ餺ηŪˤ̵뤷Ƥ褤餤ΤΤǤ롥
űѸͭʸȤդ٤ΤФС(1) <a> <e> ι (ligature) Ǥ <æ> (ash)(3) th ̵ͭξˤɽ魯 <þ> (thorn) ȡƱ (3) <ð> (eth)(4) <w> ƱǽѤ줿 <ƿ> (wynn) 롥
ѸΥե٥åȤ26ʸȤΤϤޤǵȤʤ¤ΤƱ26ʸǤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤФѤʤȤϸڤʤˤβǺޤ26ʸʤΤǧ뤳ȤɬפǤ롥

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-07-20 Thu

#3006. űѸμ [lexicography][dictionary][oe][doe][bibliography][hel_education][link]

űѸؽ椹ͭѤʼ򤤤ĤҲ𤹤롥

(1) Bosworth, Joseph. A Compendious Anglo-Saxon and English Dictionary. London: J. R. Smith, 1848.
(2) Bosworth, Joseph and Thomas N. Toller. Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Oxford: OUP, 1973. 1898. (Online version available at http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/texts/oe_bosworthtoller_about.html.)
(3) Hall, John R. C. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Rev. ed. by Herbert T. Merritt. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1996. 1896. (Online version available at http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/texts/oe_clarkhall_about.html.)
(4) Healey, Antonette diPaolo, Ashley C. Amos and Angus Cameron, eds. The Dictionary of Old English in Electronic Form A--G. Toronto: Dictionary of Old English Project, Centre for Medieval Studies, U of Toronto, 2008. (see The Dictionary of Old English (DOE) and Dictionary of Old English Corpus (DOEC).)
(5) Sweet, Henry. The Student's Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon. Cambridge: CUP, 1976. 1896.

ΤΥȥ뤫ȤꡤܤԻˤϤޤޤǤ롥Ѥ Sweet ˻Ϥޤꡤά Hall 顤Ū Bosworth and Toller Фơǿ Healey et al. ˤŻ DOE ˻롥DOE ơűѸ켭֤褽19λʪǤ뤳Ȥܤͤ롥λˡ͡ʥ٥θűѸ켭񤬡ȼεϡҰռäԻ졤Ǥ줿ΤǤ롥
ν񤭸դɸबΤޤäƤʤűѸμԻǤϡФɤΤ褦ֻΩƤ뤫ǺޤȤʤ롥ѼԤϡƤŬڤֻ򸫽Фʤ뤤ϰ֤δ֤򤿤餤󤷤ˤ뤫Ǥ롥绨ĤˤСŪ Sweet ΩƤ븫Фֻ "critical" ǵϼŪǤꡤǤŪ DOE "diplomatic" ǵҼŪǤ롥δ֤ˡˤ䤫 "critical" Hall ȴˤ䤫 "diplomatic" Bosworth and Toller ֤Ť롥
碌ƸűѸäγؽˤϡʲ2󤲤Ƥ

Barney, Stephen A. Word-Hoard: An Introduction to Old English Vocabulary. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale UP, 1985.
Holthausen, Ferdinand. Altenglisches etymologisches Wōrterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1963.

Holthausen μϡűѸ츻ȤŪðۤϰ̤Ƥ뤬츻äؤܤȤݤˤΩġBarney ϡƱݤǡɤdzڤűѸñꥹȤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-24-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-05-25 Thu

#2950. ޥʤǽűѸˤƤΡ˻βѲ [sound_change][germanic][oe][vowel][diphthong][phonetics][frisian]

#2942. ޥβѲ ([2017-05-17-1]) ˰³Hamer (15) ꡤɸλ˴ط2ĤβѲҲ𤹤롥

Sound changeDescriptionExamples
DThe diphthongs all developed as follows: ai > ā, au > ēa (ēa = ǣa), eu > ēo, iu > īo. (This development of eu and iu was in fact very much later, but it is placed here in the interests of simplification.) 
Ea > æ unless it came before a nasal consonant.dæg, glæd, but land/lond.


