hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ڡ / page 2 (17)

oe - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2026-04-10 Fri

#6192. ¦ /l/ μפʥ [l][phonetics][phonology][pronunciation][oe][consonant]

ε#6191. 뤤 l ȰŤ l ([2026-04-09-1]) ˰³¦ /l/ ˴ؤꡥѸˤˤ /l/ Υ롼ġ뤤ϼʥˤĤơCruttenden (204) Ѥ롥

Chief sources---PresE /l/ derives from OE [l,ll] (land, climb, all, tell, apple), from OE [hl], [xl] or [l̥] (loaf, ladder)---since OE front vowels tended to be diphthongized before /l/, it seems likely that /l/ in such a position was velarized in OE as it is today; from OF [l] (lamp, close, colour, veal, able). In many cases pre-consonantal [ɫ], especially after back or open vowels, was vocalized to [ʊ] (walk, talk, half, folk) in the early fifteenth century, such a pronunciation being commonly shown by the seventeenth-century grammarians; but in some cases (halt, salt, malt), it has been retained; in others, an /l/ has been re-introduced in spelling and pronunciation (fault, falcon, emerald, soldier, realm) or merely in the spelling (calm, palm, balm). The loss of /l/ in could, should, would occurred in eModE.


űѸˡʤȤ⤢ĶǤϰŤ [ɫ] ԤʤƤŪڵ򤬤ȤȤ뤤 [l] ˤĤƤϤɤʤΤŤ RP Τ褦ʬۤǡ뤤 [l] ¸ƤΤ뤤ϱѸˤ椫餢Ѽˤ۲ȤʬۤϤ᤿Τե󥹸 /l/ Ū뤤 [l] Ǥ뤳Ȥͤ碌ȡݥ饤ȤĴȤƤ뤤 [l] ѸƳ줿ȤȤϹͤʤΤ/l/ ĴҤȤĤȤäƤߤƤ⡤⤷ѸˤǤ

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 6th ed. New York: OUP, 2001.

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2026-04-04 Sat

#6186. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (3) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ѸˤθŵŪ̾Ǥ Baugh and Cable 6ǤαʸVoicy heldio ȤǥѤơĶפΤĤɤǤäȲᤷƤĹŪʴǤפ֤κǿȤʤޤۿ2023ǯ717äΤǡ줳3ǯ³Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤޤ63äƤޤŪˤϤޤޤűѸǤ
ǿϡī Voicy heldio ˤ#1770. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-3) with Taku --- helwa 齻ղȤƤϤƤޤ hellog ⡤heldio ۿϢưƤޤ
ĤΤ褦˥إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤȤȤɤʤƤޤűѸθʸʤѤƤս꤬³Ƥ뤿ᡤ΢ɤߡפڤʬȤʤäƤޤʲˡоݤαʸǺܤޤBaugh and Cable, p. 83)

By the time of Alfred, things had reached such a pass that he looked upon the past as a golden age which had gone, "when the Kings who ruled obeyed God and His evangelists," and when "the religious orders were earnest about doctrine, and learning, and all the services they owed to God"; and he lamented that the decay of learning was so great at the beginning of his reign "that there were very few on this side of the Humber who could understand their rituals in English, or translate a letter from Latin into English, and I believe not many beyond the Humber.


˰³ظˤűѸ츶ʸͽۤʤɤ߿ʤޤTaku ⡤򶯤ռƲᤵƤޤɤȼƤƤ⡤줹űѸ츶ʸ˴ؿ⤿ΤǤϤʤȻפޤ
ۿǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡظˤűѸƥȤɤʤɤ⡤ᤤۿȻפäƤޤB&CɤΤˤϡƻǤƻˤʤޤΤ褦ɤɤǤƱ heldio ǤϡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ǤθűѸֺ¥꡼ŸƤޤΤǡɤƤƤˤϡθűѸ츶ʸɬɤ߲򤯤ȤǤޤˤäB&Cɤ̣襤ܤ⿼ʤ뤳ȤݾڤޤҤդ礤С
ơB&CɽβϡʽΤΤͭۿȤʤäƤޤˤ٤ƥ饢Ǥޤ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2026-03-29 Sun

#6180. űѸ졦Ѹˤ most ΰ۷ʬ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe_dialect][me_dialect][oe][germanic][analogy]

ɸϡǤˡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) Ǥ⡤OED most (ADJECTIVE, PRONOUN, NOUN, & ADVERB)򻲾ȤĤĿ줿Ȥ뤬 OED β򤸤äɤǤ

Old English māst, the normal Old English development of the Germanic form, is attested only in Northumbrian, but it is not certain whether it existed only in that region. The vowel quality of the usual Old English form (West Saxon mǣst, Kentish mēst) is unusual. It may have been formed by analogy with lǣst least adj. (or perhaps by i-mutation from an earlier form in ā, although this presents phonological difficulties). The reflex of this form survived in the south until the 15th cent. The establishment of the (originally northern) form most as the only form in the midlands and south was probably due to the influence of the related mo adv.1 and more adj.


űѸ West Saxon ʤɤǼ첻ȿиǤ lǣst 䤫⤷ʤȽҤ٤ĤġѸʤɤǤ첻̲Ƥطʤˤϡ٤ mo, more 䤬äΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤ƤʤɡӤ񤷤褦Ǥ롥
OED ˤϡ첻̤˴ؤڤ⤢ΤǡͤޤǤ˰ѤƤ

Some forms show early shortening of the vowel before the consonant cluster -st (e.g. masst in the β forms, must in the γ forms). Some early Middle English examples of mast from southern texts probably also show a shortening of Old English ǣ (compare α forms). Occasional forms (e.g. Older Scots mest, messt in the β forms) probably show the influence of early Scandinavian.


