hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ڡ / page 12 (22)

spelling - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2017-10-28 Sat

#3106. ʤ -ed դ -(e)s դֻˤưۤʤΤ [suffix][spelling][sobokunagimon][3sp][plural]

ưβʬˤ {-ed} ȡư3ñ뤤̾ʣ {-(e)s} ȤǤϡֻˤդۤʤ롥褽ʿŪ˿񤦤Τ褦˸ơȺ٤ʰ㤤롥Carney (18--19) Ūʴ顤äƤΤǡѤ褦

. . . The past tense and participle morpheme {-ed} in regular verbs (ignoring forms such as spelt, spent, dreamt) has a constant <-ed> spelling in spite of the phonemic variation /ɪd/ (waited), /d/ (warned) and /t/ (watched).
   There is very similar allomorphic variation in the noun plural and 3rd person present tense of the verb with its variants /ɪz/ (watches), /z/ (warns) and /s/ (waits). The two sets of phonetic variants are often cited together as equivalent examples of morphemic spelling. If we look closely at the details, however we find in fact that they are dealt with rather differently in the writing system (table 5).

Table 5 English plural and past tense inflections
 {-ed} ending{-(e)s} ending
1/-ɪd/ matted/-ɪz/ masses
2/-ɪd/ mated/-ɪz/ maces
3/-t/ hopped/-s/ (No *hoppes)
4/-t/ hoped/-s/ hops, hopes
5/-d/ planned/-z/ (No *plannes)
6/-d/ planed/-z/ plans, planes
7/-d/ hurried/-z/ hurries
8/-d/ radioed/-z/ radios
9/-d/ vetoed/-z/ vetoes, or vetos


   Table 5 gives examples of each suffix in its three phonemic variants. The words provided as contexts include a preceding long vowel followed by a single consonant, a preceding short vowel followed by a single consonant, and the spelling variation found after <o>. The past tense has a constant <ed> spelling across all these contexts which is only varied by merging with a final <-e> in the long vowel words (e.g. hope -- hoped). The marking of the long vowels is also done indirectly by using <C>-doubling to mark a previous short vowel --- absence of doubling marks the long vowel. This is not done in the noun plural suffix, so there are no equivalents in rows 3 and 5 to <hopped> and <planned>, that is *<hoppes> and *<plannes>. Nor is there a variant spelling *<vetod> to spoil the uniformity of <-ed>. The <e> of <-oes> and <-ies> is best treated as a marker of the long vowel. Grammarians refer to the two inflections as the -s form and the -ed form and this is in accordance with the traditional spelling rule that one adds <-s> and <-ed> respectively to the base form.
   If we try to use a consistent <-ed> morphemic spelling in chopping up words into correspondences without any overlap, this lack of symmetry becomes apparent. In scribbles we have /əl/<le> and in scribbled we have /əl/<l>; in hopes we have <e>-marking of the vowel as /əʊ/<o..e>, /p/<p>, /s/<s>, but in hoped we have /əʊ/<o>, /p/<p>, /t/<ed>, while the long vowel is marked by absence of <C>-doubling. In a process description, and indeed for any human speller, this is catered for by 'dovetailing' so that <hope>+<ed> becomes <hoped>, <eight>+<ty> becomes <eighty>, etc.


Carney ϡֻθ "a constant spelling for a morpheme" "the varying pronunciation of the morpheme in different contexts" δ֤ΥХ󥹤ξΩĤΤǤꡤ줬ġֻʵ§ˤΤʤʣʬƤ뤳Ȥ򼨺Ƥ롥ʬΰ㤤{-ed} {-s} ˤ⸽Ƥȹͤ롥ʤʤΤˤĤƤϡ̻ŪʴޤƤĴ٤ɬפ롥

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1] [2017-10-31-1]

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2017-10-26 Thu

#3104. ʤninthʥʥ󥹡ˤ e Ϥʤ󤹡פ͡ [numeral][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][sobokunagimon]

Τ礦ʤʡ˥ɸϡΥĥꡥϼ¤䡥ninth ֻˤĤƤϡΤ˻ΤԻ׵Ĥ˻פäƤΤΤޤä֤ǤϤʤΤ褦Ū̵ΤǤϤʤȻפˡΥĥȤ򸫤Ƥ龯Ĵ٤ƤߤΤϴñǤϤʤǤ⡤ͤƤߤȤ񤭵Ƥ
̤ηҤ٤Ƥȡ

(1) ninth η֤ѸʹߤŪη̤Ǥꡤ
(2) nine -- ninth ֻθؤ five -- fifth ʿŪȹͤ졤
(3) ninth <-nth> seventh, tenth, eleventh ʤɤˤΤǤϤʤ

ȤȤʲ줾ˤĤƽҤ٤

(1) ޤθ٤ϡninth θ츻űѸǴ9פ nigonν9ܤΡפ nigoð Ǥ롥θ n ϡǤ -ð æƤ뤬 seofoða, tēoða ʤɤƱͤ˵§Ūʲη̤Ǥ롥ȤȤϡѸ ninth, seventh, tenth ʤɤνη֤ϡη֤Ȥˡ夫ֺľפΤǤ뤳Ȥ狼롥űѸη֤ niȝeþe ʤɤȤѸˤѤ줿ǴϤȤ niȝonþe, ninthe ʤɤ졤1300ǯѤ褦ˤʤäMED ˤСθФˤϼΤ褦ʰ֤꤬ǧ롥

nīnthe (num.) Also nineth(e, neinthe, neinethe, neienthe, ninteth, nineinthe & niethe, nithe, neghed, (early) niȝethe, niȝothe, nigethe, nihethe, nihȝethe, noeȝthe, neiȝd, (infl.) niȝodan & niend, nind(e, neind, nend, neinind, neint, ninte, nent(e, nighend, neghend(e, neighend, neȝende, niȝente, neghent, nihend, neuent, (early) niȝende, niȝhende.


