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¡¡¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤ÈƱ²¤Î¥²¥ë¥Þ¥ó¸ìÇɤθŤ¤»ÐËå¸À¸ì¤ò¤ß¤Æ¤ß¤Þ¤¹¤È¡¤Àܳˡ¤Ë¤âľÀâË¡¤ÈƱÍͤËÊ£»¨¤Ê¿Í¾ÎÊѲ½¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¤³¤È¤¬¤ï¤«¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡¥¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î to bear ¤ËÏ¢¤Ê¤ëư»ì¤ÎÀܳˡ¸½ºß¤Î¿Í¾ÎÊѲ½É½¡Ê¥²¥ë¥Þ¥ó½ô¸ì¡Ë¤ò¡¤Lass (173) ¤è¤êÀâÌÀ¤È¤È¤â¤Ë°úÍѤ·¤Þ¤·¤ç¤¦¡¥Go ¤Ï¥´¡¼¥È¸ì¡¤OE ¤Ï¸Å±Ñ¸ì¡¤OIc ¤Ï¸Å¥¢¥¤¥¹¥é¥ó¥É¸ì¤ò»Ø¤·¤Þ¤¹¡¥

   (iii) Present subjunctive. The Germanic subjunctive descends mainly from the old IE optative; typical paradigms:

(7.24)
GoOEOIc
sg1baír-a-iber-eber-a
2baír-ai-s   "ber-er
3baír-ai   "ber-e
pl1baír-ai-maber-enber-em
2baírai-þ   "ber-eþ
3baír-ai-na   "ber-e


   The basic IE thematic optative marker was */-oi-/, which > Gmc */-ɑi-/ as usual; this is still clearly visible in Gothic. The other dialects show the expected developments of this diphthong and following consonants in weak syllables . . . , except for the OE plural, where the -n is extended from the third person, as in the indicative. . . .
   . . . .
   (iv) Preterite subjunctive. Here the PRET2 grade is extended to all numbers and persons; thus a form like OE bǣr-e is ambiguous between pret ind 2 sg and all persons subj sg. The thematic element is an IE optative marker */-i:-/, which was reduced to /e/ in OE and OIc before it could cause i-umlaut (but remains as short /i/ in OS, OHG).


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¡¡¤Ç¤Ï¡¤²¿¤é¤«¤Î»ö¾ð¤È¤Ï²¿¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦¤«¡¥¾å¤Î°úÍѤǤ⿨¤ì¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¤1¤Ä¤Ë¤Ï¤ä¤Ï¤ê²»ÊѲ½¤¬´ØÍ¿¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤·¤¿¡¥¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÁ°»Ë¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¤¥´¡¼¥È¸ì¤Î¸ì·Á¤Ë¼¨¤µ¤ì¤ëÎत¤Î¸ìÈø¤ÎÊì²»¡¦»Ò²»¤¬ÂçÉý¤Ë¼å²½¡¦¾Ã¼º¤¹¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤¬µ¯¤³¤ê¤Þ¤·¤¿¡¥¤½¤Î·ë²Ì¡¤Àܳˡ¸½ºß¤Îñ¿ô¤Ï bere ¤Ø¤È¼ýṲ́·¤Þ¤·¤¿¡¥°ìÊý¡¤Àܳˡ¸½ºß¤ÎÊ£¿ô¤Ï¡¤3¿Í¾Î¤Î¸ìÈø¤Ë´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿ n ¡Ê¥´¡¼¥È¸ì¤Î¸ì·Á baír-ai-na ¤ò»²¾È¡Ë¤¬Îà¿äºîÍÑ (analogy) ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ1¡¤2¿Í¾Î¤Ø¤â³ÈÂ礷¡¤¤³¤³¤Ë beren ¤È¤¤¤¦ÉÔÊѤÎÊ£¿ô·Á¤¬À¸¤Þ¤ì¤Þ¤·¤¿¡¥¾åµ­¤Ï¡Ê¶¯ÊѲ½Æ°»ì¤Î¡ËÀܳˡ¸½ºß¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÎÀâÌÀ¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¤Àܳˡ²áµî¤Ç¤â»÷¤¿¤è¤¦¤ÊÎà¿äºîÍѤ¬µ¯¤³¤ê¤Þ¤·¤¿¤·¡¤¼åÊѲ½Æ°»ì¤â¤ª¤è¤½Æ±¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ê²áÄø¤ò¤¿¤É¤ê¤Þ¤·¤¿ (Lass 177) ¡¥·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤ÏÁ´ÂΤȤ·¤Æ¿Í¾ÎÊѲ½¤ÎÇö¤¤Àܳˡ¤ÎÂηϤ¬¤Ç¤­¤¢¤¬¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¹¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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¡¡¿ô¤Î¥«¥Æ¥´¥ê¡¼¤Ï¡¤¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤Ïξ¿ô¤¬¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì¤Ë¤ï¤º¤«¤Ë»Ä¸¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤â¤Î¤Î¡¤³µÏÀŪ¤Ë¤¤¤¨¤Ð¡¤Ã±¿ô¤ÈÊ£¿ô¤Î2¶èʬ¤ËºÆÊÔÀ®¤µ¤ì¤¿¡¥¤³¤ÎºÆÊÔÀ®¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#2152. Lass ¤Ë¤è¤ë³°Å¬±þ¡× ([2015-03-19-1])¡¤¡Ö#2153. ³°Å¬±þ¤Ë¤è¤ë¥«¥Æ¥´¥ê¡¼¤ÎÁȤßÂØ¤¨¡× ([2015-03-20-1]) ¤ò»²¾È¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¤¡¥
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¡¡¡¦ Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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¡¡¤½¤ì¤Ç¤âÃæ±Ñ¸ì¤«¤é¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤«¤±¤Æ¡¤¤¤¤Þ¤À -ves ¤Î·ÁÂ֤ⴰÁ´¤Ë¼º¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤Ï¤ª¤é¤º¡¤¤·¤Ð¤·¤ÐÎà¿ä¤Ë¤è¤ë̵À¼¤ÎÊѰ۷Á¤È¤È¤â¤Ëʸ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡¥Jespersen (¡ø16.51, pp. 264--65) ¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¤Chaucer ¤Ï¤â¤Á¤í¤ó Shakespeare ¤Ë»ê¤Ã¤Æ¤â wiues ¤Ê¤É¤¬µ¬Â§Åª¤À¤Ã¤¿¤·¡¤¤½¤ì¤Ï18À¤µª½ª¤ï¤ê¤Þ¤Ç¸³¤·¤¿¤Î¤À¡¥calues ¤â Shakespeare ¤ÇÉáÄ̤ˤߤé¤ì¤¿¡¥ÆÃ¤ËÊ£¹ç¸ì¤ÎÂè1Í×ÁǤ˰³Ê¤¬ÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï -ves ¤¬Èæ³ÓۻĤê¤ä¤¹¤¯¡¤wive's-jointure, staves-end, knives-point, calves-head ¤Ê¤É¤Ï¶áÂå¤Ç¤âÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤¿¡¥
¡¡¤·¤«¤·¡¤¤³¤ì¤é¤È¤Æ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Þ¤Ç¤Ï»Ä¤é¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡¥Â°³Ê¤Î -ves ¤Ï¡¤É¸½à¸ì¤Ç¤Ï¤Ä¤¤¤¨¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤¤¤Þ¤äÊ£¿ô·Á¤Î wolves ¤Ê¤É¾¯¿ô¤Î¸ì·Á¤Î¤ß¤¬¡¤¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤Î²»±¤µ¬Â§¤ÎÅÁÅý¤ò°ú¤¯ºÇ¸å¤ÎÀ¸¤­»Ä¤ê¤È¤·¤Æ»ý¤Á¤³¤¿¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.

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2018-05-10 Thu

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¡¡°ìºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö ([2018-05-08-1]) ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤wolf ¤ÎÊ£¿ô·Á¤¬ wolves ¤È¤Ê¤ëÍýͳ¤òʹ¤¤¤Æ¥¹¥Ã¥­¥ê¤·¤¿¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤¤³¤³¤Ë¤­¤Æ¡¤¤µ¤Û¤Éñ½ã¤ÊÌäÂê¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤µ¤½¤¦¤À¤È¤¤¤¦´¶³Ð¤¬À¸¤¸¤Æ¤­¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸½¾Ý¤ò±Ñ¸ì»ËŪ¤Ë¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤¯¤È¡¤±ý¡¹¤Ë¤·¤ÆÌäÂ꤬¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¿¼¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¯¡¥
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¡¡¡¦ Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
¡¡¡¦ Jespersen, Otto. Linguistica: Selected Papers in English, French and German. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1933.

