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oe - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2020-04-22 Wed

#4013. ָűѸɸפβ [oe][oe_dialect][writing][standardisation]

űѸΥȥ˴Ť񤭸աʼ˥ڥ󥰡ˤŪͤǤ뤳Ȥ򺬵ˡФСָűѸɸ ("Standard Old English") Ȥɽʹ롥"(Late) West-Saxon Standard", "(Late) West-Saxon Schriftsprache" ʤ͡ʸƤ뤬ˤָűѸɸפȸ뤳Ȥ¿
ºݤΤȤָűѸɸפȤ˸򾷤䤹Ƥ̾Ǥ롥μҲؤδ餹СϤۤȤɡɸפȸƤ٤׷Ƥʤcf. #3260. űѸˤɸಽ ([2018-03-31-1])ˡɸ٤͡ꡤ"standard", "standardised", "fixed", "focused", "focusing", "diffuse" ʤɽѸ줬ΩƤ뤬Τ褦ʰϢμ٤ΤʤǡָűѸɸפɤդ˰֤ŤΤȤСͤλ䤿ŵŪ˻פ⤫٤ɸפΰ֤ΥƤ˰㤤ʤ͡ʽѸˤĤƤϡ#3207. ɸѸȸɸಽ˴ؤ뤤ĤνѸ ([2018-02-06-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
Mengden (28) ϡָűѸɸפͶ˴ؤơΤ褦մƤ롥

If a standard is understood as an institutionalized variety that, among other things, serves as a means of communication bridging several local and social differences in the usage of a language, the hypothesis of a Late West Saxon standard involves two problems. First, it is not falsifiable, because we have no clues as to how widely a deliberately regulated variety may have made its way outside the scriptoria. And second, the idea is implausible because it is not clear how a variety attested in a number of specialized scholarly texts should have spread into other areas of society given that literacy was limited to a rather small elite. What is plausible, though, and for this we do have evidence, is that there is an influential intellectual elite which has an enormous impact on the literary productivity in late Anglo-Saxon England, and who seem to have used the language of their works in a deliberate and comparatively uniform way.


εŪΤǤ롥ˡ̤βս (27) ǼΤ褦ˤƤ롥

. . . we are dealing with a set of texts covering a limited range of scholarly fields. It would be problematic to deduce the existence of a genuine standard language from the relative homogeneity of the Winchester texts alone. Indeed, the very fact that the documents representing "Standard Old English" all derive from a tight network of authors and instigators in a predominantly monastic context --- all in all a rather small, albeit influential, group of people --- speaks against rather than in favor of the wider use of their linguistic features outside these circles. It is therefore justified to speak of orthographic conventions characteristic of the Winchester school, perhaps of a West Saxon Schriftsprache, but it is difficult, if not impossible to make judgments about the scope and influence of the Winchester conventions.


ָűѸɸפˤĤơΤ褦ˤޤȤƤȥŪѰʽ񤭸դϡ켫ΤűѸɸಽ˹׸ȤϤʤϸ¸ʸ˸űѸʸȾȿǤƤȤ¤ʾǤʲǤʤ

Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-01-07-1] [2020-04-23-1]

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2020-04-21 Tue

#4012. եå粦αѸ˾ΰյ [history][oe][anglo-saxon][alfred][monarch][standardisation]

եå粦 (King Alfred) ϡꥹ巯Τʤͣ粦 (the Great) 򴧤ƸƤФ̾Ǥ롥ꥹ˾Ǥɾ⤤ȤϤ褯ʬ뤬ΡֱѸ˾ΰյפȤ顤Mengden (26) β⤫3ۤȴФƤߤ褦

(1) 󥰤οߤ᤿Ȥˤꡤ󥰥ɤιȤƤαѸϰ̤ݤä

ˤ if ǤϤ뤬⤷եå粦󥰤餱Ƥ顤󥰥ɤιȤƤαѸ줬졤ɬŪ˶ʹߤαѸŸ⤢ʤäȤˤʤ롥Ѹ줬˾äȤȤ⡤ʤȤҿŪʸȤƤϰ̤ݤ³뤳Ȥ񤷤äեå粦ξϡDZѸ˾夭ƽʰյġ

(2) פοʤˤꡤ¿αѸʸ߽Ф˻Ĥ

ϡΤˤХեå粦αѸ˸ΰյȤ٤⤷ʤ϶פʤ뤳Ȥˤꡤܤ̤͢Ȥ櫓༫Ȥ¿쾯ʤؤäȤűѸؤΤפǤex. Gregory the Great's Cura Pastoralis and Dialogi, Augustine of Hippo's Soliloquia, Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae, Paulus Orosius's Historiae adversus paganos, Bed's Historia ecclesiastica) Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Martyrology ΤȤϤޤäȤ롥

(3) 2η̤ȤơűѸˤơѸ˾̤αѸ컶ʸ߽Ф졤񤭸դɸಽʹԤ

³̤αѸ컶ʸλФϡϤѸ˸ΰյ礭Ȥ٤Ǥ롥ޤ񤭸դɸಽˤĤƤϡθѸæɸಽ˶ѸκɸಽʤɤŪĬήͤȤѸ˾ΰյ뤳Ȥؤʤ

Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-23-1]

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2020-04-20 Mon

#4011. ѸˤλϤޤϤĤ --- 700ǯ [periodisation][anglo-saxon][christianity][history][inscription][manuscript][oe]

ɸˤĤơ2֤ε ([2020-04-18-1], [2020-04-19-1]) 449ǯ600ǯ夲ƤϺǸ700ǯˤĤƹͻǯϡѸʸܳŪ˸ФΤ700ǯȤ뤳Ȥˤ롥αѸ˸ԤǤǸŤʸǯ˴ŤǤ뤫顤˸ŤʸȯбѸˤλϤޤ⤽ʬΤܤȤǡŪŪäȸäƤޤиԤԹͥ褷ȤȤˤʤ롥Mengden (20) Ϥ򼡤Τ褦ɾƤ롥

. . . one could approach the question of the starting point of Old English from a modern perspective. . . . Our direct evidence of any characteristic of (Old) English begins with the oldest surviving written sources containing Old English. Apart from onomastic material in Latin texts and short inscriptions, the earliest documents written in Old English date from the early 8th century. A distinction between a reconstructed "pre-Old English" before 700 and an attested "Old English" after 700 . . . therefore does not seem implausible.


Mengden (20) ϡ700ǯȤɬ⸦ԤԹͥ褷ΤΤǤϤʤȤͤƤ롥

. . . it is feasible that the shift from a heptarchy of more or less equally influential Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to the cultural dominance of Northumbria in the time after Christianization may be connected with the fact that texts are produced not exclusively in Latin, but also in the vernacular. In other words, we may speculate (but no more than that) that the emergence of the earliest Anglo-Saxon cultural and political centre in Northumbria in the 8th century may lead the Anglo-Saxons to view themselves as one people rather than as different Germanic tribes, and, accordingly to view their language as English (or, Anglo-Saxon) rather than as the Saxon, Anglian, Kentish, Jutish, etc. varieties of Germanic.