͡ʰ۷Ф餯¸ƤѸ16ˤʤȡϢʤ ninth ̤ȤʤäƤΤ褦ˡninth η֤ȯ⡤Ūٺ餭Ǥ롥

(2) ˡ nine Ȥδطͤ롥űѸ nigon η֤ʬȤꡤȤȴθ <e> ֻϤʤäѸˡ <g> ǼҲ첻̤ȤĹ첻򼨤 nin ʤɤȤʤäǤ <e> Ϥʤä̵ޤθФη֤ˤäǤ롥Ϸƻ֤Ǥ뤫顤ޤʣޤȤ nin -e θդ nine ʤɤȤʤ뤳Ȥϡfif Ф fife (> five) Ʊͤ˰ŪǤꡤȤƤϤη֤䤬夷˴ؤƤϡ(1) ǸȤꡤ夫Ρֺľפä櫓ϤȤʤäΤ -e դʤ nin ΤۤäȽδΤΰۤʤΤ񤷤1Ĥˤϡnin nine ɤ򼨤Ƥ˳ơΥڥ󥰤졤夷Ȥ𤬤ꤽ
⤦1ĤλȤƤϡ#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) five -- fifth ȤڥȤʿΤǤϤʤؤϤƤαѸˡ٥ѥ˥󡦥ȤΥ󥯽2.4ΤȤĥä⻲ȡˡfive -- fifth nine -- ninth ٤ʬȤꡤǤʣޤ -e ޤ֤ѤƤꡤǤ -e ޤޤʤ֤ -th ³Ƥ롥󡤲Ū˹ͤ fifth ǤϡŪûΤǡû첻򼨤ninth Ǥ2첻򼨤Ȥפʰ㤤ꡤʿĥ뤳ȤϤǤʤֻˤӤ줦طˤ뤳ȤϻŦǤ롥

(3) Ǹˡninth <-nth> ϡseventh, tenth ʤɤ <-nth> ˤΤǤϤʤȤͤ롥ninth ޤƤ <-nth> θҲ϶Ѹޤ [θ] Τۤ [ð] ԤʤƤp. 383ˡΤ褦ʲŪʿ񤤤ζ⡤*nineth ǤϤʤ ninth ĹΤǤϤʤ

ʾ塤ɬ⶯ϤȤϤʤäƤʤ褦ˤפ뤬ΩƤƤߤͤޤǤˡƼȴФҤȤƻĤƤ

ninth adj. About 1300 nynthe; developed from Old English nigonthe (nigon nine + -tha) (Barnhart)


ninish, ninth. The final -e of nine is not carried over into these two forms. (Burchfield)


ninth nainþ. ME. niȝonþe (XII), a new formation superseding OE. niġoþe. (Hoad)


ME. nyne, nine, Chaucer, C. T. 24. Here the final -e is the usual pl. ending, and nyne stands for an older form niȝene, extended form of niȝen . . . . (Skeat)


סرѸ II١Ѹ9罤۽Ź1972ǯ21ǡ
Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
Burchfield, Robert, ed. Fowler's Modern English Usage. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1998.
Hoad, Terence Frederick, ed. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1879--82. 2nd ed. 1883.

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2017-10-20 Fri

#3098. ֻȯ [phonetics][pronunciation][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][terminology]

equation <-tion> ֻĤˤ⤫餺/-ʃən/ /-ʒən/ ȯ뤳ȤΤۤ¿ˤĤƤϡ#1634. ֥ӥפ equation ([2013-10-17-1])#1635. -sion -tion ([2013-10-18-1]) Ǽꤢۤˡ#2519. transition ȯ ([2016-03-20-1]) Ǥ⡤λԹŸ໤ͭȯ뤳Ȥ˸ڤޤ̾ĥˤС<-tion> λǤϤʤcoercion Ǥ⥢ꥫȯ /ʃ/ ¤ /ʒ/ ʹ졤Kashmir(i) ǤƱͤȤѸɸֻηϤȤƤϡ<-tion>, <-cion>, <sh> ֻλԹŸ໤̵ȤΤ§Τ褦ʵ㳰⸫ФΤǤCarney (242) equation ˤĤ "A very curious correspondence of /ʒ/<ti> occurs for many speakers in equation. Among the large number of words ending in <-ation>, this appears to be a single exception." ȽҤ٤Ƥˡ
equation, transition, coercion ͤƤߤȡʤΤ褦ʤȤꤦ뤫ȤطʤˤĤƤϸ뤳Ȥꤽ#2519. transition ȯ ([2016-03-20-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡ/-ʃən/ /-ʒən/ ɤ <-sion> <-sian> ǤϤ褯Τǡ줬Ū <-tion> ˤ礷ΤȹͤפȤȤ̤γ٤ߤȡ(1) ֻȯбط (2) ȯɤ뤤ֻɤط2δط缡ȯŸƤäΤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥äȶŽ̤ɽȤơֻȯΡָġ (negotiation) ȤƾΤƤ
ʲοޤ򻲾ȤơָġפοŸͤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

--- 1ʳ ------ 2ʳ ------ 3ʳ ---
[ ֻ ][ ȯ ][ ֻ ][ ȯ ][ ֻ ][ ȯ ]
<-sion>, <-sian>/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/<-sion>, <-sian>/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/<-sion>, <-sian>/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/
||||
<-tion>, <-cion>/-ʃən/<-tion>, <-cion>/-ʃən/<-tion>, <-cion>/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/
--- 4ʳ ------ 5ʳ ------ 6ʳ ---
[ ֻ ][ ȯ ][ ֻ ][ ȯ ][ ֻ ][ ȯ ]
<-sion>, <-sian>/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/<-sion>, <-sian>/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/<-sion>, <-sian>,
<-tion>, <-cion>
/-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/
||
<-tion>, <-cion><-tion>, <-cion>


