ưβʬˤ {-ed} ȡư3ñ뤤̾ʣ {-(e)s} ȤǤϡֻˤդۤʤ롥褽ʿŪ˿Τ褦˸ơȺ٤ʰ㤤롥Carney (18--19) Ūʴ顤äƤΤǡѤ褦
. . . The past tense and participle morpheme {-ed} in regular verbs (ignoring forms such as spelt, spent, dreamt) has a constant <-ed> spelling in spite of the phonemic variation /ɪd/ (waited), /d/ (warned) and /t/ (watched).
There is very similar allomorphic variation in the noun plural and 3rd person present tense of the verb with its variants /ɪz/ (watches), /z/ (warns) and /s/ (waits). The two sets of phonetic variants are often cited together as equivalent examples of morphemic spelling. If we look closely at the details, however we find in fact that they are dealt with rather differently in the writing system (table 5).
Table 5 English plural and past tense inflections
{-ed} ending {-(e)s} ending 1 /-ɪd/ matted /-ɪz/ masses 2 /-ɪd/ mated /-ɪz/ maces 3 /-t/ hopped /-s/ (No *hoppes) 4 /-t/ hoped /-s/ hops, hopes 5 /-d/ planned /-z/ (No *plannes) 6 /-d/ planed /-z/ plans, planes 7 /-d/ hurried /-z/ hurries 8 /-d/ radioed /-z/ radios 9 /-d/ vetoed /-z/ vetoes, or vetos
Table 5 gives examples of each suffix in its three phonemic variants. The words provided as contexts include a preceding long vowel followed by a single consonant, a preceding short vowel followed by a single consonant, and the spelling variation found after <o>. The past tense has a constant <ed> spelling across all these contexts which is only varied by merging with a final <-e> in the long vowel words (e.g. hope -- hoped). The marking of the long vowels is also done indirectly by using <C>-doubling to mark a previous short vowel --- absence of doubling marks the long vowel. This is not done in the noun plural suffix, so there are no equivalents in rows 3 and 5 to <hopped> and <planned>, that is *<hoppes> and *<plannes>. Nor is there a variant spelling *<vetod> to spoil the uniformity of <-ed>. The <e> of <-oes> and <-ies> is best treated as a marker of the long vowel. Grammarians refer to the two inflections as the -s form and the -ed form and this is in accordance with the traditional spelling rule that one adds <-s> and <-ed> respectively to the base form.
If we try to use a consistent <-ed> morphemic spelling in chopping up words into correspondences without any overlap, this lack of symmetry becomes apparent. In scribbles we have /əl/<le> and in scribbled we have /əl/<l>; in hopes we have <e>-marking of the vowel as /əʊ/<o..e>, /p/<p>, /s/<s>, but in hoped we have /əʊ/<o>, /p/<p>, /t/<ed>, while the long vowel is marked by absence of <C>-doubling. In a process description, and indeed for any human speller, this is catered for by 'dovetailing' so that <hope>+<ed> becomes <hoped>, <eight>+<ty> becomes <eighty>, etc.
Carney ϡֻθ "a constant spelling for a morpheme" "the varying pronunciation of the morpheme in different contexts" δ֤ΥХξΩĤΤǤꡤ줬ġֻʵ§ˤΤʤʣʬƤ뤳ȤƤ롥ʬΰ㤤{-ed} {-s} ˤ⸽Ƥȹͤ롥ʤʤΤˤĤƤϡ̻ŪʴޤƤĴ٤ɬפ롥
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Τ礦ʤʡ˥ɸϡΥĥꡥϼ¤䡥ninth ֻˤĤƤϡΤ˻ΤԻĤ˻פäƤΤΤޤä֤ǤϤʤΤ褦Ū̵ΤǤϤʤȻפˡΥĥȤƤ龯Ĵ٤ƤߤΤϴñǤϤʤǤ⡤ͤƤߤȤƤ
̤ηҤ٤Ƥȡ
(1) ninth η֤ѸʹߤŪη̤Ǥꡤ
(2) nine -- ninth ֻθؤ five -- fifth ʿŪȹͤ졤
(3) ninth <-nth> seventh, tenth, eleventh ʤɤˤΤǤϤʤ
ȤȤʲ줾ˤĤƽҤ٤
(1) ޤθ٤ϡninth θ츻űѸǴ9פ nigonν9ܤΡפ nigoð Ǥ롥θ n ϡǤ -ð æƤ뤬 seofoða, tēoða ʤɤƱͤ˵§Ūʲη̤Ǥ롥ȤȤϡѸ ninth, seventh, tenth ʤɤνη֤ϡη֤Ȥˡ夫ֺľפΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥űѸη֤ niȝeþe ʤɤȤѸˤѤ줿ǴϤȤ niȝonþe, ninthe ʤɤ졤1300ǯѤ褦ˤʤäMED ˤСθФˤϼΤ褦ʰ֤꤬ǧ롥
nīnthe (num.) Also nineth(e, neinthe, neinethe, neienthe, ninteth, nineinthe & niethe, nithe, neghed, (early) niȝethe, niȝothe, nigethe, nihethe, nihȝethe, noeȝthe, neiȝd, (infl.) niȝodan & niend, nind(e, neind, nend, neinind, neint, ninte, nent(e, nighend, neghend(e, neighend, neȝende, niȝente, neghent, nihend, neuent, (early) niȝende, niȝhende.