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2018-05-09 Wed

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2018-05-08 Tue

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¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#185. ±Ñ¸ì»Ë¤È¥É¥¤¥Ä¸ì»Ë¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë T/V distinction¡× ([2009-10-29-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#1033. ÆüËܸì¤Î·É¸ì¤È¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ½ô¸ì¤Î T/V distinction¡× ([2012-02-24-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#1059. ¸¢ÎϽŻ뤫¤éÃç´Ö°Õ¼±½Å»ë¤Ø¿ä°Ü¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿ T/V distinction¡× ([2012-03-21-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#1126. ¥è¡¼¥í¥Ã¥Ñ¤Î¼çÍ׸À¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë T/V distinction ¤Îµ¯¸»¡× ([2012-05-27-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#1552. T/V distinction ¤È face¡× ([2013-07-27-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#2107. ¥É¥¤¥Ä¸ì¤Î T/V distinction ¤Îά»Ë¡× ([2015-02-02-1])

[ thou, ye, you ¤Î¶¥¹ç ]

¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#673. Burnley's you and thou¡× ([2011-03-01-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#1127. ¤Ê¤¼ thou ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯ you ¤¬°ìÈ̲½¤·¤¿¤«¡©¡× ([2012-05-28-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#1336. ¤Ê¤¼ thou ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯ you ¤¬°ìÈ̲½¤·¤¿¤«¡© (2)¡× ([2012-12-23-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#1865. ¿À¤ËÂФ·¤Æ thou ¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¤Î¤Ï¤Ê¤¼¤«¡× ([2014-06-05-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#291. Æó¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì thou ¤Î¾Ã¼º¤Îư»ì¸ìÈø¤Ø¤Î±Æ¶Á¡× ([2010-02-12-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#2320. 17À¤µªÃæ¤Î thou ¤Î¿êÂà¡× ([2015-09-03-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#800. you ¤Ë¤è¤ë ye ¤ÎÃÖ´¹¤È phonaesthesia¡× ([2011-07-06-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#781. How d'ye do?¡× ([2011-06-17-1])

[ ·É¾Î¤Î you ¤Î̾»Ä¤ê ]

¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#440. ¸½Âå¤Ë»Ä¤ë·É¾Î¤Î you¡× ([2010-07-11-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#1952. ¡ÖÊŲ¼¡×¤È Your Majesty ¤Ë¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë·É°Õ¡× ([2014-08-31-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#3095. Your Grace, Your Highness, Your Majesty¡× ([2017-10-17-1])

[ you ¤Îȯ²»¤ÈÄÖ»ú ]

¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#2077. you ¤Îȯ²»¤ÎÎò»Ë¡× ([2015-01-03-1])
¡¡¡¦ ¡Ö#2234. <you> ¤ÎÄÖ»ú¡× ([2015-06-09-1])

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2017-03-17 Fri

¢£ #2881. Ãæ±Ñ¸ì´ü¤ÎÊ£¿ô2¿Í¾ÎÌ¿Îá·Á¸ìÈø¤Î¾Ã¼º [imperative][verb][inflection][number][agreement]

¡¡É¸Âê¤Î¸À¸ìÊѲ½¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤¡Ö#2475. Ì¿Îá¤Ë¤Ï¤Ê¤¼Æ°»ì¤Î¸¶·Á¤¬ÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¤Î¤«¡× ([2016-02-05-1]) ¤È¡Ö#2476. ±Ñ¸ì»Ë¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤ÆÆ°»ì¤ÎÌ¿ÎáË¡¤ÈÀܳˡ¤¬·ÁÂÖŪ¡¦µ¡Ç½Åª¤ËÍ»¹ç¤·¤¿·ï¡× ([2016-02-06-1]) ¤Ç¾¯¤·¤¯¿¨¤ì¤¿¡¥¶þÀÞ¸ìÈø¤Î¼å²½¡¦¾Ã¼º¤Ï¡¤¤È¤ê¤ï¤±¸Å±Ñ¸ì´ü¤«¤éÃæ±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Ë¤«¤±¤Æµ¯¤³¤Ã¤¿±Ñ¸ì»Ë¾å¤ÎÂçÊѲ½¤À¤¬¡¤Æ°»ìÌ¿Îá·Á¤Î¶þÀÞ¸ìÈø¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¼þÊÕŪ¤Ç±Æ¤¬Çö¤¤¤¿¤á¤«¡¤¤¢¤Þ¤êËܳÊŪ¤Êµ­½Ò¤¬¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤¤³¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ïư»ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¡Ö¿ô¤Î°ìÃספÎɸ¼¨¼êÃʤ˴ؤ¹¤ëÌäÂê¤È¤·¤ÆÅý¸ì·ÁÂÖ¾å¤Î½ÅÍ×À­¤ò¤â¤Ä¤·¡¤Ãæ±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ2¿Í¾Î¤Î¡Ö¿ô¡×¤Ï¤¤¤ï¤æ¤ë t/v_distinction ¤È¤¤¤¦¥Ý¥é¥¤¥È¥Í¥¹¤Ëľ·ë¤¹¤ëÌäÂê¤Ç¤â¤¢¤ë¤«¤é¡¤¸«¤«¤±°Ê¾å¤ËÄɵ椹¤ë²ÁÃͤΤ¢¤ë¥Æ¡¼¥Þ¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¡¥
¡¡¤³¤Î·ï¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤ÃæÈø (162) ¤ËÅö¤¿¤Ã¤Æ¤ß¤ë¤È¡¤¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡¥

Ì¿ÎáË¡¡½¡½Ã±¡¦Ê£¿ô
¡¡Ã±¿ô¤Ï {-ø} (sing/her (=hear))¡¥¤¿¤À¤·¡¤Êì²»¡¤<h> ¤ÎÁ°¤Ç¤Ï -e ¤âµ¯¤³¤ë¡¥Ê£¿ôÀܼ­¤ÏľÀâË¡¡¦Ê£¿ô¤Î¤½¤ì¤È¤Û¤ÜƱ¤¸Êý¸ÀʬÉÛ¤ò¼¨¤¹ ({-es, -eth})¡¥¤¿¤À¤·¼ç¸ìɽ¸½¤òľ³¤µ¤»¤ë¤È¤­¤Ï {-e} (helpe ye)¡¥15À¤µªÈ¾¤Ð¤´¤í¤«¤é {-ø} ¤¬Ê£¿ô¤ÎÈÏáÆ¤Ë¤â¿Ê½Ð¤·¤ÆÍè¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡ÊAncrR ¤Ë¤¹¤Ç¤Ë¤½¤ÎÎ㤬µ¯¤³¤ë¡Ë¡¥


¡¡p. 277 ¤Ë¤â´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ëµ­½Ò¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡¥

Ì¿ÎáË¡¤Ï¶þÀÞÀܼ­ (helpes, helpeth) ¤Þ¤¿¤Ï¸ì½ç (helpe ye) ¤Ë¤è¤ê¤¢¤é¤ï¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥Á°¼Ô¤Ï¼ç¸ì¤¬Ê£¿ô¡¤¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¡ÖÃú½Å¤Ê¸Æ¤Ó³Ý¤±¡×¤Îñ¿ô¤Î¾ì¹ç¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¡¥¼ç¸ìɽ¸½¤òȼ¤¦¤³¤È¤Ï¤­¤ï¤á¤Æ¤Þ¤ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¸å¼Ô¤Ïñ¿ô¤ª¤è¤ÓÊ£¿ô¼ç¸ì¤Î¾ì¹ç¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¡¥


¡¡¤³¤³¤«¤é¡¤Ãæ±Ñ¸ì´ü¤ÎÌ¿ÎáË¡¡¦Ê£¿ô¤Ï¡¤(1) ¶þÀÞ¸ìÈø¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÄ¾ÀâË¡¡¦Ê£¿ô¤ÈƱ¤¸Êý¸ÀʬÉÛ¤ò¼¨¤¹¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¡¤(2) ¡ÖÃú½Å¤Êñ¿ô¡×¤Î2¿Í¾Î¤Ë¤âÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤¿¤³¤È¡¤(3) 15À¤µªÈ¾¤Ðº¢¤«¤é¥¼¥í¶þÀÞ¤ËÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤¿¤³¤È¤¬Ê¬¤«¤ë¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤¤³¤ì°Ê¾å¤Î¾ÜºÙ¤Êµ­½Ò¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡¥
¡¡¸å´üÃæ±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÍÍ¡¹¤ÊÊý¸À¤ä°Û¼ÌËܥƥ­¥¹¥È¤Ê¤É¤ÇʬÉÛ¤òÄ´ºº¤·¤¿¤ê¡¤¤µ¤é¤Ë»þÂå¤òÁ̤äƽé´üÃæ±Ñ¸ìÊÕ¤ê¤ÎʬÉÛ¤ò¸«¤Æ¤ß¤ë¤³¤ÈÅù¤¬É¬Íפ«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥

¡¡¡¦ÃæÈø ½ÓÉס¡¡Ø±Ñ¸ì»Ë II¡Ù¡¡±Ñ¸ì³ØÂç·ÏÂè9´¬¡¡Â罤´Û½ñŹ¡¤1972ǯ¡¥

Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-01-1]

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2015-12-28 Mon

¢£ #2436. ·ÁÍÆ»ìÊ£¿ô¶þÀޤΠ-e ¤¬¸å´üÃæ±Ñ¸ì¤Þ¤Ç»Ä¤Ã¤¿Íýͳ [adjective][ilame][inflection][final_e][plural][number][category][agreement]

¡¡¤³¤Î2Æü´Ö¡¤¡Ö#2434. ·ÁÍÆ»ì¼åÊѲ½¶þÀޤΠ-e ¤¬¸å´üÃæ±Ñ¸ì¤Þ¤Ç»Ä¤Ã¤¿Íýͳ¡× ([2015-12-26-1]) ¤È¡Ö#2435. eurhythmy ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï "buffer hypothesis" ¤ÎŬÍѲÄǽ»öÎã¡× ([2015-12-27-1]) ¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç¡¤Inflectional Levelling of Adjectives in Middle English (ilame) ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¹Í»¡¤·¤¿¡¥#2434¤Îµ­»ö¤ÇÏÃÂê¤Ë¤·¤¿¤Î¤Ï¡¤¼Â¤Ï·ÁÍÆ»ì¤Î¡Öñ¿ô¡×¤Î¼åÊѲ½¶þÀޤȤ·¤ÆÀ¸µ¯¤¹¤ë -e ¤Î¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¡¤Æ±¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ë -e ¸ìÈø¤¬ÃÙ¤¯¤Þ¤Ç¤è¤¯Êݤ¿¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿·ÁÍÆ»ì¤Î¡ÖÊ£¿ô¡×¤Î¶þÀޤˤĤ¤¤Æ¤Ï¿¨¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡¥¡Ö#532. Chaucer ¤Î·ÁÍÆ»ì¤Î¶þÀÞ¡× ([2010-10-11-1]) ¤Ëµó¤²¤¿¶þÀÞɽ¤«¤éʬ¤«¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤Ê£¿ô¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¼åÊѲ½¤È¶¯ÊѲ½¤Î¶èÊ̤ʤ¯¡¤¸¶Â§¤È¤·¤Æ¤¢¤é¤æ¤ëÅý¸ì´Ä¶­¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¤Ã±²»Àá·ÁÍÆ»ì¤Ï -e ¤ò¼è¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥#2435¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç°·¤Ã¤¿ "eurhythmy" ¤ä "buffer hypothesis" ¤Ï¡¤·ÁÍÆ»ì¤ÎÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ëÅý¸ì´Ä¶­¤Îº¹°Û¤òÁ°Äó¤È¤·¤¿²¾Àâ¤À¤Ã¤¿¤¬¡¤Ê£¿ô¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¾åµ­¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÅý¸ì´Ä¶­¤¬ÉÔÌä¤È¤Ê¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¤¤Ê¤¼Ê£¿ô¶þÀޤΠ-e ¤¬¤è¤¯ÊÝ»ý¤µ¤ì¤¿¤Î¤«¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤Ê̤ÎÌäÂê¤È¤·¤Æ°·¤ï¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡¥
¡¡¤³¤ÎÌäÂê¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¡¤´ðËÜŪ¤Ë¤Ï¡¤Ã±Ê£¤ò¶èÊ̤¹¤ë¿ô (number) ¤È¤¤¤¦Ê¸Ë¡ÈÏáÆ (category) ¤¬±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸À¸ìÂηϤˤª¤¤¤Æ¤è¤¯Êݼ餵¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¤«¤é¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¤¤ÈÅú¤¨¤Æ¤ª¤­¤¿¤¤¡¥Ì¾»ì¤äÂå̾»ì¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤°õ²¤Áĸ줫¤é¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤ò·Ð¤Æ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë»ê¤ë¤Þ¤Ç°ì´Ó¤·¤Æ¿ô¤Î¶èÊ̤ÏÊݤ¿¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¤·¡¤¼ç¸ì¤Èư»ì¤Î°ìÃ× (concord) ¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤â¡¤¿ô¤È¤¤¤¦ÈÏáÆ¤Ï¾ï¤Ë´ØÍ¿Åª¤Ç¤¢¤ê³¤±¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥·ÁÍÆ»ì¤Ç¤Ï¡¤·ë²ÌŪ¤Ë¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì´ü°Ê¹ß¡¤¿ô¤Îɸ¼¨¤ò¤·¤Ê¤¯¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¤³¤È¤Ï»ö¼Â¤À¤¬¡¤½é´üÃæ±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Î·ã¤·¤¤¸ìÈø¤Î¿åÊ¿²½¤È¾Ã¼º¤ÎĬή¤Î¤Ê¤«¤òÀ¸¤­±ä¤Ó¡¤¸å´üÃæ±Ñ¸ì¤Þ¤ÇÊ£¿ô¸ìÈø -e ¤ò¤è¤¯ÊݤäƤ­¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ï¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤Î¸À¸ìÂηϤˤª¤¤¤Æ¿ô¤È¤¤¤¦ÈÏáÆ¤¬º¬¿¼¤¯ÄêÃ夷¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤³¤È¤ò¼¨¤¹¤â¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¡¥¤³¤ÎÅÀ¤Ç¡¤»ä¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î Minkova (329) ¤Î¸«²ò¤ËƱ°Õ¤¹¤ë¡¥

My analysis assumes that the status of the final -e as a grammatical marker is stable in the plural. Yet in maintaining the syntactically based strong-weak distinction in the singular, it is no longer independently viable. As a plural signal it is still salient, possibly because of the morphological stability of the category of number in all nouns, so that there is phrase-internal number concord within the adjectival NPs. Another argument supporting the survival of plural -e comes from the continuing number agreement between subject NPs and the predicate, in other words the singular-plural opposition continues to be realized across the system.


¡¡¤Ç¤Ï¡¤¤Ê¤¼±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤Ï¿ô¤È¤¤¤¦Ê¸Ë¡ÈÏáÆ¤¬¤³¤³¤Þ¤Çº¬¶¯¤¯»Ä¤í¤¦¤È¤·¤¿¡Ê¤½¤·¤Æ¸½ºß¤Ç¤â»Ä¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡Ë¤Î¤«¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï¸À¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëʸˡÈÏáÆ¤Î°ìÈÌŪ¤ÊÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤µæ¶Ë¤ÎÌäÂê¤È¤¤¤¦¤Ù¤­¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÎµÄÏÀ¤Ï¡¤ÀÛÃø¤Î "Syntactic Agreement" ¤ÈÂꤹ¤ë6.6Àá (141--44) ¤Ç¿¨¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç»²¾È¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¤¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Cambridge, 6--9 April 1987. Ed. Sylvia Adamson, Vivien Law, Nigel Vincent, and Susan Wright. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 313--36.
¡¡¡¦ Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-12-1]

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2015-03-12 Thu

¢£ #2145. ½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Î3Ê£¸½¤Î -s (6) [verb][conjugation][emode][number][agreement][3pp][nptr]

¡¡É¸Âê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï 3pp ¤Î³Æµ­»ö¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤­¤¿¤¬¡¤´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ëµ­½Ò¤ò¤â¤¦1¤Ä¸«¤Ä¤±¤¿¤Î¤Ç¡¤°Ê²¼¤Ëµ­¤·¤Æ¤ª¤­¤¿¤¤¡¥¡Ö#1301. Gramley ¤Î±Ñ¸ì»Ë³µÀâ½ñ¤Î¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥Ë¥ª¥ó¥µ¥¤¥È¡× ([2012-11-18-1]) ¤È¡Ö#2007. Gramley ¤Î±Ñ¸ì»Ë³µÀâ½ñ¤ÎÌܼ¡¡× ([2014-10-25-1]) ¤Ç¾Ò²ð¤·¤¿ Gramley (136--37) ¤«¤é¤Î°úÍѤǤ¢¤ë¡¥

Third person {-s} vs. {-(e)th} is a further inflectional point. This distinction is one of the most noticeable in this period [EModE], and it may be used as evidence of the influence of Northern on Southern English. In ME Northerners used the ending {-s} where Southerners used {-(e)th}. In each case the respective inflection could be used in both the third person singular present tense as well as in the whole of the plural . . . . While zero became normal in the plural, in the third person singular present tense there was no such move, and the two forms were in competition with each other both in colloquial London speech and in the written language.


¡¡Æ±±Ñ¸ì»Ë½ñ¤Î¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥Ë¥ª¥ó¥µ¥¤¥È¤è¤ê¡¤6¾Ï¤Î¤¿¤á¤ÎÊä­»ñÎÁ (p. 8) ¤Ë¡¤¤µ¤é¤Ë¾Ü¤·¤¤²òÀ⤬ºÜ¤Ã¤Æ¤ª¤êÍ­ÍѤǤ¢¤ë¡¥¤Þ¤¿¡¤¤½¤³¤Ç¤Ï Northern Subject Rule (= Northern Present Tense Rule; cf. nptr, ¡Ö#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ¤È±Ñʸˡ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¥±¥ë¥È¸ì¤Î±Æ¶Á¡× ([2011-03-17-1])) ¤Ë¤â¿¨¤ì¤é¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¤½¤Î´ØÏ¢¤Ç Lass (166, 185) ¤È Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg (283, 312) ¤Ø¤Î¸ÀµÚ¤â¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡NPTR ¤¬ÆîÉô¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤ÆÅ¬ÍѤµ¤ì¤¿·ë²Ì¤È»×¤ï¤ì¤ëÊ£¸½¤Î -s ¤ÎÎã¤òµó¤²¤Æ¤ª¤³¤¦¡¥

¡¡¡¦ they laugh that wins (F1--3, Q1--3; win F4) (Shakespeare, Othello 4.1.121)
¡¡¡¦ whereby they make their pottage fat, and therewith driues out the rest with more content. (Deloney, Jack of Newbury 72)
¡¡¡¦ For if neither they can doo that they promise & wantes greatest good (Elizabeth, Boethius 48.11)
¡¡¡¦ Well know they what they speak that speaks (F1; speak Q) so wisely (Shakespeare, Troilus 3.2.145)
¡¡¡¦ when sorrows comes (F1), they come not single spies. (Shakespeare, Hamlet 4.5.73)
¡¡¡¦ As surely as your feet hits (F1) the ground they step on (Shakespeare, Twelfth Night 3.4.265)


¡¡Shakespeare ¤Ç¤ÏÈǤˤè¤Ã¤ÆÊ£¸½¤Î -s ¤¬¸½¤ï¤ì¤¿¤ê¾Ã¤¨¤¿¤ê¤¹¤ëÎ㤬¸«¤é¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤«¤é¡¤¤½¤³¤Ë¤ÏʸÂÎŪ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤ÏÄÌ»þŪ¤Ê´Þ°Õ¤¬¤¢¤ê¤½¤¦¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
¡¡¡¦ Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
¡¡¡¦ Nevalainen, T. and H. Raumolin-Brunberg. "The Changing Role of London on the Linguistic Map of Tudor and Stuart England." The History of English in a Social Context: A Contribution to Historical Sociolinguistics. Ed. D. Kastovsky and A. Mettinger. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. 279--337.

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2014-08-01 Fri

¢£ #1922. singular they ¤ò¼è¤êÄù¤Þ¤ëµ¬ÈÏʸˡ (3) [singular_they][prescriptive_grammar][gender][number][personal_pronoun][language_myth]

¡¡°ìºòÆü ([2014-07-30-1]) ¡¤ºòÆü ([2014-07-31-1]) ¤È³¤¤¤Æ¤ÎÏÃÂê¡¥¸ý¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤ÆÃæ±Ñ¸ì´ü¤è¤êÉáÄ̤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿ÉÔÄê°ìÈ̿;ΤËÂФ¹¤ë singular they ¤Ï¡¤18À¤µª¤Îµ¬ÈÏʸˡ¤ÎδÀ¹¤Ë½¾¤Ã¤Æ¡¤¸ø¤ËÈóÆñ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤¤¹¤Ç¤ËÁ᤯16À¤µª¤è¤ê¡¤À­¤òÌä¤ï¤Ê¤¤ he ¤ÎÍÑË¡¤òÂÅÅö¤È¤¹¤ë¹Í¤¨Êý¤Ï²êÀ¸¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤¿¡¥Bodine (134) ¤Ë¤è¤ë¤È¡¤T. Wilson ¤Ï1553ǯ¤Î Arte of rhetorique ¤ÇÃËÀ­·Á¤òÍ¥Àª¤È¤¹¤ë¸«²ò¤òÌÀ¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

Some will set the Carte before the horse, as thus. My mother and my father are both at home, even as thoughe the good man of the house ware no breaches, or that the graye Mare were the better Horse. And what thoughe it often so happeneth (God wotte the more pitte) yet in speaking at the leaste, let us kepe a natural order, and set the man before the woman for maners Sake. (1560 ed.: 189)


¡¡Æ±Íͤˡ¤Bodine (134) ¤Ë¤è¤ë¤È¡¤7À¤µª¤Ë¤Ï J. Pool ¤¬ English accidence (1646: 21) ¤ÇƱÍͤθ«²ò¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

The Relative agrees with the Antecedent in gender, number, and person. . . The Relative shall agree in gender with the Antecedent of the more worthy gender: as, the King and the Queen whom I honor. The Masculine gender is more worthy than the Feminine.