ޤ1ʳǤϡΩ2Ĥֻȯбط¸ߤƤ롥ϡޤˤƤʤΩ0ʳθĺѤ̤ơߤޤǤˡб§פȤƳΩƤФֻȯδطɽ路Ƥ롥
2ʳǤϡ岼2ĤбطȯˤƤȤ /-ʃən/ ޤǤ뤳ȤȤʤꡤ夬ظĤƯ롥Ĥޤꡤ /-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/ /-ʃən/ ƯơʬƱ褦˿񤨤ȰϤ򤫤롥
η̡3ʳǤϡȯȯƱͤ /-ʃən/ or /-ʒən/ Ȥʤꡤ̵ͭΥꥨƤ褦ˤʤ롥ɸѸϡ3ʳޤǿʤǤ褦ˤߤ롥 equation transition ʤɤΤñ˵ڤǤˤ3ʳνʳȹͤ뤳ȤǤ褦˻פ롥
4ʳǤϡ岼ȯ줷ȤƤ롥
5ʳǤϡȯξ岼ΰϤ¦ֻؤڤǤʸĤ롥̤ȤơֻˤƤ⡤<-sion>, <-sian>, <-tion>, <-cion> ̵̤˷ӤĤ褦ˤʤ롥ϢݤˤϡǸ6ʳιޤ˻
ʾϡޤֻȯᤰĤ޼Ū뤿ΤΤǤꡤ⤽4ʳʹߤϡã뤫⤷ʤΰˤĤƤλʪˤʤ⡤ֻȯᤰʣʴط̻ŪѲΥᥫ˥Ū褦Ȥǥˤʤ equation transition Ȥñ줬3ʳˤäơĤƤΤȤ̤ˤϲƤʤ
ֻȯΤʣʴطȯãȤȤϡ̻Ūˤϻˤդ줿ݤǤ롥ָġפȤѸ졦ǰʳޤ⡤ĤǤϤ뤬ܶʻ¤ȿǤΤˤʤ
ʤΡָġפȸƤݤˤĤƤϡ624Ļرؤdz줿Ѹ춨34ǤΥݥֱѸ첻ѲβŸ˾פˤơֱѸˤˤ벻񵭤ߺ --- Ѹ줫ѸˤƤλ㤫 ---פꤹȯɽǼꤢΥץPDFɤ

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

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2017-10-07 Sat

#3085. Simon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? ѡȤΥꥹ [list][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][orthography]

ϢSimon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? Ȥإڥ󥰤αѸˡ˥ڥ󥰴Ϣ󶡤Ƥ뤬ޤǤˤܥ֥ǤϡƱѡȤ͡˽񤤤Ƥʲˤΰ򼨤ʤ뤤ϡΰɤˡ⤷Ȼפ줿顤Ĥޤ߿Ƥ¾spelling, spelling_pronunciation_gap, orthography, writing, grammatology ʤɤδϢʬεɤ

#1760. ֤ȤȤ˿ޤäƤѸˡ ([2014-02-20-1])
#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe ([2014-03-04-1])
#1783. whole <w> ([2014-03-15-1])
#1793. -<ce> 꽤 ([2014-03-25-1])
#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1])
#1895. űѸΥƥѸֻȼѤ෿ ([2014-07-05-1])
#1898. ƥˤ⤢ä h-dropping ؤ ([2014-07-08-1])
#1899. Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤Ť (3) ([2014-07-09-1])
#1902. ֻɸಽˤ־塤־ ([2014-07-12-1])
#1903. ʬ񤭤ˡ ([2014-07-13-1])
#1913. ǤѸ첽űѸȡǤޤǥե󥹸첽Ѹ ([2014-07-23-1])
#1914. <g> ֤ ([2014-07-24-1])
#1943. Holofernes --- 츻Ūֻ黿ԡ ([2014-08-22-1])
#2002. Richard Hodges ֻפʤֻ ([2014-10-20-1])
#2016. ŪֻȻŪֻ ([2014-11-03-1])
#2046. <pronunciation> vs <pronounciation> ([2014-12-03-1])
#2053. Ѹʸز30Υݥ "Does Spelling Matter in Pre-Standardised Middle English?" 򽪤ơ ([2014-12-10-1])
#2071. <dispatch> vs <despatch> ([2014-12-28-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2100. ե󥹸˴Ťָ츻Ūֻס ([2015-01-26-1])
#2288. åԥ󥰥ȤǤΥڥ󥰥ߥ̿ŪȤʤꤦ ([2015-08-02-1])
#2405. ֻȯЪΥ --- ѸֻԵ§μŪװ ([2015-11-27-1])
#2415. ޿Ūɽֻ׼ John Hart ˤפơ ([2015-12-07-1])
#2437. 3ʸ§˶ꥹѸ <axe> ([2015-12-29-1])
#2438. 첻ܤϡȯֻЪΥκθ (2) ([2015-12-30-1])
#2440. flower flour (2) ([2016-01-01-1])
#2510. Johnson Ƴ2ñ졦ֻΡ˶̡ ([2016-03-11-1])
#2514. Chaucer Gawain ͤФ븽幻ԤΥ󥹤ΰ㤤 ([2016-03-15-1])
#2542. ¿ΰ층Ƹߤ̤ ([2016-04-12-1])
#2557. ѸΥ饭͡ࡤ뤤ϥ饭饹ڥ󥰡 ([2016-04-27-1])
#2565. ʤֻ͡ˤΤ ([2016-05-05-1])
#2571. Horobin ֻФݼŪ١ ([2016-05-11-1])
#2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1])
#3022. sneeze θ츻 (2) ([2017-08-05-1])
#3043. ѸμΨ ([2017-08-26-1])
#3079. إڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2017-10-01-1])
#3081. ܤαѸؽԤΤΡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤ɤ ([2017-10-03-1])
#3082. "spelling bee" εȯã ([2017-10-04-1])
#3083. ֱѸΥڥ󥰤ƲΤ褦Ǥס ([2017-10-05-1])
#3084. ڥ󥰤ˤΤäƤȡְ֤פ ([2017-10-06-1])

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


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2017-10-06 Fri

#3084. ڥ󥰤ˤΤäƤȡְ֤פ [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][review]

ȯԤ줿Ѹʸزγز SIMELL 32ˡˤ Does Spelling Matter? νɾǺܤ줿ˤȤäơˮإڥ󥰤αѸˡ尴äȡޤɾԤο᤬2014ǯ12αѸΥڥ󥰤˴ؤ륷ݥ Horobin ᤪӻȤȤ˵СäȤ⤢ꡤɾ򤿤ؤ̣ɤcf. #3079. إڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2017-10-01-1])#2053. Ѹʸز30Υݥ "Does Spelling Matter in Pre-Standardised Middle English?" 򽪤ơ ([2014-12-10-1])
#3080. إڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤ξϤȤγס ([2017-10-02-1]) 򼨤θ϶˭٤ǤȤƤɤߤ䤹ε#3083. ֱѸΥڥ󥰤ƲΤ褦Ǥס ([2017-10-05-1]) Ǽꤢ᤯ƲȤˤĤƤϡȤȤưŪä˰㤤ʤ⿨Ƥ롥ơɾκǸ򼡤Τ褦᤯äƤ (165)