700ǯϡ5ȾФ˥֥ƥϤäƤޥĤ󥰥ͤȤƤΥǥƥƥѸüԤȤƤΥǥƥƥΩϤ᤿ǤȤϤ1ĤƶǤϤ롥
ơ3֤3ĤߤƤ櫓ɤ줬Ǥȹͤ뤤¾ˤ⤬ʻˤϤȻפˡäȤ⡤䤤򤬤櫓ǤϤʤΰ㤤ˤʤ餳 periodisation Ϥ⤷

Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.

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2020-04-19 Sun

#4010. ѸˤλϤޤϤĤ --- 600ǯ [periodisation][anglo-saxon][christianity][history][latin][borrowing][alphabet][oe]

ε#4009. ѸˤλϤޤϤĤ --- 449ǯ ([2020-04-18-1]) ˰³Ѹˤγϻϡ¤ϤޤʹȤΤʤä600ǯˤĤƹͤƤߤ
597ǯ St. Augustine ꥹȶ붵Τ˶ Gregory I ˤäƥޤ Kent ɸ줿Ȥϱѹ˾̾⤤ν󥰥μҲʸѤȤȤϡħŪʰ̣Ǥ褯ʬ롥ҲʸΤߤʤ餺ѸȤˤ⤽αƶڤȤϡ#3102. ֥ꥹȶȱѸפΤޤȤ᥹饤ɡ ([2017-10-24-1])#3845. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ5֥ꥹȶפ򽪤ޤ ([2019-11-06-1])#296. 轡ѸܸͿŪƶ ([2010-02-17-1]) ǤӤܤƤΤ˱Ѹ˾夭ƽʻ郎600ǯ˵äȤϤMengden ε˼򷹤Ƥߤ褦

. . . because the conversion is the first major change in the society and culture of the Anglo-Saxons that is not shared by the related tribes on the Continent, it is similarly significant for (the beginning of) an independent linguistic history of English as the settlement in Britain. Moreover, the immediate impact of the conversion on the language of the Anglo-Saxons is much more obvious than that of the migration: first, the Latin influence on English grows in intensity and, perhaps more crucially, enters new domains of social life; second, a new writing system, the Latin alphabet, is introduced, and third, a new medium of (linguistic) communication comes to be used --- the book.


600ǯ3Ĥ롥1Ĥϡ˸üѤΤȤҤ٤ƤΤȻפ뤬ƥ줫饭ꥹȶ濴ȤʸθʬμѸ줬ήȡ2Ĥϥޥ󡦥ե٥åȤƳ3ĤܤȤǥ⤿餵줿ȡ
ѸľܡܤαƶڤܤפʥݥȤǤꡤơθ̤˸䤹ȤåȤ⤢롥

Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-20-1]

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2020-04-18 Sat

#4009. ѸˤλϤޤϤĤ --- 449ǯ [periodisation][anglo-saxon][christianity][history][oe]

ˤλʬ (periodisation) ȤΤϡʬˤƺǤ⺬ŪǤ롥Ѹˤ㳰ǤϤʤˤĤ䤨ͻ뤳Ȥʤˤϡ⤽⸦椬ΩʤȤ櫓ѸˤλϤޤɤ֤Ȥϡʬ¸Ω˴ؤǤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤periodisation ȥդ¿εǴϢ夲Ƥ
ǤŪĥݥԥ顼ȤȤǤС󥰥֥ͤƥϤäƤȤ449ǯäƱѸˤλϤޤȤΤŪǤ롥ǯ弫ΤŪȤФʤΤ⤦绨ĤˤߤƤ5ȾդˤƤλǤȤϹƤ롥
ˡפȤϸ̩ˤʸǧƽΩȤΩ줫ߤСѸʸޤȤޤäǸΤ700ǯ餤Ǥ뤫顤դäƱѸˤγϤȤ롤Ȥ⤢롥ºݡѤԤ⤤롥
嵭2ĤѸˤλϤޤλ˴ؤͭϤMengden (20) ⤦1Ĥθ˸ڤƤ롥600ǯΥꥹȶȤߥ󥰤ꥹȶ󥰥Ҳˤ⤿餷ʸŪʱƶϷפΤʤΥѥȤθơֱѸס¾Υޥɤλȶ̤ơˤ餷᤿ȤơŤ¤٤ (1) ʾħŪˡ˵449ǯ(2) 褽600ǯ(3) 褽700ǯȤѸˤγϻ˴ؤ3Ĥθ䤬ФȤˤʤ롥
ơΥݥȤˤĤƹͤƹԤ˶ᤤ (1) Ż뤹ͳϡMengden ۩̤Ǥ롥

Although the differences between the varieties of the settlers and those on the continent cannot have been too great at the time of the migration it is the settlers' geographic and political independence as a consequence of the migration which constitutes the basis for the development of English as a variety distinct and independent from the continental varieties of the West Germanic speech community . . . . (20)


פˡ449ǯնˤѸˤλϤޤȤߤΥݥȤϡŪȤҲʸءŪäƤˤ롥äȤСŪʪŪʻǤ롥Φޥμ׽ĤʬΥȼνĤȤʤäΤֱѸ׼ҲȤº Mengden Ȥ͡˵󤲶硤ǽפȤߤʤƤ롥

I would therefore propose that, whatever happens to the language of the Anglo-Saxon settlers in Britain and for whatever reason it happens, any development after 450 should be taken as specifically English and before 450 should be taken as common (West) Germanic. That our knowledge of the underlying developments is necessarily based on a different method of access before and after around 700 is ultimately secondary to the relevant linguistic changes themselves and for any categorization of Old English. (21)


Mengden QŪʷä褦ˤߤ뤬ŪˤäơˤäȰääƤȤΤˤϲͤ롥⤬ʤʤΤ򤹤뤳ȤϡȤƤǤ롥
¾2ĤˤĤƤʹߤεǼ夲롥

Mengden, Ferdinand von. "Periods: Old English." Chapter 2 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 19--32.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-20-1] [2020-04-19-1]

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2020-04-13 Mon

#4004. űѸ3;̾θƬ h [h][oe][personal_pronoun][indo-european][germanic][etymology][paradigm][number][gender]

űѸ3;̾ζɽˤĤơ#155. űѸο;̾ζޡ ([2009-09-29-1]) ǤߤȤñǤʣǤ⡤鷺η֤ h- ǻϤޤ롥ŪˤߤСűѸ h- 3;̾ޡεǽ̤ƤȤäƤ褤礦ɸѸ th- ŪؼŪʸΥޡǤꡤwh- ɽ魯ΥޡǤΤƱ褦
ʬ䤹ħǤϤ뤬ʤȤˡħѸˤ3;̾ζηϤȺ⤿餷ʤΤǤ롥űѸǤϡh- ³ʬ첻ΰ㤤ˤʤ򤢤ٶ̤Ƥ䤬ƶ޸οʿȡʤζ̤ƤޤäȤиűѸ (he), hēo (she), hīe (they) ѸǤϡˤ뤬ˤ hi ʤɤη֤˼̤Ƥޤäh- ΤΤѲʤäˡäƺ褿Ȥˤʤä櫓ĤƤϡʬ䤹ħפä h- षո̤ȤʤäƤޤäȤˤʤ롥
ǡ褹٤Υᥫ˥बưh- ǤϤʤ̤λҲƬˤ she ñʤˡϤۤʤҲƬˤ they ʣʤ˿ʽФѸޤǤ˸ŷ֤ΤǤʤ˴ؤ̤ˤĤƤϡ#713. "though" "they" Ʊ۵͡ ([2011-04-10-1])#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])#974. 3;̾μʷ˺Ѥ۲ ([2011-12-27-1])#975. 3;̾μгʷǤϤޤѤʤä۲ ([2011-12-28-1])#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1])#2331. Ѹˤ3;ʣ̾ʳŪ th- ([2015-09-14-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ơűѸˤ h- ϶Ūˤ3;̾ޡäȽҤ٤̻Ūˤߤȡɤñ h- ʣ h- ϵۤʤ褦Ĥޤꡤh- ϸűѸޤǤ˷Ūˡʬ䤹ħפȤʤäˤˤξϱ郎ʤäΤȤLass (141) 򻲾Ȥ Marsh (15) ϡñ h- ϰĸľ *k- ˤΤܤꡤʣ h- ϰĸλؼ̾ *ei- ? -i- ˤΤܤȤԤԤ˴Ť (analogy) ˤꡤ夫 h- դ­ȤȤ餷ĹŪˤߤСѤϸűѸˤƤͭѤʥޡȤƲä⤿餷ѸˤƤϤषǤѤȲǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʤǽҤ٤ƤȤ̷⤹뤬#467. ;̾ it θƬ /h/ äݤ ([2010-08-07-1]) Ȥ⤢ΤǤ⻲ȡ

Marsh, Jeannette K. "Periods: Pre-Old English." Chapter 1 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1--18.
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-02-28-1]

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2020-04-12 Sun

#4003. ޥɤηƻζѲȼѲ (2) [adjective][inflection][oe][germanic][indo-european][comparative_linguistics][grammaticalisation][paradigm]

ѸˤϤߤʤ²¿θǤϷƻ (adjective) ˶ (inflection) ߤ롥˥ޥɤνˤƤϡƻޤ˴ؤợŪʴ鶯Ѳ (strong declension) ȼѲ (weak declension) 2ζ̤ߤʳơξˤĤƤϡ#687. ޥɤηƻζѲȼѲ ([2011-03-15-1]) 򻲾ȡˡΤ褦ʶζ̤ϡޥɤħ1ĤȤƤꡤӸŪ˶̣cf. #182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]
ѸǤϡűѸˤϤζ̤Τˤߤ줿Ѹˤƶ޸οʿʹԤȡƱ̤ϤθˤƼƤäcf. #688. ѸηƻηϤοʿ ([2011-03-16-1])#2436. ƻʣޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ ([2015-12-28-1]) ˡѸϡƻζޤζ̤ϤޤΤΤ򼺤äƤꡤʬޥŪǤŪǤʤʤäƤȤ롥
űѸˤƻζѲȼѲζޤ򡤡#250. űѸζɽΥ祳 ([2010-01-02-1]) ȴФƤ

The Adjectival Declensions of Old English

ǤϡʤűѸ䤽¾ΥޥˤϷƻζޤ˶ζ̤Τ񤷤޷ΰ㤤ܤ뤳Ȥˤꡤƶ뤳ȤǤ롥ѲޥѥįƤߤȡ̾춯ѲޤȻؼ̾ޤξѥ󤬺ߤƤ뤳Ȥ˵դϡƻ줬Ȥ֤̾ȤơʶѲ̾Ūʶޤ򼨤ƤȤˡؼ̾ζޥѥʬŪ˿ƤΤȹͤʤ⤦ܤϡ#2560. űѸηƻ춯Ѳޤ̾̾κѥ ([2016-04-30-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ѲζޥѥϡħŪ n ޤǼѲ̾ζޥѥˤäǤ롥Ϥƻ̩̾ܤʴطˤäΤѲ̾ζޤŵŪˤߤ n εϰĸ *-en-/-on- ˤȤ졤ϥƥ䥮ꥷ̾ˤФи (ex. Cato(nis) "smart/shrewd (one)", Strabōn "squint-eyed (one)") Τ褦ʸͭ̾Ѥ뤳Ȥ顤ɤѲޤϸ̲εǽ̤褦Ǥ롥ȤȡűѸηƻѲޤȼ se blinda mann "the blind man" ȤϡȤ "the blind one, a man" ۤɤƱŪʶäȹͤ롥줬䤬ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ޤȤʸˡƤȤ߹ޤƤȤˤʤäΤ
ʾ塤Marsh (13--14) 򻲾Ȥơʤޥɤηƻ˶2ζޤΤ˴ؤ1ĤҲ𤷤

Marsh, Jeannette K. "Periods: Pre-Old English." Chapter 1 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1--18.

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2020-04-04 Sat

#3995. Ruthwell Cross "on rodi" [ruthwell_cross][oe][dative][case][syncretism][germanic][inscription][manuscript]

Dumfriesshire Ruthwell Cross ϡűѻ The Dream of the Rood Ҥ롼ʸǹޤ줿ͭ̾Ǥ롥8ƬΤΤȹͤƤ롥˸űѸ쥢ե٥åȤž "kristwæsonrodi" ɤʸ󤬤롥ʬ񤭤򤹤 "krist wæs on rodi" (Crist was on the rood) Ȥʤ롥űѸʸˡˤСǸֻ̾ on ˻ۤƤꡤǤͿʷ rode ȤʤϤºݤˤη rodi ѤƤΤǡʸؾȤƤ10 Vercelli Book ˼ƤƱʤбսǤϡ̤ on rode Ȥˡʤ rodi η֤ȤʤäƤ롥
ʸν񤭴ְ㤤Ħְ㤤Ȥ٤ˤǤϤʤȤո⤢С¾̾쥯饹η֤ǤϤʤȤޤѶŪ˸õȤߤ⤢äƤ夲 Lass ϡ̤γ٤ rodi ʬˤ֤Ǥ뤳Ȥ⤷ε#3994. űѸͿʷε ([2020-04-03-1]) ǤѤ褦ˡLass ϥޥγʤͻ (syncretism) βʣäȹͤƤ롥Ȥ櫓 Ruthwell Cross ˤߤ褦ʺǽθűѸʸˤơθŵŪűѸʸˡͽ¬Ǥʤ֤ȤȤϽʬˤ뤷षʤۤȼĥ롥θԤϡ龯Ǥæ֤ϥ顼ȹͤƤޤޤǤŵ줿űѸʸˡκˤʤäƤꡤ¤θѰۤ¿˻פڤ뤳Ȥ˺ƤޤäƤΤǤϤʤȸĴƤLass (400) Ϥλ "classicism" ȸƤǤˡ˴ؤ Lass (401) ηϼ̤ꡥ

A final verdict then on rodi: not only does it not stand in need of special 'explanation', we ought to be very surprised if it or something like it didn't turn up in the early materials, and probably assume that the paucity of such remains is a function of the paucity of data. The fact that a given declension will show perhaps both -i and -æ datives (or even -i and -æ and -e) in very early inscriptions and glosses is a matter of profound historical interest. We have as it were caught a practicing bricoleur in the act, experimenting with different ways of cobbling together a noun paradigm out of the materials at hand. Morphological change is not neogrammarian, declensions are not stable or water-tight (they leak, as Sapir said of grammars), and --- most important --- the reconstruction of a new system out of the disjecta membra of an old and more complex one is bound to be marked by false starts and afterthoughts, and therefore a certain amount of 'irregularity'. It is also bound to take time, and the shape we encounter will depend on where in its trajectory of change we happen to catch it. Systems in process of reformation will be messy until a final mopping-up can be effected.