¡¡¤·¤«¤·¡¤Bodine (135) ¤Ï¡¤ÉÔÄê°ìÈ̿;ΤΠhe ¤ÎËܳÊŪ¤ÊÍʸî¤Î»öÎã¤È¤·¤ÆºÇ½é´ü¤Î¤â¤Î¤Ï Kirby ¤Î A new English grammar (1746) ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¸«¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥Kirby ¤Ï88¤ÎÅý¸ìµ¬Â§¤òµ¬ÈϤȤ·¤Æ·Ç¤²¤¿¤¬¡¤¤½¤Î Rule 21 ¤¬ÌäÂê¤Î²Õ½ê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

The masculine Person answers to the general Name, which comprehends both Male and Female; as Any Person, who knows what he says. (117)


¡¡°Ê¹ß¡¤¤³¤Î¸«²ò¤Ï¹­¤¯·öÅÁ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥L. Murray ¤Î English grammar (1795) ¤ò¤Ï¤¸¤á¤È¤¹¤ë¸å¤Îµ¬ÈÏʸˡ²È¤¿¤Á¤Ï¤³¤¾¤Ã¤Æ he ¤ò»Ù»ý¤·¡¤they ¤ò¤³¤­²¼¤í¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥¤½¤ÎĬή¤ÎÀä夬¡¤Act of Parliament (1850) ¤À¤í¤¦¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¤he or she ¤ò he ¤ÇÃÖ¤­´¹¤¨¤ë¤Ù¤·¤È¤·¤¿Ë¡Åª¤Ê¸ÀµÚ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤µ¤Æ¡¤Kirby ¤Î Rule 21 ¤Ë³¤¯ Rule 22 ¤Ï¡¤À­¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¿ô¤ÎÌäÂê¤ò°·¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤º£²ó¤ÎµÄÏÀ¤È¤â´Ø¤ï¤Ã¤Æ¤¯¤ë¤Î¤Ç¾Ò²ð¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¯¡¥¤³¤ì¤Ï°ìÈÌÉÔÄê¿Í¾Î¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤ÆÃ±¿ô¤ÈÊ£¿ô¤Ï¤ª¸ß¤¤¤Ë¸ò´¹¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¥ë¡¼¥ë¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤Î㤨¤Ð "The Life of Man" ¤È "The Lives of Men" ¤ÏƱÃͤǤ¢¤ë¤È¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤À¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤Bodine (136) ¤Ï¡¤Kirby ¤Î Rule 21, 22 ¤ä Act of Parliament ¤Ë¤ÏµÄÏÀ¾å¤Î·ç´Ù¤¬¤¢¤ë¤È»ØÅ¦¤¹¤ë¡¥

Thus, the 1850 Act of Parliament and Kirby's Rules 21-2 manifest their underlying androcentric values and world-view in two ways. First, linguistically analogous phenomena (number and gender) are handled very differently (singular or plural as generic vs. masculine only as generic). Second, the precept just being established is itself violated in not allowing singular 'they', since if the plural 'shall be deemed and taken' to include the singular, then surely 'they' includes 'she' and 'he' and 'she or he'.


¡¡¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¤ºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö ([2014-07-31-1]) ¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤¿µÄÏÀ¤Ë¤âÄ̤¸¤ë¡¥ÉÔÄê°ìÈ̿;ΤΠhe ¤ÎÍÑË¡¤È¤Ï¡¤¶áÂå¤È¤¤¤¦»þÂå¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æºî¤é¤ì¡¤¼é¤é¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿°ì¼ï¤Î¿ÀÏäǤ¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤Ã¤Æ¤â¤è¤¤¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Bodine, Ann. "Androcentrism in Prescriptive Grammar: Singular 'they', Sex-Indefinite 'he,' and 'he or she'." Language in Society 4 (1975): 129--46.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-11-27-1] [2016-01-16-1]

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2014-07-31 Thu

¢£ #1921. singular they ¤ò¼è¤êÄù¤Þ¤ëµ¬ÈÏʸˡ (2) [singular_they][prescriptive_grammar][gender][number][personal_pronoun][political_correctness][t/v_distinction]

¡¡ºòÆü¤Îµ­»ö¡Ö#1920. singular they ¤ò¼è¤êÄù¤Þ¤ëµ¬ÈÏʸˡ (1)¡× ([2014-07-30-1]) ¤Ë°ú¤­Â³¤¤¤Æ¤ÎÏÃÂê¡¥singular they ¤ò½ä¤ëµÄÏÀ¤ÏÍÍ¡¹¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¤¼ÂºÝ¤Ë¤Ï¤³¤ì¤ÏʸˡŪ¤ÊÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤ë°Ê¾å¤ËÀ­¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¼Ò²ñŪ¤ÊÌäÂê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¹Í¤¨¤ëÍýͳ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤Î¤³¤È¤òÍý²ò¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤ÇÉÔÄê°ìÈ̿;Τò´û¸¤Î¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì¤Çɽ¸½¤·¤è¤¦¤È¤¹¤ëºÝ¤Ë¡¤À­¤È¿ô¤Ë´Ø¤ï¤ëÌäÂ꤬À¸¤¸¤¶¤ë¤òÆÀ¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤òλ²ò¤·¤Æ¤ª¤¯É¬Íפ¬¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¡Ö#275. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î»°¿Í¾Îñ¿ô¶¦À­Âå̾»ì¡× ([2010-01-27-1]) ¤ä¡Ö#1054. singular they¡× ([2012-03-16-1]) ¤Ç¤â¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«Îãʸ¤ò¼¨¤·¤¿¤¬¡¤"If anyone is interested in this blog, (¡¡¡¡¡¡) can always contact me." ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Êʸ¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¤if Àá¤Î¼ç¸ì anyone ¤ò¾È±þ¤¹¤ë¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì¤ò³ç¸Ì¤Î²Õ½ê¤ËÊ䤪¤¦¤È¤¹¤ë¤È¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤Ï´û¸¤Î¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì¤È¤·¤Æ he, she, he or she, they ¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤«¤¬¸õÊä¤È¤Ê¤ë¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤¤¤¤º¤ì¤âÀ­¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¿ô¤Î°ìÃפ˴ؤ¹¤ëÌäÂ꤬À¸¤¸¡¤´°àú¤Ê²ò·èºö¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡¥Ã±¿ô¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì he ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï she ¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤È¡¤Ã±¿ô anyone ¤È¤Î¾È±þ¤Ë¤Ï¤Õ¤µ¤ï¤·¤¤¤¬¡¤ÉÔÄê¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤Ï¤º¤ÎÀ­¤Ë¡¤ÃËÀ­¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï½÷À­¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤«¤ò³ä¤êÅö¤Æ¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¡¤À­¤ÎÌäÂ꤬»Ä¤ë¡¥he or she ¡Ê¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï s/he ¤Ê¤É¤ÎÎà»÷ɽ¸½¡Ë¤ÏÀ­¤È¿ô¤ÎξÊý¤ÎÌäÂê¤ò²ò·è¤Ç¤­¤ë¤¬¡¤ÉÔ¼«Á³¤Ç¤®¤³¤Á¤Ê¤¤É½¸½¤È¤Ê¤é¤¶¤ë¤ò¤¨¤Ê¤¤¡¥°ìÊý¡¤they ¤ÏÃËÀ­¤«½÷À­¤«¤òÌÀ¼¨¤·¤Ê¤¤ÅÀ¤ÇÍ­Íø¤À¤¬¡¤°ìÊý¤Ç¿ô¤ÎÉÔ°ìÃפȤ¤¤¦ÌäÂ꤬»Ä¤ë¡¥¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¤he ¤È she ¤ÏÀ­¤ÎÌäÂê¤ò»Ä¤·¡¤he or she ¤Ïɽ¸½¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î¤®¤³¤Á¤Ê¤µ¤ÎÌäÂê¤ò»Ä¤·¡¤they ¤Ï¿ô¤ÎÌäÂê¤ò»Ä¤¹¡¥
¡¡¤À¤¬¡¤À­¤«¿ô¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤«¤òº½Å¤¹¤ì¤Ð¾Êý¤¬µ¾À·¤Ë¤Ê¤é¤¶¤ë¤òÆÀ¤Ê¤¤¾õ¶·²¼¤Ç¡¤¤É¤Á¤é¤ÎÁªÂò»è¤òºÎÍѤ¹¤ë¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂ꤬À¸¤¸¤ë¡¥¤Ï¤¿¤·¤Æ¡¤¤É¤Á¤é¤Î²ò·èºö¤âƱ¤¸ÄøÅÙ¤ËÂÅÅö¤È¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥°ì¸«¤¹¤ë¤Èξ²ò·èºö¤Î¼Á¤ÏƱ¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ë¸«¤¨¤ë¤¬¡¤¼Â¤Ï½ÅÍפʺ¹°Û¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥¿ô¤Ï¼Ò²ñÀ­¤òÂӤӤƤ¤¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤À­¤Ï¼Ò²ñÀ­¤òÂӤӤƤ¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤À (cf. social gender) ¡¥Ã±¿ô¤ÈÊ£¿ô¤Î¶èÊ̤ϸ¶Â§¤È¤·¤Æ»Ø¼¨ÂоݤΥâ¥Î´Ø¤¹¤ë°À­¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¼«Á³¤ÇÏÀÍýŪ¤Ê¶èÊ̤Ǥ¢¤ë¡¥Ã±¿ô¤òÊ£¿ô¤ÇÃÖ¤­´¹¤¨¤è¤¦¤¬¡¤Ê£¿ô¤òñ¿ô¤ÇÃÖ¤­´¹¤¨¤è¤¦¤¬¡¤ÆÃ¤Ë¼Ò²ñŪ¤Ê±Æ¶Á¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡Ê¿ô¤Îµ¾À·¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¤¤¤¨¤Ð¡¤¸µÍè¤Î thou ¤ÎÎΰè¤Ë ye/you ¤¬¿¯Æþ¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿ T/V distinction ¤Î»öÎã¤â»²¾È¤µ¤ì¤¿¤¤¡Ë¡¥¤È¤³¤í¤¬¡¤À­¤Ï¸¶Â§¤È¤·¤Æ»Ø¼¨ÂоݤΥҥȤΰÀ­¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤ÃËÀ­¤ò½÷À­¤ÇÂåɽ¤µ¤»¤¿¤ê¡¤½÷À­¤òÃËÀ­¤ÇÂåɽ¤µ¤»¤¿¤ê¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¼Ò²ñŪ¤ÊÉԶѹդäÉÔÊ¿Åù¤¬´Þ°Õ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥Bodine (133) ¤Î¤¤¤¦¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤"the two [number and sex] . . . are not socially analogous, since number lacks social significance" ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡ÉÔÄê°ìÈ̿;Τò he ¤ÇÂåɽ¤µ¤»¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ï¡¤(1) ¼Ò²ñÀ­¤ò´Þ°Õ¤·¤Ê¤¤¿ô¤è¤ê¤â¼Ò²ñÀ­¤ò´Þ°Õ¤¹¤ëÀ­¤òɸ¼¨¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¤¢¤¨¤ÆÁª¤Ó¡¤(2) ¤½¤ÎºÝ¤Ë½÷À­·Á¤Ç¤Ê¤¯ÃËÀ­·Á¤ò¤¢¤¨¤ÆÁª¤Ö¡¤¤È¤¤¤¦2¤Ä¤Î°Õ¿ÞŪ¤ÊÁªÂò¤Î·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤Æ¤·¤«¤¢¤ê¤¨¤Ê¤¤¡¥18À¤µª°ÊÍè¤Îµ¬ÈÏʸˡ²È¤Ï¡¤¤³¤Î2¤Ä¤Î¡Ö¤¢¤¨¤Æ¡×¤òËÁ¤·¡¤he ¤Î»ÈÍѤò¸øÁ³¤È¿äµó¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥µÕ¤Ë¡¤¸ý¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤ÆÎò»Ë¾åÉáÄ̤˹Ԥï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿ÉÔÄê°ìÈ̿;Τò they ¤ÇÂåɽ¤µ¤»¤ë¤ä¤êÊý¤Ï¡¤(1) ¼Ò²ñÀ­¤ò´Þ°Õ¤·¤Ê¤¤¿ô¤Î¸·Ì©¤Ê¶èÊ̤òµ¾À·¤Ë¤·¡¤(1) ¼Ò²ñÀ­¤ò´Þ°Õ¤¹¤ëÀ­¤òɸ¼¨¤·¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤òÁª¤ó¤À·ë²Ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤É¤Á¤é¤Î²ò·èË¡¤¬¼Ò²ñŪ¤Ë¤è¤ê̵Æñ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤«¤ÏÌÀ¤é¤«¤À¤í¤¦¡¥
¡¡he or she ¤¬¤®¤³¤Á¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤³Î¤«¤Ë¤®¤³¤Á¤Ê¤¤¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤Âбþ¤¹¤ë¿ô¤ÎÈÏáÆ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤âƱ¤¸¤¯¤é¤¤¤®¤³¤Á¤Ê¤¤É½¸½¤È¤·¤Æ one or more ¤ä person or persons ¤Ê¤É¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¤¤³¤ì¤é¤ÏÉáÄ̤˻ÈÍѤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¡¤he or she ¤À¤±¤ò¼è¤ê¤¢¤²¤Æ¡Ö¤®¤³¤Á¤Ê¤¤¡×¤Èɾ¤¹¤ë¤Î¤ÏÂÅÅö¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡¥
¡¡±Ñ¸ìÏüԤϡ¤Ì±½°¤ÎÃηäȤ·¤Æ¡¤¤è¤ê̵Æñ¤Ê²ò·èË¡ (= singular they) ¤òÁªÂò¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥°ìÊý¡¤µ¬ÈÏʸˡ²È¤Ï¡¤¤¢¤Þ¤ê¤Ë¿Í¹©Åª¡¤°Õ¿ÞŪ¡¤ÉÔ¼«Á³¤Ê¤ä¤êÊý (he) ¤ËÁʤ¨¤Æ¤­¤¿¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Bodine, Ann. "Androcentrism in Prescriptive Grammar: Singular 'they', Sex-Indefinite 'he,' and 'he or she'." Language in Society 4 (1975): 129--46.