͡ʰ۷Ф餯¸ƤѸ16ˤʤȡϢʤ ninth ̤ȤʤäƤΤ褦ˡninth η֤ȯ⡤Ūٺ餭Ǥ롥
(2) ˡ nine Ȥδطͤ롥űѸ nigon η֤ʬȤꡤȤȴθ <e> ֻϤʤäѸˡ <g> ǼҲ첻̤ȤĹ첻 nin ʤɤȤʤäǤ <e> Ϥʤä̵ޤθФη֤ˤäǤ롥Ϸƻ֤Ǥ뤫顤ޤʣޤȤ nin -e θդ nine ʤɤȤʤ뤳Ȥϡfif Ф fife (> five) Ʊͤ˰ŪǤꡤȤƤϤη֤䤬夷˴ؤƤϡ(1) ǸȤꡤ夫Ρֺľפä櫓ϤȤʤäΤ -e դʤ nin ΤۤäȽδΤΰۤʤΤ1Ĥˤϡnin nine ɤƤ˳ơΥڥ졤夷Ȥ𤬤ꤽ
⤦1ĤλȤƤϡ#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) five -- fifth ȤڥȤʿΤǤϤʤؤϤƤαѸˡ٥ѥ˥ȤΥ2.4ΤȤĥä⻲ȡˡfive -- fifth nine -- ninth ٤ʬȤꡤǤʣޤ -e ޤ֤ѤƤꡤǤ -e ޤޤʤ֤ -th ³Ƥ롥Ū˹ͤ fifth ǤϡŪûΤǡû첻ninth Ǥ2첻Ȥפʰ㤤ꡤʿĥ뤳ȤϤǤʤֻˤӤ줦طˤ뤳ȤϻŦǤ롥
(3) Ǹˡninth <-nth> ϡseventh, tenth ʤɤ <-nth> ˤΤǤϤʤȤͤ롥ninth ޤƤ <-nth> θҲ϶Ѹޤ [θ] Τۤ [ð] ԤʤƤp. 383ˡΤ褦ʲŪʿζ⡤*nineth ǤϤʤ ninth ĹΤǤϤʤ
ʾ塤ɬϤȤϤʤäƤʤ褦ˤפ뤬ΩƤƤߤͤޤǤˡƼȴФҤȤƻĤƤ
ninth adj. About 1300 nynthe; developed from Old English nigonthe (nigon nine + -tha) (Barnhart)
ninish, ninth. The final -e of nine is not carried over into these two forms. (Burchfield)
ninth nainþ. ME. niȝonþe (XII), a new formation superseding OE. niġoþe. (Hoad)
ME. nyne, nine, Chaucer, C. T. 24. Here the final -e is the usual pl. ending, and nyne stands for an older form niȝene, extended form of niȝen . . . . (Skeat)
סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ21ǡ
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Hoad, Terence Frederick, ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1879--82. 2nd ed. 1883.
equation <-tion> ֻĤˤ⤫餺/-ʃən/ /-ʒən/ ȯ뤳ȤΤۤ¿ˤĤƤϡ#1634. ֥ӥפ equation ([2013-10-17-1])#1635. -sion -tion ([2013-10-18-1]) Ǽꤢۤˡ#2519. transition ȯ ([2016-03-20-1]) Ǥ⡤λԹŸͭȯ뤳Ȥ˸ڤޤ̾ĥˤС<-tion> λǤϤʤcoercion Ǥ⥢ꥫȯ /ʃ/ ¤ /ʒ/ ʹ졤Kashmir(i) ǤƱͤȤѸɸֻηϤȤƤϡ<-tion>, <-cion>, <sh> ֻλԹŸ̵ȤΤ§Τ褦ʵ㳰⸫ФΤǤCarney (242) equation ˤĤ "A very curious correspondence of /ʒ/<ti> occurs for many speakers in equation. Among the large number of words ending in <-ation>, this appears to be a single exception." ȽҤ٤Ƥˡ
equation, transition, coercion ͤƤߤȡʤΤ褦ʤȤꤦ뤫ȤطʤˤĤƤϸ뤳Ȥꤽ#2519. transition ȯ ([2016-03-20-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡ/-ʃən/ /-ʒən/ ɤ <-sion> <-sian> ǤϤ褯Τǡ줬Ū <-tion> ˤ礷ΤȹͤפȤȤ̤γ٤ߤȡ(1) ֻȯбط (2) ȯɤ뤤ֻɤط2δط缡ȯŸƤäΤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥äȶŽ̤ɽȤơֻȯΡָġ (negotiation) ȤƾΤƤ
ʲοޤȤơָġפοŸͤƤߤ褦
| --- 1ʳ --- | --- 2ʳ --- | --- 3ʳ --- | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [ ֻ ] | [ ȯ ] | [ ֻ ] | [ ȯ ] | [ ֻ ] | [ ȯ ] | |||||
| <-sion>, <-sian> | /-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/ | <-sion>, <-sian> | /-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/ | <-sion>, <-sian> | /-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/ | |||||
| || | || | |||||||||
| <-tion>, <-cion> | /-ʃən/ | <-tion>, <-cion> | /-ʃən/ | <-tion>, <-cion> | /-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/ | |||||
| --- 4ʳ --- | --- 5ʳ --- | --- 6ʳ --- | ||||||||
| [ ֻ ] | [ ȯ ] | [ ֻ ] | [ ȯ ] | [ ֻ ] | [ ȯ ] | |||||
| <-sion>, <-sian> | /-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/ | <-sion>, <-sian> | /-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/ | <-sion>, <-sian>, <-tion>, <-cion> | /-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/ | |||||
| || | ||||||||||
| <-tion>, <-cion> | <-tion>, <-cion> | |||||||||
ϢSimon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? ȤإڥαѸˡ˥ڥϢƤ뤬ޤǤˤܥ֥ǤϡƱѡȤ͡˽Ƥʲˤΰʤ뤤ϡΰɤˡ⤷Ȼפ줿顤Ĥޤ߿Ƥ¾spelling, spelling_pronunciation_gap, orthography, writing, grammatology ʤɤδϢʬεɤ
#1760. ֤ȤȤ˿ޤäƤѸˡ ([2014-02-20-1])
#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe ([2014-03-04-1])
#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1])
#1793. -<ce> 꽤 ([2014-03-25-1])
#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1])
#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ ([2014-07-05-1])
#1898. ƥˤ⤢ä h-dropping ؤ ([2014-07-08-1])
#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])
#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ ([2014-07-12-1])
#1903. ʬˡ ([2014-07-13-1])
#1913. ǤѸ첽űѸȡǤޤǥե첽Ѹ ([2014-07-23-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1])
#2002. Richard Hodges ֻפʤֻ ([2014-10-20-1])
#2016. ŪֻȻŪֻ ([2014-11-03-1])
#2046. <pronunciation> vs <pronounciation> ([2014-12-03-1])
#2053. Ѹʸز30Υݥ "Does Spelling Matter in Pre-Standardised Middle English?" ơ ([2014-12-10-1])
#2071. <dispatch> vs <despatch> ([2014-12-28-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2100. ե˴Ťָ츻Ūֻס ([2015-01-26-1])
#2288. åԥȤǤΥڥߥ̿ŪȤʤꤦ ([2015-08-02-1])
#2405. ֻȯЪΥ --- ѸֻԵ§μŪװ ([2015-11-27-1])
#2415. Ūɽֻ John Hart ˤפơ ([2015-12-07-1])
#2437. 3ʸ§˶ꥹѸ <axe> ([2015-12-29-1])
#2438. 첻ܤϡȯֻЪΥκθ (2) ([2015-12-30-1])
#2440. flower flour (2) ([2016-01-01-1])
#2510. Johnson Ƴ2ñ졦ֻΡ˶̡ ([2016-03-11-1])
#2514. Chaucer Gawain ͤФ븽幻ԤΥΰ㤤 ([2016-03-15-1])
#2542. ¿ΰ층Ƹߤ̤ ([2016-04-12-1])