E Anglo-Frisian Brightening 뤤 First Fronting ȸƤФ벻ؤLass (42) ˤȡʲΤ褦롥

The effects can be seen in comparing say OE dæg, OFr deg with Go dags, OIc dagr, OHG tag. (The original [æ] was later raised in Frisian.)
   In outline, AFB turns low back */α/ to [æ], except before nasals (hence OE, OHG mann but dæg vs. tag. It is usually accepted that at some point before AFB (which probably dates from around the early fifth century), */α/ > [α̃] before nasals, and the nasalized vowel blocked AFB.


AFB ϸűѸ̾ޤʤɤˤʰ۷֤벻ѲȤƽפʤΤǡűѸؽԤϵαƤ

Hamer, R. F. S. Old English Sound Changes for Beginners. Oxford: Blackwell, 1967.
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-08-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-05-17 Wed

#2942. ޥβѲ [sound_change][germanic][oe][vowel][i-mutation]

ѸβˤؤܤȤȡűѸ鸽Ѹˤơޤ¿βѲäƤΤܤ饯餹ۤɤܥ֥Ǥ⡤ޤǸġˤ¿βѲ򰷤äƤηŪ˼פʤΤǤ⾯󼨤ƤѤƤФȻפäƤ롥
ϡHamer (14--15) θűѸ첻ѲꡤűѸΩĥޥ3ܤ٤첻ѲҲ𤹤롥

Sound changeDescriptionExamples
Au > o unless followed by a nasal consonant, or by u or i/j in the following syllable. (By this is meant if the vowel element of the following syllable consisted of any u sound, or of any i sound or of any combination beginning with j.)bunden, holpen are both OE p.p. of Class III Strong Verbs, the u of bunden having been retained, because of the following n. god, gyden = 'god', goddess. gyden had earlier had i instead of e in its ending, and this i first caused the u to survive, then later caused it to change to y by i-mutation (see I below). Thus both the o and y in these forms derive from Gmc. u.
Be > i if followed by a nasal consonant, or by i/j in the following syllable.bindan, helpan are both OE infin. of Class III Strong Verbs. helpan has 3 sg. pres indic. hilpþ < Gmc. *hilpiþi.
Ceu > iu before i/j in the following syllable. 


A ˤĤƤϡ#1471. golden ߽ФѲ ([2013-05-07-1]) ⻲ȡA, B ˶̤ bindan θˤĤƤϡ#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1]) ɤޤβѲˤ i-mutation ͿƤ뤳Ȥա

Hamer, R. F. S. Old English Sound Changes for Beginners. Oxford: Blackwell, 1967.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-05-25-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-04-20 Thu

#2915. Beowulf Ƭ52 [beowulf][link][oe][literature][popular_passage][oe_text]

#2893. Beowulf Ƭ11ԡ ([2017-03-29-1]) ǵ󤲤11ԤǤʪ­ʤפ줿Τǡͭ̾ (ship burial) εҤޤ᤿ Beowulf Ƭ52ԤѤȤϡ6--11˥ǥʥȥ󥰥ʸǸ줿̼ԤˡǤ롥
ʸ Jack ǤǡѸ Norton Anthology ˼ϿƤ륢ɤΥΡ٥ʸؾ޼޻ Seamus Heaney ǤǤϤ롥

