hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ڡ / page 7 (22)

spelling - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2020-07-16 Thu

#4098. û첻б <ou> ˤĤ --- country, double, touch [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][digraph][french][loan_word][etymological_respelling]

<ou> /ʌ/ ϡ󤲤ƤߤʤʤȸƤʤʤ󤬤ʤΤĴ٤ƤߤɸΤ褦˰ƳŪʸ줬ФƤ롥country, couple, courage, cousin, double, flourish, nourish, touch, trouble ä롥
ζϡե󥹼ѸǤ뤳Ȥťե󥹸줫鸽ե󥹸˻ޤǡθǤ <ou> /uː/ ȤбطΩƤѸǤѸʹߤ˥եñ줬̤˼ѤȤȤˡֻȯбط͢뤳ȤˤʤäѸ /uː/ ϡθ塤ȯŸ첻 (gvs) ˤ /aʊ/ ȤʤϤǤꡤºݤ˸ѸǤϤƤ <ou> /aʊ/ ȤʤäƤ (ex. about, house, noun, round, south) Ѹ /uː/ 餫Τäû첻 /u/ ȤʤС첻ܤˤष岽 (centralisation) /ʌ/ Ȥʤ롥κݤֻϢưѲʤäˡȤʤäƤ <ou> /ʌ/ δطޤ뤳Ȥˤʤä첻岽ˤĤƤϡ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) ȡ#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1])#2076. us ȯˡ ([2015-01-02-1]) ε򻲾ȡˡ
<ou> /ʌ/ 򼨤嵭ñ췲ϡѸǤ <o> <u> ֤뤳Ȥ¿ <ou> ֻϾ٤ƤƳ줿褦 (Upward and Davidson 146) Υߥ󥰤طʤ꤫ǤϤʤ⤷ռŪʥե󥹸ֻؤβ󵢤ȤСθ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ȥʤ롥
ʤǤ <ou> /ʌ/ λȤ southern 롥ͭ̾ Blount դäƤѤȤƤϡꥫѸֻ mustache ФƥꥹѸֻ moustache 㤬⤷Carney (147--48) ⻲ȡ

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-19-1]

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2020-07-01 Wed

#4083. ʤ q θˤɬ u ΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][alphabet][digraph][q][spelling]

hellog 饸3ơѸؤǤ¿伫ΤʤۤɤȻפäȤȤ󤻤줿̣ѤʵǤ䤿 <qu> Υڥ󥰤ˤɤȤˤ񤯤Ȥˤˤ˿Ƥ櫓Ǥޤ˴줹Ƥ뤿ˡ<q> θˤϤۤɬ <u> ³Ȥλ¤ˡռŪ˵ŤȤޤʤäΤȻפޤ
6ʬ֤βˤޤȤޤʲɤ



/kw/ ȤҲϢɽ魯ΤˤɤΤ褦ʥڥ󥰤äƤ뤫ȤǤ/k/ Ȥ1ĤλҲɽ魯ˤ⡤Ѹˤ <q(u)> Ǥʤ <c> ⤢ <k> ⤢ꡤճȤ䤳ȤˤʤäƤޤȯŸŪޤᡤƤʸϤǤäɤߤȤϡ##3649,1599,2249,2367,1824εå
εΤ褦ˡƸᤴƤ¤ϰճ¿ΤǤΤ褦ʵȯΤ⡤ڤŪȤǤ

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2020-06-30 Tue

#4082. chief, piece, believe ʤɤˤߤ <ie> /i:/ [spelling][digraph][orthography][vowel][gvs][french][loan_word][etymological_respelling]

ѸαѸ춵Ǥ褯Τ줿ڥ󥰤Υ롼뤬롥"i before e except after c" ȤΤĹ첻 /iː/ б륹ڥ󥰤ˤĤƤϡ#2205. proceed vs recede ([2015-05-11-1]) #2515. 첻Ǥ첻ʸǤбɽ ([2016-03-16-1]) Ǥߤ褦¿बǧ뤬Τ2Ĥ <ie> <ei> 롥ɸθΤ褦 <ie> ΤΤ¿receive, deceive, perceive Τ褦 <ei> 򼨤⤢ꡤؽ庮򾷤䤹ǡ嵭Υ롼뤬櫓Ǥ롥Ūʥ롼ǤϤ롥
ϡʤɸΤ褦ʸ췲 <ie> /iː/ бطߤΤѸˤδɤäƤߤޤбط򼨤 Carney (331) ꤤĤ󤲤ƤꥹȤθȾˤϸͭ̾ޤࡥ

achieve, achievement, belief, believe, besiege, brief, chief, diesel, fief, field, fiend, grief, grieve, hygiene, lief, liege, lien, mien, niece, piece, priest, reprieve, shield, shriek, siege, thief, thieves, wield, yield; Brie,, Fielden, Gielgud, Kiel, Piedmont, Rievaulx, Siegfried, Siemens, Wiesbaden


ꥹȤ츻δįƤߤȡbelieve, field, fiend, shield ʤɤαѸޤޤƤȤϤե󥹸ƥ줫μѸ줬Ωġºݡλ¤ҥȤˤʤ롥
brief /briːf/ Ȥ˼ϥƥǡûפ̣ brevis, brevem ͳ褹롥Υƥñϸθťե󥹸ˤѾ줿ŪѸ˱ƶڤܤ Anglo-French Ǥ bref ȤѤ줿ѸϤΥڥ󥰤Ʊñ줿Ѹ <e> ɽ蘆줿Ĺ첻 /eː/ ǤꡤѸˤ첻 (gvs) ФƸѸ /iː/ Ϣʤ롥Ĥޤꡤȯ˴ؤƤϡѸʹߡͽ¬ƻ򤿤ɤäȤˤʤ롥
ڥ󥰤˴ؤƤϡä𤬤äťե󥹸ȤäƤ롥Anglo-French Ǥ bref ȤäƤե󥹸Ǥ brief ȤѸѸˤϤۤ Anglo-French bref ˽äƤ16ˤơե󥹸θҤˤư۷ȤѤƤ brief Ȥ˿ȯơڥ󥰤˴ؤ bref brief ؤȾ괹ΤǤ롥
̤˽ѸˤϸҤ륹ڥ󥰤ؤƴݤƤꡤƴоݤϼȤƥƥ䥮ꥷäΤˤäƤϤΤ褦˥ե󥹸ˤΥڥ󥰤ؤηФȤ⤢ä (Upward and Davidson (105))
ơѸˤơĹ첻б <e> 16ˤ <ie> ؤ֤ľ뵤εȯüե󥹸줫μѸä䤬ƱѸޤ嵭θ췲ˤŪ֤ʤŬѤ졤˻롥
٤ߤСҤηаޤˤ̯Ϥ롥Jespersen (77) ˤСե󥹸Ǥ achieve chief б <ie> ǤϤʤ <e> ֤ƤꡤѸ줬ƴΥǥȿ٤ <ie> ˤϤʤäϤcf. ե󥹸 achever, chefˡ
Ǥ⡤¿ñ줬褽Ʊߥ󥰤 <e> <ie> ؾ괹Ȥ¤ϽפǤ롥Τˤи츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤϸƤӤˤޤबѼȤȤ館뤳ȤϤǤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-30-1]