Ǿ -est ϡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) Ǹ褦ˡȤʤ륲ޥĸˤ2ĤΥפΤ첻ķ󤬰̲ΤȤäƤ褤Ǿ most ϡष첻ķ󤬰̲ˤζȤϻפ뤬űѸǤ -est -ost κߤ䡤ѸǤȤƤ -mest -most κƱʤɤλ¤ǰƬˤȡ̣
Ϣơʲε⻲Ȥ줿

#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])

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2026-03-27 Fri

#6178. ʤӵ -ere ޤޤƤΤ [oed][adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][suffix][germanic][epenthesis]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) 衤-er Ȥμդεȯã˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ롥Ѹӵ -er ˤϡƻˤˤ衤A B Ȳ̾դƤ2ĤΥޥĸΥפ̤Ȥ롥
űѸʳޤǤˡƻӵȤƤ -ra ӵȤƤ -or ΩƤ -er ϾʤȤŪǤϤʤäѸˤʤȡʻˤĤƤӵϸľܤĤʤ -er Ūˤʤäΰ̲β˲äΤȤ櫓ƻӵˤ r e Ȥ첻뤳ȤˤʤäΤϡɤΤ褦ʷаޤǤʤΤ
OED -er (SUFFIX3) ˡΤ褦ʵҤä

Old English betera better adj. apparently preserves -era, but the word is an unusual case; compare the discussion at that entry. Later forms with epenthetic vowel, as -ere, -er develop in Middle English, but are rare in Old English.

Attested regularly formed adverbs continue type (ii) of the suffix, preserving the vowel before r in the final syllable (compare heardor harder), with very occasional reduction to -er in Old English. The adverbial and adjectival comparative endings merge in the course of Middle English.


εҤˤȡƻӵˤ e "epenthetic vowel" Ȥ롥첻λ¤Ҥ٤ƤǡʤɤΤ褦줿ΤˤĤƤϽҤ٤Ƥʤľ˵󤲤Ƥ롤betera ĤƤ e αƶǤ롤ȤɤʤȡǸڤƤӵ -or 䤽μǤ -er ƻˤȤäƤδפȤʤäȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
ޤǤεǡƻӵ B פϡŤͳ褹뤫⤷ʤȤβ˿줿 (Krahe 1965: §56) ޤκǾ B פƻбǤñгʤηˤʤȤҤߤ (Campbell §670; p. 277) ƻδ֤ιԤ褬ˤˤˤꤹȡѸˤƤ -er ΰܲˤƱ褦ʹԤʺ줫ƻءˤäȹͤΤϡʬ˼ʤ褦˻פ롥

Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

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2026-03-26 Thu

#6177. ظűѸ졦ѸҿӡٴϢ꡼ heldio ۿƤޤ [notice][kochushoho][kenkyusha][asacul][oe][hel_education][literature][popular_passage][pchron][oe_text][pictish][voicy][heldio]

1䤷³ƤԲϻϲͭظűѸ졦ѸʸҡˤȤʤäƤ顤1Фޤ1衤hellog Voicy heldio ʤɤܽ˴Ϣ򤤤ĤϤƤޤܽȤľܻȤűѸֵȤʤ륷꡼ϤޤΤǡϤ򤴾Ҳ𤷤ޤ
ޤܽƬ֤ȯפ򤸤äɤDz⤹륷꡼heldio 4ˤ錄äۿƤޤ⤷ʬҤθHPλɤߥʡDZǤޤΤǡܽ򤪻Ǥʤ⡤ҤĤĤİФȻפޤ

#1710. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (1) --- űѸ첻
#1713. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (2) --- űѸλҲԡˡ
#1716. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (3) --- űѸλҲʸԡˡ
#1722. ظűѸ졦Ѹٻɤʬβ⥷꡼ (4) --- űѸζ

ˤϡűѸƥȥѡȤ2ĤΥƥ "Early Britain" ɤɤ륷꡼ⳫϤޤΤȤʲۿ heldio Ǥİˤʤޤܽ򤪻Ǥʤϡ̤ܥ֥Ρ#2909. Peterborough Chronicle Early Britain εҡ ([2017-04-14-1]) 򤴻Ȥܤ䥰å꡼̤ܽƤǤޤΤǡؿ줿ϡܽꤷƤС

#1751. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ
#1755. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (1)
#1758. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (2)
#1761. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤űѸ Early Britain 1ɤ (3)

ޤ4ǻϤޤī㡼󥿡ɶǤΥ饤ֺ˾äȤԻ׵Ĥʱñ --- 츻õäƸűѸ졦Ѹ츶ʸءǤ⡤ܽűѸѸθʸ򻲾ȤƤͽǤҡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ٤ˤܤ

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-06-27-1]

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2026-03-25 Wed

#6176. űѸηƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤ Campbell [adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe][suffix][oe_dialect][germanic][sound_change][vowel]

ΤȤŪĴ٤Ƥƻ졦ӵ顦ǾεȯãˤĤơűѸʸˡ路 Campbell ꡤϢ뵭Ҥ˺ϿŪ˻ĤƤ

1. ƻκǾΰ۷ȤȯãʲѲ (§331.6; p. 139)

superlatives in -ōst- had -ūst- before u, as d.p. -ūstumiz, and hence OE has -ost < -ūst, beside -ast < -ōst (§355.4) . . . .


2. ƻκǾΰ۷ʬ (§657; pp. 272--73)

The superlative normally ends in -ost < -ust (§355.4), more rarely in -ast (§331.6), and may be declined both strong and weak. The formative element is often changed to -est by vowel harmony, especially in cases with -ost- (§385). In eW-S -ost-, -ast-, and the more archaic -ust- are used occasionally, but in all texts -est- prevails heavily. In lw-S and lNorth. -ost prevails (lNorth. also -ust-). In VP and Ru.1 it is not possible to determine if -ost- or -ast- originally prevailed in the dialects, in VP because all the forms have est- by harmony, in Ru.1 owing to entire absence of material. eKt. has -ast. KG has extended -est- to the uninflected form.