OEPDE translation
a-verseb-verse
Hwæt, wē Gār-Denain geārdagum,So. The Spear-Danes in days gone by
þēodcyningaþrym gefrūnon,and the kings who ruled them had courage and greatness.
hū ðā æþelingasellen fremedon.We have heard of those princes' heroic campaigns.
   Oft Scyld Scēfingsceaþena þrēatum,   There was Shield Sheafson, scourge of many tribes,
5monegum mǣgþummeodosetla oftēah,a wrecker of mead-benches, rampaging among foes.
egsode eorl[as],syððan ǣrest wearðThis terror of the hall-troops had come far.
fēasceaft funden;hē þæs frōfre gebād,A foundling to start with, he would flourish later on
wēox under wolcnum,weorðmyndum þāh,as his powers waxed and his worth was proved.
oðþæt him ǣghwylc þ[ǣr]ymbsittendraIn the end each clan on the outlying coasts
10ofer hronrādehȳran scolde,beyond the whale-road had to yield to him
gomban gyldan.Þæt wæs gōd cyning!and begin to pay tribute. That was one good king.
Ðǣm eafera wæsæfter cenned   Afterward a boy-child was born to Shield,
geong in geardum,þone God sendea cub in the yard, a comfort sent
folce tō frōfre;fyrenðearfe ongeatby God to that nation. Hew knew what they had tholed,
15þ[e] hīe ǣr drugonaldor[lē]asethe long times and troubles they'd come through
lange hwīle.Him þæs Līffrēa,without a leader; so the Lord of Life,
wuldres Wealdendworoldāre forgeaf;the glorious Almighty, made this man renowned.
Bēowulf wæs brēme---blǣd wīde sprang---Shield had fathered a famous son:
Scyldes eaferaScedelandum in.Beow's name was known through the north.
20Swā sceal [geong g]umagōde gewyrcean,And a young prince must be prudent like that,
fromum feohgiftumon fæder [bea]rme,giving freely while his father lives
þæt hine on yldeeft gewunigenso that afterward in age when fighting starts
wilgesīþasþonne wīg cume,steadfast companions will stand by him
lēode gelǣsten;lofdǣdum scealand hold the line. Behavior that's admired
25in mǣgþa gehwǣreman geþēon.is the path to power among people everywhere.
   Him ðā Scyld gewāttō gescæphwīle,   Shield was still thriving when his time came
felahrōr fēranon Frēan wǣre.and he crossed over into the Lord's keeping.
Hī hyne þā ætbǣrontō brimes faroðe,His warrior band did what he bade them
swǣse gesīþas,swā hē selfa bæd,when he laid down the law among the Danes:
30þenden wordum wēoldwine Scyldinga;they shouldered him out to the sea's flood,
lēof landfrumalange āhte.the chief they revered who had long ruled them.
Þǣr æt hȳðe stōdhringedstefnaA ring-whorled prow rode in the harbor,
īsig ond ūtfūs,æþelinges fær;ice-clad, outbound, a craft for a prince.
ālēdon þālēofne þēoden,They stretched their beloved lord in his boat,
35bēaga bryttanon bearm scipes,laid out by the mast, amidships,
mǣrne be mæste.Þǣr wæs mādma felathe great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures
of feorwegum,frætwa gelǣded;were piled upon him, and precious gear.
ne hȳrde ic cȳmlīcorcēol gegyrwanI never heard before of a ship so well furbished
hildewǣpnumond heaðowǣdum,with battle-tackle, bladed weapons
40billum ond byrnum;him on bearme lægand coats of mail. The massed treasure
mādma mænigo,þā him mid scoldonwas loaded on top of him: it would travel far
on flōdes ǣhtfeor gewītan.on out into the ocean's sway.
Nalæs hī hine lǣssanlācum tēodan,They decked his body no less bountifully
þēodgestrēonum,þon þā dydonwith offerings than those first ones did
45þe hine æt frumsceafteforð onsendonwho cast him away when he was a child
ǣnne ofer ȳðeumborwesende.and launched him alone out over the waves.
Þā gȳt hie him āsettonsegen g[yl]denneAnd they set a gold standard up
hēah ofer hēafod,lēton holm beran,high above his head and let him drift
gēafon on gārsecg.Him wæs geōmor sefa,to wind and tide, bewailing him
50murnende mōd.Men ne cunnonand mourning their loss. No man can tell,
secgan tō sōðe,selerǣden[d]e,no wise man in hall or weathered veteran
hæleð under heofenum,hwā þǣm hlæste onfēng.knows for certain who salvaged that load.


Jack, George, ed. Beowulf: A Student Edition. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.
Greenblatt, Stephen, ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 8th ed. New York:: Norton, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-07-29-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow