ɸΰ̣ȤϡAnn Anne Smith Smythe Kid Kidd а̾αñֻ§˾Ȥ餻;ʬȤߤʤʸֻ̾ˤФиȤݤ̾ (personal_name) ϡοʪΥǥƥƥ¸ߴθǤǤꡤȤ櫓ФʤֻˤơФСפȤȤäƤԻĤϤʤCarney (454) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˹ͻƤ롥
Personal names gain advantage by having a certain written bulk since a totem impresses partly by its size. Consequently, names which are phonetically quite short are often padded out with empty letters. The name /leg/ never seems to appear as *Leg --- the usual spelling is Legge. Here we see the two most common types of padding: <C>-doubling and a superfluous <-e> in a context where neither is warranted by modern spelling conventions. Such spellings were common in both names and non-names before conventions settled down in the eighteenth century, but archaism is not the only reason for their continued use in names. Since such spellings are most frequently found in monosyllables and since the unpadded spellings are much less common, their written bulk is obviously seen as an advantage. They also reinforce the initial capital letter as a marker of names and help them to stand out from the non-names in written text. In some cases the padding may help to distance the name from an unfortunate homophone, as in Thynne.
ֻˤϡ(1) ̾ݤŤ롤(2) ä1ο̾Ω롤(3) ̾Ʊȶ̤롤ȤäǽȤȤμˡȤƤϡҲ2Ų -e ղäŦƤ롥ʲ <t> 2Ų <-e> ղäˤĤơ̵ͭɤĤƤߤ褦 (Carney (454--57))
Abbot(t), Arnot(t), Barnet(t), Barrat(t), Basset(t), Becket(t), Bennet(t), Calcot(t), Elliot(t), Garnet(t), Garret(t), Nesbit(t), Plunket(t), Prescot(t), Wilmot(t), Wyat(t)
Ann(e), Ask(e), Beck(e), Bewick(e), Brook(e), Cook(e), Crook(e), Cross(e), Dunn(e), Esmond(e), Fagg(e), Fisk(e), Foot(e), Glynn(e), Goff(e), Good(e), Gwynn(e), Harding(e), Hardwick(e), Holbrook(e), Hook(e), Keating(e), Lock(e), Plumb(e), Webb(e), Wolf(e), Wynn(e)
Carney (457) ϡθݤ̾ˤ¾Ρ4ʸ§ ("a minimum four-letter rule") ȽҤ٤Ƥ궽̣ϰ̸ˡˤ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) ⤸äΤǤ롥
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
ѸΤˡܸŪʡַɤߡסʤֲɤߡסˤȤѸФΤϴۤʰݤͿ뤫⤷ʤ¤ϱѸˤⲻζ̤롥Τ褦ƤʤǡݤȤƤ̤¸ߤΤɽΤ褦 No. 1 ȤɽѸ "number one" ɤ߲ΤϡäȤɤߤǤ롥
ʤˡ⤽ʤ "number one" No. 1 ɽΤ¿οͤԻĤ˻פѤʵˤĤƤϡֱѸƳ2021κΥƥNumber ά줬 nu.ǤϤʤ no.Ǥͳ˾ܤΤǡˬܥ֥Ǥ#750. number ξάɽʤ no. ˤʤ뤫 ([2011-05-17-1]) #4185. ʤ number ξάɽ no. ȤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-11-1]) Ǽ夲ƤΤǡǧƤ
ơ嵭ΥƥꡤNo. 1 Ȥɽƥåʷ numerō ξάɽͳ褹뤳ȤǧǤȤȻפѸˤȤäƳǤƥδŪɽѸ˻ۤ줿Ȥ̣ǡNo. 1 ϸǤȤƤϴˤ褽ԤǤ롥ΰ̣äƼǤѸ˰Ĥ"number one" ɤ߲ƤΤ顤ɤߤϡַɤߡפȤȤˤʤ롥
ϡֺסֺספȤʳǤʣˤΤޤܸɽˤѤʤ⡤줾֤Τס֤礦ס֤פܸ˰Ĥɤ߲ΤƱǤ롥ܸǤϤɽФƥեޥʻѰǡ֤ġס֤ˤס֤ߤ礦ˤפȤɤߤԤʤ뤬ѸǤ No. 1 ƥФ "numero unus" ʤɤȡֲɤߡפ뤳ȤϷ褷ƤʤˤƤϱӤΩʤȤǧƤ
Ūˤ No. 1 "number one" ɤΤϡפ֤פɤΤƱȤǤꡤפˡַɤߡפʤΤǤ롥λ¤ʸδߤСNo. 1 ⡤ǤɽʸǤϤʤɽʸȤơĤޤΤ褦ʤΤȤƵǽƤ롤ȸФ褤β˴줿ܸѼԤˤȤäơNo. 1 Ϥޤää٤ǤϤʤΤǤ롥
Ϣơ#1042. Ѹˤ벻ɤߤȷɤߡ ([2012-03-04-1]) ⻲ȡ
ǯٽΤλƸ̤˥ʤѸ쥢ե٥åȤʤɤ߽Ϥع¿Ȼפޤʿ̾Ҳ̾Ʊǡ٤ɤǽƤȤ뤬̤Ȼפޤ
ؽԤˤȤäƤϤΤ褦˴ŪʺȤȤʤ櫓Ǥ¦ˤäƤϡȤ⥢ե٥åȤΩȯŸʤɤطŪμäƤȤᤷޤؽԤαԤˤ褦ˤʤޤºݤˤΤ褦μؽԤ˶뵡ϤʤȤƤ⡤ե٥å1ʸ1ʸŪʿߤ뤳ȤΤäƤȤȻפǤǡܥ֥ط뵭ᡤʲεåȤȤƤߤޤ
ֱѸΤäƤȰ¿Ȥե٥åȴϢäפεåȡ2021ǯǡ
Ʊݤǡ褽1ǯ2020ǯ٤γϴ˹碌ơ#4038. ǯٽˡֱѸΤäƤȰ¿Ȥե٥åȴϢäפεåȡ ([2020-05-17-1]) ƤޤΤΤϡβǤȤȤˤʤޤǯhellog 饸ǡȾΤƲƥĤ¿äƤΤǡβǤˤϡե٥åȤ˴ؤ벻եؤΥʤɤäƤޤ
ե٥åȤ˴ؤطμϡѸ˸¤餺̤αѸؽԤˤäƤƤ餤μǤơֱܲѸƳ2021ΥڡǤ⤢ޤѸˤ˴ؿΤ뤹٤Ƥο͡˻äƤƤ餤μǤ⤢ޤ
ε#4355. friend ֻȯ ([2021-03-30-1]) ǡ<friend> /frɛnd/ Ե§ˤĤŪܤäƻȤŵƤޤ Jespersen (4.312) 顥
The short [e] now found in friend OE frēond must be due to the analogy of friendship, friendly, in which /e/ is the usual shortening; in friend we have early /iˑ/ (< /eˑ/) in B 1633, while D 1640, J 1764, W 1775, 1791 etc.. have short /e/, and G 1621 and others a short /i/ due to a shortening subsequent on the transition of /eˑ/ > /iˑ/. Cf. fiend OE fēond, which kept its vowel because no derived words were found to influence it.