#2557. ѸΥ饭͡ࡤ뤤ϥ饭饹ڥ ([2016-04-27-1])
#2565. ʤֻ͡ˤΤ ([2016-05-05-1])
#2571. Horobin ֻФݼŪ١ ([2016-05-11-1])
#2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1])
#3022. sneeze θ츻 (2) ([2017-08-05-1])
#3043. ѸμΨ ([2017-08-26-1])
#3079. إڥαѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2017-10-01-1])
#3081. ܤαѸؽԤΤΡإڥαѸˡ٤ɤ ([2017-10-03-1])
#3082. "spelling bee" εȯã ([2017-10-04-1])
#3083. ֱѸΥڥƲΤ褦Ǥס ([2017-10-05-1])
#3084. ڥˤΤäƤȡְ֤פ ([2017-10-06-1])
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
ȯԤ줿Ѹʸزγز SIMELL 32ˡˤ Does Spelling Matter? νɾǺܤ줿ˤȤäơˮإڥαѸˡ尴äȡޤɾԤο2014ǯ12αѸΥڥ˴ؤ륷ݥ Horobin ᤪӻȤȤ˵СäȤ⤢ꡤɾؤ̣ɤcf. #3079. إڥαѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2017-10-01-1])#2053. Ѹʸز30Υݥ "Does Spelling Matter in Pre-Standardised Middle English?" ơ ([2014-12-10-1])
#3080. إڥαѸˡ٤ξϤȤγס ([2017-10-02-1]) θ϶˭٤ǤȤƤɤߤ䤹ε#3083. ֱѸΥڥƲΤ褦Ǥס ([2017-10-05-1]) ǼꤢƲȤˤĤƤϡȤȤưŪä˰㤤ʤƤ롥ơɾκǸΤ褦äƤ (165)
ʾ塤ܽƤҲ𤷤Ƥ֤˱ƶ͡ʸ⳰װäƤ뤿ᡤѻȻפۤɤ˾̤¿ޤͽμʤɤ褦ˤϤʤäƤ뤬ġεҤ褦ȻפȤʤȸ롥ʬä褦ʤĤɤФƤ⡤츫̵̣ԿԤȻפ봷ˤ⤽ʤ˻äͳ뤳Ȥʬ롥ɤФʤȤʤ֤Ǥ롥Ե§ظĹˤ뤳ȤΤäƤǤ⡤餫ΰ֤ˤʤΤǤϤʤ
Τ˾̤¿òɤʤۤɤΥڥΥͥˡ̤ΤΤ¡Ǥ⡤ΤȤơ֥ϡθפ¿ΥڥɤˤλʪäΤʤȲȤʤǼĤġ֤ĤġƤӱѸʥڥ˳ؽäƤ褦Ȼפ
ֽɾSimon Horobin, Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. x+270pp. Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature</i> 32 (2017): 153--65.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter?'' Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
Simon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? ΤۤܺǸʬǡԤϱѸΥڥĹˤؤƲˤʤ館Ƥ롥ʸӡĤˤˮإڥαѸˡγսѤ롥
Our spelling system could be likened to a cathedral church, whose origins lie in the Anglo-Saxon period, but whose structure now includes a Gothic portico added in the Middle Ages, a domed tower added in the Early Modern period, and a gift shop and café introduced in the 1960s. The end result is an awkward mixture of architectural styles which no longer reflects the builders' original plan, nor is it the ideal building for the bishop and his clergy to carry out their diocesan duties. But, in spite of these practical limitations, it would be hard to imagine anyone suggesting that the cathedral be demolished to allow the rebuilding of a more functional and architecturally harmonious modern construction. Quite apart from the practical and financial costs of such a project, the demolition and reconstruction of the cathedral would erase the rich historical record that such a building represents. (249)
ΥڥηϤƲˤʤ館뤳ȤǤ롥˵˷Ѥ줿åͼϭؤι¤˥ɡ㤬졤1960ǯ˥եȥåפȥեƳ줿Ʋ̤ȤƤǤΤϡϤ۲ȤηײȿǤƤʤʤΤǤꡤ綵Ԥζ̳ԤʤΤŪʷʪǤʤΤ褦ʼѾ¤Ϥˤ衤ƤäȵǽŪǷ۳ؾĴ¤μ줿Ūʹ¤ˤ뤿ηľĤ٤ƤͤȤΤ褦ʷײˤºŪǺŪʥȤΤȤϤޤä̤ˤƤ⡤Ʋμȷľˤäơʪθ˭ˤεϿäƤޤ (276--77)
βսɤȤ Simon Horobin Τʤˡꥹʸء˰ήݼŪޤޤȸĤ줿פԤϱѸˡѸʸؤθԤǤ뤫顤ˤŻ뤹ΩˤȤͽۤȤºݤΩɼԤʤۤɤǤ롥ڥפβǽꤹԤιͤ⤳ȯƤ뤷ԤΥڥηϤѶŪ˰ݻԤ٤ƱͤǤ롥
ǡ#3081. ܤαѸؽԤΤΡإڥαѸˡ٤ɤ ([2017-10-03-1]) Ǥɾ褦ˡԤϡʣˡ (orthographies) βǽƤ褦ˤפ롥ĤޤꡤԤϡˤդ路ʥڥΤϺƤ⤤Τޤݤʤ顤Ѱۤ¿ߡѲʤƤޤ˥ꥹήݼήιͤΤΤǤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
Simon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? ĤˤˮإڥαѸˡ⻲ȡˤǡʷǼ夲Ƥ뤬ꥫǤŪ˥ڥ "spelling bee" ͵Ǥ롥
ڥεϥꥶ٥īΥɤˤ뤬ܤԻؤȯŸΤϡΩΥꥫˤƤǤäWebster Υڥ "Blue-Backed Speller" ΥҥåȤ˻٤졤ꥫι̱Ū٥ȤؤĹWebster Kendall (106--07) ڥˤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Webster's speller also gave rise to America's first national pastime, the spelling bee. Before there was baseball or college football or even horse racing, there was the spectator sport that Webster put on the map. Though "the spelling match" first became a popular community event shortly after Webster's textbook became a runaway best seller, its origins date back to the classroom in Elizabethan England. In his speller, The English Schoole-Maister, published in 1596, the British pedagogue Edmund Coote described a method of "how the teacher shall direct his schollers to oppose one another" in spelling competitions. A century and a half later, in his essay, "Idea of the English School," Benjamin Franklin wrote of putting "two of those [scholars] nearest equal in their spelling" and "let[ting] these strive for victory each propounding ten words every day to the other to be spelt." Webster's speller transformed these "wars of words" from classroom skirmishes into community events. By 1800, evening "spelldowns" in New England were common. As one early twentieth-century historian has observed:
The spelling-bee was not a mere drill to impress certain facts upon the plastic memory of youth. It was also one of the recreations of adult life, if recreation be the right word for what was taken so seriously by every one. [We had t]he spectacle of a school trustee standing with a blue-backed Webster open in his hand while gray-haired men and women, one row being captained by the schoolmaster and the other team by the minister, spelled each other down.