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2020-06-27 Sat

#4079. ϡ5W1HפȤޤʤ how h ǻϤޤΤǤ礦 --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][interrogative_pronoun][spelling]

ּڤ˱ѸˤפȤ󥻥ץȤǡ饤ȴʪĤġ˻ϤƤ hellog 饸2ƤǤ
ϡϡ5W1H٤Ȥޤʤ how h ǻϤޤΤǤ礦פȤޤû褦ȻפĤäϤ᤿ߤޤʤʤä7ʬ17äˡڴƤޤäΤǡդ



ʸϤǤäӿꤷȤϡ Ϣ##51,3945,184εå
βϪ褦ʡQפʻĤޤ긽ŪʴϾɤ 1H ѤʤΤǤϤʤष 5H ѤʤΤȤžȯۤѸˤΤγؤӤ̣ǤξQϺQQϺξQѸˤؤǤȡܤڤƤޤ
Ϫ hellog 饸1Ƥϡ#4075. ʤʸȾʸΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-06-23-1]) ǤҤ⤪İ

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2020-06-13 Sat

#4065. ʤ have ϤΥڥ󥰤ǡ֥إפǤϤʤ֥ϥפȯΤǤ [sobokunagimon][spelling][pronunciation][have][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel][degemination][gvs]

2ε#4063. ʤ are ϤΥڥ󥰤ǡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ ([2020-06-11-1])#4064. ʤ were ϤΥڥ󥰤ǡ֥פ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ ([2020-06-12-1]) ˰³ơɸѤʵǤ2ĤεȤޤäƱǤΤǡɤɼԤǤ뤫Ȼפޤ
have Ķ٤εǽǤΤǡˤäˤ̤Ʋμ岽ȶ򷫤֤ƤޤűѸʸˤ habban Ȥ֤ǡ촴첻û첻Ǥcf. #74. /b/ /v/ ְ㤨!? ([2009-07-11-1])#2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ ([2015-05-06-1]) <bb> ɽƤ2ŻҲѸˤæŻҲ (degemination) Ϣưûä촴첻Ĺơ[haːvə] Τ褦ʲˤʤޤĹ첻ѤƤС첻 (gvs) ФơǤ [heɪv] ȤʤäƤǤ礦ºݡƬ be- դ behave ϡͽۤȯ򼨤ޤ
have ΤΤĶ٤εǽǤʤˤˤƤӼ岽첻û뤳Ȥ򤱤ޤǤѸʹߤ [hav] [hæv] Фơߤ˻ޤ (cf. #3998. ʤ apple a ̤Ρ֥פǤϤʤ֥פ˶ᤤȯʤΤǤ ([2020-04-07-1]))
are, were, have ΤˤƤ⡤ȯˤĤƤϼ岽鶯ѲФƤޤڥ󥰤Ѹդ꤫̯˰ꤷƤȤΤߥǤĶٸħʤΤ⤷ޤ󡥴Ϣơ#1024. ѸֻԵ§줳 ([2012-02-15-1]) ɤ
ޤ᤿3֤εϡJespersen (1299--30; 4.432) ˰͵򤷤Ƽɮޤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.

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2020-06-12 Fri

#4064. ʤ were ϤΥڥ󥰤ǡ֥פ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ [sobokunagimon][spelling][pronunciation][be][bre][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel][gvs]

ε#4063. ʤ are ϤΥڥ󥰤ǡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ ([2020-06-11-1]) ˰³Ǥwere ϡѸˡ§§äȯ here, mere, sphere ʤɤȵӱƧ [wɪə] Ȥʤ뤫뤤 ere, there, where ʤɤȵӱƧ [wɛə] դˤʤꤽǤºݤˤ [wəː] ʤɤȯޤϤʤǤ礦
ϡ are Ʊͤ were ޤĶ٤εǽȤƼ岽ȶ򷫤֤Ƥ̤ȤޤбűѸη֤ϡɸŪȤ West-Saxon wǣre wǣron Ǥcf. #2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1])ˡ줬Ѹˤ [wæːrə] [wɛːrə] [wɛːr] ȵ§ŪȯãޤޤǤ there where ʤɤƱϩ򤿤ɤäƤޤ
θ were ֤ʬޤĶ٤εǽȤƤʤˤǡ岽첻û [wɛr] Ȥʤޤ -er ¿θ­¤ߤ·첻§Ūȯã[wə] Ȥʤޤߡ夯ȯȤȯ [wə] ǤȤ˿˶Ĺˤȯޤ졤ߤ̾ȯ [wəː] 夷Ȥ櫓Ǥ (Jespersen (130; 4.432))
ˤΤʳ were there where ֤ʬäȽҤ٤ޤ¤ɬ⤽ä櫓ǤϤޤ֤ʬȯãȤܤthere where ȵӱƧ [wɛə] ȯ⡤ޥʡȤϤߤǤԤʤƤ뤫ǤLPD Preference poll ˤȡȯϡꥹѸǶȤƻѤ6%ȤǤϤޤΤ˹ԤʤƤ뤳Ȥ狼ޤʢ⥤ꥹںˤȯ褯İޤˡ

Pronunciation of

εΥʬ were ˴ؤƷ֤Ȼפޤwere ϡĶ٤εǽǤ뤬椨ˡˤ̤Ƽ岽ȶβˤ餵Ƥޤ͡ʷ֤ƤϾäȤץ򷫤֤̤ȤơΤʤΤ줫η֤ɸѸˤޤӤƤȤȤˤʤޤˤäƤϡ¤ˡ֥פä⤷ʤΤǤʡ֥פϼºݤ6%θȯˡߤǤɸȯõƤߤС͡ʷ֤ĤäƤϤǤ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-13-1]