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2014-07-30 Wed

¢£ #1920. singular they ¤ò¼è¤êÄù¤Þ¤ëµ¬ÈÏʸˡ (1) [singular_they][prescriptive_grammar][gender][number][personal_pronoun][paradigm]

¡¡ÅÁÅýŪ¤Ëµ¬ÈÏʸˡ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ´÷Èò¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿ singular they ¤¬¡¤¶áǯ¡¤»Ô̱¸¢¤òÆÀ¤Æ¤­¤¿¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤¡Ö#275. ¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Î»°¿Í¾Îñ¿ô¶¦À­Âå̾»ì¡× ([2010-01-27-1])¡¤¡Ö#1054. singular they¡× ([2012-03-16-1])¡¤¤Þ¤¿¤½¤Î¾ singular_they ¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç¿¨¤ì¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥±Ñ¸ì»ËŪ¤Ë¤Ï¡¤singular they ¤Î»ÈÍѤ϶áÂå°ÊÁ°¤«¤é³Îǧ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤18À¤µª¤Îµ¬ÈÏʸˡ²È¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆÈóÆñ¤µ¤ì¤¿¤â¤Î¤Î¡¤¤½¤Î±Æ¶Á¤ÎµÚ¤Ð¤Ê¤¤Èóɸ½àŪ¤ÊÊѼï¤ä¸ý¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¸½ºß¤Ë»ê¤ë¤Þ¤ÇÏ¢ÌʤȻÈÍѤµ¤ì³¤±¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥Íפ¹¤ë¤Ë¡¤Èóµ¬ÈÏŪ¤ÊÊѼï¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¸Â¤ê¡¤singular they ¤ò½ä¤ë¾õ¶·¤Ï¡¤¤³¤Î500ǯ°Ê¾å¤Î´Ö¡¤²¿¤âÊѤï¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤ÎÊѲ½¤Î¤Ê¤¤Ê¿²º¤ÊÎò»Ë¤ÎºÇ¸å¤Î200ǯ¤Û¤É¤Ë¡¤singular they ¤ò¼è¤êÄù¤Þ¤ëµ¬ÈÏʸˡ¤¬¸½¤ï¤ì¤¿¤¬¡¤¤³¤³¿ô½½Ç¯¤Î´Ö¤Ë¤½¤Î²ðÆþ¤ÎÀª¤¤¤¬¤è¤¦¤ä¤¯¼å¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¤¤È¤¤¤¦Îò»Ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥Bodine (131) Û©¤¯¡¤

. . . despite almost two centuries of vigorous attempts to analyze and regulate it out of existence, singular 'they' is alive and well. Its survival is all the more remarkable considering that the weight of virtually the entire educational and publishing establishment has been behind the attempt to eradicate it.


¡¡18À¤µª°Ê¹ß¤ËÏäò¹Ê¤ë¤È¡¤À­¤òÌä¤ï¤Ê¤¤Ã±¿ô¤Î°ìÈ̿;Τò´û¸¤Î¤É¤Î¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì¤Çɽ¤ï¤¹¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤ò½ä¤Ã¤Æ¡¤(1) ¿·¶½¤Îµ¬ÈÏʸˡ¥Ñ¥é¥À¥¤¥à (Prescriptive Paradigm) ¤È¡¤(2) ½¾Íè¤ÎÈóµ¬ÈÏʸˡ¥Ñ¥é¥À¥¤¥à (Non-Prescriptive Paradigm) ¤È¤¬ÂÐΩ¤·¤Æ¤­¤¿¡¥Bodine (132) ¤¬¡¤¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤Î¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì¤Î¥Ñ¥é¥À¥¤¥à¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¤ºÆ¸½¤·¤è¤¦¡¥

Singular 'They' in Prescriptive and Non-Prescriptive Paradigms

¡¡Non-Prescriptive Paradigm ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë YOU ¤ä WE ¤Î³ÈÄ¥¤ÏÊ̤ÎÏÃÂê¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤ª¤¯¤È¤·¡¤THEY ¤¬ SHE, HE ¤ÎÎΰè¤Ë¿©¤¤¹þ¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤ëÉôʬ¤¬ singular they ¤ÎÍÑË¡¤ËÁêÅö¤¹¤ë¡¥Èæ³Ó¤¹¤ë¤È¡¤Prescriptive Paradigm ¤Î¿Í¹©Åª¤ÊÀ°Á³¤µ¤¬¤è¤¯¤ï¤«¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡¥¸å¼Ô¤Î¤â¤ÄÌäÂêÅÀ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤ÌÀÆü¤Îµ­»ö¤ÇÏÃÂê¤Ë¤¹¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Bodine, Ann. "Androcentrism in Prescriptive Grammar: Singular 'they', Sex-Indefinite 'he,' and 'he or she'." Language in Society 4 (1975): 129--46.