ʾ塤ܽƤҲ𤷤Ƥ֤˱ƶ͡ʸ⳰װ򰷤äƤ뤿ᡤѻȻפۤɤ˾̤¿ޤͽμʤɤ褦ˤϤʤäƤ뤬ġεҤ򤷤褦ȻפȤʤ񤷤ȸ롥ʬä褦ʤĤɤФƤ⡤츫̵̣ԿԤȻפ봷ˤ⤽ʤ˻äͳ뤳Ȥʬ롥ɤФʤȤʤ֤Ǥ롥Ե§ظĹˤ뤳ȤΤäƤǤ⡤餫ΰ֤ˤʤΤǤϤʤ


Τ˾̤¿òɤ򵯤ʤۤɤΥڥ󥰤Υͥˡ̤򤹤Τ񤷤Τ¡Ǥ⡤ΤȤơ֥ϡθפ¿Υڥ󥰤ɤˤλʪäΤʤȲȤʤǼĤġ֤ĤġƤӱѸʥڥ󥰡˳ؽäƤ褦Ȼפ

ֽɾSimon Horobin, Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. x+270pp. Studies in Medieval English Language and Literature</i> 32 (2017): 153--65.
Horobin, Simon.
Does Spelling Matter?'' Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1]

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2017-10-05 Thu

#3083. ֱѸΥڥ󥰤ƲΤ褦Ǥ [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap]

Simon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? ΤۤܺǸʬǡԤϱѸΥڥ󥰤ĹˤؤƲˤʤ館Ƥ롥ʸӡĤˤˮإڥ󥰤αѸˡγսѤ롥

Our spelling system could be likened to a cathedral church, whose origins lie in the Anglo-Saxon period, but whose structure now includes a Gothic portico added in the Middle Ages, a domed tower added in the Early Modern period, and a gift shop and café introduced in the 1960s. The end result is an awkward mixture of architectural styles which no longer reflects the builders' original plan, nor is it the ideal building for the bishop and his clergy to carry out their diocesan duties. But, in spite of these practical limitations, it would be hard to imagine anyone suggesting that the cathedral be demolished to allow the rebuilding of a more functional and architecturally harmonious modern construction. Quite apart from the practical and financial costs of such a project, the demolition and reconstruction of the cathedral would erase the rich historical record that such a building represents. (249)

ΥڥηϤƲˤʤ館뤳ȤǤ롥󥰥˵˷Ѥ­줿åͼϭؤι¤˥ɡ㤬졤1960ǯ˥եȥåפȥեƳ줿Ʋ̤ȤƤǤΤϡϤ۲ȤηײȿǤƤʤʤΤǤꡤ綵Ԥζ̳ԤʤΤŪʷʪǤʤΤ褦ʼѾ¤Ϥˤ衤ƤäȵǽŪǷ۳ؾĴ¤μ줿Ūʹ¤ˤ뤿ηľĤ٤ƤͤȤΤ褦ʷײˤºŪǺŪʥȤΤȤϤޤä̤ˤƤ⡤Ʋμȷľˤäơʪθ˭ˤεϿäƤޤ (276--77)


βսɤȤ Simon Horobin Τʤˡꥹʸء˰ήݼŪޤޤȸĤ줿פԤϱѸˡѸʸؤθԤǤ뤫顤ˤŻ뤹ΩˤȤͽۤȤºݤΩɼԤʤۤɤǤ롥ڥ󥰲פβǽꤹԤιͤ⤳ȯƤ뤷ԤΥڥηϤѶŪ˰ݻԤ٤ƱͤǤ롥
ǡ#3081. ܤαѸؽԤΤΡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤ɤ ([2017-10-03-1]) Ǥɾ褦ˡԤϡʣˡ (orthographies) βǽ򸫿Ƥ褦ˤפ롥ĤޤꡤԤϡˤդ路ʥڥ󥰤ΤϺƤ⤤Τޤݤʤ顤Ѱۤ¿ߡѲʤƤޤ˥ꥹήݼήιͤΤΤǤ롥

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-04 Wed

#3082. "spelling bee" εȯã [spelling][ame][history][webster][word_play][spelling_bee]

Simon Horobin Does Spelling Matter? Ĥˤˮإڥ󥰤αѸˡ⻲ȡˤǡʷǼ夲Ƥ뤬ꥫǤŪ˥ڥ󥰶 "spelling bee" ͵Ǥ롥
ڥ󥰶εϥꥶ٥īΥ󥰥ɤˤ뤬ܤԻؤȯŸΤϡΩΥꥫˤƤǤäWebster Υڥ󥰶 "Blue-Backed Speller" ΥҥåȤ˻٤졤ꥫι̱Ū٥ȤؤĹWebster Kendall (106--07) ڥ󥰶ˤˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

   Webster's speller also gave rise to America's first national pastime, the spelling bee. Before there was baseball or college football or even horse racing, there was the spectator sport that Webster put on the map. Though "the spelling match" first became a popular community event shortly after Webster's textbook became a runaway best seller, its origins date back to the classroom in Elizabethan England. In his speller, The English Schoole-Maister, published in 1596, the British pedagogue Edmund Coote described a method of "how the teacher shall direct his schollers to oppose one another" in spelling competitions. A century and a half later, in his essay, "Idea of the English School," Benjamin Franklin wrote of putting "two of those [scholars] nearest equal in their spelling" and "let[ting] these strive for victory each propounding ten words every day to the other to be spelt." Webster's speller transformed these "wars of words" from classroom skirmishes into community events. By 1800, evening "spelldowns" in New England were common. As one early twentieth-century historian has observed:

The spelling-bee was not a mere drill to impress certain facts upon the plastic memory of youth. It was also one of the recreations of adult life, if recreation be the right word for what was taken so seriously by every one. [We had t]he spectacle of a school trustee standing with a blue-backed Webster open in his hand while gray-haired men and women, one row being captained by the schoolmaster and the other team by the minister, spelled each other down.


