hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2019-10-21

■ #3829. 650年以後のラテン借用語の一覧 [lexicology][latin][loan_word][oe][borrowing]

　「#3790. 650年以前のラテン借用語の一覧」 ([2019-09-12-1]) に続き，今回は反対の650年「以後」のラテン借用語を，Durkin (116--19) より列挙しよう．ただし，こちらは先の一覧と異なり網羅的ではない．あくまで一部を示すものなので注意．
　650年以前と以後の借用語の傾向について比較すると，後者は学問・宗教と結びつけられる語彙が目立つことがわかるだろう．「#3787. 650年辺りを境とする，その前後のラテン借用語の特質」 ([2019-09-09-1]) も参照．

[ Religion and the Church ]

　・ acolitus 'acolyte' [L acoluthus, acolitus]
　・ altare, alter 'altar' [L altare]
　・ apostrata 'apostate' [L apostata]
　・ apostol 'apostle' [L apostrolus]
　・ canon 'canon, rule of the Church; canon, cleric living under a canonical rule' [L canon]
　・ capitol 'chapter, section; chapter, assembly' [L capitulum]
　・ clauster 'monastic cell, cloister, monastery' [L claustrum]
　・ cleric, also '(earlier) clīroc 'clerk, clergyman' [L clericus]
　・ crēda, crēdo 'creed' [L credo]
　・ crisma 'holy oil, chrism; white cloth or garment of the newly baptized; chrismatory or pyx' [L chrisma]
　・ crismal 'chrism cloth' [L chrismalis]
　・ crūc 'cross' [L cruc-, crux]
　・ culpa 'fault, sin' [L culpa]
　・ decan 'person who supervises a group of (originally) ten monks or nuns, a dean' [L decanus]
　・ dēmōn 'devil, demon' [L aemon]
　・ dīacon 'deacon' [L diaconus]
　・ discipul 'disciple; follower; pupil' [L discipulus]
　・ eretic 'heretic' [L haereticus]
　・ graþul 'gradual (antiphon sung between the Epistle and the Gospel at Mass)' [L graduale]
　・ īdol 'idol' [L idolum]
　・ lētanīa 'litany' [L letania]
　・ martir, martyr 'martyr' [L martyr]
　・ noctern 'nocturn, night office' [L nocturna]
　・ nōn 'ninth hour (approximately 3 p.m.); office said at this time' [L nona (hora)]
　・ organ 'canticle, song, melody; musical instrument, especially a wind instrument'
　・ orgel- (in orgeldrēam 'instrumental music') [L organum]
　・ pāpa 'pope' [L papa]
　・ paradīs 'paradise, Garden of Eden, heaven' [L paradisus]
　・ passion 'story of the Passion of Christ' [L passion-, passio]
　・ prīm 'early morning office of the Church' [L prima]
　・ prior 'superior office of a religious house or order, prior' [L prior]
　・ sabat 'sabbath' [L sabbata]
　・ sācerd 'priest; priestess' [L sacerdos]
　・ salm, psalm, sealm 'psalm, sacred song' [L psalma]
　・ saltere, sealtere 'psalter, also type of stringed instrument' [L psalterium]
　・ sanct 'holy person, saint' [L sanctus]
　・ stōl, stōle 'long outer garment; ecclesiastical vestment' [L stola]
　・ tempel 'temple' [L templum]

[ Learning and scholarship ]