εθդ򷫤֤С pure Ǥ purist Ǥʤ

Lass, Roger. "On Data and 'Datives': Ruthwell Cross rodi Again." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 92 (1991): 395--403.

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2020-04-03 Fri

#3994. űѸͿʷε [oe][dative][germanic][indo-european][case][syncretism][instrumental][suppletion][exaptation]

ε#3993. Ǥư쥫ƥ꡼κ̾ⵯ䤹ä ([2020-04-02-1]) ǡűѸ̾Ϳ (dative) ε˿줿Ϳʡåʡʡ̳ʤȤˤо˴ؤ4Ĥγʤͻ (syncretism) ơʡͿʡפȤޤѤäȤȤäˤĤơLass (Old English 128--29) ˤʹƤߤ褦

The transition from late IE to PGmc involved a collapse and reformation of the case system; nominative, genitive and accusative remained more or less intact, but all the locational/movement cases merged into a single 'fourth case', which is conventionally called 'dative', but in fact often represents an IE locative or instrumental. This codes pretty much all the functions of the original dative, locative, ablative and instrumental. A few WGmc dialects do still have a distinct instrumental sg for some noun classes, e.g. OS dag-u, OHG tag-u for 'day' vs. dat sg dag-e, tag-e; OE has collapsed both into dative (along with locative, instrumental and ablative), though some traces of an instrumental remain in the pronouns . . .


ʤͻä䤳ʤ꤬ʤΤϡͻ礹˶̤ƤʣγʤΤ1Ĥ̾Фơͻ1ĤȤʤäΤ˳Ƥ뷹뤫űѸξˤ⡤Ϳʡåʡʡ̳ʤͻ礷1ĤˤʤäȤΤʬ뤬ʤʳʤϡͿʡפ̾դ뤳ȤˤʤäΤŪˤСͿʷϸŤͿʷʬŪˤϼѤǤ뤬षʷκפǻ
ŪˤСͿʣŵŪʶ޸ -um ζʣͳ褹롥ͿñˤĤƤϡޥįƤߤȡ̾Υ饹ˤäƵʣ褷ƤΤͿʷˤΤܤΤ⤢Сʷ̳ʷˤΤܤΤ⤢롥űѸͿñˤĤƤС褽ͿʷˤΤܤȹͤƤ褵ˤƤⵯ˹äƤ롥
Lass ̤ͤǿͿʤ "local" ("Data" 398) ȤǤƤۤ褤󵯤Ĥġޥĸʸʣʷаޤ򤶤äƤƤ ("Data" 399)

. . . all the dialects have generalized an old instrumental in */-m-/ for 'dative' plural (Gothic -am/-om/-im, OE -um, etc. . . ). But the 'dative' singular is a different matter: traces of dative, locative and instrumental morphology remain scattered throughout the existing materials.


פˡűѸ䥲ޥͿʤϡ֤νпȤõʤСִ󤻽ӡפȤäƤ褤ʪǤ롥󤻽ӤȤȤǤС#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) Dz⤷ be ưξȰۤʤʤbe ư͡ʷ֤⡤4Ĥΰۤʤ캬줿ΤޤƼ佼ˡ (suppletion) ƱͤǤ롥 pure Ǥ purist Ǥʤ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
Lass, Roger. "On Data and 'Datives': Ruthwell Cross rodi Again." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 92 (1991): 395--403.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-01-1] [2020-04-04-1]

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2020-03-31 Tue

#3991. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (2) [oe][verb][subjunctive][inflection][number][person][sound_change][analogy][sobokunagimon][conjugation][paradigm]

ε ([2020-03-30-1]) ˰³ɸˤĤƤˤ򤵤ΤܤäƤߤޤ礦ƤޤȤСѸβˡ˿;ѲʤΤϡεȤʤűѸ³ˡǤľˡ٤п;ѲǤꡤεʿ;ѲѸˤ -n ξüˤ꼺Ƥޤä顤ȤȤˤʤޤǤ⤦Ƨ߹䤦Ƥߤޤ礦űѸȤʳˤƤľˡ٤³ˡο;ѲäȤΤϡäɤͳˤΤǤ礦
űѸƱ²ΥޥɤθŤߤƤߤޤȡ³ˡˤľˡƱͤʣʿ;ѲäȤ狼ޤѸ to bear Ϣʤư³ˡߤο;ѲɽʥޥˤLass (173) ȤȤ˰Ѥޤ礦Go ϥȸ졤OE ϸűѸ졤OIc ϸťɸؤޤ

   (iii) Present subjunctive. The Germanic subjunctive descends mainly from the old IE optative; typical paradigms:

(7.24)
GoOEOIc
sg1baír-a-iber-eber-a
2baír-ai-s   "ber-er
3baír-ai   "ber-e
pl1baír-ai-maber-enber-em
2baírai-þ   "ber-eþ
3baír-ai-na   "ber-e


   The basic IE thematic optative marker was */-oi-/, which > Gmc */-ɑi-/ as usual; this is still clearly visible in Gothic. The other dialects show the expected developments of this diphthong and following consonants in weak syllables . . . , except for the OE plural, where the -n is extended from the third person, as in the indicative. . . .
   . . . .
   (iv) Preterite subjunctive. Here the PRET2 grade is extended to all numbers and persons; thus a form like OE bǣr-e is ambiguous between pret ind 2 sg and all persons subj sg. The thematic element is an IE optative marker */-i:-/, which was reduced to /e/ in OE and OIc before it could cause i-umlaut (but remains as short /i/ in OS, OHG).


