hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2018-07-08

■ #3359. 印欧祖語は語根ベース，ゲルマン祖語は語幹ベース，古英語以降は語ベース (2) [synthesis_to_analysis][indo-european][germanic][oe][morphology][typology]

　昨日の記事 ([2018-07-07-1]) に引き続いての話題．Kastovsky の提案する類型論の見方によれば，英語形態論の歴史は概略的に root-based morphology （印欧祖語）→ stem-based morphology （ゲルマン祖語）→ word-based morphology （古英語以降）ととらえることができる．
　ただし，古英語期など過渡期においては新旧のタイプが共存しているために，いずれか1つの類型にきっちりはめられるというわけではなく，あくまでグラデーションとしてとらえるべき問題だろう．現代英語ですら強変化動詞の語幹交替は stem-based morphology を示すし，借用語に典型的な sane : sanity, serene : serenity, Japán : Jàpanése などの語幹交替も同様である (cf. 「#3341. ラテン・フランス借用語は英語の強勢パターンを印欧祖語風へ逆戻りさせた」 ([2018-06-20-1])) ．
　Kastovsky (129) より，この類型的シフトの潮流に関する濃密な要約文を引用しよう．

Modern English morphology is the result of a long-range typological restructuring, triggered by phonological changes in connection with the emergence of the Germanic language family, leading to an erosion of unstressed final syllables. As a result, the originally root-based morphology became stem-based and finally word-based. Also morphology was originally characterized by pervasive phonologically conditioned morphophonemic alternations, which gradually became morphologically conditioned, because of phonological changes. This was replaced by a simplified system with base invariancy and phonologically conditioned alternations of inflectional endings as a default case characterizing the regular inflection of nouns, verbs and adjectives. The irregular patterns continue properties of the original system and can be interpreted as stem-based with morphologically conditioned alternations of the base form. This is also true of many non-native word-formation patterns, which have been borrowed from stem-based languages such as French, Latin or Greek and have re-introduced base alternation into English derivational morphology.

　実に視野が広い．通時的な比較言語学的視点と共時的な類型論的視点とを合わせた「歴史類型論」とでもいうべき広角の観点をもっているのだろう．

　・ Kastovsky, Dieter. "Linguistic Levels: Morphology." Chapter 9 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 129--47.

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