ϢơJespersen (3.241) give, live ʤɤ⤫ĤƤĹ첻äƤȤ˿Ƥ롥
Upward and Davidson (178) ꡥ
In late Old English, short vowels were lengthened before consonant sequences such as /mb/, /nd/, /ld/ and /rd/. This lengthening was lost again in many cases by the end of the Middle English period. With the action of the GVS, one sees modern reflexes of the remaining long vowels in words such as climb, bind, mild, yield, old, etc. However, in some words there was a subsequent shortening of the vowel, leading to pairs of words similar or identical in spelling in Modern English but with different pronunciations: wind (verb, with /aɪ/) but wind (noun, with /ɪ/), fiend and friend, etc.
ˡDobson (Vol. 2, 9) ⻲Ȥ
Shortening of OE ē to ĕ occurs in a number of words beside forms that preserve the long vowel. The shortening is normal in bless and brethren, but for both of these Hart shows [i:] < ME ę̄. The comparative liefer (OE lēofra) has ĕ four times beside ę̄ once in Bullokar. In friend the shortening is probably due to derivatives (friendly, friendship) in which the vowel occurs before a group of three consonants in words which (in the case of friendly in oblique forms) were trisyllabic and had a secondary stress; but it might also tend to occur in oblique cases of the simplex in which the n and d were separated by the syllable-division. ME ĕ is recorded by Levins and eleven later sources (including Robinson, Hodges, and Cooper); but ę̄ is retained by Salesbury, Cheke, Laneham, Bullokar, Wharton (followed by J. Smith), and Price (followed by Lye and The Protestant Tutor). Fiend is not recorded with ME ĕ.
Dobson (Vol. 2, 11) ⤦1ġ
Friend has ĭ in the Welsh Hymn, Mulcaster, Gil, Wallis, Lloyd, Poole, Coles, Lye (beside ę̄), WSC (beside ĕ), Price's 'homophone' list (though elsewhere he records [i:]), the rhymes of Poole and Coles, and perhaps in Ray . . . . Fiends has ĭ in the Welsh Hymn and the 'homophone' lists of Hodges ('near alike'), Price, Coles (Eng.-Lat. Dict.), and WSC (the pairing is with fins); it has [i:] in Wallis. Bullokar rhymes field on ĭ (cf., probably, Chaucer's hild 'held' and fil 'fell' < earlier hę̄ld, fę̄ll).
friend ȯֻ˴ؤѤʵΤ褦ˤߤ뤫⤷ʤŪѲѰۤεϸ¤ʤ̤Ǥ롥
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.