　・ accent 'diacritic mark' [L accentus]
　・ bærbære 'barbarous, foreign' [L barbarus]
　・ biblioþēce, bibliþēca 'library' [L bibliotheca]
　・ cālend 'first day of the month; (in poetry) month' [L calendae]
　・ cærte, carte '(leaf or sheet of) vellum; piece of writing, document, charter' [L charta, carta]
　・ centaur 'centaur' [L centaurus]
　・ circul 'circle, cycle' [L circulums]
　・ comēta 'comet' [L cometa]
　・ coorte, coorta 'cohort' [L cohort-, cohors]
　・ cranic 'chronicle' [L chronicon or chronica]
　・ cristalla, cristallum 'crystal; ice' [L crystallum]
　・ epistol, epistola, pistol 'letter' [L epistola, epistula]
　・ fers, uers 'verse, line of poetry, passage, versicle' [L versus]
　・ gīgant 'giant' [L gigant- gigas]
　・ grād 'step; degree' [L gradus]
　・ grammatic-cræft 'grammar' [L grammatica]
　・ legie 'legion' [L legio]
　・ meter 'metre' [L metrum]
　・ nōt 'note, mark' [L nota]
　・ nōtere 'scribe, writer' [L notarius]
　・ part 'part (of speech)' [L part-, pars]
　・ philosoph 'philosopher' [L philosophus]
　・ punct 'quarter of an hour' [L punctum]
　・ tītul 'title, superscription' [L titulus]
　・ þēater 'theatre' [L theatrum]

[ Plants, fruit, and products of plants ]

　・ alwe 'aloe' [L aloe]
　・ balsam, balzam 'balsam, balm' [L balsamum]
　・ berbēne 'vervain, verbena' [L verbena]
　・ cāl, cāul, cāwel (or cawel) 'cabbage' [L caulis]
　・ calcatrippe 'caltrops, or another thorny or spiky plant' [L calcatrippa]
　・ ceder 'cedar' [L cedrus]
　・ coliandre, coriandre 'coriander' [L coliandrum, coriandrum]
　・ cucumer 'cucumber' [L cucumer-, cucumis]
　・ cypressus 'cypress' [L cypressus]
　・ fēferfuge (or feferfuge), fēferfugie (or feferfugie) 'feverfew' [L febrifugia, with substitution of Old English fēfer or fefer for the first element]
　・ laur, lāwer 'laurel, bay, laver' [L laurus]
　・ lilie 'lily' [L lilium]
　・ mōr- (in mōrberie, mōrbēam) 'mulberry' [L morus]
　・ murre 'myrrh' [L murra, murrha, mytrrha]
　・ nard 'spikenard (name of a plant and of ointment made from it)' [L nardus]
　・ palm, palma, pælm 'palm (tree)' [L palma]
　・ peonie 'peony' [L paeonia]
　・ peruince, perfince 'periwinkle' [L pervinca]
　・ petersilie 'parsley' [L ptetrosilenum, petrosilium, petresilium]
　・ polente (or perhaps polenta) 'parched corn' [L polenta]
　・ pyretre 'pellitory' (a plant) [L pyrethrum]
　・ rōse (or rose) 'rose' [L rosa]
　・ rōsmarīm, rōsmarīnum 'rosemary' [L rosmarinum]
　・ safine 'savine (type of plant)' [L sabina]
　・ salfie, sealfie 'sage' [L salvia]
　・ spīce, spīca 'aromatic herb, spice, spikenard' [L spica]
　・ stōr 'incense, frankincense' [probably L storax]
　・ sycomer 'sycamore' [L sycomorus]
　・ ysope 'hyssop' [L hyssopus]

[ Animals ]

　・ aspide 'asp, viper' [L aspid-, aspis]
　・ basilisca 'basilisk' [L basiliscus]
　・ camel, camell 'camel' [L camelus]
　・ *delfīn 'dolphin' [L delfin]
　・ fenix 'phoenic; (in one example) kind of tree' [L phoenix]
　・ lēo 'lion' [L leo]
　・ lopust 'locust' [L locusta]
　・ loppestre, lopystre 'lobster' [probably L locusta]
　・ pndher 'panther' [L panther]
　・ pard 'panther, leopard' [L pardus]
　・ pellican 'name of a bird of the wilderness' [L pellicanus]
　・ tiger 'tiger' [L tigris]
　・ ultur 'vulture' [L vultur]

[ Medicine ]