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2014-06-05 Thu

¢£ #1865. ¿À¤ËÂФ·¤Æ thou ¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¤Î¤Ï¤Ê¤¼¤« [number][personal_pronoun][honorific][face][politeness][t/v_distinction][solidarity][sobokunagimon]

¡¡2¿Í¾ÎÂå̾»ì you ¤È thou ¤ò½ä¤ë±Ñ¸ì»Ë¾å¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤Â¿¤¯¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤Æ¤­¤¿¡Ê you thou personal_pronoun ¤ò»²¾È¡Ë¡¥Ãæ±Ñ¸ì´ü¤«¤é½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Þ¤Ç¸«¤é¤ì¤¿·É¾Î¤Î you ¤È¿Æ¾Î¤Î thou ¤Î»È¤¤Ê¬¤±¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#673. Burnley's you and thou¡× ([2011-03-01-1]) ¤Ç½Ò¤Ù¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤ºÙ¤«¤¯µ¬Äꤷ¤è¤¦¤È¤¹¤ë¤ÈÈó¾ï¤ËÊ£»¨¤À¤¬¡¤´ðËܥ롼¥ë¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¤¼Ò²ñŪΩ¾ì¤¬¾å¤Î¼Ô¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¤Ï·É¾Î¤Î you ¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¤Ù¤·¡¤¤È¤¤¤¨¤ë¡¥¤È¤³¤í¤¬¡¤¥­¥ê¥¹¥È¶µÅ̤¬¿À¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¸Æ¤Ó¤«¤±¤ë¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤Ï¿Æ¾Î¤Î thou ¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¤Î¤¬´·½¬¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¿À¤Î¤³¤È¤ò¼Ò²ñŪΩ¾ì¤¬¾å¤Î¼Ô¤Èɽ¸½¤¹¤ë¤Î¤â̯¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¤µæ¶Ë¤Î·É°Õ¤ò¼¨¤¹ÂоݤȤ·¤Æ¡¤·É¾Î¤Î you ¤¬Í½ÁÛ¤µ¤ì¤½¤¦¤Ê¤È¤³¤í¤À¤¬¡¤¤Ê¤¼¤½¤¦¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥¼Â¤Ï¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤À¤±¤ÎÌäÂê¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡¥¸½Âå¤Î¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì¤È¥É¥¤¥Ä¸ì¤Ê¤É¤ò»²¾È¤¹¤ë¤È¡¤¤ä¤Ï¤ê¿À¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¿Æ¾Î¤Î tu, du ¤ò¤½¤ì¤¾¤ìÍѤ¤¤ë´·½¬¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡Îò»ËŪ¤Ë¤Ï¡¤politeness ¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¯ T/V distinction ¤¬¤¤¤Þ¤À¸ºß¤·¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿»þÂ塤Î㤨¤Ð¸Å±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Ë¤Ï¡¤¥­¥ê¥¹¥È¶µ¤Î¤¿¤À°ì¿Í¤Î¿À¤Ø¤Î¸Æ¤Ó¤«¤±¤Ï¡¤ÅöÁ³¤Ê¤¬¤éñ¿ô·Á thou ¤òÍѤ¤¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦»ö¼Â¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥¤½¤ÎÅÁÅýŪ¤ÊÍÑË¡¤ò¡¤Ãæ±Ñ¸ì°Ê¹ß¤â·Ñ³¤·¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ï¤¢¤ê¤½¤¦¤À¡¥¤Þ¤¿¡¤Í£°ì¿À¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¶¯Ä´¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¤Ã±¿ô¤òÌÀ¼¨¤Ç¤­¤ë thou ¤¬Áª¤Ð¤ì¤¿¤È¤¤¤¦¹Í¤¨Êý¤â¤¢¤ë¡¥¤·¤«¤·¡¤Á°Â夫¤é¤ÎÅÁÅý¤È¤Ï¤¤¤¨¡¤T/V distinction ¤¬Æ³Æþ¤µ¤ìÄêÃ夷¤¿»þÂå¤Î¶¦»þŪ¤Ê´¶³Ð¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤¿À¤ËÂФ·¤Æ thou ¤È¸Æ¤Ó¤«¤±¤ë¤Î¤Ï¼ºÎé¤È¤Ï¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¤¯»×¤ï¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥¤½¤ó¤ÊÁÇËѤʵ¿Ì䤬¤ï¤¤¤Æ¤¯¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤³¤ì¤ËÂФ¹¤ë1¤Ä¤Î²òÅú¤Ï¡¤¡Ö#1564. face¡× ([2013-08-08-1]) ¤ÇƳÆþ¤·¤¿ positive face ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï solidarity-face ¤òΩ¤Æ¤è¤¦¤È¤¹¤ë politeness ¤Î¹Í¤¨Êý¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤½¤Îµ­»ö¤Ç¡Ö±Ñ¸ì¤Ë T/V distinction ¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿»þÂå¤Î¿Æ¤·¤ß¤Î thou ¤È·É¤¤¤Î you ¤Ï¡¤¸þ¤­¤³¤½°Û¤Ê¤ì¡¤¤¤¤º¤ì¤âÁê¼ê¤Î face ¤òº½Å¤¹¤ë politeness ¤Î¹Ô°Ù¤À¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡×¤È½Ò¤Ù¤¿¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤¿Æ¾Î¤Î thou ¤Î»ÈÍѤϡ¤·É¾Î¤Î you ¤Î»ÈÍѤȤϰۤʤ俸þ¤­¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¤Æ±¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ë¥Ý¥é¥¤¥È¤À¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥Á°¼Ô¤ÏÁê¼ê¡Ê¿À¡Ë¤Î positive face ¤òΩ¤Æ¤ë¹Ô°Ù¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤¸ß¤¤¤Î solidarity ¤ò¾úÀ®¤¹¤ë¤Î¤ËÌòΩ¤Ä¡¥¿À¤¬¼«Ê¬¤Î¤³¤È¤ò thou ¤È¸Æ¤Ó¡¤¿Æ¤·¤¯Êâ¤ß´ó¤Ã¤Æ¤¯¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤À¤«¤é¡¤¤½¤Î¿À¤Î¸ü°Õ¤òº½Å¤·¤Æ¼õ¤±Æþ¤ì¡¤¤³¤Á¤é¤«¤é¤â¿Æ¤·¤ß¤ò¹þ¤á¤Æ thou ¤È¸Æ¤ó¤ÇÀܤ·¤è¤¦¡¤¤È¤¤¤¦ÀâÌÀ¤Ë¤Ê¤í¤¦¤«¡¥positive politeness ¤È negative politeness ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤Wardhaugh (292) ¤¬¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÀâÌÀ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

Positive politeness leads to moves to achieve solidarity through offers of friendship, the use of compliments, and informal language use: we treat others as friends and allies, do not impose on them, and never threaten their face. On the other hand, negative politeness leads to deference, apologizing, indirectness, and formality in language use: we adopt a variety of strategies so as to avoid any threats to the face others are presenting to us.


¡¡ÀõÅÄ (19) ¤Ï¡¤¥É¥¤¥Ä¸ì¤Ç¿À¤ò·É¾Î¤Î Sie ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¿Æ¾Î¤Î du ¤Ç¸Æ¤Ö´·½¬¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¤positive politeness ¤È¤¤¤¦½Ñ¸ì¤òƳÆþ¤»¤º¤Ë¡¤¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë°×¤·¤¯ÀâÌÀ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

¡¡¤¿¤È¤¨¤Ð¡¤¤³¤ó¤Ê¤Õ¤¦¤Ë¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤Ï¤É¤¦¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦¡¥¥­¥ê¥¹¥È¶µ¤ò¿®¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ë¿Í¤Ï¡¤¿©»ö¤ÎÁ°¤ä¿²¤ëÁ°¤Ê¤É¡¤Æü¾ïÀ¸³è¤Î¤¤¤í¤¤¤í¤Ê¾ìÌ̤ǿÀÍͤˤªµ§¤ê¤ò¤·¤Þ¤¹¡¥²¿¤«¤¦¤Þ¤¯¤¤¤«¤Ê¤¤¤È¤­¤ä¡¤¤Ê¤ä¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤ë¤È¤­¡¤¤É¤¦¤·¤Æ¤â¤«¤Ê¤¨¤¿¤¤´õ˾¤¬¤¢¤ë¤È¤­¤â¡¤¿ÀÍͤˤªµ§¤ê¤ò¤·¤Þ¤¹¡¥¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¿ÀÍͤϡ¤¿Í¡¹¤ÎÆü¾ïÀ¸³è¤ÎÃæ¤Ë¤¤¤Ä¤Ç¤â¤¤¤Æ¡¤¤¹¤°¿È¶á¤Ë´¶¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ë¸ºß¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦¤«¡¥¤¤¤Ä¤â¤½¤Ð¤Ë¤¤¤Æ¿È¶á¤À¤«¤é¡¤¡Ö¥É¥¥¡¼¡×¤ò¤Ä¤«¤¦¤Î¤À¤È¤â¤¤¤¨¤Þ¤¹¡¥
¡¡¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ï¡¤¥É¥¤¥Ä¸ì¤Ç¤Ï¡Ö¥É¥¥¡¼¡×¤ò¤Ä¤«¤Ã¤¿¤«¤é¤È¤¤¤Ã¤Æ¡¤·É°Õ¤òɽ¤ï¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ï¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤¹¡¥¿Æ¤·¤ß¤Îɽ¸½¤Èº·É¤Îɽ¸½¤È¤Ï¤¼¤ó¤¼¤ó´Ø·¸¤¬¤Ê¤¯¤Æ¡¤ÆüËܸì¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¤Âº·É¤Îɽ¸½¤ò¤Ä¤«¤¦¤È¿Æ¤·¤ß¤¬¤Ê¤¯¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤Ê¤É¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¤¹¡¥¿Æ¤·¤ß¤Î¤¢¤ëɽ¸½¤ò¤Ä¤«¤Ã¤Æ¡¤¤Ê¤ª¤«¤Ä·É°Õ¤òɽ¤ï¤¹¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¤Î¤¬¡¤¥É¥¤¥Ä¸ì¤Ê¤Î¤À¤È¤¤¤¨¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦¤«¡¥