3. ƻӵ顦Ǿε (§660; p. 277)

§660. Origin of forms. The comparative and superlative suffixes which caused mutation were Gmc. -izan-, -ista-, and these were regularly developed in OE, apart from the W-S syncopation in superlatives. The non-mutating suffixes were Gmc. -ōzan-, -ōsta-. The latter develops regularly to OE -ust, -ost, -ast (§331.6). The development of -ōzan- in OE is very difficult, as the invariable syncope of an originally long medial syllable has no parallel. It is a peculiarly OE development, even OFris. having -er-, a normal development of -ōz-, corresponding to OS, OHG -or-, ON -ar-, Goth. -ōz-. The OE form is presumably due to the influence of the comparatives in -iz-, in which syncope is normal. This suffix -iz- may have been used in Prim. OE, as in OHG, not only with the few a-, ō-stems with mutated comparatives, but with most i;̯a-, i;̯ō-stems, e.g. OE swētra is not from *su;̯ōtiōz- but *su;̯ōtiz-, cf. OHG suozziro. It would also probably be used with i-stem adjs. so far as these survived. Hence -r- < -iz- would be a very frequent comparative suffix, and might replace the form derived from -ōz- in the other adjectival classes.


4. ӵ顦Ǿε (§670; p. 277)

§670. Comparison of adverbs. Adjectival advs. have normally compar. -or, superl. -ost, e.g.:

     hearde, severely heardor heardost
     ġearwe, readily ġearwor ġearwost

-or also appears as -ur and -ar; -ost can appear as -ust, -ast (as in the superl. adj.). In origin -ost is merely the acc. sg. neut. of the superl. adjectival suffix. Compar. -or, -ur, -ar points to Gmc. -ōz, corresponding to Goth. -os. The final r (< z) should be lost in West Gmc., but is restored by analogy of the compar. adj.


Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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2026-03-24 Tue

#6175. first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפˤϺǾ4ĴޤޤƤ롪 [adverb][adjective][comparison][superlative][oe][suffix][-st]

first and foremost ֤ΰ֤ˡˡפȤե졼롥f ƬƧǤꡤ嶯Υꥺ⿴Ϥ褯ΧŪˤ褯ä󤷤OED ˤȡ14Ⱦ Langland ˤ Piers Plowman ˽ФƤ롥

c1400 (c1378) Þat she furste & formest ferme shulde bilieue. (W. Langland, Piers Plowman (MS Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. l. 116 [Composed c1378]


first foremost פ̣캬 */pr-/ ޤǤ뤬դƤۤʤ롥first ϺǾ -est 򼨤foremost Ϥޤ̤κǾ -most 򼨤Ƥ롥ԤϡǾ most Ʊ֤򼨤Ƥ뤬ϰۤʤꡤ-m -ost ʬ롥-m ϰĸˤޤ̤ǾǤꡤ-ost ϾҤκǾ -est ΰ۷ȸäƤĤޤꡤforemost ϡ2źǾפȤäƤ褤򼨤ƤΤ
űѸǤϡ-m Τߤ forma ְ֤Ρפΰ̣ǺǤ褯Ѥ줿ۤ fyr(e)st ⤢ä2źǾ fyrmesta ʤɤѤ줿ǸΤΤϡѸˤʤ most ΰ۷ȤդƤΤȲᤵ褦ˤʤꡤŪˤ⤽˰Ĥ -most Ȥʤäη̤ foremost Ǥ롥
ɸΥե졼ˤϡ -st, -m, -ost, -most 4ĤŪʺǾޤŤʤäƶ¸ƤȤΤ
űѸλˤĤƤϡʲ Lass (214) ΰѤ򻲾ȡ

1st. Go fruma, OE forma. This is from a base */pr-/ meaning 'before', plus the superlative suffix */-mo-/ (§8.4.2 above), i.e. it has precisely the sense 'foremost'. Similar forms occur in other IE dialects, e.g. Gr prá-mo-s, Li pìr-ma-s. There is an alternative type with the superlative */-istα-/, e.g. OE fyrst < */fur-ist-/, which of course comes down as ModE first, OIc fyrst-r.


Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-04-01-1]

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2026-03-23 Mon

#6174. ӵ -er ȺǾ -est ε [adverb][adjective][comparison][superlative][oe][germanic][suffix][rhotacism]

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ơƱȤʤդ -er, -est εͤ롥ӸŪˤ̡˸Ƥɬפ뤫
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 208) ꡤϢ2Ѥ롥űѸӵ顦ǾˤĤƤս

   Comparison of adverbs is usually in {-or}, {-ost}, occasionally spelled <-ur, -ar, -ust, -st>; the comparative reflects a PGmc */-o:-z/ (Go -ōs). By normal WGmc sound changes (as in the a-stem nom sg */-α-z/), the /r/ should have disappeared in OE; it is most likely retained by analogy to adjectival comparison.
   The superlative has the same vowel, but with the presumably adjectival superlative suffix */-st-/; in many cases there is an */-m-/ formative as well, giving a double superlative: inne-m-est 'inmost', ūte-m-est 'outmost' (cf. inne 'inside', ūte 'outside'). The simplex type can be seen in for-m-a 'first' (cf. for-e 'in front', and the discussion of ordinal numerals in §8.4.3), hinde-m-a 'last' (hinder 'behind'). This */-m-/ occurs in Gothic as well (fru-m-ist-s 'first'), though not elsewhere in West Germanic; it is an old IE marker, and can be seen in the Latin parallel to for-m-a, fru-m-ist-s, ie. pri-m-u-s 'first'.