　・ ātrum, atrum, attrum 'black vitriol; atrament; blackness' [L atramentum]
　・ cancer 'ulcerous sore' [L cancer]
　・ flanc 'flank' [L *flancum]
　・ mamme 'teat' [L mamma]
　・ pigment 'drug' [L pigmentum]
　・ plaster 'plaster (medical dressing), plaster (building material)' [L plastrum, emplastrum]
　・ sċrofell 'scrofula' [L scrofula]
　・ tyriaca 'antidote to poison' [L tiriaca, theriaca]

[ Tools and implements ]

　・ pāl 'stake, stave, post, pole; spade' [L palus]
　・ (perhaps) paper '(probably) wick' [L papirus, papyrus]
　・ pīc 'spike, pick, pike' [perhals L *pic-]
　・ press 'press (specifically clothes-press)' [L pressa or French presse]

[ Building and construction; settlements ]

　・ castel, cæstel 'village, small town; (in late manuscripts) castle' [L castellum]
　・ foss 'ditch' [L fossa]
　・ marman-, marmel- (in marmanstān, marmelstān 'marble' [L marmor]

[ Receptacles ]

　・ purs, burse 'purse' [L bursa]

[ Money; units of measurement ]

　・ cubit 'cubit, measure of length' [L cubitum]
　・ mancus 'a money of account equivalent to thirty pence, a weight equivalent to thirty pence' [L mancus]
　・ talente 'talent (as unit of weight or of money)' [L talentum]

[ Clothing ]

　・ cæppe, also (in cantel-cāp 'cloak worn by a cantor') cāp 'cloak, hood, cap' (with uncertain relationship to cōp in the same meaning) [L cappa]
　・ tuniċe, tuneċe 'undergarment, tunic, coat, toga' [L tunica]

[ Roles, ranks, and occupations (non-religious or not specifically religious) ]

　・ centur, centurio, centurius 'centurion' [L centurion-, centurio]
　・ cōc 'cook' [L *cocus, coquus]
　・ consul 'consul' [L consul]
　・ fiþela 'fiddler' (also fiþelere 'fiddler', fiþelestre '(female) fiddler') [probably L vitula]

[ Warfare ]

　・ mīlite 'soldiers' [L milites, plural of miles]

[ Verbs ]

　・ acordan 'to reconcile' [perhaps L accordare, although more likely a post-Conquest borrowing from French]
　・ acūsan 'to accuse (someone)' [L accusare]
　・ ġebrēfan 'to set down briefly in writing' [L breviare]
　・ dēclīnian 'to decline or inflect' [L declinare]
　・ offrian 'to offer, sacrifice' [L offerre]
　・ *platian 'to make or beat into thin plates' (implied by platung 'metal plate' and ġeplatod and aplatod 'beaten into thin plates') [L plata, noun]
　・ predician 'to preach' [L predicare, praedicare]
　・ prōfian 'to assume to be, to take for' [L probare]
　・ rabbian 'to rage' [L rabiare]
　・ salletan 'to sing psalms, to play on the harp' [L psallere]
　・ sċrūtnian, sċrūdnian 'to examine' [L scrutinare]
　・ *spendan 'to spend' (recorded in Old English only in the derivatives spendung, aspendan, forspendan) [L expendere]
　・ studdian 'to look after, be careful for' [L studere]
　・ temprian 'to modify; to cure, heal; to control' [L temperare]
　・ tonian 'to thunder' [L tonare]

[ Adjectives ]

　・ fals 'false' [L falsus]
　・ mechanisċ 'mechanical' [L mechanicus]

[ Miscellaneous ]

　・ fals 'fraud, trickery' [L falsum]
　・ rocc (only in stānrocc) 'cliff or crag' [L rocca]
　・ sott 'fool', also adjective 'foolish' [L sottus]
　・ tabele, tabul, tabule 'tablet, board; writing tablet; gaming table' [L tabula]

　・ Durkin, Philip. Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: OUP, 2014.

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