鼨ΤϡŤޥǤ³ˡǤľˡƱ褦˴ʿ;Ѳꡤɽ6åȤΤˤȼθäƤȤȤǤŪ˸Ť褯ĤƤȤ뺸Υȸ줬ŵȤʤޤȤűѸǤϤȤȤʣʿ;Ѳ餫λñ㲽ޤ
Ǥϡ餫λȤϲǤ礦ΰѤǤ⿨Ƥޤ1ĤˤϤϤ겻ѲͿƤޤűѸˤˤơȸθ˼तθ첻Ҳ˼岽üȤȤޤη̡³ˡߤñ bere ؤȼ̤ޤ³ˡߤʣϡ3;Τθ˴ޤޤƤ n ʥȸθ baír-ai-na 򻲾ȡˤ (analogy) ˤä12;Τؤ礷 beren ȤѤʣޤޤ嵭ϡʶѲưΡ³ˡߤˤĤƤǤ³ˡǤ褦ѤޤѲư⤪褽Ʊ褦ʲ򤿤ɤޤ (Lass 177) ̤ȤơűѸǤΤȤƿ;Ѳ³ˡηϤǤäΤǤ

Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-15-1]

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2020-03-30 Mon

#3990. ʤˡˤϿ;ѲʤΤǤ (1) [oe][verb][be][subjunctive][inflection][number][person][sound_change][sobokunagimon][conjugation][3ps][paradigm]

ѸβˡǤϡƻʸߤȲˤľˡˤߤ褦ʿ;Ѳߤޤ󡥲ˡߤǤϿ;Ρʤӿˤˤ餺ưϸΤΤǤˡǤ;Ρʤӿˤˤ餺ŵŪ -ed ǽľˡƱ֤Ѥޤ
äȤ⡤ͤƤߤľˡǤ3;ñߤ -(e)s ٤ǤΤǡѸǤϿ;ѲŪ˵Ȥޤbe ưϿ;ѲʣǤľˡˤƤϿ;Ρʤӿˤ˱Ƹ߻Ǥ is, am, are ̤졤Ǥ were, were ̤뤫ǤˡˤƤϸ߻ǤѤ be Ѥ졤ȤʤѤ were ѤޤʸǤϲˡ If I were you . . . ʤ If I was you . . . Τ褦ǽǤʸˡǤ were Ѥ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤˡbe ưᤰüˤĤƤϡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])#2601. ʤ If I WERE a bird ʤΤ ([2016-06-10-1])#3284. be ưü ([2018-04-24-1])#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])ˤ򻲾Ȥ
󡤱ѸˤδҤȤƤΤϡʤˡˤϾ嵭̤;ѲڤߤʤΤȤǤˡŪˤ³ˡ (subjunctive) ȸƤФΤǡϸԤѸȤäƤޤѸ to love ʱɽˤϢʤűѸư lufian ο;ѲɽʺɽˤįƤߤޤ礦

űѸ lufianľˡ³ˡѸ loveľˡ³ˡ
????????????????????????????????????????
߻lufielufiaþlufielufien߻lovelovelove
2人称lufast2人称
3人称lufaþ3人称loves
lufodelufodenlufodelufodenlovedloved
2人称lufodest2人称
3人称lufode3人称


űѸǤ³ˡľˡ٤п;ѲäȤʬޤºݡʰ̣Ǥο;ѲϤʤˤѲäΤߤǤñʣȤζ̤ǰƬˤ̣ǤΡֿ;ѲפͤСűѸ³ˡǤϸѸȰۤʤꡤΤȤ¸ߤޤ߻Ǥϼ줬ñǤ lufieʣǤ lufien ǤǤϼ줬ñ lufode, ʣ lufoden Ȥʤޤñ -n դΤʣȤʤäƤޤʸǤˤäñʣ̤ƤΤǤ
θ塤űѸ줫Ѹˤơʣ -n ϼޤꡤäȾäƤޤ̤Ȥơʣñ˰߹ޤ褦ˤƹ줷ƤޤäΤǤ
ʾޤȤᤷ礦űѸư³ˡˤϡˤä -n ̵ͭѤ٤Ǥ;Ѳ¸ߤƤȤޤ -n ѸˤƼ岽üˡˤ餺Ʊη֤Ѥ褦ˤʤäȤȤǤѸβˡ˿;ѲʤΤϡǯۤˤäȵäʲѲη̤äΤǤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-15-1] [2020-03-31-1]

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2020-03-29 Sun

#3989. űѸǤȿŪˤϲˡѤ줿 [oe][subjunctive][conditional][tense]

ѸǤϡߤλ¤ȿФβɽ魯Τˡʤ뤤ǫɽȤơˡΤʤưβˡѤΤ§ǤǤ would, should, could, might ʤɤβˡưѤΤŵǤʲʸ򻲾ȡ

(1) If he tried harder, he would succeed.
(2) If we caught the 10 o'clock train, we could get there by lunchtime.
(3) If I were you, I'd wait a bit.

ޤλ¤ȿФβɽˤϡΤʤǤưβˡλѤǤ would/should/could/might have + PP ηΤŪǤ

(4) If she had been awake, she would have heard the noise.
(5) If I had had enough money, I could have bought a car.
(6) If I had known you were ill, I could have visited you.

ŪˤߤȡΤ褦ȿŪʸϸűѸ줫餢ޤѸȰۤʤΤϡűѸǤȿ¤ɽ魯ˤ餺Ĥޤ嵭 (1)--(3) Τߤʤ餺 (4)--(6) Υˤ⡤ӤƲˡʸűѸѸǤ³ˡˤѤƤȤǤĤޤꡤѸǤȤβˡⲾˡλ⡤űѸȻפ³ˡѤۤʤȤȤǤ⡤ˤƤƱͤ˲ˡwould ʤɤˡưǤϤʤˤѤȤȤդɬפǤ
űѸ⤷ Traugott (257) ꡤ2ĤȿŪʸȡˤĤƤβѤƤޤ

   The past subjunctive is . . . used to express imaginary and unreal (including counterfactual) conditionality. In this case both clauses are subjunctive. Since no infexional distinction is made in OE between unreality in past, present or future, adverbs may be used to distinguish specific time-relations, but usually the time-relations are determined from the context. Example (219) illustrates a counterfactual in the past, (220) a counterfactual in the present:

(219) ... & ðær frecenlice gewundod wearð, & eac ofslagen wære (PAST SUBJ), gif his sunu his ne gehulpe (PAST SUBJ)
   ... and there dangerously wounded was, and even slain would-have-been, if his son him not had-helped
                                                                                                                 (Or 4 8.186.22)
   ... and was dangerously wounded there, and would even have been killed, had his son not helped him

(220) Hwæt, ge witon þæt ge giet todæge wæron (PAST SUBJ) Somnitum þeowe, gif ge him ne alugen (PAST SUBJ) iowra wedd
   What, you know that you still today were to-Samnites slaves, if you them not had-belied your vows
                                                                                                                 (Or 3 8.122.11)
   Listen, you know that you would still today be the Samnites' slaves, if you had not betrayed your vows to them


ʾꡤűѸǤ⸽ѸƱͤȿŪˤϲˡ³ˡ˲ѤƤȤǧǤޤѸޤǤˡȿ¤λؤƤߤʤΤʤΤˤäƲˡȲˡλȤʬʸˡȯãꡤˡư줬Ѥ褦ˤʤʤɤѲϤޤȿŪɽ魯Τ˾Dzˡ³ˡ󸽺߷ѤȤϱѸˤ̤ѤäƤޤ󡥱ѸϸűѸӤơȿ¡󸽼¡̤¸ˤɽΤˡ߻ǤϤʤλäƤΤǤ

Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. Syntax. In The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 1. Ed. Richard M. Hogg. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 168--289.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-06-15-1]

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2020-03-17 Tue

#3977. ֺ¡ֱѸˤȸ츻פ6֥󥰤οפΤ [asacul][notice][old_norse][history][oe][anglo-saxon][borrowing][contact][loan_word][link]