ǰƬˡε ([2026-03-19-1]) ȹ碌ơƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤĤơεȯãƤߤ

ƻӵ -er: AפBפκ硥BפεˤĤ꤫ǤϤʤ o-stem åʸȿǷޤफ
ӵ -er: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥r ĤΤϡƻӵ䤫
ƻκǾ -est: Aפͳ褹롥뤤ϡBפ첻岽֤ͳ褹Ȥͤ롥
κǾ -est: ȶӤĤBפͳ褹롥ҲʬˤĤƤϡƻκǾбʪ줿Τ

4Ĥθϸߤ˰ۤʤ֤򼨤Ƥ줬ƻδ֤ǡޤӵȺǾδ֤ǡʣ򷫤̡֤̤äƤȹͤƤΤ褵ѸޤǤˤϤܸۤʬۤˤɤ夤Ƥ˻ޤǡĤޤꥲޥĸ줫űѸˤƤϡ͡ʲ깭Ƥ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2026-03-21 Sat

#6172. ƻӵ -er ñΥ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative][flat_adverb][-ly]

ȡ#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ȡ#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ ([2026-03-20-1]) ȤƼ夲Ƥ꤫顤ƻ˰Ƥߤ
Lass (§8.4.2; p. 207) ʤǡűѸǺǤŵŪä -e űѸηƻӵ -ra ǤȵˤȤǽ˹ԤäȤʤ֤ϡεˤ̤ꡤޥĸ o-stem åʸȤȤǤ롥åʸˤ첻ΰۤʤ2Ĥη֤ꤷƤ롥

The most widespread OE formation is in {-e}, probably from the e-grade of the ablative, corresponding to L {-ē} < */-e:-d/: L facillim-ē 'easily', whose ablative origin is clear in OL facilum-ēd. So OE wīd 'wide', adv wīd-e, gelīc 'similar', adv ge-līc-e, etc.


³ñ -ly γơεˤڤǤ궽̣ΤǡѤ롥

Since {-e} was typically added to adverbialize the extremely common adjectives in -līc, the complex {-līce} was reinterpreted during OE times as an adverbial ending in itself, and there were thus a number of doublets off the same base: from heard 'hard' the adverbs heard-e, heard-līc-e, from hwæt 'brave' hwæt-e, hwæt-līc-e. (Our ModE adverbial {-ly} is of course the descendant of {-līce}.


ñ -ly ˴ؤϡflat_adverb γƵ򻲾ȡ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2026-03-20 Fri

#6171. ƻӵ -er ε1Ĥ⤷ʤ */-o:z-/ ϸŤåʸޤ [adjective][adverb][comparison][oe][germanic][suffix][ablative]

ε#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est εơ ([2026-03-19-1]) ǡ-er εȤ2ĤΥפäȤߤ2ĤΥפϥޥĸ */-o:z-/ ̤Ȥ뤬äˤĹ첻ɤ鸽줿ΤȽȤʤ1ĤϡΰǤ⿨Ƥ褦ˡ Krahe 󾧤ƤΤǡ̤ΤǤϤʤȤơϥޥĸ a-stem å (ablative) ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȡ
դλˤĤơLass ̤βս (§8.4.2; p. 207) Ǥ⤦⤷ƤƤΤǡɤǤߤ褦űѸθ˴ؤѤ롥

. . . . One widespread marker is the o-stem ablative sg */-o:-d/ < */-o-ed/ or its later e-grade */-e:-d/. The o-grade appears in Latin adverbs of the type subit-ō (see §6.3.2), perhaps in Greek adverbs in -os; in Germanic it is transparent in the type Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly', OS gi-līc-o, OHG gi-līhh-o. This is common in Gothic, and is the normal formation in OS and OHG.
   In OE, this */-o:/ appears as /-α/, and only in a restricted class of adverbs from adjectives in */-inγ-, -unγ-/, e.g. wēn-ing-a 'perhaps', dearn-ung-a 'secretly'.


űѸǤ -a ȿǤƤȤȤˤʤ뤬Ǥ׷ĤäƤʤ⤷ Krahe ⤬ȤСƻӵ -er 첻ʬˤΤ鷺ʺפǧ롤Ȥ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2026-03-21-1]

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2026-03-19 Thu

#6170. ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ε [adjective][adverb][comparison][superlative][oe][germanic][suffix][rhotacism]

ƻӵ -er ȺǾ -est ˤƸη֤Ȥ夷ΤˤϡޥĸʹߡűѸФѸ˻ޤǤ͡Ѳʣ˴ؤäƤꡤޤäñǤϤʤޤӵȺǾˤϡ⤦1ıŪˡꡤ줾 more, most դȤ뤬ŪˤϤȾ嵭η֤Ȥδؤ⿼cf. #1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1])#1320. LAEME Ǹ most ΰ۷֤ʬۡ ([2012-12-07-1])ˡˡforemost utmost ˸ -most Ȥޤ̤κǾ¸ߤΤߤδطȤǤ롥
塤1ĤҤȤɳ򤤤ƤȹͤƤ롥ޤϡƻǤϤʤˤӵ -er ȺǾ -est εˤĤĴ٤ƤߤLass (§6.3.2; pp. 149--50) Ѥ뤳ȤϤ褦

There were two regular comparative/superlative formations in Germanic, which can be illustrated by Gothic and Old English forms:

(6.33)A.*/-iz-, -ist-/
  PositiveComparativeSuperlative
 Goalþ-eis 'old'alþ-iz-aalþ-ist-s
 OEealdield-raield-est
 
 B.*/-o:z-, -o:st-/
  PositiveComparativeSuperlative
 Goarm-s 'poor'arm-ōz-aarm-ōst-s
 OEearmearm-raearm-ost/-ast