ֻȯЪΥߤñΥڥǾĤˤϡ³줿ŵϤȸ츻Ūμ롥̣ǡѸ餷٥ȤȤ
Kendall, Joshua. The Forgotten Founding Father. New York: Berkeley, 2012.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
إڥαѸˡˤĤơʤ褦ɤǤСǴ櫓Ǥơ¤ˤäʵΥȥʤΤǤ Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013. ܿɼԤ1ͤȤơޤѸγؽԡԤ1ͤȤơΤ褦ʤȤͤʤɤߡƤȤȤʸϤ˻ĤƤȻפޤݥȤ3ޤ
1ܤϡܽܤαѸؽԤ˥ڥؽ˺ݤƤμͿƤȤȤǤȤϤΤΡԤϰճʤȤˡϤκǸǡܽϥڥؽΩļѽǤϤʤȤƤޤΤ褦Ūܽ˼äɼԤȤС餯ǤȡΤˡܽDZѸΥڥˤΤäƤޤȡषʤߤΥڥ̵ۤǤꡤε§ʤΤ褯狼äƤޤޤŪˤϱѸΥڥΤ٤ƤŤ褦ʾε§ϤʤȤäƤ褯˵ŤɼԤϡѸΥڥؽǤŪˡϤϤʤΤŪ˷ŤʤΤ褦Ǥ
ԤϡʤԤ˱ѸΥڥޤ̵Ե§ȤϹͤƤޤ餯ڥε§ȤΤȤСڥΤε§ǤȤΩȤäƤޤߤΥڥѻơ鲿餫ε§Ф褦ȤƤ⡤ɤ㳰Ե§Ƥޤषǽ餫̤˰äۤ褫äȤ̤ˤʤ꤬ǤڥˤɤäƤߤȡΤ̵ιäϤäɤ⡤λΤҤȤĤҤȤĤ¿ξǼǤΤȤ狼ޤ;פʸڥͥʳؼԤεФ狼ޤΥ֥ڥפƤͳ⡤ꥫΩλطʤθ祤ޤΤ褦ʸġŪʻؤơֵ§פȤ̾ƤӤޤe β첻ĹȯɤפΤ褦̵ʵ§٤СäȿʹŪͭŪʡֵ§פȸʤǤ礦Τ褦ˤ˵ֵ§פɬŪ˻¿ǤϤޤˤ긽ߤΥڥ¿ǤΤǤˤؤ֤ȤϱΤ褦ǤơФкǤǼΤ椯ˡǤܽǤϡˡȤƤε§ɬʤȤ⡤ǼΤ椯ޤϡ줬ܽΤĺβͤǤ
ޤˤ§ǤȤԤΥϡԤΥڥפФŪȽŪΩȤ礷ޤɽŪʥڥزפƤޤȡڥɽ̤ˤȤ§κפäƤޤǤ
ܽܤɼԤˤȤäƤĤ⤦1ĤΰյϡѸνηϤդȤơ䤿ǤܸνηϤˤĤƺƹͤ¥ƤˤޤɼԤܽɤߤʤ顤ѸΥڥоȤĤܸνηϤˤפڤǤ礦ܸͣФˡʤȤޤcf. #2392. ˡαѸȴˤˡܸ ([2015-11-14-1])#2409. ʿ̾ʸμͳʣ ([2015-12-01-1])ˡ˥㡼˥㡼ĤưʪɽȸСǭס֥ͥס֤ͤסnekoפΤǽǤѤʸ郎ꤵ1Ĥνޤޤ§ȤƤɤʸѤ뤫Ͻ˰ѤͤƤޤΤλεʬˤäơƤʸϤγʼˤäơꤵɤ꤬ïˤäơ뤤ϤޤäΥǡͳ˽ʬ뤳ȤޤˤϡμͳꡤˡΡͷӡפޤ
ܽ4Ϥǿ褦ˡ1100ǯ1500ǯαѸ졤ѸǤƱñǤĿͤȤ˰ۤʤ륹ڥꡤ˸ĿͤˤƤʣΰ֤ѤΤ̤ǤˤͷӡפäΤǤܸѸǤϡͷӡפμ̤ۤʤꡤ쳵ӤǤޤμͳͿƤ뤳Ȥ϶̤ƤޤΤȯɽ魯Ȥפʾ硤ñΰ̣ƱǤФ褤硤꤬ʬ硤ɤФƵʤɡ͡ʥǡϽ֤ȤǤޤʸϸդọ̇ʤɤʤǤƱˡѼԤεʬ䥢ǥƥƥʤǤ⤢ޤΤͣФˡϡˤ錄Υߥ˥ΤˤȤɬפǤ礦ɽȤʤĿŪ㤤ʪꥹȤΥ䡤¤ΤĥåʸϤޤդεˤơͣФˡ˽ʤФʤʤȤСˤ©줷θä뤳ȤˤʤʤǤ礦
űѸɸŪʥڥηϤΤȤǤϤۤɵʤäͷӡפѸˤϤŸޤ³ѸˤϺƤ¤äƤޤΤ褦ˤؤ֤ȤϡޤͷӡפݻƤܸηϤθߤ̤ͤǵŤƶͿƤޤѸΥڥˤˤƤۤȤɤƤԤ˽äȤ¤⡤ܸνηϤιԤͤǼŪǤդܸΩ줫Ѹߤȡܸ1ĤΥǥ륱ȤȤˤʤ뤫⤷ޤȤΤϡԤϱѸˤĤơ1Ĥˡ (the orthography) ǤϤʤʣˡ (orthographies) βǽõäƤ뤫Ǥ
ܽ3ܤΰյϡʸˤˤȤλ¤ǧƤˤޤܽϡߤʸդϡ줬ɤäƤˤλʪǤȤ¤ƶƤޤʸȤñ̤ˡդˤȤؤȰ⤷ƤȻפޤѸ˴ؤɤʪˤȤɤޤäƤ餺դ˴ؤ붵ܤεͤޤäܤȤʤäƤޤϡɼԤǤϤʤդȤؼԤѸؼԤФƤ⤷ƤݥȤǤ
20θ츦ǤϡŪǡƤޤޤŻ뤹뤢ޤꡤʸڤƤޤĤޤꡤڥˤȤϡ20μήɤθ츦ˤơǤڻ뤵Ƥơޤ1ĤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦̤ܽơɼԤθؼԤʸθؤŪʻäؤΤ⤷ȲͤǧƤ뤳Ȥ˴ԤȻפޤ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
ε#3079. إڥαѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2017-10-01-1]) ܼϾϤȤγפĤġإڥαѸˡΥɤȤ¾塤Ѹ쥹ڥˤγάȤʤäƤ롥
1. ֽϡסˡڥˤǯεȤʤ顤¿οͤ뤹ͣФΥڥɬפʤΤȤʤ롥ȤСꥫ罰Υ potato ˾ħ褦ˡڥ1ʸְ㤨ǼҲŪۤä褦ʸĬϰ۾ǤϤʤȡΤ褦طʤˤϡѸΥڥ̵Ե§ǤȤְ̤ɾ롥ͭյʵΤˤϡѸΥڥˤΤäƤȤפǤ롥
2. ּνηϡסʸε⤭ϤνηϤҲ𤷤ĤġʸỌ̇̄뤤ʸȯδطˤĤŪ˹ͻ롥衼åѤʸѤޤ٥ͰƤλˡػʪ٤βͶʸ˸ڤʤ顤ѸɽѤƤޥե٥åȤ§ȤɽŪĤĤ⡤ɬŪɽʸȤƤϵǽƤʤȤŦѸΥڥηϤȯȤδ֤˥åפֿˡפǤ⤯ǸˡڥˤƺǤоݤȤʤ䤹¦̤Ǥ뤳ȤŦĤġɸŪʥڥηϤΤļҲŪ롥
3. ֵס6˱Ѹ˥ޥե٥åȤ⤿餵饢ѤƤ⤦1ĤΥե٥åηϡ롼ʸҲ𤵤롥ǸŤαʸϡ¤˥롼ʸǽƤΤǤ롥䤬ƥޥե٥åȤ롼ʸ˼ääʸμΤϸߤ줬ƤΤȼ㴳ۤʤäƤűѸ쥢ե٥åȤμʸȯδطϡΩĥƥʸȥꥢʸꥷʸʤɤѤΤȡűѸǤβѤȿǤΤκǤꡤűѸΥڥ⤹ǤʣǤϤäΤΡűѸˤϥȥפȤɸŪʥڥηϤƤäűѸΥڥμ㤬إ١ա٤ΰѤˤ꼨롥
4. ֿάȲס1066ǯΥΥޥˤűѸɸ줬³Ѹˤ¿¿ͤڥֺ餤ˤꡤthrough such Τ褦ñϡ̻ˤäƤ¿ͤˡ500̤ˤ֤뤳ȤˤʤäޤѸˤϡեναƶƽΤ䥹ڥ˾ʤ̲Ѥä줿ѸˤϡɸŪʥڥ餷Τڵ⤢뤬θĿͤ佸Ĥ˸ꤵƤꡤɸȤϤʤꤨʤäѸˤʤȸϢʤɸŪʥڥθ˸Τ褦ʼͳѰۤѸΥڥϡͣФΥڥ뤹븽ΥڥѤ˿øΩΤǤ롥
5. ֥ͥȲססѸϡ֤꤬ɸŪʥڥηϤƤǤ롥͡ڥռ褦ˤʤꡤä˥ڥԡطԡȼԤơλǤΤȤ˥ڥΤͥʳؼԤϡƥθ츻ȿǤ륹ڥߡȤ doubt Υڥ b ¸뤳ȼĥۼŪȤϡʸȯδط̩Ǥ٤Ȥ⤭ʸ䵭ƳʥڥפƤäȲԤϡ褫ԤʤƤڥδɬŪǤʤȤƤ夵褦ϤŪˡɤΥ㡼ɡޥ륫ƤΥڥ˱ƶͿ뤳ȤȤʤä
6. ֥ڥθ경ס18ϡڥϤѸ경뤳Ȥ忴äեȤˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩλߤϼԤΤΡ1755ǯˤϥ¿ʱƶڤܤȤˤʤرѸ켭ŵ٤ФɸŪʥڥ¾ꤵեȤ䥸⡤줿ʸˤƤɸŪʥڥѤƤΤΡ修ʤɤμʸˤƤɸŪʥڥѤƤꡤĿͤΤʤǤ⤤ޤ֤꤬줿³ơ19Ⱦ20ȾˤƤΡإåեɱѸ켭ŵ (OED) Լԥޥ졼֥åɥΥڥФ⤵졤20Ρ֥åȡڥסֵ§Ѹס֥硼ե٥åȡסֽ饢ե٥åȡפȤäڥװƤ䥹ڥˡλߤȽŪ˾Ҳ𤵤롥
7. ֥ꥫڥסΥ֥ˤ륹ڥפʳƮҤ롥αѸ˾嵩ʥڥפطʤˤϡƤ colour color ѤʤɲʤΤǤäȡڥܤŪȡƿꥫФ̱ΰ˴ͿƤȤŦ롥Τۤꥫˤ륹ڥο͵ȥΥڥѤ˸ڤȤȤˡꥫñ㲽ڥѰθƤڥװƤˤĤơŪȯȤäѤ˴ŤƤȤȽäƤ롥