321ڡˤ15:15?18:30ˡī㡼󥿡ɶˤֱѸˤȸ츻6󥰤οꤹֱԤʤޤݤϰʲ̤Ǥ

8Ⱦ󥰥ͤϥ󥰤νޤߤ̲ǤťΥɸȤƤ󥰤ϡθ奤󥰥꽻ޤϤǸťΥɸȱѸϷ㤷ܿ뤳ȤˤʤޤƸťΥɸαƶޤ줿Ѹϸäʸˡˤ礭ѼκפϸѸˤ⿼ޤƤޤ󥰤ʤä顤ߤαѸλѤϤʤΤǤϡ󥰤γưȸťΥɸˤĤƳѤĤġ̤ܿεФǡѸˤߤťΥɸθŪʰ仺ܤޤ


󥰤ťΥɸ (old_norse) ˤĤơܥ֥ǤϢ¿äƤޤʲפʵ˥󥯤ĥäƤޤ

#59. ѸˤˤťΥɸΰյ򶵤ä ([2009-06-26-1])
#111. ѸˤˤťΥɸȸťե󥹸αƶӤ ([2009-08-16-1])
#169. get give Ϥʤ /g/ äƤΤ ([2009-10-13-1])
#170. guest host ([2009-10-14-1])
#340. ťΥɸ줬ѸͿƶ Jespersen ɾ ([2010-04-02-1])
#818. 󥰥ɤ˻ĤťΥɸ̾ ([2011-07-24-1])
#827. she θ츻 ([2011-08-02-1])
#881. ťΥɸǤ͡ ([2011-09-25-1])
#931. űѸȸťΥɸζ޸κۡ ([2011-11-14-1])
#1146. ɥ衼åѸ²ηޡFortsonǡˡ ([2012-06-16-1])
#1167. ܿʿǤϤʤˤ㤷 ([2012-07-07-1])
#1170. ťΥɸȤθܿȶޤο ([2012-07-10-1])
#1179. ťΥɸȤܿȡּ夤嫡ס ([2012-07-19-1])
#1182. ťΥɸȤθܿϤǤϤʤ ([2012-07-22-1])
#1183. ťΥɸαƶɾܻؤơ ([2012-07-23-1])
#1253. ťΥɸαƶܡ ([2012-10-01-1])
#1611. 깾ⳤ糤ء ([2013-09-24-1])
#1937. Ϣ -son ˤΤϸťΥɸͳ ([2014-08-16-1])
#1938. Ϣ -by ˤ̾ϸťΥɸΤΤ ([2014-08-17-1])
#2354. ťΥɸαƶŪե󥹸αƶʸŪ ([2015-10-07-1])
#2591. ťΥɸϤĤޤǥ󥰥ɤǻȤƤ ([2016-05-31-1])
#2625. ťΥɸ줫μѸ ([2016-07-04-1])
#2692. ťΥɸѸ˴ؤ Gersum Project ([2016-09-09-1])
#2693. ťΥɸѸס ([2016-09-10-1])
#2869. ťΥɸ줫μѤϸűѸǤäƤ⡤ʸڤѸ ([2017-03-05-1])
#2889. 󥰤ΰưθưϡ ([2017-03-25-1])
#3001. ʤűѸϸťΥɸִʤäΤ ([2017-07-15-1])
#3263. ʤťΥɸ줫μѸ¿Ѹ˽ФΤ ([2018-04-03-1])
#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե󥹸줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ ([2020-03-09-1])
#3972. űѸȸťΥɸܿη̤ koineisation ([2020-03-12-1])
#3606. ֺ¡̲󥰤ȱѸס ([2019-03-12-1])

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-28-1]

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2020-03-05 Thu

#3965. űѸʬ񤷤ͳ [oe_dialect][oe][dialectology][periodisation]

űѸʬˤĤƤϡ#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬۡ ([2013-03-30-1]) ϿޤǤNorthumbrian, Mercian, Kentish, West-Saxon Ȥ줤ʬƤ褦ˤߤ뤬űѸͭιä𤬤ꡤºݤˤ¿ȤդƤɬפ롥Hogg (4) 3󤲤Ƥ롥

. . . it is important to recognize that it is open to several major caveats and objections. Firstly, it is well known that these dialects refer only to actual linguistic material, and therefore there are large areas of the country, most obviously East Anglia, about whose dialect status we cannot know directly from OE evidence. Secondly, the nomenclature adopted is derived from political structures whereas most of the writing we have is to be more directly associated with ecclesiastical structures. Thirdly, the type of approach which leads to the above division is a product of the Stammbaum and its associated theories, whereas modern dialectology, either synchronic or diachronic ... demonstrates that such a rigidly demarcated division is ultimately untenable. It would be preferable to consider each text as an 'informant', ... which is more or less closely related to other texts on an individual basis, with the classification of texts into dialect groups being viewed as a process determined by the purposes of the linguistic analysis at hand, rather than as some a priori fact. . . .


ޤȤСűѸξڵ (evidence) ʬۤϰˤäƥХХǤ̤⾯ʤȡϰ¸ߤطʤˤμҲŪʻԾܤǤ뤳ȡ͡٤ܿäϤǤ뤳Ȥ3Ǥ롥ʬ褦ȤݤƬˤǤ뤳Ȥưפ򤵤롥ѤκǸƤ褦ˡűѸʬϡ̤θʬϤΤβιʪȤȤ館ƤΤǤ롥Ǥϡʬ (periodisation) ˤᤤȤ롥

Hogg, Richard M. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 1. 1992. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2020-03-04 Wed

#3964. űѸ "digraph controversy" (2) [digraph][oe][spelling][phonetics][phonology][vowel][diphthong][typography][reconstruction][minimal_pair]