Type A reflects an IE suffix found in Latin comparatives of the type mai-ōr-em 'greater' (acc [s]g) < */mag-jo:s-m̥/; the zero-grade is /-is-/, and this remnant gives (by Verner's Law) Gothic -iz-, and later with rhotacism OE -r-. The -a ending is probably from the weak n-stem noun declension. This suffix of course causes umlaut of the root vowel, and leaves behind a front /e/ in the superlative.
   The B suffix is a Germanic development of unclear antecedents; it may reflect an original a-stem (OE o-stem) ablative ending */-o:-d/, which was used to form adverbs (type: L subit-ō 'suddenly', Go ga-leik-ō 'similarly': see §8.4.2). One possible scenario (Krahe 1965: §56) is a development in these adverbs of a comparative in */-o:is-/, later */-o:-s/; this served as an analogical target for the creation of a new suffix, and its extension to the adjective. Be that as it may, both A and B suffixes appear in all the Germanic dialects, but distributed differently; the A type is commoner in Gothic, the B type in NGmc and OE, while OHG shows a pretty even mixture.
   In OE, the choice of one or the other seems to be largely lexically determined; the adjectives that most often have type A are eald (ieldra, ieldest), geong 'young' (gi(e)ngra), hēah 'high' (hīer(r)a, lang 'long' (lengra), sceort 'short' (scyrtra); others that occasionally show it are brād 'broad' (brǣdra ~ brādra, strang 'strong' (strengra ~ strangra. Some basic A adjectives sometimes have B forms as well, e.g. geong with mainly gi(e)ngra but occasionally geongra.


Ѹηƻӵ -er ˤĤƤϡޥĸűѸ A B 2ĤΥפ̤뤬줬ľܤεǤΤ¨ǤǤʤΤ i-mutation ȼʤ B פΤۤͭϸȻˤǤ뤬⤽ B ˤĤƤϡεˤεԾܤȤ⤢롥ˤؤäƤǽꡤƻڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤκǾ -est ˤĤƤϡŪ A פ̤ȤߤƤ褤
Ǥ˾ʣ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Krahe, H. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. II, Formelehre. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1965.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-02-26 Thu

#6149. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ [notice][kochushoho][kenkyusha][oe][me]


Ichikawa-Koeigo_front_cover_small.jpg



225ʿˡĤ˸űѸ졦ѸŪʶʽظűѸ졦Ѹ٤Ȥʤޤ1Ρ#6117. ŪظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ޤ ([2026-01-25-1]) ڤˡ hellog Ǥ⡤ޤ¾ΥǥǤ⡤ܽ1եȤƺˤԤ˾ǤޤĤǤ褦ˤʤޤ
ܽϽؼԤűѸ줪ѸΡֽŪμ뤳ȡפŪȤƽ񤫤ƤޤܳŪʲʳŪؤȤơ뤤ϤޤǹԤʤȤ⡤ѸŪʴ鿼򤹤뤿ȤơۤǫͥȤʤäƤ붵ʽϵǤ
ܽιϡ礭űѸѡȤѸѡȤʬƤޤ줾ˤơޤֻȯʸˡطʤ˴ؤ⤬ʤޤȤ櫓Ѹ줫ΥΤűѸˤĤƤϡ٤⤵Ƥޤθ˼ºݤθʸɤ߲򤯡֥ƥԡפ³ޤؽȤƲƻιǤɮ٤ϡؼԤصΤˡƥѡȤκǽΤĤΥƥȤˤϡIPA ˤȯ椬1ñ1ñˤĤǫդƤǤϡʤŤʸηϤ˸ǤɼԤˤȤäơƼפ餤Ǥ
٤ƤΥƥȤˡѸդƤ⸫ƨޤ󡥱Ѹǽ񤫤줿űѸ졦ѸζʽǤϡѸϾάΤǤܽǤϤƤ뤳ȤǡѸȤθֻ¥פʤƤޤܤαѸؽԤΥĥܤ򲡤ޤäơȳؤǽˤ뤿ξ󤬡ΰ˴ĤƤޤ
ˤϡƥȤ˸ñ夷å꡼ʾŵˤդƤޤΰž夲СŪʱѸˤؤȱФȤȤˡŪʴθѸ򤬤ȿޤǤ礦οˤäƤϡǤ⥳ѥȤǡƻӤ䤹ŪޤѤäƤޤ
3,300ߡǹˤȤʤϡν¤Ƥ餹дְ㤤ʤ֤פǸǤޤޤDZѸˤΤ⤷̥ʤ⡤űѸѸθʸƧ߹ͦϽФʤäȤˤȤäơܽ򲡤ƤǹȤʤϤǤҡŪˤȤäơѸȤβοδƤɽΥǥ󤬻ܤƤꡤطʤθ¦ǥפǥʿǤϸűѸ졦ѸΡֿ󤵡פ־¡פɽ路ƤΤȲᤷȤǤ򳫤ˤϾݤǤǻԤäƤΤªƤС
heldio ˤơܵƱݤ#1732. ŪظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ȤǮ̤򤳤ƤϤޤҤ⤪İС



Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-02-27-1]

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2026-02-14 Sat

#6137. űѸ sc θ (3) [metathesis][oe][palatalisation][sound_change][phonetics][consonant][digraph][dutch][german]

űѸ sc ɽ蘆벻ŵŪˤ /ʃ/ Ȥ롥ʳ /sk/ (palatalisation) Ȼ򵯤ΤΤŪǤ롥ñˤäƤϤβѲФ/sk/ ˤȤɤޤäƤΤ⤢СξΤɤ򼨤Τ⤢롥/sk/ ˤȤɤޤäΤϡž (metathesis) ˤ /ks/ 򼨤Τ⤢ꡤñˤäƤʣʰ۷֤򼨤Ȥˤʤ롥ˤĤơʲε濴˵Ƥ

#60. ž ( metathesis ) ([2009-06-27-1])
#1511. űѸ sc θ ([2013-06-16-1])
#5626. űѸ sc θ (2) ([2024-09-21-1])