¡¡¡¦ Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
¡¡¡¦ ÀõÅÄ ½¨»Ò¡¡¡ØÆüËܸì¤Ë¤Ï¤É¤¦¤·¤Æ·É¸ì¤¬Â¿¤¤¤Î¡©¡Ù¡¡¥¢¥ê¥¹´Û¡¤1997ǯ¡¥

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2014-02-26 Wed

¢£ #1766. a three-hour(s)-and-a-half flight [compound][adjective][plural][number][numeral][hyphen]

¡¡É¸µ­¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¿ô»ì¤Èñ°Ì¤ò´Þ¤àÊ£¹ç·ÁÍÆ»ì¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¤Ã±°Ì¤òɽ¤ï¤¹Ì¾»ì¤ÏÊ£¿ô·Á¤ò¼è¤é¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤¬µ¬Â§¤È¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥a four-power agreement, a five-foot-deep river, a ten-dollar bill, a twelve-year-old boy ¤Ê¤É¤ÎÇ¡¤¯¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤·¤«¤·¡¤¤È¤­¤ËÊ£¿ô·Á¤ò¼è¤ëÎã¤â»¶¸«¤µ¤ì¡¤a three-hours-and-a-half flight ¤â¤¢¤êÆÀ¤ë¤·¡¤a four years course ¤â¤¢¤êÆÀ¤ë¡¥Quirk et al. (Section 17.108) ¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¤Æ±¼ï¤Îɽ¸½¤È¤·¤Æ°Ê²¼¤Î4Ä̤꤬²Äǽ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥

. . . in quantitative expressions of the following type there is possible variation . . .:
a ten day absence[singular]
a ten-day absence[hyphen + singular]
a ten days absence[plural]
a ten days' absence[genitive plural]


¡¡Æ±Íͤˡ¤¡Ö4ǯÀ©²ÝÄø¡×¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤â¡¤"a four year course", "a four-year course", "a four years course", "a four years' course" ¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤â¤¢¤êÆÀ¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎÊѰ۷Á¤¬¤¤¤«¤Ë¤·¤ÆÀ¸¤¸¤Æ¤­¤¿¤Î¤«¡¤»È¤¤Ê¬¤±¤Î´ð½à¤¬¤¢¤ê¤¦¤ë¤Î¤«¤È¤¤¤¦ÌäÂê¤Ï¡¤ÄÌ»þŪ¡¤ÍýÏÀŪ¤Ë¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤ÌäÂê¤À¤¬¡¤¸½Ãʳ¬¤Ç¤Ï̤Ĵºº¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤³¤ÎÌäÂê¤È´ØÏ¢¤·¤¦¤ëÏÃÂê¤È¤·¤ÆÃí°Õ¤·¤Æ¤ª¤­¤¿¤¤¤Î¤Ï¡¤¤ä¤Ï¤ê¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¤Ì¾»ì¤Î¸ÂÄê·ÁÍÆ»ìÍÑË¡¤Ç¤Ï¡¤¤½¤Î̾»ì¤¬Ê£¿ô·Á¤È¤·¤Æ¤¢¤ëÄøÅÙ¸ì×ò½¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¤Ë¡¤Ê£¿ô·Á¤Î·ÁÂ֤ΤޤޤǼ¸½¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Â¿¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦»ö¼Â¤À¡¥Î㤨¤Ð¡¤Quirk et al. (Section 17.109) ¤Ë¤è¤ë¤È¡¤¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹±Ñ¸ì¸ÂÄê¤À¤¬¡¤¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÎ㤬¤ß¤é¤ì¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¡¥parks department, courses committee, examinations board, the heavy chemicals industry, Scotland Yard's Obscene Publications Squad, Chesterfield Hospitals management Committee, the British Museum Prints and Drawings Gallery, an Arts degree, soft drinks manufacturer, entertainments guide, appliances manufacturer, the Watergate tapes affair.

¡¡¡¦ Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-02-1]

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2013-12-09 Mon

¢£ #1687. ½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Î3Ê£¸½¤Î -s (4) [verb][conjugation][emode][number][agreement][analogy][3pp]

¡¡¡Ö#1413. ½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Î3Ê£¸½¤Î -s¡× ([2013-03-10-1])¡¤¡Ö#1423. ½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Î3Ê£¸½¤Î -s (2)¡× ([2013-03-20-1])¡¤¡Ö#1576. ½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Î3Ê£¸½¤Î -s (3)¡× ([2013-08-20-1]) ¤Ë°ú¤­Â³¤¤¤Æ¤ÎÏÃÂê¡¥Wyld (340) ¤Ï¡¤½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë3Ê£¸½¤Î -s ¤òËÌÉôÊý¸À¤«¤é¤Î±Æ¶Á¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤3ñ¸½¤Î -s ¤«¤é¤ÎÎà¿ä¤È¼çÄ¥¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

Present Plurals in -s.

   This form of the Pres. Indic. Pl., which survives to the present time as a vulgarism, is by no means very rare in the second half of the sixteenth century among writers of all classes, and was evidently in good colloquial usage well into the eighteenth century. I do not think that many students of English would be inclined to put down the present-day vulgarism to North country or Scotch influence, since it occurs very commonly among uneducated speakers in London and the South, whose speech, whatever may be its merits or defects, is at least untouched by Northern dialect. The explanation of this peculiarity is surely analogy with the Singular. The tendency is to reduce Sing. and Pl. to a common form, so that certain sections of the people inflect all Persons of both Sing. and Pl. with -s after the pattern of the 3rd Pres. Sing., while others drop the suffix even in the 3rd Sing., after the model of the uninflected 1st Pers. Sing. and the Pl. of all Persons.
   But if this simple explanation of the present-day Pl. in -s be accepted, why should we reject it to explain the same form at an earlier date?
   It would seem that the present-day vulgarism is the lineal traditional descendant of what was formerly an accepted form. The -s Plurals do not appear until the -s forms of the 3rd Sing. are already in use. They become more frequent in proportion as these become more and more firmly established in colloquial usage, though, in the written records which we possess they are never anything like so widespread as the Singular -s forms. Those who persist in regarding the sixteenth-century Plurals in -s as evidence of Northern influence on the English of the South must explain how and by what means that influence was exerted. The view would have had more to recommend it, had the forms first appeared after James VI of Scotland became King of England. In that case they might have been set down as a fashionable Court trick. But these Plurals are far older than the advent of James to the throne of this country.


¡¡Îà¿äÀâ¤ò»Ù»ý¤¹¤ë¼ç¤¿¤ëÏÀµò¤Ï¡¤(1) 3Ê£¸½¤Î -s ¤Ï¡¤3ñ¸½¤Î -s ¤¬ÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Þ¤Ç¤Ï¸½¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¡¤(2) ËÌÉôÊý¸À¤¬¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÆîÉôÊý¸À¤Ë±Æ¶Á¤òÍ¿¤¨ÆÀ¤ë¤Î¤«¤¬ÀâÌÀ¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¡¤¤Î2ÅÀ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¾Ã¶ËŪ¤ÊÏÀµò¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¤·èÄêŪ¤ÊÏÀµò¤È¤Ï¤Ê¤ê¤¨¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤Î¡¤µÄÏÀ¤ÏÂÅÅö¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤¿¤À¤·¡¤1¤Äµ¤¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡¥Wyld ¤¬¸«¤Ä¤±¤¿½éÎã¤Ï¡¤1515ǯ¤Îʸ¸¥¤Ç¡¤"the noble folk of the land shotes at hym." ¤È¤·¤ÆÊ¸¾Ú¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¡¥¤³¤Î¥Æ¥­¥¹¥È¤Ë¤Ï3ñ¸½¤Î -s ¤Ï¸½¤ï¤ì¤º¡¤3Ê£¸½¤Ë¤Ï -ith ¤¬¤è¤¯¸½¤ì¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤È¤¤¤¦¤«¤é¡¤Wyld ¼«¿È¤Îµó¤²¤Æ¤¤¤ë (1) ¤ÎÏÀµò¤È¤ÏÉä¹ç¤·¤Ê¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¤¤É¤¦¤Ê¤Î¤À¤í¤¦¤«¡¥¤¤¤º¤ì¤Ë¤»¤è¡¤ÀèΩ¤ÄÃæ±Ñ¸ì´ü¤Î3ñ¸½¤È3Ê£¸½¤Î¶þÀÞ¸ìÈø¤òÈæ³Ó¸¡Æ¤¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬É¬ÍפÀ¤í¤¦¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Wyld, Henry Cecil. A History of Modern Colloquial English. 2nd ed. London: Fisher Unwin, 1921.

Referrer (Inside): [2014-05-26-1] [2014-05-21-1]

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2013-08-20 Tue

¢£ #1576. ½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤Î3Ê£¸½¤Î -s (3) [verb][conjugation][emode][number][agreement][analogy][3pp]

¡¡[2013-03-10-1], [2013-03-20-1]¤Ë°ú¤­Â³¤­¡¤É¸µ­¤ÎÏÃÂê¡¥ËÌÉôÊý¸À±Æ¶ÁÀ⤫3ñ¸½¤«¤é¤ÎÎà¿äÀ⤫¤Ç¸«²ò¤¬Ê¬¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤ò°·¤Ã¤¿¾Ï¤Ç¡¤Fennell (143) ¤Ï¸å¼Ô¤ÎÀâ¤ò»Ù»ý¤·¤Æ¡¤¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë½Ò¤Ù¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

In the written language the third person plural had no separate ending because of the loss of the -en and -e endings in Middle English. The third person singular ending -s was therefore frequently used also as an ending in the third person plural: troubled minds that wakes; whose own dealings teaches them suspect the deeds of others. The spread of the -s ending in the plural is unlikely to be due to the influence of the northern dialect in the South, but was rather due to analogy with the singular, since a certain number of southern plurals had ended in -e)th like the singular in colloquial use. Plural forms ending in -(e)th occur as late as the eighteenth century.


¡¡°ìÊý¡¤Strang (146) ¤ÏËÌÉôÊý¸À±Æ¶ÁÀâ¤ò»Ù»ý¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

The function of the ending, whatever form it took, also wavered in the early part of II [1770--1570]. By northern custom the inflection marked in the present all forms of the verb except first person, and under northern influence Standard used the inflection for about a century up to c. 1640 with occasional plural as well as singular value.