ܸʤ⡤ֻȯбȤ餹ȡȤƤĤʤԵ§Ǥ롥<friend> Ȥֻ /frɛnd/ ȯȤʤΤϡ̤ǤǤʤۤ <ie> /ɛ/ ȤʤΤϡꥹѸˤ lieutenant /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ 餤 (cf. #4176. ʤ lieutenant ȯ /f/ ФΤ ([2020-10-02-1])ˡ
ˤΤܤäƤߤ褦űѸ frēond ̣ͧˤˤƤϡ첻ֻ̤ /eːo/ äеǤ fēond Ũ> PDE fiend /fiːnd/ˤƱͤǡĹ2첻 /eːo/ ƤǤϡξƱαθȯãⶦ̤ȤʤϤäθ frēond fēond ϰۤʤƻڤɤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
frēond ߤƤߤ褦Ĺ2첻 /ēo/ ѸˤƳ경Ĺ첻 /eː/ ȤʤäĹ첻ϡ frēondscipe (> PDE friendship) ʤɤˤ3û (Trisyllabic Shortening = trish) Ф /e/ Ȥʤäȯ (analogy) δפȤʤꡤΤ friend ΤΤ첻û /e/ Ȥʤä餷줬û첻 /frɛnd/ εǤ롥
Ĺ첻 /eː/ ˤȯޤǻĤä褦ǡ줬첻 (gvs) Ф /iː/ ȤʤäޤûСǤ /i/ ⸽줿Ĥޤ friend 첻ϡѸʹ /eː/, /e/, /iː/, /i/ 4ĤѰۤƤȤȤǤ롥
ǡе fēond (cf. PDE fiend /fiːnd/) ܤƤߤ褦 friend ȥ롼ĤϤۤƱŪʲѲɤäĹ2첻 /eːo/ Ĺ2첻경 /eː/ Ȥʤꡤ줬첻ܤǾ夲Ф /iː/ ȤʤꡤѸȯ /fiːnd/ ˻롥
ȯηаޤϰʾ̤friend, fiend ֻ <ie> ˤĤƤϴñǤϤʤܤϡ#4082. chief, piece, believe ʤɤˤߤ <ie> /i:/ ([2020-06-30-1]) ɤǤ嵭 /iː/ ʳֻ <ie> ȷӤĤ줿ΤޤǻĤäƤȹͤФ褤
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
γڤβλޤѸλɤǤȡʬ -ing -in' 뤳Ȥ롥Ū¯Ūȯɽݤˤ⡤Ф -in' ˽вݥȥե (apostrophe) ѤƤ뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤľŪˤХեޥȯ -ing g æξάΤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤΤȤ館2ĤǸǤ롥
1ˡȯæάⵯäƤʤǤ롥-ing ȯ /-ɪŋ/ ǡ-in' ȯ /-ɪn/ Ǥ롥ǸλҲ٤Ƥߤ餫ʤ褦ˡԤͭɡ /ŋ/ ǡԤͭɡ /n/ Ǥ롥ξԤæάδطǤϤʤ夢뤤ִδطǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥
Ԥɽݤ˥ݥȥեѤΤ㤤ΤȤʤ櫓ˤˡʤ𤬤롥ͭɡ /ŋ/ 1ǤʤŵŪ <ng> 2ʸ֤ͭɡ /n/ ñ <n> 1ʸ֤Τξֻ٤С-ing <g> æά -in' 褦ˤߤ롥פȯǤϸΰΡæפ䤹ȤľƯ-in' άȤƲᤵ䤹ΤɽϳΤæάäƤ褦ˤߤ뤬ȯϤΤ褦ʤȤϵäƤʤ
2ˡŪˤäƤ -in' -ing Ȥϡ餯ʬΰ۷֤Ǥ -inde θޤäΩȹͤۤǤ롥äȤ⡤դβŪϹäƤꡤñ˷ŤʤȤϵƤ
ʬ -ing ˤϼ¤ʣǤ롥űѸ줫Ѹ̤ơʬŪ -inde, -ende, -ande ʤɤη֤ȤäƤΰ۷֤ʬۤϡ#790. Ѹˤưʬۡ ([2011-06-26-1]) ǼȤꡤ褽ʬϢưƤѸˡ̾ư̾ؤȯãƤ -ing -inde ʤɤθʬȤӤĤ褦ˤʤäcf. #2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1])ˡˡ -en ⲻƤ˻äκƱ֤ʣcf. #2422. Ѹˤư̾졤ʬ졤θβŪƱ ([2015-12-14-1])ˡ
ˤ衤-in' -inde ξάǤפȤŪ˵Ƥ뤫⤷ʤ-in' -ing ξάǤפȤϸˤ
Ϣơ#1764. -ing -in' μҲŪͤεž ([2014-02-24-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
åݥӡˤϷ줽ǤǿְĥäƤޤcf. #4300. åݥ LAGAR ȯ䤵ޤ ([2021-02-03-1])#4301. ƽ¢ӡ lager ([2021-02-04-1])#4302. ټ -ar ([2021-02-05-1])ˡ
ʤֻǤ lager ä lagar ֤˻ä䤦ΤϡǤɵڤΰտޤǤƬʤˡ뤤ϱѸؽ˴ؤؿǤäȹͤƤߤȡ-gar ϿȶñˤäΤǤ̾͡Ȥϸ¤ޤsugar, beggar, vinegar, vulgar ȤääƤޤȡְ֤㤤˷㤷Ʊ𤹤Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤȤ⡤ѸֻηϤΤΤΤǤϤʤȤݤĿͤ⾯ʤʤޤɤñ줬 -er ǡɤñ줬 -ar ʤΤϡε ([2021-02-05-1]) Ǥ⼨褦ˡŪ˶ŪˤⴰˤǤäƤߤХƥȡʤΤǤ
ֻּǧʤפȸгΤ˿Ȥʤ櫓ǤѸ춵ΤϤȤơȥڥߥˤĤƴƼӤȤȼǧƤϤΤǤǤï⤬ lager lagar ȴְ㤨ͳפȤȤҤ٤Ǥ-er, -or, -ar δ֤ˤϴˤϤˤ贰ʵ§Ϥޤȯ⤹٤ /ə(r)/ Ƕ̤ʤΤǤ顥