8. ֥ڥθߤ̤סǯηӥˤߤάڥ꤬夲롥ԤϡάڥλѼԤȤʬ來ޤƤ뤳ȤĴ̤䡤ˤƱͤξάڥѤƤ¤ʤ顤άڥ¿οͤۤƤ褦˶बäƤڵȤʤʤСŪʥڥʤˤƤڵȤʤʤȿ롥ְ֤㤤ԴƤ٤ĬȽѸΥڥϱѸ줬ɤäƤ˭ˤξڿͤǤꡤ뤬ޤޤ¸ºŤ٤ǤȽҤ٤ܽ֡
ʾ塤ѸΥڥˤξΩäƤ뤳Ȥ狼
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ۥӥˡ δˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ
920դǡإڥαѸˡ˼Ǥޤܥ֥Dz٤⻲ȡѤƤ Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013. Ǥܥ֥ɤޤƤƱѸ쥹ڥν˴ؿäƤ뤹٤Ƥˡ⤷ɤǤ館ƤǤ
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| ۥӥˡδˡإڥαѸˡ١˼2017ǯ302ǡISBN: 978-41520970402700ߡ̡ˡ |
920դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλͤ9ε֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤޤ
ܥ֥ǤֻʤȯЪΥˤ͡˼ꤢƤޤɸεǤĤġʤ <y> ˤȤǤ⤤٤ΤˤʤޤĤȤ¿<y> άˤȤ٤ΤˤȤɤޤäƤޤȤ櫓ƻˤ <i> Ȥζ¸ʪ줬ɤߤɤǤȤȤϡʬŪ <i> άˤȤʤäƤȤȤǤɸѤʵäĤġѸֻˤΤʤ뿼ߤؤͶޤ
ʸ3 "minim avoidance" ȸƤФѸðֻۤҲ𤷤ƤޤϱѸֻ˹ϤʱƶڤܤƤꡤܥ֥ǤʲεǿƤޤϢܵɤǤʲΤ줾ܤ̤ȡ餯ạ̈⤿뤳ȤȻפޤ
#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1])
#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])
#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])
#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])
#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1])
#2740. word ΤɤäѲ ([2016-10-27-1])
#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1])
#3037. <ee>, <oo> ϤΤ <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ϤʤΤϤʤ ([2017-08-20-1])
4Ǥϡ㡼ɡޥ륫ֻƤȥСȡɥαѱѼ˿ޤ1600ǯ˳2ͤζԤˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) ȡ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1]) Ϥᡤmulcaster cawdrey γƵ⤴Ȥ
Ǹˡ5ǡ3ʸ§˿ޤ˴ؤƤϡ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1])#2437. 3ʸ§˶ꥹѸ <axe> ([2015-12-29-1]) εɤळȤˤޤȻפޤ
ܤǤϤܤˤʤΤ rhubarb /ˈruːbɑːb/ ʥС֡ˤȸƤФ뿩ѿʪ롥ե˻Ƥ뤬դ֤ߤӤӤƤꡤ̣ȼ˥䥽κȤʤ롥

ϡ rhubarb ֻ rubarb ѲƤƤ餷ȤȤθϡե reubarbe Ѹ rubarbe ȤƼѤ줿Τǡ <rh> ֻϤʤäȤȤϥƥ졤ˤϥꥷ̤ꡤǤ <rh> ֻ⸫줿ΤǡѸ϶ˤȤ rhubarb ֤ʤʸեǤ rhubarbe ֻǤˡĤޤꡤŵŪʸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ǥ롥
Τ褦ˡѸǤ rhubarb ɸŪֻȤޤä櫓ǯ뤫Τ褦 <h> rubarb ƤƤȤCrystal (220--21) ֻѲܤƤ롥
I have been following the fate of the h in rhubarb in the Google database over the past few years. In 2006 there were just a few hundred instances of rubarb; in 2008 a few thousand; in 2010 there were 91,000; at the beginning of 2011 this had increased to 657,000, and by the end of the year it had passed a million. The ratios are the interesting thing: those 91,000 instances of rubarb in 2010 compared to 3,210,000 instances of rhubarb --- a ratio of 1:35. The following year, 657,000 rubarbs compared to 13 million rhubarbs --- a ratio of 1:20. And later that year rubarb passed the million mark. If it carries on like this, rubarb will overtake rhubarb as the commonest online spelling in the next five years. And where the online orthographic world goes in one decade, I suspect the offline world will go in the next.