ϡˤĤ Lass (58--59) θ򿷤˲äƤߤ

   A different sort of palatalization contributes further to the new series: a change of */sk/ > /ʃ/. The mechanics are not clear, but one reasonable suggestion would be something like [sk] > [sc] > [sç], with a later 'compromise' articulation /ʃ/ emerging from the back-to-back alveolar and palatal. Or, the [k] may have weakened first to [x], as in modern Dutch, without palatalizing; in this case we could see at least three of the stages mirrored in modern Germanic, in the verbs meaning 'to write': Swedish skriva /skri:va/ representing the original, Dutch schrijven /sxrɛivə(n)/ a further development, and German schreiben /ʃraebən/ the final stage (cf. English shrive).
   The reason for this palatalization is obscure; it occurs in both front and back environments, and before consonants, so it is not obviously assimilatory like the ones discussed above. The OE spelling <sh> for instance appears to represent /ʃ/ not only in scīnan 'shine' (cf. OIc skína), sc(i)eran 'shear' (OIc skera), but also in scofl 'shovel' (OSw skofl), scanca 'shank' (Dutch skank), scūr 'shower' (Go skūra).
   There is however occasional failure in back environments, as shown by the spelling <x> = /ks/, which is due to metathesis (/sk/ > /ks/), in places where <sc> would be expected. This must have occurred while the cluster was still /sk/. Palatalized and nonpalatalized variants of one lexeme may even occur in the same text: the poem Andreas has for 'fish' (Go fisks) both gen sg fisces and dat pl fixum. Failures of palatalization (or dialectal variants: see below) also lead to doublets in later periods, even including ModE: hence ask (OE āscian, ācsian), now frequently with the nonstandard doublet ax (which was the norm in many pre-modern standard varieties). Another example is tusk (OE tūsc, pl tūscas, tūcas), where the nonpalatalized form has come down in most standard varieties, but there are so many dialects with tush.


žȤŪڵˤꡤäƤʤ֤뤳ȤǤȤΤ⤷۷ (variants) ϡ¿ʸŪˤĤƵŤʻǤ롥

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2026-01-28 Wed

#6120. ظűѸ졦ѸٿΥȥָѸ30ϢȯפϤƤޤ [notice][twitter][kochushoho][kenkyusha][kochukoneta30][oe][me]


kochukoneta30.png



126ʷˤꡤ XʵTwitter˥ @chariderryu ˤơϢܴ #Ѹ30Ϣȯ 򥹥Ȥޤϡ褿225˸Ҥ꿷ͽΡԲϻϲͭˤŪظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ȥǤ
μǤظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ϡε#6117. ŪظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ޤ ([2026-01-25-1]) ǤҲ𤷤褦ˡ1935ǯˡظѸ٤Ȥȥ˽Фˤ붵ʽǤָűѸפѸפȤɽ̲ˤϡָѸפѸפȤ̾ΤȤƤޤʻνŤߤ1Ǥ͡
οˤꡤ̥Ϥ1ͤǤ¿٤ޤǤ1֡1ĤĸűѸ졦Ѹ˴ؤ뾮ͥƤƤȤˤޤϥå奿 #Ѹ30Ϣȯ ŸƤޤ
ϴ3ܤȤʤޤ1ܡ2ܤˤϸűѸʸֻȯ夲ޤǤűѸ1Ϥϡ֤ȯפǻϤޤΤǤܽȤϡҸHPζᴩʬŪˡֻɤߡפǤޤΤǡҥåƤߤƤ
ʥȥԥåīᤤӤ11ͥΥڡϤ뤳Ȥǡ˸űѸ졦ѸιźФȻפޤ1δԤޤǤˡ󤬸űѸ졦ѸƧ߽ФνǤ褦ˡȤ̣礤⤢ޤΤǡƤߤƤ
ƾͥΰѥݥȤץ饤⡤ҵڤˤꤤޤʤ٤ȿޤޤ X ܴʳˤ͡helŸƤޤΤǡ X եåƤС

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2026-02-18-1]

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2026-01-25 Sun

#6117. ŪظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ޤ [notice][kenkyusha][oe][me][review][timeline][link][kochushoho]


Ichikawa-Koeigo_front_cover_small.jpg



̾ޤԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ʸҡˤ1225˽ͽǤ3300ߡˡҸHPζᴩʬŪˡֻɤߡפǤޤΤǡҥåƤߤƤֱѸ˴Ϣեơޤܡװˤ⥢Ǥޤ
ܽˤ򤶤äȤɤäƤߤޤ

1933--34ǯԲϻرѸǯ١ʸҡˤˤơΡظѸ٤ΤȤʤϢܵƤ
1935ǯԲϻˡظѸ٤Ǥ
1955ǯԲϻˡظѸٲǡʸҡԲ ϲ ͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡǤʢꤸΤŦˤޤ2026/01/27(Tue)
1986ǯԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ١ʸҡˤǤʾϲˤ̲
2023ǯסˡػԲϻ١ʸҡˤǤ

ʲhellogheldio¾ǸƤظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ľܡܤ˴ط륳ƥĤ˰ޤ

2025ǯ428heldio #1429. űѸ졦ѸؤӤʤޤ͡ --- ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡ1986ǯˡۿ
2025ǯ51ari note #268 ڻ̡ۻԲϡϲ1986ˡָűѸ졦ѸפȡÞOMEB äƤߤ
2025ǯ53פäĤ note Gemini ȸűѸɤ꡼򳫻Ϥ59ޤ6󴰷Υ꡼
2025ǯ55hellog ǡ#5852. ԲϻϲͭˡظűѸ졦Ѹ2ǡʸҡ1986ǯˡ ([2025-05-05-1])
2025ǯ510helwa Сܽʷ7ʾ˻äƻϿʱĥѥˤפࡥüԡ̤뤤ϥ饤ˤϡari camin lacolaco Lilimi Galois 󡤾Ͻؤtaku ykagata 󡤤󡤤ߡ󡤻߷夵ྰƣ蘆
2025ǯ512hellog ǡ#5859. AIűѸաפξ׷ --- פäĤθűѸȳإ꡼ɤǡ ([2025-05-12-1])
2025ǯ515TakGottberg 󤬡嵭 heldio #1429 Υˤơ1986ǯǤΡ2011ǯ16ɽ䤽¾˸ڡܵ򻲾ȡ
2025ǯ529heldio #1460. ظűѸ졦Ѹ٤ᤰ뻨 --- ϿĤۿ
2025ǯ105heldio ˤ#1589. νɾ by khelf ƣ蘆 --- סˡػԲϻ١ʸҡ2023ǯˡۿ
2025ǯ105hellog ˤơ#6005. khelf οhelνɾפϤޤޤ --- khelf ƣ蘆󤬾Ҳ𤹤ػԲϻ١ ([2025-10-05-1])
2026ǯ120Ҥ꿷˥ʥ󥹤
2026ǯ225ͽ