ơѸ lingua_franca Ǥ⤢ޤܤˤƤϵ̳dzؽ٤ǤȤϤޤǤ褽ԤΡֳפȤϰ̤ˤ뤳Ȥ¤ǤǤϡܸ㤨дְ㤤٤СѸΥڥߥϹǤϵȤո⤢뤫⤷ޤΡܸ㤨дְ㤤٤СѸΥڥߥϹǤϵפȤ٤νˤΤȤСϤʤʤΤȤΤμʤ뵿ǤϡܤǧƤѸˤѸ줬ɤΤ褦ʴطˤΤȤ䤤ˤĤʤäƤޤåݥӡ뤬 lagar ֻΤޤФȤƧڤäȤȤϡ̣ΤȤȤǤܤˤѸΰ֤ŤˤѸΰ֤ŤƹͤƤߤȻפޤ
οԤӤƤΤǤåݥӡ꿷ʤδ̥ӡ֥åݥΩơפȯ䤵ޤݥȤϡ̤ΥǥɽƤ LAGAR Ǥ֥饬פֻ lager -er ĤΤǤǤ -ar ȤʤäƤΤǤ *
ܺ٤113դīʹǥεФȻפޤåݥӡ뤬ˤΥڥߥ˵ŤȯߤƤɤ⡤˾ƤΤޤФȤ˷ȤݤǤ
ĿͤȤƤϡʥӡ빥Ǥ뤳ȤطޤˡŦʤеŤʤۤɤξʥڥߥȯߤˤȤΤϤäʤȤΩǡåݥӡηǤٻȻפޤ1Ѹ춵ȤƼ˴ƼӤ櫓ˤ⤤ʤȤΩˤ⤢ޤΤǡʾСˡ
Ūʸ̤ȤơŪˤХڥߥϼҲŪѤƤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤΤ¤Ǥåݥӡκǽȯߤη⡤ѼƤƤΤȤǤ礦ۤ1θˤˤäƸ뤳ȤϤޤäʤ櫓ǤǤҲŪʤΤˡ (orthography) ȤΤǤ
ԤȤƤϡʤפ̵Ǥ˸äƤޤޤ⤷ʬåݥӡμĹäɤ뤫ʤʤɤȹͤƤߤޤϤɤΤ褦˹ͤǤ礦
ڥߥͻȤơʲεɤ
#2288. åԥȤǤΥڥߥ̿ŪȤʤꤦ ([2015-08-02-1])
#3671. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥߥ (1) ([2019-05-16-1])
#3672. ȥꥢ50ɥ뻥 responsibility Υڥߥ (2) ([2019-05-17-1])
ʤߤˡ®դΥӡäưǤߤޤˤϡ֥ڥϴְ㤨ɡ̣ϴְ㤤ʤפȤʸ礬ޤ31ޤǤθڤ줿齪ȤȤǤΤǡޤ礦
ư say /seɪ/ Ķ٤θǡؼԤ⤹˳Ф뤳ȤˤʤܸǤưβ said ⤭ƹ٤ʤ櫓ǤֻȤԵ§ǤФ꤫¤ȯˤƤԵ§Ǥͽۤ2첻 /seɪd/ ȤϤʤ餺û첻 /sɛd/ ȤʤΤǤƱ褦Ե§3ñ -s դˤĤƤ⤤ޤֻ says ȵ§Ū˸ޤȯϤϤ2첻 /seɪz/ ȤϤʤ餺û첻 /sɛz/ ȤʤäƤޤޤʤ said, says ϤΤ褦ȯʤΤǤ礦ˤŪʷаޤޤɤ
¤ϡѸüԤȯĴƤߤޤȡ˥ФϤΤΡͽ̤ۤ2첻ȯ /seɪd/, /seɪz/ ԤʤƤΤǤޤɸŪǥޥʡȯȤƤǤΤǡ䤿ȤƤԵ§ʤϤû첻 /sɛd/, /sɛz/ μ¤˽ƤΤ̵Ǥ礦
ŪʲѲηаޤмΤ褦ˤʤޤȤư say ϡѸޤǤϡֻ̤ /saɪ/ Ǥ˽äơ /saɪ(ə)d/3ñ /saɪ(ə)z/ ȵ§ŪȯƤޤȤ17ޤǤ2첻 /aɪ/ Ĺ첻 /ɛː/ ؤѲΤǤ礦ܸΡ֥Хפᤤȯǡ֥١פȤʤΤ˻ɤθˤ褯벻ѲǤ̤Ѳ餺褽ʳˤȤɤޤäޤ˻äƤΤǤСǤ§Ū say /seɪ/, said /seɪd/, says /seɪz/ ȤʤäƤǤ礦ʼ¤ΤȤ2ĤޥʡȯȤƤ뤳ȤϾҤޤˡ
Ȥ3ñˤĤƤϡθ⤦1̤βѲޤĹ첻 /ɛː/ ûû첻 /ɛ/ ȤʤäΤǤ say /seɪ/ ФԵ§ˤߤ /sɛd/, /sɛz/ ƤޤäΤǤƱѲ˴ޤ줿̤ñȤơagain against Ƥޤ礦û첻 /əˈgɛn(st)/ ͥǤ2첻 /əˈgeɪn(st)/ ¹ԤʹȤˤʤäƤޤ
ʤ3ñǤΤ첻ûΤȤΤϡɬƤʤǤsaid ˈhe, says ˈshe Τ褦Ѥ¿̾ФŪư줬夯ȯΤûȤƤƤޤ1Ĥβˤޤ
ϢȵˤĤơ##541,543,2130εå⤪ɤߤ
ưȤƤưȤƤĶٸǤ have ĶٸǤԵ§ʤȤ䤹ȤȤϡ褯ΤäƤ뤳ȤȻפޤǤhave μդˤϤޤԵ§ʤȤ¿Ǥ͡
ޤ<have> ֤ä /hæv/ ɤळȤ餷̯Ǥgave /geɪv/, save /seɪv/, cave /keɪv/ Ȼ褦ֻǤ */heɪv/ ȤʤꤽʤΤǤϤʤޤhave ֤Ƭ be- Ĥ behave ͽ̤ /biˈheɪv/ Ȥʤ뤳ȤͤȡޤޤԻĤǤ
ˡ3ñ *haves ǤϤʤ has ȤʤΤ̯Ǥˡʬ˷ *haved ǤϤʤ had ȤʤΤ⡤ƱͤǤޤʤ̤ *haves *haved ȤʤäƤʤΤǤ礦Ǥϡ3ĤεˤĤơѸˤΩ줫Ƥߤޤ礦ɤ
Ǥ¤Ѹˤ /hɑːvə/ ʤĹ첻 have ȯ̤ˤäΤǤ줬³ƤС첻 (gvs) ͳƸޤǤ */heɪv/ ȤʤäƤϤǤޤ٤⤤Ǥ뤿ˡû첻ƤޤäȤ櫓Ǥ
Ʊͤˡ3ñʬ˷ȤƤ⡤ѸˤϺǤϥ haves haved ѤƤޤ13ʹߤ˸ /v/ Ͼü뷹Ȥ櫓ĶٸȤȤ⤢äƤηɽ졤̤Ȥ has had ˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ/v/ ξüϡhead, lord, lady, lark, poor θˤؤäƤޤʵդˤСθˤ /v/ ޤޤƤ櫓Ǥˡ
츫Ե§ˤߤطʤˤϡٸǤ뤳ȡƲѲȤ¸ߤΤǤŪͳ櫓Ǥ͡˴ؿäϡ##4065,2200,1348εåˤƾܤɤߤ
ꥫֻ color ȥꥹֻ colour ᤰˤĤơܥ֥Ǥϲ٤夲ƤֻƱѺɽȤƤ褯ΤƤꡤʬ䤹ǤȤȤ⤢뤬ѸŪˤϰճȿǤ̥ŪǤ⤢롥
ǤŪʻ³ǧ --- ΥꥫѸȥꥹѸ color colour γơʬۤϤɤʤäƤΤĴ --- Ԥʤ鷺Ȥ˵ŤȤȤǡϸ奢ꥫѸɽŪѥ COCA ȡꥹѸ BNCweb Ĵ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤcolo(u)r ζ졤ʣޤŪ˹ԤʤΤۤϥѤơcolo(u)r, colo(u)rs, colo(u)red ʰʾ϶Ȥơ, colo(u)rful, colo(u)rless, discolo(u)r 6θμФˤȤɤ