ֻȯЪΥߤñΥڥ󥰶ǾĤˤϡ³줿ŵϤȸ츻Ūμ롥̣ǡѸ餷٥ȤȤ

Kendall, Joshua. The Forgotten Founding Father. New York: Berkeley, 2012.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


Referrer (Inside): [2023-06-21-1] [2017-10-07-1]

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2017-10-03 Tue

#3081. ܤαѸؽԤΤΡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤ɤ [notice][toc][spelling][hel][review]

إڥ󥰤αѸˡˤĤơ󹥤ʤ褦ɤǤСǴ򤷤櫓Ǥơ¤ˤäʵΥȥʤΤǤ Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013. ܿɼԤ1ͤȤơޤѸγؽԡԤ1ͤȤơΤ褦ʤȤͤʤɤߡƤȤȤʸϤ˻ĤƤȻפޤݥȤ3ޤ

1ܤϡܽܤαѸؽԤ˥ڥ󥰳ؽ˺ݤƤμͿƤȤȤǤȤϤΤΡԤϰճʤȤˡϤκǸǡܽϥڥ󥰳ؽΩļѽǤϤʤȤ򼨺ƤޤΤ褦Ūܽ˼äɼԤȤС餯ǤȡΤˡܽDZѸΥڥ󥰤ˤΤäƤޤȡषʤߤΥڥ󥰤̵ۤǤꡤε§ʤΤ褯狼äƤޤޤŪˤϱѸΥڥ󥰤Τ٤ƤŤ褦ʾε§ϤʤȤäƤ褯˵ŤɼԤϡѸΥڥ󥰤ؽǤŪˡϤϤʤΤŪ˷Ť򤨤ʤΤ褦Ǥ
ԤϡʤԤ˱ѸΥڥ󥰤ޤ̵Ե§ȤϹͤƤޤ󡥤餯ڥ󥰤ε§ȤΤȤСڥ󥰤Τε§ǤȤΩȤäƤޤߤΥڥ󥰤ѻơ鲿餫ε§Ф褦ȤƤ⡤ɤ㳰Ե§Ƥޤषǽ餫̤˰äۤ褫äȤ̤ˤʤ꤬Ǥڥ󥰤ˤ򤿤ɤäƤߤȡΤ̵ιäϤäɤ⡤λΤҤȤĤҤȤĤ¿ξǼǤΤȤ狼ޤ;פʸ򥹥ڥ󥰤ͥ󥹤ʳؼԤεФ狼ޤΥ֥ڥ󥰲פƤͳ⡤ꥫΩλطʤθ祤ޤΤ褦ʸġŪʻؤơֵ§פȤ̾ƤӤޤ󤬡e β첻ĹȯɤפΤ褦̵ʵ§٤СäȿʹŪͭŪʡֵ§פȸʤǤ礦Τ褦ˤ˵ֵ§פɬŪ˻¿ǤϤޤˤ긽ߤΥڥ󥰤¿ǤΤǤˤؤ֤ȤϱΤ褦ǤơФкǤǼΤ椯ˡǤܽǤϡˡȤƤε§ɬʤȤ⡤ǼΤ椯ޤϡ줬ܽΤĺβͤǤ
ޤˤ§ǤȤԤΥ󥹤ϡԤΥڥ󥰲פФŪȽŪΩȤ礷ޤɽŪʥڥ󥰤زפƤޤȡڥ󥰤ɽ̤ˤȤ§κפäƤޤǤ

ܽܤɼԤˤȤäƤĤ⤦1ĤΰյϡѸνηϤդȤơ䤿ǤܸνηϤˤĤƺƹͤ¥ƤˤޤɼԤܽɤߤʤ顤ѸΥڥ󥰤оȤĤܸνηϤˤפڤǤ礦ܸͣФˡʤȤޤcf. #2392. ˡαѸȴˤˡܸ ([2015-11-14-1])#2409. ʿ̾򤸤ʸμͳʣ ([2015-12-01-1])ˡ˥㡼˥㡼ĤưʪɽȸСǭס֥ͥס֤ͤסnekoפΤǽǤѤʸ郎ꤵ1Ĥνޤޤ§ȤƤɤʸѤ뤫Ͻ񤭼˰ѤͤƤޤ񤭼ΤλεʬˤäơƤʸϤγʼˤäơꤵɤ߼꤬ïˤäơ뤤ϤޤäΥǡͳ˽ʬ뤳Ȥޤˤϡ񤭼μͳꡤˡΡͷӡפޤ
ܽ4Ϥǿ褦ˡ1100ǯ1500ǯαѸ졤ѸǤƱñǤ񤭼ĿͤȤ˰ۤʤ륹ڥ󥰤ꡤ˸ĿͤˤƤʣΰ֤ѤΤ̤ǤˤͷӡפäΤǤܸѸǤϡͷӡפμ̤ۤʤꡤ쳵ӤǤޤ󤬡񤭼μͳͿƤ뤳Ȥ϶̤ƤޤΤȯɽ魯Ȥפʾ硤ñΰ̣ƱǤФ褤硤񤭼꤬ʬ硤ɤ߼ФƵʤɡ͡ʥǡ񤭼Ͻ֤ȤǤޤʸϸդọ̇ʤɤʤǤƱˡѼԤεʬ䥢ǥƥƥʤǤ⤢ޤΤͣФˡϡˤ錄Υߥ˥ΤˤȤɬפǤ礦ɽȤʤĿŪ㤤ʪꥹȤΥ񤭤䡤¤ΤĥåʸϤޤ᤿񤭸դεˤơͣФˡ˽ʤФʤʤȤСˤ©줷񤭼θä뤳ȤˤʤʤǤ礦
űѸɸŪʥڥηϤΤȤǤϤۤɵʤäͷӡפѸˤϤŸޤ³ѸˤϺƤ¤äƤޤΤ褦ˤؤ֤ȤϡޤͷӡפݻƤܸηϤθߤ̤ͤǵŤƶͿƤޤѸΥڥ󥰲׻ˤˤƤۤȤɤƤԤ˽äȤ¤⡤ܸνηϤιԤͤǼŪǤդܸΩ줫Ѹߤȡܸ1ĤΥǥ륱ȤȤˤʤ뤫⤷ޤ󡥤ȤΤϡԤϱѸˤĤơ1Ĥˡ (the orthography) ǤϤʤʣˡ (orthographies) βǽõäƤ᤬뤫Ǥ