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2020-06-11 Thu

#4063. ʤ are ϤΥڥ󥰤ǡ֥פǤϤʤ֥פȯΤǤ [sobokunagimon][spelling][pronunciation][be][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel][gvs]

be ư are ϡѸˡ§§äȯ [ɛə] ȤʤϤǤƬ̤λҲʻˤäƤߤФ狼Ȥꡤbare, care, dare, fare, hare, mare, rare, ware ʤɤǤϤ [ɛə] ǵӱƧߤޤare Ķ٤ñǤꡤƤɤߴƤ⤤뤿ˡʤΥڥ󥰤ȯԵ§ˤϵŤޤ󤬡¤ϤбطˤʤäƤΤǤϤäƤߤޤ礦
are θ츻ϡűѸ Anglia ʣб be ưη aron (Old Northumbrian) earun (Old Mercian) ˤޤϸűѸɸŪȤ줿 West Saxon ʤɤǤѤʤäΤǡ#2600. űѸ be ưζޡ ([2016-06-09-1]) ζɽˤϸƤޤ󡥸űѸ aron earun ϡѸ˸岽are Τ褦ʷ֤ؤȿʿƤޤ
ѸǤΤθȯϡĹ촴첻򼨤첻ۣ첻ȤƤĤäƤȻפޤĤޤꡤ/aːrə/ ۤɤȯǤθ塤⤷̾βȯã뤲ƤʤСcare [kaːrə] [kaːr] [kɛːr] [kɛər] [kɛə] ѲƤΤʿŪˡ[aːrə] [aːr] [ɛːr] [ɛər] [ɛə] ȤʤäƤϤǤ (cf. Minkova 279) are ˴ؤƤϤϤʤޤǤʤǤ礦
ˤ⿨줿褦 are ĶٸǤꡤⵡǽǤ뤿Ǥbe ưޤư졤̾졤ֻʤɤεǽϡѤ뤿ᡤȯ긺äƼ岽Ǥޤ˼岽ƤѤ­ޤΤǡռŪʶܤơȯ򤷤äꤷΤ˺ޤθϡ˾ˤ˼岽ȶ򷫤֤Ƥޤcf. #3713. ǽζȼ岻 ([2019-06-27-1])#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1])#781. How d'ye do? ([2011-06-17-1])#2077. you ȯˡ ([2015-01-03-1])#2076. us ȯˡ ([2015-01-02-1]
δ are ȯȯãߤƤߤޤ礦ѸǤ [aːrə] [aːr] ޤǿʤߤޤθ塤촴첻μ岽äȶŪˤû[ar] Ȥʤޤû첻Ȥʤäʾ塤Ĺ첻Τߤ˺ѤѸˤƤ첻 (gvs) 뤳Ȥʤcare ʤɤȤ֤ʬʤ顤ѸǤ⤳ [ar] ݤ³ޤʤĹ첻ͳ褹֤ɸŪˤϻ¸ain't ߽ФȤƶ⤢ޤ (Jespersen (130; 4.432))ˡ
Ѹ [ar] Ϥ˼ޤäơ[a] [ə] Ȥʤꡤ줬 we're, they're Τ褦˥ݥȥեȼäάȤ֤ȯޤռŪʶФ֤Ȥơñ첻Ĺ [aːr] ȯãޤ줬ߤ̾ȯǤ [ɑə] [ɑː] ˽夷ޤ
are ϡĶ٤εǽǤ뤬椨ˡˤ̤Ƽ岽ȶβˤ餵Ƥޤ͡ʷ֤ƤϾäȤץ򷫤֤̤ȤơΤʤΤ줫η֤ɸѸˤޤӤƤȤȤˤʤޤˤäƤϡ¤ˡ֥פä⤷ʤΤǤߤǤɸȯõƤߤС͡ʷ֤ĤäƤϤǤ

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-06-13-1] [2020-06-12-1]

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2020-06-09 Tue

#4061. sprite spright [doublet][spelling][reverse_spelling][johnson]

ε#4060. ʤפ̣ spirit ־αפ̣Τ ([2020-06-08-1]) Ǿ줿褦ˡѸǡפ̣ sprite/spright spirit ΰ۷ˤ츻ˤ롥
sprite Ф spright ֻŪǤꡤ <-ite> /-aɪt/ <-ight> Ȥط "reverse spelling" Ǥ"reverse spelling" ˤĤƤϡ#34. thumb ֤ȯ ([2009-06-01-1])#724. thumb ֤ȯ (2) ([2011-04-21-1])#283. delectable delight ([2010-02-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
spright ֻǤ16˽ФShakespeare Folio Quarto νǡޤ Spenser ǤϡषŪ˻ȤƤ⤷Ȥ Johnson μˤξθФΩƤƤꡤ"spright" θФΤȤǡsprite ֤٤ (custom) ȤƤ spright Ƿ夬ĤƤȤθڤ롥Johnson 餷нλǤ롥ʤǤ sprite Τ̤ۤ



ƻդ spritely/sprightly, spriteful/sprightful ϡָʡȯʡפ̣Ƥ spright 켫ȤƱηƻȤѤ뤳Ȥ롥ηƻˤϡפθʥ᡼ŤʤäƤ뤫⤷ʤ餯캬θ˴ޤޤ "animating or vital" εǿ줿褦ˡΥ󥢥륳֥ץ饤ȡ (Sprite) ϡˤϤú̥ϤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2020-08-14-1] [2020-06-10-1]

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2020-05-17 Sun

#4038. ǯٽˡֱѸΤäƤȰ¿Ȥե٥åȴϢäפεå [hellog_entry_set][alphabet][hel_education][writing][orthography][grammatology][romaji][spelling][elt]

ܥ֥ǤϡѸΥե٥å (alphabet) ˴ؤ뵭¿񤭤Ƥޤǯ٤Ϥ褦䤯ǯ٤ϤޤäƤȤع¿ϤǤΤǡƸ̤˱ѸΥե٥åȤ򶵤ϤƤ뺢ȻפޤΤƱǡե٥åȤγؽäδäȤƥɥΤ褦Τ̤ȻפޤˤϡҤȤѸ쥢ե٥åȤΩȯŸˤĤطμäƤƤ館ФȻפޤμľܻҶ˶ϤȤ⡤1ʸ1ʸŪʿߤ뤳ȤΤäƤǡäƵ;͵ΤǤϤʤǤ礦ʲˡΤεåȤޤȤޤ