rubarb οֻϡְֻ㤤פˤʤȤ⤢Τ˥ȤȤƤϤä⤷ʤ⤷Ρְֻ㤤פʹԤ饤 rhubarb ȴ֤ȤʤäȤСϤְֻ㤤פǤϤʤʤȤֻȤߤʤ褦ˤʤΤǤϤʤμμǤ rubarb ϡФϤֻȤƤǺܤƤ餺ߡɸפǤ뤳Ȥϵʤ r(h)ubarb ˤɤΤ褦ʱ̿ԤƤΤĹԤäƤ
Crystal, David. Spell It Out: The Singular Story of English Spelling. London: Profile Books, 2012.
μҲμΨ뤳Ȥϰ̤ѸαѸҲˤĤơʬäƤ뤳Ȥ롥ʲ˥⤷Ƥ
ޤFairman (265) ϡ19ξȤƼλ¤ŦƤ롥
1) In some parts of England 70% of the population could not write . . . . For them English was only sound, and not also marks on paper.
2) Of the one-third to 40% who could write, less than 5% could produce texts near enough to schooled English --- that is, to the type of English taught formally --- to have a chance of being printed.
Simon (160) ϡ19μΨηä˽ͤäˤĤƿƤ롥
The nineteenth century witnessed a huge increase in literacy, especially in the second half of the century. In 1850 30 per cent of men and 45 per cent of women were unable to sign their own names; by 1900 that figure had shrunk to just 1 per cent for both sexes.
Τ褦ʼΨȴϢơTieken-Boon van Ostade (45--46) λֻˤĤƤ롥Ϥ椨˽ش֤ûȾüֻ餷ʤäҶϡñ֤ˤʤäΤȤϡϤ褽֤뤬ۤ¿줫ʤƥե줫μѸ֤ʤȤ̣롥ʸΥ٥ι⤤Ѹͳ˰ʤ褦ǤϼҲŪˤ̵ܤȤߤʤΤ顤Ͻդˤ¥ɡ (restricted code) ˴ŤʤäɽƤ褤
Ψֻ顤ȼѸ졤¥ɡϸȼҲɤǤ롥
Fairman, Tony. "Letters of the English Labouring Classes and the English Language, 1800--34." Insights into Late Modern English. 2nd ed. Ed. Marina Dossena and Charles Jones. Bern: Peter Lang, 2007. 265--82.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
Ѹֻ feet, greet, meet, see, weed ʤ <ee> ѽФ뤷foot, look, mood, stood, took Τ褦 <oo> ̤˸롥٤ơaardvark, bazaar, naan Τ褦 <aa> ϵä <ii>, <uu> ۤȤɸʤȤäƤ褤Ĺ첻ɽ魯Τ첻ŤͤȤΤϡƼŪȯۤȻפ뤬ʤΤ褦ФäʬۤˤʤäƤΤ
űѸǤϡû첻ȤФĹ첻̤ɸΤ̤ˡϤʤä"God" "good" бϤȤ god ֤줿witan û i ȯ "to know" ΰ̣θ졤Ĺ i ȯ "to look" ΰ̣θȤʤäѸˤʤȡΤ褦첻Ĺûζ̤Ĥ褦ȡĤˡԤ߽Ф줿ˡϤ褽Ѹ˻ĤäƤꡤ<ae>, <ei>, <eo>, <ie>, <oe> Τ褦˰ۤʤʣ첻Ȥ߹碌Τ⤢С<a .. e>, <i .. e>, <u .. e> ʤɱŪȤ߹碌ˡ⤢äľŪˡƱ첻Ťͤ <aa>, <ee>, <ii>, <oo>, <uu> ʤɤ⤢äñˤꡤ뤤ϤñΤäƤȯˤ˹ä𤬤ʤǡŵŪ֤ʤƤäƱ첻Ťͤ˴ؤƤϡ<ee>, <oo> Ĥääʤ
<ee> <oo> ݻ䤹üʻ𤬤äȤϡष <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ѤˤͳäȹͤۤǤ롥ȤΤϾ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ첻ŤͤȤϤȹͤ졤줬Ѥʤͳõۤưפ˻פ뤫
<ii> <uu> 줿Τ䤹ˤƤϡֻϤդʤ (minim) ΤߤǹƤꡤ줾 <ıı>, <ıııı> ֤줿Τ褦ʣνȡտޤƤΤɤʸʤȤ߹碌ˤʤΤɤˤȤäʬˤʤ뤫㤨С<ıııı> ȤֻƤ⡤տޤƤΤ <iiii>, <ini>, <im>, <mi>, <nn>, <nu>, <un>, <wi> Τɽ魯ʸ̮ȤʤФ狼ʤϢơ#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1])#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1])#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1]) Ȥ줿
<aa> ˤĤƤϡʤ줬ѤʤäΤѸˤϡ<aa> ֤ñ⤤ĤäʤäCrystal (46) ϡ"aa never survived, probably because the 'silent' e spelling had more quickly established itself as the norm, as in name, tale, etc." ȹͤƤ뤬⤦ȤƤäϤΤߤȤ
ɡä˺꤬ʤʤޤĤäΤ <ee>, <oo> ȤȤϢơ#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1]) ӡ#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])
Crystal, David. Spell It Out: The Singular Story of English Spelling. London: Profile Books, 2012.