¡¡¹½Â¤¼çµÁ¤Î±Ñ¸ì»Ë²È Strang ¤ÎµÄÏÀ¤¬¶½Ì£¿¼¤¤¤Î¤Ï¡¤2ÅÀ¤Î»ØÅ¦¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥1ÅÀÌܤϡ¤½é´ü¶áÂå±Ñ¸ì¤ÎƱ»þ´ü¤Ë¡¤¸Å¤¤ be ¤ËÂå¤ï¤Ã¤Æ¿·¤·¤¤ are ¤¬ÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤¿¤Î¤ÏËÌÉôÊý¸À¤Î±Æ¶Á¤æ¤¨¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦»ö¼Â¤È´ØÏ¢¤µ¤»¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¤3ñ¡¦Ê£¸½¤Î -s ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆµÄÏÀ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤À¡¥are ¤¬µ¿¤¤¤Ê¤¯ËÌÉôÊý¸À¤«¤é¤Î¼ÚÍѤȤ¤¤¦¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¤3Ê£¸½¤Î -s ¤âËÌÉôÊý¸À¤«¤é¤Î¼ÚÍѤǤ¢¤ë¤È¹Í¤¨¤ë¤Î¤¬¼«Á³¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¡¤¤È¤¤¤¦µÄÏÀ¤À¡¥2ÅÀÌܤϡ¤¼ç¸ì¤Î̾»ì¶ç¤Èư»ì¤Î¿ô¤Î°ìÃפ˴ؤ¹¤ë¶¦»þŪ¤«¤ÄÄÌ»þŪ¤Ê»ëÅÀ¤«¤é¡¤3Ê£¸½¤Î -s ¤¬À¸¤¸¤¿Íýͳ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤¤½¤ì¤¬¤­¤ï¤á¤Æµ©¤Ç¤¢¤ëÍýͳ¤ò¼¨º¶¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ëÅÀ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¾å¤Î°úÍÑʸ¤Ë³¤¯²Õ½ê¤Ç¡¤¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë½Ò¤Ù¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥

The tendency did not establish itself, and we might guess that its collapse is related to the climax, at the same time, of the regularisation of noun plurality in -s. Though the two developments seem to belong to very different parts of the grammar, they are interrelated in syntax. Before the middle of II there was established the present fairly remarkable type of patterning, in which, for the vast majority of S-V concords, number is signalled once and once only, by -s (/s/, /z/, /ɪz/), final in the noun for plural, and in the verb for singular. This is the culmination of a long movement of generalisation, in which signs of number contrast have first been relatively regularised for components of the NP, then for the NP as a whole, and finally for S-V as a unit.


¡¡Ì¾»ì¤ÎÊ£¿ô¤Î -s ¤Èư»ì¤Î3ñ¸½¤Î -s ¤Î¸òº¹Åª¤ÊÇÛÎó¤ò¡¤¿ô¤ò½ä¤ëÎò»ËŪȯã¤ÎÅþãÅÀ¤È¤È¤é¤¨¤ëƶ»¡¤Ï±Ô¤¤¡¥3Ê£¸½¤Î½Ð¸½¤¬ËÌÉôÊý¸À¤Î±Æ¶Á¤«3ñ¸½¤«¤é¤ÎÎà¿ä¤«¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤«¤Ëµ¢¤»¤é¤ì¤ë¤Ë¤»¤è¡¤À¸µ¯¤Ïµ©¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤Ê¤¼µ©¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤«¤È¤¤¤¦Ê̤ÎÌäÂê¤Ë¤¹¤êÂØ¤ï¤Ã¤Æ¤Ï¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¤Åö½é¤Î½ã¿è¤Ë·ÁÂÖŪ¤ÊÌäÂ꤬Åý¸ìŪ¤ÊÏÃÂꡤÄÌ»þŪ¤Ê¼¡¸µ¤Ø¤È¹­¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¤æ¤¯¤Î¤ò´¶¤¸¤ë¡¥

¡¡¡¦ Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.
¡¡¡¦ Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. London: Methuen, 1970.

[ ¸ÇÄê¥ê¥ó¥¯ | °õºþÍÑ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ ]

2013-06-17 Mon

¢£ #1512. fish ¤ÎÊ£¿ô·Á [plural][number][poema_morale][manuscript][inflection]

¡¡¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤Ï¡¤Ä̾ï fish ¤ÎÊ£¿ô·Á¤ÏƱ·Á¤Î fish ¤Ç¤¢¤ë (ex. I saw a school of fish in the river) ¡¥ÆÃ¤Ë¼ïÎब°Û¤Ê¤ëµû¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¶¯Ä´¤¹¤ë¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï fishes ¤È¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤â¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¤¤½¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤â three kinds of fish ¤Ê¤É¤È¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Â¿¤¤¡¥¤Þ¤¿¡¤¥¤¥®¥ê¥¹±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤Ï¼ïÎà¤Î°ÛƱ¤Ë¤«¤«¤ï¤é¤º fishes ¤È¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤¢¤ë¤¬¡¤°ìÈÌŪ¤Ë¤Ï fish ¤ÏñʣƱ·Á¤È¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤è¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡¥¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¡¤Ê£¿ô¤È¤·¤Æ¤Î fish ¤Ï½¸¹çŪ¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤â¤Î¤È¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤â¤è¤¤¡¥¤½¤ÎÅÀ¤Ç¤Ï¡¤ÉôʬŪ¤Ë fruit ¤ä hair ¤Ê¤É¤È¤âÍÑË¡¤¬»÷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥
¡¡Ã±Ê£Æ±·Á¤È¤¤¤¨¤Ð¡¤¤Û¤«¤Ë sheep ¤ä deer ¡Ê¤¿¤À¤·µ¬Â§Åª¤ÊÊ£¿ô·Á deers ¤â¤¢¤ë¡Ë¤¬»×¤¤É⤫¤Ö¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡¥¤³¤ì¤é¤Ïξ¸ì¤È¤â¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤ÎÃæÀ­¶¯ÊѲ½Ì¾»ì scēap, dēor ¤ËÁ̤ꡤʣ¿ô¼ç³Ê¡¦Âгʤ¬Æ±·Á¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤Î·ÁÂÖµ¬Â§¤Ë±è¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤ÎñʣƱ·Á¤Ï¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤«¤é¤Î°ä»º¤È¤·¤ÆÀâÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡¥
¡¡¤È¤³¤í¤¬¡¤fish ¤Î¸Å±Ñ¸ì·Á fisc ¤Ï¡¤ÃËÀ­¶¯ÊѲ½Ì¾»ì¤Ê¤Î¤ÇÊ£¿ô¼ç³Ê¡¦ÂгʷÁ¤Ï fiscas ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡¥¤³¤ì¤¬¸å¤Ë fishes ¤Ø¤ÈȯŸ¤·¤Æ¤æ¤¯¤Î¤À¤¬¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ç¤è¤ê°ìÈÌŪ¤ÊÊ£¿ô·Á fish ¤Î¤Û¤¦¤Ï sheep, deer ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤Î°ä»º¤È¤·¤Æ¤ÏÀâÌÀ¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡¥¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¤Ê£¿ô·Á fish ¤Ï¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤è¤ê¸å¤Î»þÂå¤ËÀ¸¤Þ¤ì¤¿³×¿··Á¤È¹Í¤¨¤ëɬÍפ¬¤¢¤ë¡¥
¡¡¼ÂºÝ¤Ë¡¤Ê£¿ô·Á fish ¤Ï½é´üÃæ±Ñ¸ì¤Ç½é½Ð¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡¥OED ¤Ë¤è¤ë¤È¡¤fish ¤òñ¿ô·Á¤ÈƱ·Á¤Î¤Þ¤Þ½¸¹çŪ¤ËÍѤ¤¤ëÍÑË¡ (1b) ¤Ï¡¤a1300 ¤Î Cursor Mundi ¤Ë½é½Ð¤¹¤ë¡¥

9395 (Cott.): Foghul and fiche, grett thing and small.


¡¡¤Þ¤¿¡¤MED ¤Î fish (n.) (2b) ¤Ë¤è¤ì¤Ð¡¤fish ¤ÎÁí¾ÎŪ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï¼ÁÎÌŪ¤Ê̾»ì¤È¤·¤Æ¤ÎÍÑË¡¤¬µó¤²¤é¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤½éÎã¤Ï?a1200¤Îºî¤È¤µ¤ì¤ë Layamon's Brut ¤«¤é¤À¡¥

Lay. Brut (Clg A.9) 22000: Þer inne is feower kunnes fisc.


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T(83): He makeð þe fisses in þe sa þe fueles on þe lofte.
J(82): He makede fysses in þe sea. and fuweles in þe lufte.
E1(83): He makede fisses inne þe see. and fuȝeles inne þe lofte
E2(83): He makede fisces in ðe sé. {end} fuȝeles in ðe lufte.
D (159--60): he wrohte fis on þer sae / and foȝeles on þar lefte.
L (83): He makede fisses in þe se 7 fuȝeles in þe lifte.
M (77): He scuppeþ þe fish in þe seo, þe foȝel bi þe lefte.


¡¡°Ê¾å¤Ï¡Ö#12. How many carp!¡× ([2009-05-11-1]) ¤Ç¤â¼è¤ê¾å¤²¤¿ÏÃÂê¤À¤¬¡¤¸½Âå±Ñ¸ì¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¡ÖÉÔµ¬Â§¤Ê¡×·ÁÂ֤ο¤¯¤¬¸Å±Ñ¸ì¤«¤é¤Î°ä»º¤È¤·¤ÆÀâÌÀ¤Ç¤­¤ë°ìÊý¡¤Ãæ±Ñ¸ì°Ê¹ß¤Î³×¿·¤È¤·¤ÆÀâÌÀ¤µ¤ì¤ëÎã¤âƱ¤¸¤¯¤é¤¤Â¿¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤ËÃí°Õ¤·¤¿¤¤¡¥

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