ֱѸΤäƤȰ¿Ȥե٥åȴϢäפεå

εåȤϡºݤˤϲǯѸؤ³ƤԤФƤ⽽ʬ˳ڤɤʪȤʤäƤȻפޤե٥åȤ˴ؤͥȤƤɤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-12-1]

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2020-05-13 Wed

#4034. 3Ż <tch> ֻ˹׸ Caxton [caxton][spelling][orthography][consonant][trigraph][romaji][grahotactics]

ε#4033. 3Ż <tch> ʬۤˡ ([2020-05-12-1]) ˰³̵˻ [ʧ] б <tch> Ȥ3Ż (trigraph) ˤĤơҤ٤褦ˡѸǤϤλҲɽ魯ֻˤ͡ʤΤꡤ<cc>, <cch>, <hch>, <tch> Τۤ <chch> ʤĤȤ߹碌⤢äΤ褦˻Ҳ򤤤ĤŤ͹碌Τϡľ첻ûȤ򼨤ѸֻħŪʽʣ (doubling) δˤΤǤ롥 <chch> Τ褦ֻǤ¤ʽʣηäΤȻפ뤬緶˲᤮ȤռƯΤ䤬¾ֻʤϤƤȤˤʤäκݤ˱ƶϤԻȤǽΤѸΰ William Caxton (1422?--91) Ǥ롥Carney (121) ϡ<tch> ֻ Caxton ˵ɾƤ롥

We owe the <tch> spelling to Caxton. The literally 'doubled' spelling <chch> was in use in Middle English, though it was often simplified to <cch> . . . . The <t> of Caxton's spelling has some phonetic appropriateness and the longer *<chch> would exceed the general limits on the size of consonant spellings. There is a clear graphotactic constraint on doubling a digraph: *<thth>, *<shsh>, *<ngng>.


Caxton ˤĤ <tch> ܤĴȤϤʤΤǡCaxton Υƥȴ֤Ǥʬۤ䡤θθؤαƶľŪäΤɤ礭äΤ˴ؤƤǤȽǤǤʤ<tch> ȤѸˡΤʤǤȰüŪ°Ȼפ3ŻڤˡΰȤǤȤʤäǤ롥εǼΩƤ matcha ˤαˡCaxton Ƥ⤷ʤΤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-10-01-1]

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2020-05-12 Tue

#4033. 3Ż <tch> ʬۤ [spelling][orthography][consonant][phonotactics][digraph][norman_french][digraph][trigraph][romaji]

1ǯαѸ춵ʽˡѸֻ˽Ͷ˥إܥ󼰥޻ͳȤߤ褦ǡפ matcha ֤ȤεҤ롥ƤꤽʾξܤϤʤإܥ󼰥޻ʤƴްդȤƱѸˡΰˤǤϡΤ褦֤ΤȤä󼨤ƤǤ롥ϡ̵˻ [ʧ] б <tch> Ȥ3Ż (trigraph) ѸˡˤơƤˤˤơɤΤ褦˰֤ŤƤͤƤߤ
ѸˡǤϡ[ʧ] ȯФƤ <ch> Ȥ2Ż (digraph) бǤ̤Ǥ (ex. chance, child, choose, crunchy, duchess, luncheon, bench, such, which) ˸ˤ <tch> ؤб⾯ʤʤ㤨С#49. /k/ θڥ ([2009-06-16-1]) Ǥߤ褦˸űѸθ (palatalisation) ͳ褹 batch, ditch, match , watch, wretch ʤɤ˵󤲤뤷#95. ޤ롪 Norman French Central French Ÿ ([2009-07-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦 catch Ȥä Norman French ͳμѸ䡤¾ե󥹸줫μѸȤ crotch, match ʥޥåˡbutcher, hatchet, hutch ʤɤ⤢롥
Upward and Davidson (159) ˤС<tch> λ7ۤɤϡޥϤθθˤƵäƤȤ˸ϡˤĤΤΤۤפʸȤƸűѸ줫ʸڤ kitchen 󤲤Ƥ
ޤŪΩʤҤ̤ե󥹼ѸΤˤ롥θϡѸμѻˤ boucher, hachet, huche ʤɤ <ch> ֤줿 <tch> ˰Ĥ줿Τbutcher, hatchet, hutch ȤֻذؤؤȤеդΥѥ⤢ꡤѸǤ atchieve, batcheler, dutchess, toutch ʤɤ֤Ƥ줬 <ch> ֤褦ˤʤäƤ (Upward and Davidson 159)
Ǥΰ֤ˤĤƤС#3882. ֻȯΡб§פȤ̤¸ߤˡ§ס ([2019-12-13-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ<tch> ƬΩĤȤϸ§ȤƤʤ
δϡ<tch> Ԥ첻ϸ§Ȥû첻ǤȤħ롥aitch (= H) 㳰2첻ԤƤ롥ϡꥸʥ ache ֻˤߡפ̣Ʊ֤ˤʤäƤޤȤä19κȤ (Upward and Davidson 159)
Ѹˤޤä᤹ȡֻ¿Ϥ褯ΤƤ̵̤˻ˤĤƤ <cc>, <cch>, <chch>, <hch>, <tch> ʤɤΰ֤꤬äѸ <tch> ĸ췲ΰŪֻ򼨤褦ˤʤΤ1600ǯȤ (Upward and Davidson 38)
Ǹν줫μѸˤߤ롤¿ʤȤ⥨å <tch> 󤲤Ƥapparatchik, datcha, etch, ketchup, kvetch, litchi, patchouli, potlatch, sketch. ƶ̣ͭ̾⡥Aitchison, Batchelor, Bletchley, Cesarewitch, Craitchit, Dutch, Hitchin, Hutchinson, Kitchener, Mitchell, Redditch, Ritchie, Saskatchewan, Thatcher.
Τ褦ʣˤФƤɤˤˤ夷Ѹˡ <tch> إܥ󼰥޻ˤ matcha ˤֻ˰ѤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2020-05-09 Sat

#4030. -ant -ent (3) [spelling][suffix][phoneme][statistics]