| COCA ˤ <color> <colour> | |||
| <or> | <our> | <or> Ψ | |
| COLOR | 124,778 | 4,792 | 0.9630 |
| COLORS | 33,225 | 1,886 | 0.9463 |
| COLORED | 5,553 | 179 | 0.9688 |
| COLORFUL | 10,871 | 412 | 0.9635 |
| COLORLESS | 1,000 | 57 | 0.9461 |
| DISCOLOR | 110 | 0 | 1.0000 |
| BNCweb ˤ <color> <colour> | |||
| <or> | <our> | <our> Ψ | |
| COLOR | 115 | 11,332 | 0.9900 |
| COLORS | 24 | 4,396 | 0.9946 |
| COLORED | 14 | 2,432 | 0.9943 |
| COLORFUL | 6 | 1,093 | 0.9945 |
| COLORLESS | 4 | 166 | 0.9765 |
| DISCOLOR | 1 | 19 | 0.9500 |
Ρ#4223. ʤƱ <oo> ֻʤΤ book food Ǥ첻ۤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡפβǿ줿褦ˡ<oo> ֻǤʤ첻 /ʌ/ ñȤ blood flood 2Ĥ2Ǥ¤Ϥ⤦1ĤθȤ soot Ȥ⤢롥ȤϤޥʡʸȸ虜ʤ
LPD ˤȡθȯϥꥹѸǤϡû첻 /sʊt/ ¾ͣȯǤꡤbook, good, look, stood ƱפȤäƤ褤ȤꥫѸǤϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥89ȤŪΨĹ첻 /suːt/ ͥǤꡤû첻 /sʊt/ 10%ˤȤɤޤ롥˶̣Ȥˡ鷺1%ۤɤʤ /sʌt/ ΤǤ롥

ʤǤ <oo> ֻäƤʤŪ /uː/ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ βѲФƤȤơblood, flood Τۤ soot ä뤫⤷ʤȤŸ
ֻ <oo> ǤϤʤŪƱѲФȤǤСۤˤ⾯ʤ餺ǧ롥#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) ǿ줿 does, done, must, other, mother, Monday, nothing, none ⤽#4098. û첻б <ou> ˤĤ --- country, double, touch ([2020-07-16-1]) ǵ췲⤽Ǥ롥but, us äϢơ#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
<oo> Ȥֻ book, good, look, stood ϡû첻 /ʊ/ ȯޤƱ <oo> ֤ޤfood, pool, tooth, doom ǤĹ첻 /uː/ ȤʤäƤޤûĹɤ첻ˤʤΤñˤäƷޤäƤꡤŵ뤷ޤʤΤ褦ʾˤʤäƤΤǤ礦İ
Ūˤ <oo> ֤줿嵭ñϡȤȤϤ٤Ĺ /uː/ ȯƤޤΰ book, good, look, stood ɤ櫓û첻뤳Ȥˤʤޤˡû첻ñΤʤǡФ줷2 --- blood flood --- ɤ櫓岽 (centralisation) ޤ2ˤĤƤ -lood Ȥ뤳Ȥ˵ŤޤȤäơʤ2ĤФ줿ΤɬƤޤѲȤΤϡΤ褦˵ޤʤȤޤ
room /ruːm/ ǤϤʤ /rʊm/ û첻ĤĤˤޤ⺣奦åƤȤǤ͡
˴Ϣ뵭Ȥơ##547,1353,2293,2290εå⤴
ε#4217. ѸΥꥹѸˤ colour vs color ([2020-11-12-1]) ˰³colour ֻꡥOED colour | color, n.1 ˤȡθ̾Ȥ1300ǯ˰ʲΤ褦˽Ф롥
c1300 St. Patrick's Purgatory (Laud) l. 562 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 216 He..axede him of ȝwuch colur were heuene op-riȝt þere.
colur Ȥֻߤ뤬ϺǽֻŵŪʤΤ1ĤǤ롥θϥƥ color ľܡ뤤ϥե colur ͳƼڤ줿ΤȤ롥ʤȤ嵭κǽֻϡեͳΥ롼Ȥ褦ˤߤ뤬ϤۤñǤϤʤեˤֻѼ֤͡ǡOED θ츻ˤСΤ褦 variants Ϥ˭٤
Anglo-Norman colur, culur, coler, coloure, coleure, collour, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French color, colour, coulour, Old French coulor, Old French, Middle French, couleur, coleur, Middle French colleur, coullour, etc.