ܽ3ܤΰյϡʸˤˤȤλ¤ǧƤˤޤܽϡߤʸդϡ줬ɤäƤˤλʪǤȤ¤ƶƤޤʸȤñ̤ˡդˤȤؤȰ⤷ƤȻפޤѸ˴ؤɤʪˤȤɤޤäƤ餺դ˴ؤ붵ܤεͤޤäܤȤʤäƤޤϡɼԤǤϤʤդȤؼԤѸؼԤФƤ⤷ƤݥȤǤ
20θ츦ǤϡŪǡƤޤޤŻ뤹뤢ޤꡤʸڤ󤸤ƤޤĤޤꡤڥ󥰤ˤȤϡ20μήɤθ츦ˤơǤڻ뤵Ƥơޤ1ĤȤäƤ褤Ǥ礦̤ܽơɼԤθؼԤʸθؤŪʻäؤΤ⤷ȲͤǧƤ뤳Ȥ˴ԤȻפޤ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1] [2017-10-05-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-02 Mon

#3080. إڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤ξϤȤγ [notice][toc][spelling][hel]

ε#3079. إڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤Ǥޤ ([2017-10-01-1]) ܼ󤲤ϾϤȤγפ򼨤Ĥġإڥ󥰤αѸˡΥɤȤ¾塤Ѹ쥹ڥ󥰻ˤγάȤʤäƤ롥

1. ֽϡסˡڥ󥰡ˤǯε򻲾Ȥʤ顤¿οͤ뤹ͣФΥڥ󥰤ɬפʤΤȤ󵯤ʤ롥ȤСꥫ罰Υ󡦥 potato ˾ħ褦ˡڥ󥰤1ʸְ㤨ǼҲŪۤä褦ʸĬϰ۾ǤϤʤȡΤ褦طʤˤϡѸΥڥ󥰤̵Ե§ǤȤְ̤ɾ롥ͭյʵΤˤϡѸΥڥ󥰤ˤΤäƤȤפǤ롥

2. ּνηϡסʸε⤭ϤνηϤҲ𤷤ĤġʸỌ̇̄뤤ʸȯδطˤĤŪ˹ͻ롥衼åѤʸѤޤ٥ͰƤλˡػʪ٤βͶʸ˸ڤʤ顤ѸɽѤƤޥ󡦥ե٥åȤ§ȤɽŪĤĤ⡤ɬŪɽʸȤƤϵǽƤʤȤŦѸΥڥηϤȯȤδ֤˥åפ򼨤ֿˡפǤ⤯Ǹˡڥ󥰤ˤƺǤ⵬оݤȤʤ䤹¦̤Ǥ뤳ȤŦĤġɸŪʥڥηϤΤļҲŪ롥

3. ֵס6˱Ѹ˥ޥ󡦥ե٥åȤ⤿餵饢󥰥ѤƤ⤦1ĤΥե٥åηϡ롼ʸҲ𤵤롥ǸŤαʸϡ¤˥롼ʸǽ񤫤ƤΤǤ롥䤬ƥޥ󡦥ե٥åȤ롼ʸ˼ääʸμΤϸߤ줬ƤΤȼ㴳ۤʤäƤűѸ쥢ե٥åȤμʸȯδطϡΩĥƥʸȥꥢʸꥷʸʤɤѤΤȡűѸǤβѤȿǤΤκǤꡤűѸΥڥ󥰤⤹ǤʣǤϤäΤΡűѸˤϥȥפȤɸŪʥڥηϤƤäűѸΥڥ󥰤μ㤬إ١ա٤ΰѤˤ꼨롥

4. ֿάȲס1066ǯΥΥޥˤűѸɸ줬³Ѹˤ¿¿ͤڥ󥰤ֺ餤ˤꡤthrough such Τ褦ñϡ̻ˤäƤ¿ͤˡ500̤ˤ֤뤳ȤˤʤäޤѸˤϡե󥹸ναƶƽΤ䥹ڥ󥰤˾ʤ̲Ѥä줿ѸˤϡɸŪʥڥ󥰤餷Τڵ⤢뤬θĿͤ佸Ĥ˸ꤵƤꡤɸȤϤʤꤨʤäѸˤʤȸϢʤɸŪʥڥ󥰤θ˸Τ褦ʼͳѰۤѸΥڥ󥰤ϡͣФΥڥ󥰤뤹븽Υڥ󥰴Ѥ˿øΩΤǤ롥

5. ֥ͥ󥹤ȲססѸϡ֤꤬ɸŪʥڥηϤƤǤ롥͡ڥ󥰤ռ褦ˤʤꡤä˥ڥ󥰲׼ԡطԡȼԤơλǤΤȤ˥ڥ󥰤Τͥ󥹤ʳؼԤϡƥθ츻ȿǤ륹ڥ󥰤򹥤ߡȤ doubt Υڥ󥰤 b ¸뤳ȼĥۼŪȤϡʸȯδط̩Ǥ٤Ȥ⤭ʸ䵭Ƴʥڥ󥰲פƤäȲԤϡ褫ԤʤƤڥ󥰤δɬŪǤʤȤƤ夵褦ϤŪˡɤΥ㡼ɡޥ륫ƤΥڥ󥰤˱ƶͿ뤳ȤȤʤä

6. ֥ڥ󥰤θ경ס18ϡڥ󥰤ϤѸ경뤳Ȥ忴äեȤˤѸ쥢ǥߡΩλߤϼԤΤΡ1755ǯˤϥ󥽥󤬸¿ʱƶڤܤȤˤʤرѸ켭ŵ٤ФɸŪʥڥ󥰤¾ꤵեȤ䥸󥽥⡤줿ʸˤƤɸŪʥڥ󥰤ѤƤΤΡ修ʤɤμʸˤƤɸŪʥڥ󥰤ѤƤꡤĿͤΤʤǤ⤤ޤ֤꤬줿³ơ19Ⱦ20ȾˤƤΡإåեɱѸ켭ŵ (OED) Լԥޥ졼֥åɥ꡼Υڥ󥰤Ф⤵졤20Ρ֥åȡڥ󥰡סֵ§Ѹס֥硼ե٥åȡסֽ饢ե٥åȡפȤäڥ󥰲װƤ䥹ڥ󥰶ˡλߤȽŪ˾Ҳ𤵤롥