2֤ε ([2020-05-07-1], [2020-05-08-1]) ɸˤĤƹͤƤξʬۤ뤳ȤϡŪˤ̻ŪˤⴰˤϤǤʤ褦Upward and Davidson (423) ϡͿ754˴ŤĴ̤η򸫽Фɤ뤫ľβǤˤäƤ褽ͽۤǤȤޤdzΨŪʻŦºŪΩ

Phonemes/p//b//t//d//k//g//ʧ//ʤ//m//n//l//r//f//v//s//z//ʃ//w//eɪ//aɪ//ɔɪ//aʊ//ɪ//ʊ/
Letters<pbtdcgchg(e)mnlrfvs/csti(q)uaioyowiu>
<-ant/ce>4162261392464024624141013--21161166
<-ent/ce>853362---421244827-46641517----4913


γΨɽŪ˲᤹СUpward and Davidson (423) ʲ˽Ҥ٤̤Ȥʤ롥

   Positive cues for <a> spellings are accordingly a stem-final /k, g, ʧ, f/ or any of the diphthongs /eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ/. The only positive cue for <e> spellings is a previous /kw/. Stems ending in <-ul-> tend to have <-ent>: corpulent, flatulent, flocculent, fraudulent, opulent, succulent, truculent, turbulent, virulent. Exceptions are: ambulance, petulant, stimulant.
   The spelling is therefore predictable in words such as: significance, elegance, trenchant, infant, abeyance, reliance, annoyance, allowance, eloquent, consequent.


Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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2020-05-08 Fri

#4029. -ant -ent (2) [spelling][suffix]

ε#4028. -ant -ent ([2020-05-07-1]) ǡ -ant -ent ʬۤ줤Ťʤ˿줿ϡΤޤ -ance -ence 뤤 -ancy -dency ȤˤӲФ롥ߤ˴Ϣƥͳ褹뤫
Web3 򻲾Ȥ Upward and Davidson (422) ˤߤƤߤȡ첻ɤ˴ؤƤɤƱ餤褯ȤȤơascendancy/ascendency, dependant/dependent (n.), pendant/pendent (adj.) 󤲤Ƥ롥Ŀ֤ͤιߤȤȤʤΤ
ޤ̾ϰ첻ǤֻѤ뤬¾ֻʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤ⤢롥expellant, propellant ̾ <a> ֤뤬<e> ʤǤϤʤȤimpellent, repellent ̾ <e> ֤뤬<a> ⤢Ȥ
Ⱦϸ§ȤֻȤΤǤ롥ascendant, attendance, descendant, intendant, pendant (n.) <a> ǡdependency, dependent (adj.), tendency, transcendent, superintendent <e> ֤ʤФʤʤ
ȤˤѸä̤ưʤȤΤǺޤdependent dependant ĤƬĤˤ independent ȤΤǤǤʤ
ֻ٤ȤƤѸϤƤˤ衤Ѹդ꤫ɤͻҤñˤĤɤäƤߤȤ⤷⤷ʤʤۤɥǥʬۤ餫ˤʤΤǤϤʤȶơʤʤ꤬Фʤ

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-05-09-1]

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2020-05-07 Thu

#4028. -ant -ent (1) [spelling][suffix][latin][french][participle][etymological_respelling][sobokunagimon]

Ѹˤϸ -ant, -ent ĸ줬¿¸ߤޤabundant, constant, important, attendant, descendant, servant; apparent, convenient, diligent, correspondent, president, solvent ŵŪˤϹ԰١֤ʤɤɽ魯ƻȤѤޤơط͡ʪɽ魯̾ȤѤ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤƻ̾ȤѤΤϡƥθʬͳ褹뤫Ǥattendant Ȥϡ "(an/the) attending (one)" 櫓Ǥ
-ant -ent ϥƥθʬͳ褹ȽҤ٤ޤΤˤϤ줾 -ans -ens Ȥ֤ǤϥƥǼñζ޷ʤΤǤʳζ޷ǤϻҲ s t 졤ȤñгˡǤ -antem, -entem Ȥʤޤ t Ѹˤ -ant -ent t ȤȤˤʤޤ
ơ첻Ǥa e ϲ㤦ΤȤȤǤüŪˤСƥưˤϤĤγѥѥ󤬤ꡤΤȤʤäƤưγѥѥ˱Ƹʬ -ans Ȥʤ뤫 -ens Ȥʤ뤫ޤäƤޤŪˤ1ѤȤʬवƤư줬 -ans ǡ234ѤȤʬवƤΤ -ens ǤѸ˼ѤƤǤϡȤΥƥθʬͳ褹첻ѾƤȤ櫓Ǥ
ñäǤ⤢ޤ󡥤ȤΤϡƥǶ̤Ƥ2θʬϡե󥹸Ǥ -ant ؤȽ󤵤ƤޤäƤǤ⤷Υեñ줬ѸؼѤƤȤСˤΥƥθ츻˾Ȥ餻 -ent ȤʤϤΤȤ˥ե󥹸첽 -ant ȤƱѸ˼ޤ줿Ȥˤʤ뤫Ǥ㤨Хƥ crescent ϤΤޤޱѸ crescent ȤäƤޤǥե󥹸첽 croissant ȤǤäƤƤޤƥȥե󥹸κϡpersistent resistantsuperintendent attendant ˤߤޤ¤ˤ䤳ˤʤäƤޤޤ (Upward and Davidson 88--89)
ȤƤϡƥδΤưγѥѥ˱ -ant -ent ޤäƤȤޤºݤΤȤ -ant ؽ󤵤ե󥹸δĤˤꡤξδ֤˺ƱȺɬ⤭줤ǤʤʬۤȤʤäƤޤäȤȤǤ
ñȯȤƤϡˤ϶֤뤳ȤϤʤΤǡȯϤȤ /-ənt/ Ȥʤꡤ̤Ǥޤ󡥤ʤΤֻ϶̤ʤФʤʤ櫓ǤؽԵ㤫ǤκϡȯѸüԤֻؽԤˤȤäƤषǤ㤨Сͥƥ֤ relevant ˤǤϤʤ relevent ʸˤְ֤㤨뤳ȤʤӤǤcf. #3889. ͥƥ֤褯ְ㤨륹ڥ󥰡 ([2019-12-20-1])ˡ˸ĤʤɤĹʤäǡ˶֤ˤϡ첻βΤ˸ޤcf. confident /ˈkɑnfɪdənt/ confidential /ˌkɑnfɪˈdɛnʃl/ 򻲾ȡˡ

Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-05-09-1] [2020-05-08-1]

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2020-04-24 Fri

#4015. ˤѸȯꤹ뤫 [methodology][phonetics][phonology][comparative_linguistics][reconstruction][cognate][me][dialect][spelling][sobokunagimon]

ϿϿʤľܤβڵ򤬻ĤäƤʤŤθ첻򤤤ˤƿꤹ뤫Ȥ䤤ϡѤʵǤʤ顤˸ؤˤȤäܼŪʲǤ롥Ѹˤˤ뤳βˤĤƤϡޤǤŪʴ#437. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 ([2010-07-08-1])#758. ˤƸŲꤹ뤫 (2) ([2011-05-25-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
оݤȤʤˤäƤ⡤ΤѤǤʤˤϰ㤤롥 Smith (40) 򻲾ȤơȤ櫓ѸȯꤹˡܤƤߤ5ۤɵ󤲤Ƥ롥

a) "reconstruction", both comparative (dealing with cognate languages) and internal (dealing with paradigmatic variation);
b) analysis of "residualisms" surviving in modern accents of English;
c) analysis of the writings of spelling-reformers and phoneticians from the Early Modern English period, supplying information about usages closer to the Middle English period than now;
d) analysis of contemporary verse-practices, based on the analysis of rhyme, alliteration and meter; and
e) analysis of spellings.


ս˥ȤäƤe) Υڥ󥰤ʬϤȤΤȴ뤯餤ΤȤ˻פ뤫⤷ʤѸɽʸɸ֤ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤѤƽ񤫤Ƥʾ塤ñΥڥ󥰤򻲹ͤˤΤǤ롥Ѹȯȥڥ󥰤δطͤƤߤʬ褦ˡڥ󥰤ľȯɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤäơѸˤƤⴰľȯɽ路Ƥ櫓ǤϤȤŪ󤬤ɤƤɬפȤʤ롥ǤľǤϤʤȤϤʤȤŪʷȯɽ綠ȤƤ뤳ȤǧƤ褵ǤꡤɤΤ褦ľǤʤΤɤΤ餤ŪʤΤˤĤƤϡʸηϤ䥹ڥηϤξܺ٤ʬϤ̤Ƥʤ餫ˤ뤳ȤǤ롥
d) ϱʸѤǤ롥ѸαʸϡȤ櫓ˤΦ鿷⤿餵줿ӱ (rhyme) ɤӱξڵϡȤ櫓첻μ̤䶯֤˴ؤ¿ξͿƤ롥űѸδ򤭤᤿Ƭ (alliteration) ѸˤϱߤΤΡ濴˺ĤꡤѸλҲ䶯֤˴ؤҥȤͿ³Ƥ롥ޤʸϡ嵭εӱƬȤ̩ܤ˴ؤ뤫DZΧ (meter) μǤϤȯ˼ͿƤ롥
c) ϡ³Ѹ˻˾ܳŪ˸Ƥ벻ؼԤˤ롤ȯˤĤƤΥ᥿Ȥ˰͵򤹤ˡǤ롥ΥȤϤޤǶѸΡʼȤƵŪʡȯˤĤƤ줬Τ˿ǤСȯˤĤƤ礭ʥҥȤȤʤŪʲѲħ򤷤ƤСϡʶѸȯˤջϡѸȯˤǽޤ롥
b) ḽμŪˤϡ˸Ť¸Ƥ뤳Ȥ롥ּ򤵤ΤܤΤ˶ּäƤ롤ȤˡϢơ#1000. Ÿն˻Ĥ ([2012-01-22-1])#2019. ؤˤ6Ĥθ§ ([2014-11-06-1]) ʤɤ򻲾Ȥ줿
Ǹ a) ϡϢȤ (comparative_linguistics) ˴ŤƷ (reconstruction) ŪƷˤŪʿˡǤ롥ƷȤȡʸΤʤθˡȻפ뤫⤷ʤʸǧűѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸˤƤڵηΤ˽ʬѤ롥
Ѹȯθϡ嵭Τ褦ʿμˡǿʤƤƤꡤǤܤȤ餫ˤƤ롥

Smith, Jeremy J. "Periods: Middle English." Chapter 3 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 32--48.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-11-14-1] [2021-08-21-1]

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2020-03-04 Wed

#3964. űѸ "digraph controversy" (2) [digraph][oe][spelling][phonetics][phonology][vowel][diphthong][typography][reconstruction][minimal_pair]

[2020-02-24-1] εǼ夲ˤĤ³ԤϤ롥
űѸ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ֤32Ż (digraph) ϡ줾ŪˤûǤĹǤΤɽ路ƤȤ롥ĤޤꡤűѸǤƱ2Ż֤Ƥʤ⡤Ūˤϡû2첻פȡĹ2첻סʸʸǤϤФ1첻Ĺ (macron) դɽˤ̤ƤȤȤľ˲᤹С<ea> [ɛɑ], <ēa> [ɛːɑ], <eo> [eo], <ēo> [eːo], <ie> [ie], <īe> [iːe] Τ褦бطȲ򤷤Ƥ褵줬ŪˤʤäƤΤ⤿ǤϤʤűѸʸؤˤƺǤʣĿǤ롥
¤ΤȤĹû2첻ΤűѸνˤϳ경2첻ǤϤʤʤäƤޤǤϸαѸ첻ˤˤۤȤɱƶͿƤʤ櫓Ǥꡤ츫Ȥʤۤ礭ˤʤΤʬˤϸűѸβηϤ˴ؤˤȤɤޤ餺෿ŪʰյǤꡤ餳褬ҡȥåפƤΤʲMinkova (178--79) ˽äơ2첻Ĺûζ̤äȤȿФ󤲤Ƥߤ褦
ޤεˤҤ٤褦ˡ෿Ūˤä2첻Ĺûζ̤ϤޤǤ롥Τ褦ʤޤ첻ηϤ򡤸űѸΤ˺ƷƤ褤ΤȤ꤬롥Τ褦첻ηϤʤȤޤǤϤʤΤΡˤޤȤС⤽ⲾŪʺƷθȤƵ󤲤Ƥ褤ΤϡʤʤȿˤȿǤ롥
⤦1Ĥεϡ32첻Ȥ̤2첻 [ej] ϡäĹûζ̤򼨤ƤʤȤȤ˰͵򤹤롥츻ŪˤϤ2첻Ĺûζ̤򼨤ƤűѸǤϸ츻ŪˤĹϤ hēȝ (hay) ûϤ weȝ (way) äΩʤƤʤȤС32첻ˤĤƤĹûζ̤ϤʤäȤǽ⤤ΤǤϤʤ
3Ĥˡβˤ򻲾ȤƤߤȡû2첻פϤ䤬û첻ͻ礷ƤȤˤʤ롥Ĥޤꡤû2첻פ2Ż֤ƤΤǴ㤤䤹¤ϤȤ1⡼첻äΤǤϤʤŪ˹ͤȡĹ2첻פϼ¤2⡼̤2첻ˤʤΤǤϤʤ
Ǹˡ⤽2첻Ĺûζ̤¾ڤǾ (minimal_pair) ¤Ƥ뤳Ȥ¤ƤѻȡǤȤưۤʤȤˤ餺Ȥ⡤̤βˤ롥
ϰ¦Ҳ𤷤ˤʤξرĤơΩƤƷ㤷򷫤깭Ƥ롥2첻2첻٤