ե¦ǤΤΤ褦ֻ¿ߤ뤬Ѹ¦餱ƤʤOED ֻƤߤ褦
ME coleour, ME coleure, ME colewre, ME colovre, ME coulur, ME culur, ME kolour, ME-15 collore, ME-15 colowr, ME-15 colowre, ME-15 culoure, ME-16 coler, ME-16 coleur, ME-16 colore, ME-16 coloure, ME-16 colur, ME-16 colure, ME-16 cullour, ME-16 culour, ME- color (now U.S.), ME- colour, lME clour, lME (in a late copy) 15-16 collor, 15 colloure, 15 collyr, 15 cooler, 15 cooller, 15 coollor, 15 coollour, 15 coollur, 15 coolore, 15 cooloure, 15 coullar, 15 coulloure, 15 coulore, 15 cowler, 15-16 coller, 15-16 coolor, 15-16 coolour, 15-16 couler, 15-16 coullour, 15-16 coulor, 15-16 couloure, 15-16 culler, 15-16 cullor, 15-16 culloure, 15-17 collour, 15-17 couller, 15-17 coullor, 15-17 coulour; Scottish pre-17 coiller, pre-17 coller, pre-17 colleur, pre-17 collor, pre-17 collour, pre-17 colloure, pre-17 colore, pre-17 coloure, pre-17 colowr, pre-17 colowre, pre-17 colur, pre-17 couler, pre-17 couller, pre-17 coullour, pre-17 coulour, pre-17 culler, pre-17 cullor, pre-17 cullour, pre-17 culloure, pre-17 culour, pre-17 17-18 color, pre-17 17- colour.
ѸǤνиܤȡMED colour n. ǤϡФȤ colour Τۤ culur, colur, coler η֤Ƥ롥ޤLAEME ϡǽȤơ13ȾOED νǯ㴳ᤤˤ culur, colurޤ14Ⱦ colurs, colour, colures η5郎줿
Τ褦¿ͤʣޤʤˤơưפͭյʷŦ뤳ȤϤǤʤĸ뤳Ȥϡθ줬Ѹ˽иǽꡤǤ2첻1첻֤뤫2첻֤뤫ȤѰ --- colour vs color θ --- ǧȤȤäơʥϡ֥եֻ vs ƥֻפˡ⤷ϡ֥եѼΤֻ vs եѼ̤ΰֻפˤȤäƤ褤Ϣơ#4161. ꥫ color ϥƥŪꥹ colour ϥեŪ ([2020-09-17-1]) ⻲ȡ
ֻαƺŵ1ĤȤ colour vs color ˤĤƤϡܥ֥ǰʲεʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
#3182. ARCHER colour color ̻ŪƺĴ ([2018-01-12-1])
#3247. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥס ([2018-03-18-1])
#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1])
#4161. ꥫ color ϥƥŪꥹ colour ϥեŪ ([2020-09-17-1])
#4169. GloWbE --- Corpus of Global Web-Based English ([2020-09-25-1])
ֻ˸¤餺Ѹˤƺλ¿뤬Ūˤߤȡκۤϡ륿ߥǡȤȤ⡤֤ΩΩƤȤΤ¤Ǥ롥ꥫѸŪȤ color ֻ夹Τˤ⡤[2018-01-12-1], [2020-09-08-1] εǤߤ褦ˡ19οǯȤ֤äƤ뤷ꥹѸŪȤ colour ˤƤ⡤Ѹ˥饤Х color हˤϻäƤʤԤξˤĤơ1710--1920ǯΥꥹѸ쥳ѥǡ3,400줫ʤ른Хѥ CLMET3.0 ѤĴƤߤ
Ĵоݤϡcolo(u)r Τߤʤ餺촴ˤijƼƬդǡbicolor, colorless, colouration, discoloured ʤ͡ʼޤࡥʲ3ʬ̤ٿ
| Period (subcorpus size) | colour | color |
|---|---|---|
| 1710--1780 (10,480,431 words) | 1,273 (88.28%) | 169 |
| 1780--1850 (11,285,587) | 1,650 (83.71%) | 321 |
| 1850--1920 (12,620,207) | 3,242 (94.11%) | 203 |