7. ֥ꥫڥ󥰡סΥ֥ˤ륹ڥ󥰲פʳƮҤ롥αѸ˾嵩ʥڥ󥰲פطʤˤϡƤ colour color ѤʤɲʤΤǤäȡڥܤŪȡƿꥫФ̱ΰ񿴤˴ͿƤȤŦ롥Τۤꥫˤ륹ڥ󥰶ο͵ȥΥڥ󥰴Ѥ˸ڤȤȤˡꥫñ㲽ڥ󥰰ѰθƤڥ󥰲װƤˤĤơŪȯȤäѤ˴ŤƤȤȽäƤ롥

8. ֥ڥ󥰤θߤ̤סǯηӥ᡼ˤߤάڥ󥰤꤬夲롥Ԥϡάڥ󥰤λѼԤȤʬ來ޤƤ뤳Ȥ򼨤Ĵ̤䡤ˤƱͤξάڥ󥰤ѤƤ¤󤲤ʤ顤άڥ󥰤¿οͤۤƤ褦˶बäƤڵȤʤʤСŪʥڥ󥰤ʤˤƤڵȤʤʤȿ롥ְ֤㤤ԴƤ٤򼨤ĬȽѸΥڥ󥰤ϱѸ줬ɤäƤ˭ˤξڿͤǤꡤ뤬ޤޤ¸ºŤ٤ǤȽҤ٤ܽ֡

ʾ塤ѸΥڥ󥰤ˤξΩäƤ뤳Ȥ狼

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover_small


Referrer (Inside): [2018-12-17-1] [2017-10-06-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2017-10-01 Sun

#3079. إڥ󥰤αѸˡ٤Ǥޤ [notice][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][history][hel_education][toc][link]

920դǡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ˼Ǥޤܥ֥Dz٤⻲ȡѤƤ Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013. Ǥܥ֥ɤޤƤƱѸ쥹ڥ󥰤ν˴ؿäƤ뤹٤Ƥˡ⤷ɤǤ館ƤǤ

does_spelling_matter_front_cover
󡦥ۥӥˡδˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ302ǡISBN: 978-41520970402700ߡ̡ˡ



ܽ򤿤Υڥ󥰤ܤȻפäְ㤤Ǥ롥ˤϡѸˡʸؤϤᡤѸζܤäȵͤޤäƤפȤοʸκƣ󤻤ƤޤޤܽӤˡ֥åեرѸضˤ롤ڥ󥰤ڤ̾פȤʸ礬ޤԤѸΥڥ󥰤˴ؤɤޤܤȤƤϺǹΤΤǤȳοƤޤʤ⤦1ɤޤ륹ڥܤȤơCrystal, David. Spell It Out: The Singular Story of English Spelling. London: Profile Books, 2012. ޤˡ
ܽˤϡΥڥ󥰤䤢Υڥ󥰤طʤˤŪʻ郎ͿƤΤȶäԥɤܤǤ㤨С

罰Τ̿ηäpotato Υڥ󥰤ᤰ뽹ʹ
ػʪ٤Υȡ륭ϡȼΥե٥åηϤͰƤĤƤ
ǸŤαʸϥ޻ǤϤʤ롼ʸǽ񤫤Ƥ
Ѹˤ such ΰۤʤ륹ڥ󥰤500⤢ä
ͥ󥹴Υƥ줫֤μͤdoubt <b> Τ褦̯ʥڥ󥰤ʤ߽Ф
ԥإꥢ٤Ǹ롤Ѹˤ <z> ʸ
Smith 󤫡Smythe 󤫡Ϥޤ Psmith --- ̾Υڥ󥰤ؤΤ
ߤΰ仺Ūʥե٥åȹͰƤξ޶ˤƤȥСʡɡ硼
֥ꥫڥ󥰤βפΤϡΩΰ񿴤ȥ٥ȥ顼إڥ󥰶ܡ٤ξŪ椨
Żҥ᡼˰άڥ󥰤ϡѸθ줫Ū¤ϤΤޤΤ

ܼܽϡʲ̤ȤʤäƤޤ



Ǥؤνʸ
ް
ȯ
1
2 νη
3
4 άȲ
5 ͥ󥹤Ȳ
6 ڥ󥰤θ경
7 ꥫڥ
8 ڥ󥰤θߤ̤
ɽ
ʸ
ԤȤ




ԤĤơñ˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥޤ󡦥ۥӥϥåեإ⡼ɥ󡦥åեαѸضǤѸˡѸʸؤȤƤꡤʲΤ褦ʼФƤޤޤ˵ԤαѸ˸ԤǤ

Horobin, Simon and Jeremy Smith. An Introduction to Middle English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2002.
Horobin, Simon. The Language of the Chaucer Tradition. Cambridge: Brewer, 2003.
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. 1st ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 2nd ed. 2012.
Horobin, Simon. Studying the History of Early English. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Horobin, Simon. How English Became English: A Short History of a Global Language. Oxford: OUP, 2016.

ޤǶϤޤ깹Ƥʤ褦ǤԤ2012ǯ Spelling Trouble ȤѸΥڥ󥰤󶡤֥ǡĤε񤤤Ƥޤ
ʤߤ˸ĿŪʤȤ򤤤СԤϥ饹ؤαؤ2005ǯιޤԤϥ饹ؤǶܤ򼹤äƤꡤԤγذ̿1ͤǤ⤢ޤΤȤ⤪äˤʤꡤΤӤ⤪äˤʤꡤȤаޤǤˡ2ǯ2014ǯ12ˤϡܽ˥󥹥ԥ졼ƳŤݥԤ򾷤ѸΥڥ󥰤ˤĤư˵뵡ĤȤǤޤcf. #2053. Ѹʸز30Υݥ "Does Spelling Matter in Pre-Standardised Middle English?" 򽪤ơ ([2014-12-10-1]
ְ㤤ʤѸΥڥ󥰤褯ʬ褦ˤʤޤإڥ󥰤αѸˡ󤴰ɤ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
󡦥ۥӥˡ δˡإڥ󥰤αѸˡ١˼2017ǯ