Ѹֻ feet, greet, meet, see, weed ʤ <ee> ѽФ뤷foot, look, mood, stood, took Τ褦 <oo> ̤˸롥٤ơaardvark, bazaar, naan Τ褦 <aa> ϵä <ii>, <uu> ۤȤɸʤȤäƤ褤Ĺ첻ɽ魯Τ첻ŤͤȤΤϡƼŪȯۤȻפ뤬ʤΤ褦ФäʬۤˤʤäƤΤ
űѸǤϡû첻ȤФĹ첻̤ɸΤ̤ˡϤʤä"God" "good" бϤȤ god ֤줿witan û i ȯ "to know" ΰ̣θ졤Ĺ i ȯ "to look" ΰ̣θȤʤäѸˤʤȡΤ褦첻Ĺûζ̤Ĥ褦ȡĤˡԤ߽Ф줿ˡϤ褽Ѹ˻ĤäƤꡤ<ae>, <ei>, <eo>, <ie>, <oe> Τ褦˰ۤʤʣ첻Ȥ߹碌Τ⤢С<a .. e>, <i .. e>, <u .. e> ʤɱŪȤ߹碌ˡ⤢äľŪˡƱ첻Ťͤ <aa>, <ee>, <ii>, <oo>, <uu> ʤɤ⤢äñˤꡤ뤤ϤñΤäƤȯˤ˹ä𤬤ʤǡŵŪ֤ʤƤäƱ첻Ťͤ˴ؤƤϡ<ee>, <oo> Ĥääʤ
<ee> <oo> ݻ䤹üʻ𤬤äȤϡष <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ѤˤͳäȹͤۤǤ롥ȤΤϾ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ첻ŤͤȤϤȹͤ졤줬Ѥʤͳõۤưפ˻פ뤫
<ii> <uu> 줿Τ䤹ˤƤϡֻϤդʤ (minim) ΤߤǹƤꡤ줾 <ıı>, <ıııı> ֤줿Τ褦ʣνȡտޤƤΤɤʸʤȤ߹碌ˤʤΤɤˤȤäʬˤʤ뤫㤨С<ıııı> ȤֻƤ⡤տޤƤΤ <iiii>, <ini>, <im>, <mi>, <nn>, <nu>, <un>, <wi> Τɽ魯ʸ̮ȤʤФ狼ʤϢơ#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1])#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1])#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1]) Ȥ줿
<aa> ˤĤƤϡʤ줬ѤʤäΤѸˤϡ<aa> ֤ñ⤤ĤäʤäCrystal (46) ϡ"aa never survived, probably because the 'silent' e spelling had more quickly established itself as the norm, as in name, tale, etc." ȹͤƤ뤬⤦ȤƤäϤΤߤȤ
ɡä˺꤬ʤʤޤĤäΤ <ee>, <oo> ȤȤϢơ#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1]) ӡ#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])
Crystal, David. Spell It Out: The Singular Story of English Spelling. London: Profile Books, 2012.
#1152. sneeze θ츻 ([2012-06-22-1]) ˴ϢơɲŪHorobin (60) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦ɾƤ롥
. . . Old English had a number of words that began with the consonant cluster <fn>, pronounced with initial /fn/. This combination is no longer found at the beginning of any Modern English word. What has happened to these words? In the case of the verb fneosan, the initial /f/ ceased to be pronounced in the Middle English period, giving an alternative spelling nese, alongside fnese. Because it was no longer pronounced, the <f> began to be confused with the long-s of medieval handwriting and this gave rise to the modern form sneeze, which ultimately replaced fnese entirely. The OED suggests that sneeze may have replaced fnese because of its 'phonetic appropriateness', that is to say, because it was felt to resemble the sound of sneezing more closely. This is a tempting theory, but one that is hard to substantiate.
ޤǤˤϡƬҲΤߤʤ neese neeze η֤ĤäƤ뤳ȤդEDD Online NEEZE, v. sb. ˤСʲ̤ neese, neease, neesh-, neze ʤɤΰֻǧ롥

long <s> ˤĤƤϡ#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#1732. Shakespeare ֤ (2) ([2014-01-23-1])#2997. 1800ǯ˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1]) ȡ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Φ纴̣ colonel ϡֻ /ˈkəːnəl/ ȯ롥̤ñ kernel ʳ˿ˤƱȯǤ롥l ۻ (silent_letter) ǤФ꤫첻⡤ȯȤбΤʤΤ狼ʤۤɤԵ§Ǥ롥Ϥʤ
ñαѸǤνФ1548ǯΤȤǤꡤΤȤֻ coronell äl ǤϤʤ r ƤΤǤ롥бե줫μѸǡ coronnel, coronel, couronnel ʤɤ֤ƤΤ褽ΤޤޱѸäƤȤˤʤ롥Υեñ켫Τϥꥢ줫μѤǡꥢǤ colonnello, colonello Τ褦֤ƤĤޤꡤꥢ줫եϤäȤˡǽή l r ؤؤ줿ΤǤ롥ϥޥǤϤ褯۲ (dissimilation) κѤη̤Ǥ (cf. Sp. coronel) l 2ٸ뤳ȤäƤβѲʱѸ˴ؤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) ȡˡ