[2020-02-24-1] εǼ夲ˤĤ³ԤϤ롥
űѸ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ֤32Ż (digraph) ϡ줾ŪˤûǤĹǤΤɽ路ƤȤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸǤƱ2Ż֤Ƥʤ⡤Ūˤϡû2첻פȡĹ2첻סʸʸǤϤФ1첻Ĺ (macron) դɽˤ̤ƤȤȤľ˲᤹С<ea> [ɛɑ], <ēa> [ɛːɑ], <eo> [eo], <ēo> [eːo], <ie> [ie], <īe> [iːe] Τ褦бطȲ򤷤Ƥ褵줬ŪˤʤäƤΤ⤿ǤϤʤűѸʸؤˤƺǤʣĿǤ롥
¤ΤȤĹû2첻ΤűѸνˤϳ경2첻ǤϤʤʤäƤޤǤϸαѸ첻ˤˤۤȤɱƶͿƤʤ櫓Ǥꡤ츫Ȥʤۤ礭ˤʤΤʬˤϸűѸβηϤ˴ؤˤȤɤޤ餺෿ŪʰյǤꡤ餳褬ҡȥåפƤΤʲMinkova (178--79) ˽äơ2첻Ĺûζ̤äȤȿФ󤲤Ƥߤ褦
ޤεˤҤ٤褦ˡ෿Ūˤä2첻Ĺûζ̤ϤޤǤ롥Τ褦ʤޤ첻ηϤ򡤸űѸΤ˺ƷƤ褤ΤȤ꤬롥Τ褦첻ηϤʤȤޤǤϤʤΤΡˤޤȤС⤽ⲾŪʺƷθȤƵ󤲤Ƥ褤ΤϡʤʤȿˤȿǤ롥
⤦1Ĥεϡ32첻Ȥ̤2첻 [ej] ϡäĹûζ̤򼨤ƤʤȤȤ˰͵򤹤롥츻ŪˤϤ2첻Ĺûζ̤򼨤ƤűѸǤϸ츻ŪˤĹϤ hēȝ (hay) ûϤ weȝ (way) äΩʤƤʤȤС32첻ˤĤƤĹûζ̤ϤʤäȤǽ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
3Ĥˡβˤ򻲾ȤƤߤȡû2첻פϤ䤬û첻ͻ礷ƤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤû2첻פ2Ż֤ƤΤǴ㤤䤹¤ϤȤ1⡼첻äΤǤϤʤŪ˹ͤȡĹ2첻פϼ¤2⡼̤2첻ˤʤΤǤϤʤ
Ǹˡ⤽2첻Ĺûζ̤¾ڤǾ (minimal_pair) ¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¤ƤѻȡǤȤưۤʤȤˤ餺Ȥ⡤̤βˤ롥
ϰ¦Ҳ𤷤ˤʤξرĤơΩƤƷ㤷򷫤깭Ƥ롥2첻2첻٤

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-21-1]

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2020-02-24 Mon

#3955. űѸ "digraph controversy" [digraph][oe][spelling][phonetics][phonology][vowel][diphthong][typography][reconstruction]

űѸ츦νפ "digraph controversy" ȤΤ롥2Ĥ첻Ťͤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ2Ż (digraph) ʤ첻ɽ魯ΤȤǤ롥첻μ̤ä͡ʸФƤ
űѸμܤǤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ֤ƤΤߤιǤǤϤФ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> Ȥ̤ˡ1첻Ĺ (macron) դ <ēa>, <ēo>, <īe> Ȥɽߤ롥 <ea> ֤벻ˤϡŪˤϡûפΤȡĹפΤäȤΤƤ뤫Ǥ롥ĹΤʤСȤСȤǡºݤ˸űѸˤ첻μ̤ɤΤ褦˰äƤΤͤߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤͡ʿ¬ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ǥ⥹ȥ졼ȤʤΤϡֻΤޤޤˡû2첻פȡĹ2첻פꤹƤǤ롥<ea> [ɛɑ], <ēa> [ɛːɑ], <eo> [eo], <ēo> [eːo], <ie> [ie], <īe> [iːe] ʤɤȺƷʡ#2497. űѸ줫ѸˤƤ첻Ѳ ([2016-02-27-1]) 첻ɽ򻲾ȡˡ෿ŪˤߤơʤȤ⥲ޥɤˤ2첻 (diphthong) ûΤĹΤ̤륱ϤʤȤ顤䤬褵Ƥ롥
ФơĹΤʤСñ첻 (monophthong) ǤꡤС2첻 (diphthong) ǤȤ᤬롥ˤĤƤ Minkova (178--79) Ĥ󤲤Ƥ뤬ǤϾܺ٤ˤƧ߹ޤʤ˽äƺƷ줿ʲ˼ (Minkova 156)

ValueExample
DigraphEarlyLate
<ēa>æʊæəstrēam 'stream'
<ea>æəæheall 'hall'
<ēo>sēon 'to see'
<eo>ɛəɛġeolu 'yellow'
<īe>iə, iː(ġe)līefan 'to believe'
<ie>ɪəɪġiefan 'to give'


űѸɤݤˡ2ŻФƤɤΤ褦ȯѤ뤫եǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-21-1] [2020-03-04-1]

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2020-01-27 Mon

#3927. Ѹˤޥ󡦥ե٥åȰ켰Ū [alphabet][grapheme][oe][link]

Cook (166) ˡ"Comparing older letter forms with Modern English" ꤹɽ롥绨ĤǤϤ뤬ѸΥޥ󡦥ե٥åȰ켰ʸϿ褯ޤȤޤäƤΤǡʲ˺Ƹ롥

 Shared lettersExtra lettersVariants of another letterRare lettersUnused letters
Old English (tenth century)b c d f h l m n p r s tȝ ƿ þ ð æx (used for -cs occasionally æx)k q zg j v
 a e i o u y    
Middle English (fourteenth century)b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t w x zȝ þ (later th)u (medial v)  
 a e i o u y j (initial i)  
Early Modern English (1500--1700)b c d f g h k l m n p q r s t w x z u/v (till 1630)  
 a e i o u y j/i (till 1640)  
   'long' ʃ  
Modern English (1700--present-day)b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z    
 a e i o u y    


ܥ֥Ǥʸ˴ؤϤȼ夲Ƥg, v ʤɳʸȤΥդƤ뵭¿ΤǡҤɤ򡥰ʲˤ⤤ĤԥååפƤ

#3038. űѸ쥢ե٥åȤ27ʸ ([2017-08-21-1])
#3049. ѸǤ⥢ե٥åȤϤޤ26ʸǤϤʤä ([2017-09-01-1])
#1824. <C> <G> ʬ ([2014-04-25-1])
#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#2498. yogh ʸ ([2016-02-28-1])
#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])
#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])
#3875. 񤭤Ǥ19ޤǤĤäƤ long <s> ([2019-12-06-1])
#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])
#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])
#3391. Johnson ˤǺޤä i/j, u/v Ρֻͤʸ ([2018-08-09-1])
#2411. Ѹ <w> = "double u" ȥե󥹸 <w> = "double v" ([2015-12-03-1])
#2280. <x> á ([2015-07-25-1])
#1830. Y ̾Ρ ([2014-05-01-1])
#446. ֤ȤĤäƤ <z> ([2010-07-17-1])

Cook, Vivian. The English Writing System. London: Hodder Education, 2004.

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2020-01-03 Fri

#3903. ޥ̾ atheling, edelweiss, Heidi, Alice [anglo-saxon][oe][onomastics][personal_name][etymology][german][patronymy]