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-21-1]

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2020-02-24 Mon

#3955. űѸ "digraph controversy" [digraph][oe][spelling][phonetics][phonology][vowel][diphthong][typography][reconstruction]

űѸ츦νפ "digraph controversy" ȤΤ롥2Ĥ첻Ťͤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ2Ż (digraph) ʤ첻ɽ魯ΤȤǤ롥첻μ̤ä͡ʸФƤ
űѸμܤǤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ֤ƤΤߤιǤǤϤФ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> Ȥ̤ˡ1첻Ĺ (macron) դ <ēa>, <ēo>, <īe> Ȥɽߤ롥 <ea> ֤벻ˤϡŪˤϡûפΤȡĹפΤäȤΤƤ뤫Ǥ롥ĹΤʤСȤСȤǡºݤ˸űѸˤ첻μ̤ɤΤ褦˰äƤΤͤߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤͡ʿ¬ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ǥ⥹ȥ졼ȤʤΤϡֻΤޤޤˡû2첻פȡĹ2첻פꤹƤǤ롥<ea> [ɛɑ], <ēa> [ɛːɑ], <eo> [eo], <ēo> [eːo], <ie> [ie], <īe> [iːe] ʤɤȺƷʡ#2497. űѸ줫ѸˤƤ첻Ѳ ([2016-02-27-1]) 첻ɽ򻲾ȡˡ෿ŪˤߤơʤȤ⥲ޥɤˤ2첻 (diphthong) ûΤĹΤ̤륱ϤʤȤ顤䤬褵Ƥ롥
ФơĹΤʤСñ첻 (monophthong) ǤꡤС2첻 (diphthong) ǤȤ᤬롥ˤĤƤ Minkova (178--79) Ĥ󤲤Ƥ뤬ǤϾܺ٤ˤƧ߹ޤʤ˽äƺƷ줿ʲ˼ (Minkova 156)

ValueExample
DigraphEarlyLate
<ēa>æʊæəstrēam 'stream'
<ea>æəæheall 'hall'
<ēo>sēon 'to see'
<eo>ɛəɛġeolu 'yellow'
<īe>iə, iː(ġe)līefan 'to believe'
<ie>ɪəɪġiefan 'to give'


űѸɤݤˡ2ŻФƤɤΤ褦ȯѤ뤫եǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-21-1] [2020-03-04-1]

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2020-02-23 Sun

#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο [me][vowel][spelling][ormulum][final_e][meosl][digraph]

ѸŪ첻ĹûɽʬΤǤ롥ȤطʤˤĤƤϡʲεʤɤƤ

#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2075. 첻첻Ĺû ([2015-01-01-1])

첻Ĺûʬ褦Ȥưʤä櫓ǤϤʤޤǽʬäȤǡʬˡϺƤΤ˸űѸǤϤΤ褦ʻߤϤۤܤʤʤäѸˤʤȤĤοƳ졤ʤˤϸޤǼѤ줿Τ⤢롥Minkova (189--90) ꡤΤ褦ʿ5󤲤褦

(1) ³λҲŤͤû첻ɽ魯
Ormulum ǺѤ줿ˡfollc (folk), þiss (this), þennkenn (think) ʤɤȤ롥Ĺ첻򼨤ˤϡӤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ (for), tīme (time) Τ褦˥ȵդˡΤ뤳ȤääȤ⡤ο Ormulum ʳǤϤߤ줺ޤǸΩñȯλߤǤcf. #2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1]

(2) 첻ŤͤĹ첻ɽ魯
aa (aye), see (sea), stoone (stone(s)), ook (oak) ʤɡʬ䤹ˡȤʬŪˤϸޤ³Ƥ롥Ϣơ#3037. <ee>, <oo> ϤΤ <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ϤʤΤϤʤ ([2017-08-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(3) Ҳθ <e> äơ첻ĹȤɽ魯
"magic <e>" ȾΤĹ첻ɽwife, stone, hole ʤɡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ̩ܤ˴ϢɽοǤ롥ܳŪ˵§Τ16ΤȤθѸΩƤ뤳Ȥաcf. #2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) ([2015-10-30-1])#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (2) ([2015-10-31-1]

(4) ۤʤ첻2Ȥ߹碌2Ż (digraph) Ĺ첻ɽ魯
<ie> [eː], <eo> [eː] ʤɡΤ褦2ŻϸűѸˤ⤢ä첻Ĺûɽ魯˻ȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäѸǤ2ŻĹ첻ɽ魯ΤѤ줿ǡȤ롥Ѹ beat, boat, bound ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

(5) 첻 <i/y> źĹ첻ɽ魯
󥰥䥹åȥʬۤФ뤬baith/bayth (both), laith/layth (poath), stain/stayn (stone), keip (keep), heid (head), weill (well), bluid (blood), buik (book), guid (good), puir (poor) ʤɤȤĹ첻ɽ路

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-02-14 Fri

#3945. "<h> second" 2Żεȯã [digraph][spelling][orthography][latin][greek][consonant][h][exaptation][gh]