˸츻̤Хƥ columnam ʱˤ˹Ԥ夭ʼΤʥˡפۤɤΰ̣Ѥ褦ˤʤäեѲ coronnel ֻˤĤƤСָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˤ corona, couronne "crown" ȴطŤݤ줿եǤ16Ⱦˤ l ֻᤵ졤colonnel ȤƸߤ˻롥
ѸǤϡֻ˴Ť l ǤϤʤ r ȯθѤ³ֻ˴ؤƤ16Ⱦ˸ֻȤ l ᤵ뤳Ȥˤʤäեˤ l Ʊ˻ȤΤȻפ롥18ȾޤǤϸŤ coronel ¸³Ƥ˾äƤߤ colonel ֻͣȤʤäȯϸŤΤ˿졤ֻѲ椨ˡߤˤޤ³ֻȯΥåפƤޤäȤ櫓
ºݤηаޤϡǽҤ٤ۤñǤϤʤä褦ֻ l ᤵ줿Τ˸ƱȯǤ l ᤵ줿ȳǧϤꡤ/ˌkɔləˈnɛl/ ʤɤȯ19ޤѤƤȤȯ벻ˤĤƤ̻ŪѲߤ졤3ä17ȾФ2Ȥȯ㤬졤19ޤǤˤϤ줬̲ĤĤä
<colonel> = /ˈkəːnəl/ ϡֻȯδطʣˤФơŪԵ§˸ǤޤäƤλ1ĤǤ롥
ε#2997. 1800ǯ˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1]) κǸ˿줿褦ˡʬ˸Ѹ˶ᤤȴ18ǤʤʬŪ19ǤˡȼϡʸֻεϤ˴ؤơ2ĤΰۤʤƤȤäƤ褤С2Ĥˡ¸ߤƤʤ⡤ơϸŪʰ̣Ǥοϳ餵̶ǤʵϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤäˡϤ褽ָפǤꡤϡֻפǤ뤫顤ˡϸǻȤʬ٤ŴȤʤäƤΤǤ롥
κۤǤŪ˸ΤϡJohnson μǤֻȡJohnson λŪʤǤֻǤ롥㤨СJohnson ϼǤֻȤϰۤʤꡤʤǤ companiable, enervaiting, Fryday, obviateing, occurences, peny, pouns, stiched, chappel, diner, dos (= does) ֻƤ (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 42) Τ褦ʾ¾κȤˤĤƤƱͤ˸뤳Ȥ顤Johnson ֤겼äȤ̷ƤʤɤȤˤϤʤʤषŪʰȻŪʼȤǰۤʤֻδबꡤ줬뤵ƤȤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ʾϡβ桹ˤȤäƤˤ⤷ʤֻθͤƤߤмΤȤǤ롥Ѹˤֻζʽ¿Ǥ줿ϻҶ˰줿ƥȤɤ褦ˤ뤿ζʽǤꡤҶֻȤ붵ʽǤϤʤäƥȤֻϡȼԤˤäƴŪ줿ˡȿǤƤꡤҶϤηŪֻɤֽä˼ƤʤäΤ褦ʻҶǽʤǧʤˤϡʤƥȤɽ蘆Ƥˡ§ä֤뤳ȤϤǤʤȤäñޤä֤ʤȤȤˤϤʤʤʤμ˸뤳ȤۤȤɤʤ
ơξϡֻؤǤҶΤߤʤ餺ʸɤ߽ͤˤ̤ƤϤޤäȼΩϡΩΤߤʤ餺ֻɤǽϤȽǽϤΩǤ⤢äΤ
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
18ΰܤΥƥȤɤǤȡ³ <s> ΰۻ (allograph) Ǥ <<ʃ>> ޤˤ˸뤳Ȥ˵ŤλΤ "long <s>" ȸƤФƤꡤޤǤѤƤޤäΤΡѸˤĹˤ錄äƳƤۻΤäTieken-Boon van Ostade (40) ˰Ƥ롡ECCO ʸˤꡤ<<ʃ>> λȤƤߤ褦
. . . WHEREIN / THE CHAPTERS are ʃumm'd up in Contents; the Sacred Text inʃerted at large, in Paragraphs, or Verʃes; and each Paragraph, or Verʃe, reduc'd to its proper Heads; the Senʃe given, and largely illuʃtrated, / WITH / Practical Remarks and Obʃervations
Ƥ狼̤ꡤ٤Ƥ <s> <<ʃ>> ǰƤ櫓ǤϤʤŪˤϸƬ <s> <<ʃ>> ǰ졤Ǥ̾ <<s>> ʤޤƬǤʸξˤ <<S>> Ѥ롥ۤˡIdleneʃs Busineʃs Τ褦ˡ<ss> δĶǤ1ʸܤ long <s> Ȥʤ롥
long <s> 䤬Ѥ˵뤳ȤȤʤäˤƤ18˾äƤäȤŦƤ롥
Long <s> disappeared as a printing device towards the end of the eighteenth century, and its presence or absence is today used by antiquarians to date books that lack a publication date as dating from either before or after 1800. (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 40)
դ٤ϡ1800ǯ long <s> äΤϰȤΤˤƤǤꡤ (handwriting) ˤƤϡ⤦Ф餯 long <s> Ѥ³ȤȤǤ롥#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡǤ1850ǯޤǻȤ³ȼȤǻʬۤۤʤäƤȤ long <s> ˸¤餺¾ΰۻΤֻˤƤϤޤ롥δФǤϡˤˤ衤1Ĥζ̤ˡȹͤΤʤȤ1800ǯޤǤϡΤ褦ʴФϵäȤߤʤ٤Ǥ롥
long <s> ˤĤơ#1152. sneeze θ츻 ([2012-06-22-1])#1732. Shakespeare ֤ (2) ([2014-01-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.
ֱѸȯֻЪΥפˤĤơDMMѲå֥˥ӥ塼ƤˤƤ餤ޤεåץɤ줿ΤǡϤҲ𤬤Ƥ顤Ϣ hellog ؤΥĥäƤޤΥȥϡФְŪʢѸȯ֤꤬פʤͳȤʹ˹Ԥä顤ȿͤˤƤΡָɡפȡפäפǤɤ
¤ʬ䤹ܻؤäȤȤޤǴάޤά뤢ޤꡤ٤ǤΡ뤤ϸ餺ʤȤ⤢Ȼפޤ¿αѸؽԤ˴ؿ⤿ФơѸˤδɤΤ褦ΤѸŪʸָƤ館褦ˡȤλפǤݤäƤ館ФȻפޤ??ɤǡʢפ̣äƤ
ơܥ֥ǤϡֱѸȯֻЪΥˤĤơspelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εƤޤΥӥ塼Ǥϡdebt ˤʤȯʤ <b> ΤȤä츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤƼ夲ޤӥ塼˸ڤΤŪʻȤδطǤϡä˰ʲε
debt <b> 桧#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respelling ([2009-08-21-1])
Ѹ through ֻ˸뺮𡧡#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
15 through ֻμ«#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
ȯֻ̡äƤ#2292. ֻȯϥפǤĤʤ줿2ۤΥܡȡ ([2015-08-06-1])
Ե§ԹݤĤȤ˰̣롪#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1])
1֤ۤɤΥӥ塼ǾäԤ褦ʥơޤǤϤޤǤɼԤΤߤʤˡޤѸˤȤʬ˴ؿȤʤСȤƤŪãǤ
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