ˡܽȤμդˤĤơ򿼤ƤС Amazon ͽʸɤ

Բ ϲ ͭظűѸ졦Ѹҿӡ١ҡ2026ǯ
סػԲϻ --- Ѹˤνм򡤶ӡ١ҡ2023ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2026-01-10 Sat

#6102. űѸȸѸ "false friends" [false_friend][semantic_change][borrowing][loan_word][cognate][oe]

ե󥹸 faux amis ȤΤ졤ܸŪС۵פȤʤ false friends Ȥ¸ߤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ false_friend γƵǶ夲ƤѸˤѸʸ̮ǤϡƤե󥹸줫μѸȡΥꥸʥΥե󥹸ñȤδ֤ǰ̣ƤڥΤȤؤѸ magazine ʻˤʩ magasin Źˤʤɤ false friends ŵǤcf. #4899. magazine ϡֲˡפä ([2022-09-25-1]
̾ false friends ȤˤϡΤ褦˼ѸˤĤƸΤȻפäƤ뤬Ѹ˸¤餺˰̤˹ƹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥㤨2ĤθˡʼѤˤʤƱ줬ꡤ줾̣ۤʤäƤ륱Ѹ gift £ʪˤȥɥĸ Gift ǡˤʤɤŪˤϡ줫뤤ξθǰ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) äˡ̤ȤƤΤ褦 false friends ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤ
false friends ϰϤ򹭤СűѸñȤθѸˤȯãȤδ֤ǰ̣ۤʤ륱ˤѤǤ"diachronic/historical false friends" ȤǤƤ֤٤ʪʤ Barney ˤűѸä Word-Hoard δˡΰ̣Ǥ false friends Ƥ롥Barney (87) Ǥפ21ڥȤƵ󤲤ƤΤѤƤ

          False Friends

The "Index to the Groups" shows several examples of ModE reflexes of OE words which no longer have the same meaning, and which frequently confuse the beginning student. Here is a list of some which appear in this Word-Hoard. (Note that the pret.-pres. verbs are special offenders.)

cræftiġ normally means not"crafty"BUT"powerful"
cunnan"can" "know (how)"
dōm"doom" "judgement"
drēam"dream" "festivity"
drēoriġ"dreary" "bloody" or "grieving"
eorl"earl" "warrior", "nobleman"
folc"folk" "army"
grimm"grim" "fierce"
magan"may" "can, be able"
mōd"mood" "mind, spirit"
*mōtan"must" "may, be permitted"
rīċe"rich" "powerful"
sār"sore" "grievous"
scēawian"show" "look at, examine"
sculan"shall" "ought to"
sellan"sell" "give"
slēan"slay" "strike"
þynċan"think" "seem"
willan"will" "wish"
winnan"win" "contend"
wiþ"with" "against"


Barney, Stephen A. Word-Hoard: An Introduction to Old English Vocabulary. New Haven: Yale UP, 1977.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-28 Sun

#6089. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (2) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ī Voicy heldio ˤ#1673. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-2) with Taku --- helwa ˺ǯϤޤܥ֥Ǥ3ˤ⤷#6086. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (1) --- Taku ȤĶɲ ([2025-12-25-1]) ³ԤȤʤޤ
إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤˡ³ɽ꡼ɤƤޤʤĤ⤢꤬Ȥޤˡ
ǤϡоݤαʸǺܤޤ礦Baugh and Cable, p. 83) 褷ĹʤǤȤˤäɤƤޤ

Probably a less worthy type was drawn by these new conditions into the religious profession. We hear much complaint about immoderate feasting and drinking and vanity in dress. In the religious houses, discipline became lax, services were neglected, monasteries were occupied by groups of secular priests, many of them married; immorality was flagrant. The work of education was neglected, and learning decayed.


οԤɸ塤ɽˤΩ񤤤ȡɲսޤƤΥǥåλ֤ꡤϿƤޤ᤬˿ޤȻפޤΤǡäȤİС
B&CɽβˤĤƤϡ٤ƥ饢Ǥޤ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-25 Thu

#6086. B&C 63 "The Benedictine Reform" (1) --- Taku ȤĶɲ [bchel][oe][benedictine_reform][christianity][link][voicy][heldio][anglo-saxon][history][helmate]



ī Voicy heldio ˤ#1670. ѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤ (63-1) with Taku --- helwa ˺ǯϤޤ轵˳Ť줿⡼ȤǤ helwa ˺ǯˤơ̼ϿΤǤ
⡤إᥤȤ Taku 󤳤󤵤ʳءˤ˿ʹԤôƤB&C 63κǽ8ʸ򤸤äɤƤޤϡ10Υ󥰥ɤˤ The Benedictine Reform ʥ٥ͥǥȲסˤǤβսϡβפ˻ޤǤطʤ̤Ƥޤ
ǤϡоݤαʸǺܤޤ礦Baugh and Cable, p. 83)

The flourishing state of the church that resulted in these significant additions to the English language unfortunately did not continue uninterrupted. One cause of the decline is to be attributed to the Danes, who at the end of the eighth century began their ravages upon the country. Lindisfarne was burnt in 793, and Jarrow, Bede's monastery, was plundered the following year. In the ninth century throughout Northumbria and Mercia, churches and monasteries lay everywhere in ruins. By the tenth century, the decline had affected the moral fiber of the church. It would seem as though once success had been attained and a reasonable degree of security, the clergy relaxed their efforts. Wealthy men had given land freely to religious foundations in the hope of laying up spiritual reserves for themselves against the life in the next world. Among the clergy poverty gave way to ease, and ease by a natural transition passed into luxury.