ε#3902. 㥢󥰥̾ Edward, Edgar, Edmond, Edwin ([2020-01-02-1]) ˰³̾ꡥʲȤ (13) ꡥ
ɸñ̾Ϥ츻ǤȤơֹ⵮ʡפ̣ WGmc *aþilja ˤΤܤ롥θűѸȿǷ æþel(e) ʹ⵮ʡˤϽפʸǤꡤ (patronymy) -ing դ æþeling ϡߤǤ atheling ʲҡ²ˤȤƻĤäƤ롥
æþel ϡ󥰥īν̾ˤ¿ǧ롥#2547. 奤󥰥ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) ͤǤ⡤Ethelwulf, Ethelbald, Ethelbert, Ethelred, Athelstan ʤɤ̾󤬤롥εǤҤ٤褦ˡΥޥ塤̾ϿषƤǤϸƤʤ
Ȥǡɥĸǡֹ⵮ʡפб edel Ǥꡤֵ²פ Adel Ǥ롥edelweiss ʥǥ磻ˤϡֹ⵮ʤפ̣륢ץοʪƻ̾첽Ĥ֤ Adelheid ǤꡤŹϥɥĸ Adalheidis ˤΤܤ롥Ͻ̾Ȥʤꡤξά줿η Heidi Ȥʤ롥˥̾إץξϥ٤ǡΥåƥޥ䡼ϡϥΤȤά˥ǥϥɤȸƤǤ롥ʤȥꥢ South Australia ν Adelaide ϡΥɥĸ̾ե󥹸ͳDZѸ˼ޤ줿ΤǤ롥
Adalheidis ϡե󥹸˼ޤ˵ڤӡû̡ѷС⸽줿Alaliz A(a)liz Ǥ롥줬Ѹ˼Ѥ Alyse 䡤ḽ Alice Ȥʤä⤦1Ĥν̾ Alison ϡե󥹸 Alice ˻ؾդ줿ΤǤ롥
ֲҡס֥ǥ磻ס֥ϥס֥ꥹפطԤäȤΤϡʤʤ⤷

رѸθ츻ŵ١罤۽Ź1990ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-08-17-1] [2021-05-12-1]

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2020-01-02 Thu

#3902. 㥢󥰥̾ Edward, Edgar, Edmond, Edwin [anglo-saxon][oe][onomastics][personal_name][etymology][norman_conquest]

#2364. ΥޥαѸ̾Υե󥹸줫֤ ([2015-10-17-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡűѸʤ1066ǯΥΥޥλˤΤ褦˥󥰥ɤѤƤ󥰥̾¿˰쵤˿षɸ̾ϡĤä󥰥̾ɽǤʡ#2547. 奤󥰥ɷǯΰ ([2016-04-17-1]) ꥢ󥰥̾ǧ줿ˡ
ʣǤꡤ1Ǥ Ed- ߤ롥ϸűѸ̾ ēad (riches, prosperity, good, fortune, happiness) ȿǤΤǤʤǤѸˡ͵ʡפȤﵯΤ褤̣̾ˤ¿Ѥ줿Edward ēad + weard (guardian) ȤȤǡ٤ԡפǤ롥Edgar ēad + gār (spear) ȤȤǡ͵פȤäȤEdmond/Edmund ēad + mund (protection) ȤȤǡٵμפۤɤΰդȤʤʤ2Ǥ Raymond, Richmond ˤߤˡEdwine ēad + wine (friend) ȤȤǡ٤ͧפǤʤ2Ǥ Baldwin ˤߤˡ
ʤ Edith Ͻ̾Ȥʤ뤬1ǤϤϤ ēad Ǥ롥 gūþ (war) ʣʤӾѷˤͦޤ̾ȤȤˤʤ롥
Ĥ뤳Τ褦ʽ㥢󥰥̾ʻǰʤ¿ϤʤˤѤơűѸñ츻ˤĤƳؤ֤Τ⤪⤷

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2019-10-22 Tue

#3830. űѸΥƥѸϸޤ³ݤ [lexicology][latin][loan_word][oe][borrowing]

űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥñˤĤơʲεǼ夲Ƥ

#32. űѸ˼Ѥ줿ƥ ([2009-05-30-1])
#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ෿ ([2014-07-05-1])
#3787. 650ǯդ򶭤Ȥ롤ΥƥѸü ([2019-09-09-1])
#3790. 650ǯΥƥѸΰ ([2019-09-12-1])
#3829. 650ǯʸΥƥѸΰ ([2019-10-21-1])

ΥƥѸ˴ؤ1ĤϡΤξʤ̿θ줬Τ˸Ѹˤߤ뤬ϸűѸĤäƤΤʤΤ뤤ϰѤ줿Τ˺ƼѤ줿ΤʤΤȤȤˤƥ츻ȤƤ϶̤ǤȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤԤǤиűѸμѸȤƱѸˤѤˤĹȤˤʤ뤷ԤǤѸѸŪѸȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹˤ̤ƾ˥ƥܿƤȤ𤬤ꡤФФΥȽǤ񤷤ȸȤǸۤʤäƤʤɤμ꤬꤬СƼѤǧ뤳ȤǤȤϤˤΤ褦ʼ꤬꤬櫓Ǥʤ
Ȥ櫓650ǯʸθűѸΥƥѸ˴ؤơȽǤ񤷤Ωġε ([2019-10-21-1]) į᤿褦ˡŪʥ쥸äƤʤäȤܤʸäʤʤ¿³ǤϤʤκƼѤǤϤʤȵ롥
Durkin (131) ϡ650ǯΥƥѸˤĤơޤ³ĤäƤǽι⤤Τ򼡤Τ褦˰Ƥ롥

abbot; alms; anthem; ass; belt; bin; bishop; box; butter; candle; chalk; cheap; cheese; chervil; chest; cock; cockle (plant name); copper; coulter; cowl; cup; devil; dight; dish; fennel; fever; fork; fuller; inch; kiln; kipper; kirtle; kitchen; line; mallow; mass (= Eucharist); mat; (perhaps) mattock; mile; mill; minster; mint (for coinage); mint (plant name); -monger; monk; mortar; neep (and hence turnip); nun; pail; pall (noun); pan (if borrowed); pear; (probably) peel; pepper; pilch (noun); pile (= stake); pillow; pin; to pine; pipe; pit; pitch (dark substance); (perhaps) to pluck; (perhaps) plum; (perhaps) plume; poppy; post; (perhaps) pot; pound; priest; punt; purple; radish; relic; sack; Saturday; seine; shambles; shrine; shrive (and shrift, Shrove Tuesday); sickle; (perhaps) silk; sock; sponge; (perhaps) stop; street; strop (and hence strap); tile; toll; trivet; trout; tun; to turn; turtle-dove; wall; wine


ΥꥹȤˡǽ㤯ʤ뤬³ȹͤΤȤƼɲäƤ (131)

anchor; angel; antiphon; arch-; ark; beet and beetroot; capon; cat; crisp; drake (= dragon, not duck); fan; Latin; lave; master; mussel; (wine-)must; pea; pine (the tree); plant; to plant; port; provost; psalm; scuttle; table; also (where the re-borrowing would be from early Scandinavian) kettle


³ơ650ǯʸΥƥѸˤĤơޤ³ǤȺäƤ뾯θ򼡤Τ褦˵󤲤Ƥ (132)

aloe; cook; cope (= garment); noon; pole; pope; school; (if borrowed) fiddle; (in some of these cases re-borrowing in very early Middle English could also be possible)


ơ򤬤夯ʤ뤬650ǯʸΥƥѸȤƸޤ³βǽΤΤϼ̤ (132)

altar; canker; cap; clerk; comet; creed; deacon; false; flank; hyssop; lily; martyr; myrrh; to offer; palm (tree); paradise; passion; peony; pigment; prior; purse; rose; sabbath; savine; sot; to spend; stole; verse; also (where the re-borrowing would be from early Scandinavian) cole


Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-21-1] [2021-08-03-1]

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