ɸθ input ϡ츻ŪˤϡƬ in- + ư putפΤ褦ˤߤΤǡ츫Ȳ꤬ʤ褦˻פ뤫⤷ޤimpact, imperfect, imperil, impersonal, important ʤɤֻפ⤫٤ƤߤСƬ in- ³Τ p ǻϤޤΤǤС̾Ƭ im- η뤳Ȥʬޤȡʤ input ˤĤƤϡ*imput ֤ʤΤȤ䤬ͯƤޤ¤Ǥͤİ
Ƭ in- ϡ츻Ūˤ2̤ɬפäΤǤ͡1ĤϰŪ¿ɤƥͳ in- ꡤ뤤ϡפΰաˤǡ⤦1ĤϾɤȤΩʤѸ in- ʡפΰաˤǤȯ⸫ǤۤȤƱǤ̣פ˴ؤƤнŤʤäƤޤΤǡդƤʤ٤ƤޤޤۤʤʪǤԤϴΤƬ˽ä im-, il-, ir- ʤɤȲΤ§ǤԤϷ褷Ʋޤinput ϾɤθԤ°Τǡin- ʬϷ褷Ʋ<in> + <put> Ȥ¤ľֻȤʤäƤΤǤ
ʤֳפ̣еƬͤƤߤȡƥ in- ˤ ex- бѸ in- ˤ out- бޤǡimport/export ϥƥͳΥڥinput/output ϱѸΥڥȤʬޤ͡
ˤĤơ⤦ܤΤꤿϡ#3309. ʤ input *imput ֤ʤΤ ([2018-05-19-1]) ɤߤ
#4166. ѸˤγƻΥѥӤбѸˤ狼ʤˡ ([2020-09-22-1]) ǿ줿 World Englishes Υѥ GloWbE (= Corpus of Global Web-Based English) ƤߤζѸ˸ˤܥѥƳƤޤءˤˤϡƴդޤ
Υѥ20αѸѼ礷19줫ʤ祳ѥǡѼ֤Ӥưפ˹ԤʤͤȤʤäƤ롥ѼӤˤĤƤСϤޤǡ#517. ICE 7ϰѼ拾ѥ ([2010-09-26-1])#1743. ICE Frequency Comparer ([2014-02-03-1]) ʤɤǼ夲褦 ICE (International Corpus of English) ΤʤäΤѥϵ®˿ʲƤ褦GloWbE ΥեϡCOCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) COHA (Corpus of Historical American English) ʤɤȶ̤ʤΤǡ˴줿桼ǤСȤäĤ䤹Ϥ
ñʻȤǤϤ뤬GloWbE κǤѼӤ color colour Υڥ˴ؤƹԤʤäƤߤ̤ color ϥꥫcolour ϥꥹΥڥȤ뤬2Ѽ֤Ӥ20Ѽ֤٤Ƥߤ褦Ȥߤեñ Chart ϵǽơΥڥǸ֤줿ɽįʤΤǤ⽽ʬˤ⤷ޤϡꥫ color οɽ顥

ˡꥹ colour οɽ褦

դιޤäƤꡤŪˤϥꥹ¿ͽۤϰʤ櫓¤ϥꥫڥΤۤͥΤ褦ǯαѸΥꥫ (americanisation) αƶ褦¦ˤϡƹ˥ϽޤäƤꡤǤͽ̤˥ꥹͥǤ롥¦˽ޤäƤ륢եꥫǤϡξڥκϤۤ礭ʤ
color vs colour ƱѴ֤ȤϲĤĤ롥ġ뤬ФƤΤǤ롥
color (AmE) vs colour (BrE) ɽ롤ꥫ -or Фƥꥹ -our ֻΩϹΤƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥ#240. ֻαƺ礭 ([2009-12-23-1])#244. ֻαƺΥꥹȡ ([2009-12-27-1])#3182. ARCHER colour color ̻ŪƺĴ ([2018-01-12-1])#3247. ֺ¡֥ڥǤɤѸˡפ5color colour --- ꥫΥڥס ([2018-03-18-1])#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
Anson 褯Τ줿äƤΤꥫֻ Noah Webster (1758--1843) λˤդʧѸˤλįƤ餷Ȥƥƥͳ褷եͳƤ췲ФѸä⤭ƤΤΥॢȤƶϡ˿ (Anson 36--38)
ƥͳ褹ξ硤ƱֻȤƤϡʤˡ§ä -or- §äcolorem, ardorem, dolorem, favorem, flavorem, honorem, (h)umorem, laborem, rumorem, vigorem ΤȤǤ롥ťեǤϡΥƥ -or- ѤȤȤˡֻȤ -our- ⸽졤ξʻѾơʻѾѸˤ⤽Τޤޤ뤳ȤˤʤäºݡѸǤξֻǧ롥
ȤϤѸǤϡեѸˤĤƤϥեˤʤäθôʬ˥ȤΤ̤ǤꡤȤĹ첻Ǥ뤳ȤΤˡ-or Ū礭δ -our Τۤޤ뷹äʹߡʥꥹ˱ѸǤϡեŪ -our 礿ֻȤͥȤʤäƤ
ƥŪ -or ¸³ϤƤ16ˤʤȡͥθŵؤβĬ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) δμͤδ֤ˤߤ褦ˤʤꡤ-or Ϥ֤ -or -our ζ礬Ƥ줫ŪֻȤƺѤ褦Ȥɸಽưߤ֤ä
17ȾβŴˤϡ2ˤƤ -our ĹˤƤ -or ޤ뷹ơǤ18ˤϡŪֻȤƺƤ -or ˾Ƥ褦ˤʤä1755ǯ˼˽Ф Johnson ϡľθ츻ֻŻ뤹顤եŪ -our ٻ뤳ȤˤʤꡤΥꥹֻŤθΥꥫѸǤ -or κ٤ˤĤƤϡ#4152. ꥫѸ -our -or ؤΥե --- Webster αƶϸŪ ([2020-09-08-1]) ǽҤ٤̤Ǥ롥
ĤޤꡤѸˤθ줬ѤƤꡤ-or vs -our ζϥΤ褦˾岼֤ƤΤꥫ -or ٻ븶ȤƤϡͥΥƥ⤢ä18ιŻλۤ⤢äWebster ΰ⤢äꥹ -our ٻ븶ȤƤϡѸΥե켰ؤζ⤢ä18ȾФ Johnson θ츻Ѥ⤢ä
ͥ Webster ӤĤʤɹͤȤʤäAnson ͥ줿ॢȤˤäơ줬ǽȤʤä
Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.