³Ԥ heldio ϿѤߤǤΤǡ᡹ۿͽǤB&CɽβˤĤƤϡ#5291. heldio ΡֱѸˤθŵŪ̾ Baugh and Cable ɤץ꡼Ĵ˿ʤǤޤ ([2023-10-22-1])


Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. ''A History of the English Language''. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.



Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-12-28-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2025-12-24 Wed

#6085. ư̾ȯŸƤ椯űѸ -ing 뤤 -ung ε [suffix][indo-european][oe][gerund][participle][oe_dialect]

Ѹ -ing ˤ͡䤬ꡤۤʤ뵯ΤΤ¿ˤĤƤϡ#4398. -ing αѸˡ ([2021-05-12-1]) Ǥ⿨Ƥ̤
ϡΤʤǤư̾ (gerund) θȤƤ -ing ܤϡűѸ̾ -ing뤤ϴŪ -ung ̤뤳ȤΤƤ롥Ȥ-ing -ung ξθűѸǤʬۤѻꡤ̤äȯãθȡֲŪˤϤʤʤʣʤ褦Ȥ櫓űѸ줫Ѹˤ -ung ष-ing ݤˤʤäƤäˤĤơ椬ĤäƤ롥
Lass (201--02) ꡤξ˴ؤ뵭ҤɤǤߤ褦

(v) -ing/-ung. These originate in an IE /n/-formative + */-ko-/ . . . . Thus -ing < */-en-ko-/, -ung < */-n̥-ko-/. There is also evidence for an o-grade */-on-ko-/, as in L hom-un-cu-lus 'little man, homunculus'. The original sense is not certain, but the general model is X-ing = '(something) associated with, deriving from X'. The oldest Germanic uses seem to be in names, especially tribal: Marouíngi 'Merovingians' appears in second-century Greek sources. In the textual tradition both -ing and -ung occur as a kind of patronymic: OE Scyld-ing-as/-ung-as 'Scyldings, children of Scyld', L Lotharingi, OHG Lutar-inga, OE Hloðer-ingan 'Lotharingians, people of Lothar'.
   OE seems to have two semantically differentiated suffixes from this one source, one always -ing (m), the other -ing/-ung (f). The first appears mainly in deadjectival formations like ierm-ing 'pauper' (earm 'poor'), æþel-ing 'nobleman' (æþel 'noble'), and in denominals like hōr-ing 'adulterer, fornicator' (hōre) 'whore'). The second appears as a formative in deverbal nouns, e.g. wun-ung 'dwelling' (wunian), gaderung 'gathering' (gæderian). The -ung form, curiously, seems restricted almost exclusively to class II weak verbs as bases, as in the examples above.


-ung νѸޤǤοϡ餫ͳդΤ깥ߤƤꡤŬϰϤäʤΤ
³ơCampbell (158) ˤϡűѸ֤ˤξʬۤˤĤƳ⤬ΤǡɤǤߤ褦

§383. The suffixes -ung, -ing, in abstract fem. nouns interchange fairly systematically. In all dialects -ing prevails in derivatives of weak verbs of Class I (e.g. grēting, ȝemēting, ȝewemming, ielding, fylȝing, forċirring), and -ung in derivatives of weak verbs of Class II (e.g. costnung, leornung).
   Derivatives of strong verbs have -ing in lNorth. practically always (e.g. Li., Ru.2 flōwing, lesing, onwrīging), lW-S sources vary, elsewhere the instances are too few for any conclusions to be drawn . . . . In W-S there is a tendency to prefer -ing to -ung in compounds, e.g. leorningcniht, bletsingbōc. VP changes -ung- to -ing- before back vowels (d.p. -ingum, g.p. not recorded, but cf. advs. fēringa, nīowinga, wōēninga).


űѸȤ˷äȤϤǤξ֤ξ줬äȤ⼨Ƥ롥ѸˤǤϡư̾θʬθη֤ˤƶͿȤФлŦƤδ⡤-ing -ung ˤޤĤϱѸ˾太⤤Τۤ礭Ȼפ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Campbell, A. Old English Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1959.

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2025-12-19 Fri

#6080. Ѹˤ any 괧Ūˡ [article][adjective][comparison][me][oe]

űѸο ān ̾괧 (indefinite article) ȯã褦ˡǤűѸ ǣniȝ ̾ƻ줬ȯãa(n) any ϡΤ褦˵ȯãˤ¿ᡤ̣ˡˤĤƸߤ˾줷Ƥȸ¦̤롥
㤨СѸǤäƱӤιʸˤơ괧 a(n) ͽۤȤ any 륱롥괧ȤƤ any ˡMustanoja (263) 긫Ƥߤ褦

In second members of comparisons, particularly in comparisons expressing equality, any is not uncommon: --- isliket and imaket as eni gles smeþest (Kath. 1661); --- tristiloker þan ony stel (RMannyng Chron. 4864); --- his berd as any sowe or fox was reed (Ch. CT A Prol. 552); --- as blak he lay as any cole or crowe (Ch. CT A Kn. 2692); --- fair was this younge wyf, and therwithal As any wezele hir body gent and smal (Ch. CT A Mil. 3234); --- his steede . . . Stant . . . as stille as any stoon (Ch. CT F Sq. 171); --- þ maden as mery as any men moȝten (Gaw. & GK 1953; any with a plural noun); --- also red and so ripe . . . As any dom myȝt device of dayntyeȝ oute (Purity 1046). The usage goes back to OE: --- scearpre þonne ænig sweord (Paris Psalter xliv 4).


ɽϸűѸ줫⤢ȤΤȤˤʤΤϡξ any Ͻ a(n) ѤʤΤȤΤϡѸ He is as wise as any man. Ϥˤ餺פ any ˡ۵뤫ñʤ괧Ȥ⡤any Ѥ궯Ĵΰ̣礤ФȤȤϤʤΤ

Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.

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