Ѹˡˤ <ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> ʤɡ2ʸ1Ĥβɽ魯2Ż (digraph) ʤ餺¸ߤ롥1ʸ1줤бΤե٥åȤۤȤС2ݏߤ뤳Ȥۤΰæˤۤʤʤ¤ˤϸűѸΤ鸽ߤ˻ޤǡ¿2ŻѤƤ켫Τˤαɸˤ餵Ƥ
ϡ˵󤲤2ʸܤ <h> 2Ż夲褦"verb second" θʤ "<h> second" 2ŻǤ롥 "<h> second" 2Żϡ§ȤñҲб롥<ch> /ʧ/, <ph> /f/, <sh> /ʃ/, <th> /θ, ð/, <wh> /w, ʍ/ ʤɤǤ롥<gh> ˤĤƤϡȤ /f/ ʤɤб뤬̵б뤳ȤŪ¿ȤդäƤʡ#2590. <gh> ޤñˤĤƤס ([2016-05-30-1])#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]
Ѹˤߤ "<h> second" 2ŻѸǻȤϤ᤿Τϡ褽ѸѸΤȤǤ롥θűѸѸǤϡ<ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <th> Ҳϳơ <c>, <ȝ>, <f>, <þ, ð> 1ʸ֤Ƥ<sh>, <wh> Ҳϳơ <sc>, <hw> Ȥ̤2Ż֤Τ̤ä
<ch> <th> ˤĤƤϡƥˡǺѤƤȤѸμ̻⸫ƤȤϤ˼ΤǤ롥ޤ<ph> ˤĤƤϥꥷʤ뤤Ϥ˼ѤƤƥˤμѤǤ롥
Ѹϡƥ䥮ꥷ줫Ѥ줿嵭Τ褦2Ż˿ȯǡ˥ե󥹸ǤʿŪ2ŻλѤߤ줿Ȥؤäơ2ʸܤ <h> Ŀ2Ż򼫤ȯƤ˻ä<gh>, <sh>, <wh> ʤɤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡѸ "<h> second" 2Żϡƥˤä2Żľܡܤ˱ƶΩΤǤ롥ʤ⤽ƥǤ2ʸܤ <h> Ѥ2ŻȯŸΤϡ<h> ʸбꤵ /h/ ȤҲƥޥ󥹽λ˸ƾüƤȤʬ̤ꡤŪ԰ʲǤäϢư <h> ʸ¾ʸ٤¸ߴäΤȻפ롥<h> Ȥʸϡ֤ͷƤȤ館졤ζ̤ƱȤä̤εǽ򤢤Ƥ줿ȹͤ롥γŬ (exaptation)
¤ϡѸǤⲻǤȤƤ /h/ ¸ߤɬŪǤϤʤ̣ǤϥƥȻäξäΤ褦˹ͤСѸǤ⡤Ⱦü¸ߤǤ <h> 2ŻιǤȤѤǤĶäƤǤ롥cf. #214. ԰ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1])#459. ԰ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1])#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1]
ʾ塤Ȥ Minkova (111) 򻲾ȤȴϢơʲε⻲ȡ

#2423. digraph (1) ([2015-12-15-1])
#2424. digraph (2) ([2015-12-16-1])
#3251. <chi> ϡ֥פ֥פ֥פ֥ҡפ ([2018-03-22-1])
#3337. Mulcaster θåꥹ "generall table" ˤ츻Ūֻ (2) ([2018-06-16-1])
#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1])
#1795. Ĥ wh ȯ ([2014-03-27-1])

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-13-1] [2020-02-20-1]

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2020-02-05 Wed

#3936. h-dropping ȽȥꥷѸ [greek][loan_word][renaissance][inkhorn_term][emode][lexicology][h][etymological_respelling][spelling][orthography][standardisation][prescriptivism][sociolinguistics][cockney][stigma]

Cockney ȯȤΤ h-dropping ˤϡŪطʤ롥ѲȯֻδطüѡҲŪɾʤ͡ʴͻɬפꡤѸ˸ˤƺǤä1ĤȤäƤ褤ܥ֥Ǥ h γƵǰäƤȤ櫓#1292. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť ([2012-11-09-1])#1675. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (2) ([2013-11-27-1])#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])#1677. Ƭ <h> ˤˤĤƤν ([2013-11-29-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
h-dropping ؤ (stigmatisation) ޤäΤ17ʹߡä˵ϼǤ18ΤȤǤ롥ֻɸಽˤäƸ츻Ū <h> 경ȯˤƤб /h/ ¸٤ǤȤϤ줿h ϡɸŪֻ츻μʡᶵܡˤ̵ͭ¬롤ҲŪʥȥޥȤƤεǽΤǤ롥
Minkova ˤСλΩĥͥ󥹴ˡΤȯ h ޤ८ꥷ줫μѸ줬̤ήƤȤ⡤h-dropping ̵ܤϢ򶯤뤳Ȥ˹׸Ȥ#114. ѸμѸεȳ ([2009-08-19-1])#516. ľܤΥꥷѤ15 ([2010-09-25-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡΤ15--17ˤϥꥷγؽѸ줬¿ѸήθäϹ⤤ܤȶӤĤƤꡤֻȯ h ޤޤƤ뤫ɤΤäƤ뤳Ȥϡοͤζܤ򼨤Х᡼ȤʤꥷѸ¸ߤϡ17ʹߤ h-dropping ȽΤΩƤ򤷤Ȥ櫓ѸŪ΢դ줿ƶ٤ŦȻפMinkova (107) Ѥ롥

Orthographic standardisation, especially through printing after the end of the 1470s, was an important factor shaping the later fate of ME /h-/. Until the beginning of the sixteenth century there was no evidence of association between h-dropping and social and educational status, but the attitudes began to shift in the seventeenth century, and by the eighteenth century [h-]-lessness was stigmatised in both native and borrowed words. . . . In spelling, most of the borrowed words kept initial <h->; the expanding community of literate speakers must have considered spelling authoritative enough for the reinstatement of an initial [h-] in words with an etymological and orthographic <h->. New Greek loanwords in <h->, unassimilated when passing through Renaissance Latin, flooded the language; learned words in hept(a)-, hemato-, hemi-, hex(a)-, hagio-, hypo-, hydro-, hyper-, hetero-, hysto- and words like helix, harmony, halo kept the initial aspirate in pronunciation, increasing the pool of lexical items for which h-dropping would be associated with lack of education. The combined and mutually reinforcing pressure from orthography and negative social attitudes towards h-dropping worked against the codification of h-less forms. By the end of the eighteenth century, only a set of frequently used Romance loans in which the <h-> spelling was preserved were considered legitimate without initial [h-].


Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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