ε#4151. ɸಽȵϲδط ([2020-09-07-1]) ǰѤʸϤΤʤˡAnson ΰѤޤƤAnson ʸϡꥫѸˤ color, humor, valor, honor ʤɤ -or ֻȯŸˤ¾ŪĴǤ롥1740--1840ǯ˥ꥫȯԤ줿ʹΥॵץѤĴη̤ä˿ͤ롥ꥹѸֻ -our Ф륢ꥫѸֻ -or ϡ̤ Noah Webster (1758--1843) θӤȤ뤳Ȥ¿ϤۤɴñǤϤʤʲAnson (47) ˤĴΤޤȤʬǤ롥
Most obvious is the appearance of both -or and -our through the century, but gradual change can be detected from the -our extreme in 1740 to the -or extreme in 1840. Only small and sporadic change occurred around the time of Webster's strongest influence, which suggests that if he did contribute to the dropping of -u, his contribution was slow to take effect.
A key year appears to be 1830 --- after the appearance of Worcester's dictionary and the public attention, during the previous decade, to Webster's and Worcester's battle of dictionaries and spellers. . . .
On the whole, then, the American usage chart shows a slow but steady movement toward the -or spelling. No doubt the movement spilled at least into the first quarter of the twentieth century, when sporadic cases of -our were still to be seen. Aided by later dictionaries, which have looked to usage or other American authorities, the shift to -or is now virtually complete.
ĴɤȡWebster ʤȼԻä Worcesterˤֻؤαƶ1830ǯʹߤ˾Ϥ뤬ŪʱƶȤۤɤǤϤʤäȤ -our -or ؤΥեȤδϡ줫ͥ˿ǯԤʤФʤʤäΤǤ롥Webster ϡեȤοޤȤƤˤȤɤޤäƤȤ
λ㸦椫顤Anson (48) ϸѲɸಽȵϲδط˴ؤ뼡ΰƳФȤƤ롥
. . . usage and authority work mutually and each tends to influence the other and be influenced by it. A highly respected dictionary may influence the way an educated public spells debated words; on the other hand, no authority --- even Webster --- can hope to change a firmly entrenched spelling habit among the general public. The chances are good that, had the public not been moving steadily toward -or forms, we might still be spelling in favor of -our, despite Webster. While Webster may have served as a catalyst for some spelling changes, he was not, for spelling reform, the cause celebre many have assumed. Most of his reforms never caught on. Curiously, spelling reform on a large scale, like Esperanto and other synthetic languages, has never appealed to the public as have changes introduced organically and from within. Proponents of spelling reform argue quite convincingly that their proposals meet a real public need for simplicity, precision, and uniformity; yet often the public allows linguistic changes that work in just the opposite direction. Usage, then, is a highly resistant strain when it comes to 'curing the ills' of the language, and it ultimately determines its own future.
εμݤ˾Ȥ餻СΰƬ "usage" ɸಽȡ"authority" ϲɤؤƤ褤
Anson, Chris M. "Errours and Endeavors: A Case Study in American Orthography." International Journal of Lexicography 3 (1990): 35--63.
Ѹɮˤ (minim) ΥڥβɤˤθǤ뤳Ȥϡʲε͡˼夲Ƥ
#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1])
#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])
#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1])
#2453. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (2) ([2016-01-14-1])
#3607. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (3) ([2019-03-13-1])
#3608. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (4) ([2019-03-14-1])
#3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤס ([2017-09-21-1])
<i> ѸޤǤϥɥåȤʤ <<ı>> Ƚ줿ơ<m, n, u, v> ƱɥåȤʤ <<ı>> ʣȤ߹碌ˤʿؤΡϤפʤäȤ<<ııı>> ϡ<iii>, <in>, <ni>, <ui>, <iu>, <m> Τɤߤ⤢ΤǤ롥
ʤȤˡѸˤ͡ʽ䵤Ƥ뤳ȤˤʤäɥåȤդ <<i>> ꡤ˥եåդ <<j>> 줿ꡤ<<u>> <<v>> ʬʤɡʤ˴ĥäϤ롥
ˤΤ褦ʲ֤ʤäɤʤäƤνѸ minim ȸƤФ뤬ñʤɤϡı 10³ ıııııııııı ֤뤳ȤˤʤäƤˡˤϹޤȤäƤ褤
Ϲޤʤɡޤ䤵⤷ɥåȤʤ ı 䡤Ȥ߹碌 <m, n, u, v> ³Ƥ顤ѸνդϡˤऴɡιȲƤ̣̤ܰǡֽ֤äƤѤʤȤˤʤäƤϤñ졤5פõäƤߤ
5̡ʥ4̡ˤϡı 14³ aluminium mumming Ǥ롥ơ alıııııııııııııı, ııııııııııııııg ȤʤꡤۤȤʬʤ줾Ƭ <al> <g> ᤷۤɤ˰
3̤ϡminimum Ǥ15Ϣ³ˡԴѤʤ뤫 ıııııııııııııııΤߤǹñȤΩƤʤСʸʤΥȥۥǤ롥
ơɤ1̡ʥ2̡ˤϡunmummied unimmunized Ǥ16Ϣ³ˡ줾 ııııııııııııııııed, ıııııııııııııııızed Ȥʤʢʤɤ뤫ˡ
ͥȤƶ˺줿ñʤΤǤϤʤäơΤ unimmunized Ϥ˾ε뤬unmummied ˴ؤƤϡʤȤϤʤBNCweb COCA ǤϥҥåȤʤΤΡOED Ǥʸ3ĵ롥
1822 Ld. Byron Vision of Judgm. xi As the mere million's base unmummied clay.
1911 E. A. W. Budge Osiris & Egyptian Resurrection II. 43 An unmummied man lying on a bier.
2011 H. W. Strachan Finding Path 63 Unmummied kings disintegrating midst decaying leaves
ϡΥХ (1788--1824) 顥ˤϡӤ줿Ƕޤ֥ߥ鲽ƤʤפȥåפȤʤʬäȤϡ
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