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2017-09-21 Thu

#3069. Ϣ9֤ʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤ [spelling][y][spelling_pronunciation_gap][minim][cawdrey][mulcaster][link][rensai][sobokunagimon][three-letter_rule]

920դǡѸϢָܴѸѸˤλ֤ͤʤ try tried Ȥʤꡤdie dying ȤʤΤޤ
ܥ֥ǤֻʤȯЪΥˤ͡˼ꤢƤޤɸεǤĤġʤ <y> ˤȤǤ⤤٤Τˤʤޤ񤭻ĤȤ¿<y> άˤȤ٤ΤˤȤɤޤäƤޤȤ櫓ƻˤ <i> Ȥζ¸ʪ줬ɤߤɤǤȤȤϡʬŪ <i> άˤȤʤäƤȤȤǤɸѤʵäĤġѸֻˤΤʤ뿼ߤؤͶޤ
ʸ3 "minim avoidance" ȸƤФѸðֻۤҲ𤷤ƤޤϱѸֻ˹ϤʱƶڤܤƤꡤܥ֥ǤʲεǿƤޤϢܵɤǤʲΤ줾ܤ̤ȡ餯ạ̈⤿뤳ȤȻפޤ

#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤 ([2009-07-27-1])
#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])
#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])
#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])
#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1])
#2740. word ΤɤäѲ ([2016-10-27-1])
#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1])
#3037. <ee>, <oo> ϤΤ <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ϤʤΤϤʤ ([2017-08-20-1])

4Ǥϡ㡼ɡޥ륫ֻƤȥСȡɥ꡼αѱѼ˿ޤ1600ǯ˳2ͤζԤˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) ȡ#603. ǽαѱѼ A Table Alphabeticall (1) ([2010-12-21-1]) Ϥᡤmulcaster cawdrey γƵ⤴Ȥ
Ǹˡ5ǡ3ʸ׵§˿ޤ˴ؤƤϡ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1])#2437. 3ʸ§˶ꥹѸ <axe> ([2015-12-29-1]) εɤळȤˤ򤬿ޤȻפޤ

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2017-09-02 Sat

#3050. rhubarb ֻα̿ [spelling][etymological_respelling]

ܤǤϤܤˤʤΤ rhubarb /ˈruːbɑːb/ ʥС֡ˤȸƤФ뿩ѿʪ롥ե˻Ƥ뤬դ֤ߤӤӤƤꡤ̣ȼ˥䥽κȤʤ롥

Rhubarb

ϡ rhubarb ֻ rubarb ѲƤƤ餷ȤȤθϡե󥹸 reubarbe Ѹ rubarbe ȤƼѤ줿Τǡ <rh> ֻϤʤäȤȤϥƥ졤ˤϥꥷ̤ꡤǤ <rh> ֻ⸫줿ΤǡѸ϶ˤ򻲾Ȥ rhubarb ֤ʤʸե󥹸Ǥ rhubarbe ֻǤˡĤޤꡤŵŪʸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Ǥ롥
Τ褦ˡѸǤ rhubarb ɸŪֻȤޤä櫓ǯ뤫Τ褦 <h> rubarb ƤƤȤCrystal (220--21) ֻѲܤƤ롥

I have been following the fate of the h in rhubarb in the Google database over the past few years. In 2006 there were just a few hundred instances of rubarb; in 2008 a few thousand; in 2010 there were 91,000; at the beginning of 2011 this had increased to 657,000, and by the end of the year it had passed a million. The ratios are the interesting thing: those 91,000 instances of rubarb in 2010 compared to 3,210,000 instances of rhubarb --- a ratio of 1:35. The following year, 657,000 rubarbs compared to 13 million rhubarbs --- a ratio of 1:20. And later that year rubarb passed the million mark. If it carries on like this, rubarb will overtake rhubarb as the commonest online spelling in the next five years. And where the online orthographic world goes in one decade, I suspect the offline world will go in the next.


rubarb οֻϡְֻ㤤פˤʤȤ⤢Τ˥ȤȤƤϤä⤷ʤ⤷Ρְֻ㤤פʹԤ饤 rhubarb ȴ֤ȤʤäȤСϤְֻ㤤פǤϤʤʤȤֻȤߤʤ褦ˤʤΤǤϤʤμμǤ rubarb ϡФϤֻȤƤǺܤƤ餺ߡɸפǤ뤳Ȥϵʤ r(h)ubarb ˤɤΤ褦ʱ̿ԤƤΤĹԤäƤ

Crystal, David. Spell It Out: The Singular Story of English Spelling. London: Profile Books, 2012.

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2017-08-26 Sat

#3043. ѸμΨ [literacy][demography][spelling][lexicology]

μҲμΨ뤳Ȥϰ̤񤷤ѸαѸҲˤĤơʬäƤ뤳Ȥ롥ʲ˥⤷Ƥ
ޤFairman (265) ϡ19ξȤƼλ¤ŦƤ롥

1) In some parts of England 70% of the population could not write . . . . For them English was only sound, and not also marks on paper.
2) Of the one-third to 40% who could write, less than 5% could produce texts near enough to schooled English --- that is, to the type of English taught formally --- to have a chance of being printed.


Simon (160) ϡ19μΨηä˽ͤäˤĤƿƤ롥

The nineteenth century witnessed a huge increase in literacy, especially in the second half of the century. In 1850 30 per cent of men and 45 per cent of women were unable to sign their own names; by 1900 that figure had shrunk to just 1 per cent for both sexes.


Τ褦ʼΨȴϢơTieken-Boon van Ostade (45--46) λֻˤĤƤ롥Ϥ椨˽ش֤ûȾüֻ餷ʤäҶϡñ֤ˤʤäΤȤϡϤ褽֤뤬ۤ¿줫ʤƥե󥹸줫μѸ֤ʤȤ̣롥ʸΥ٥ι⤤Ѹͳ˰ʤ褦ǤϼҲŪˤ̵ܤȤߤʤΤ顤Ͻ񤭸դˤ¥ɡ (restricted code) ˴Ť󤸤򤨤ʤäɽƤ褤
Ψֻ顤ȼѸ졤¥ɡϸȼҲ򼨤ɤǤ롥

Fairman, Tony. "Letters of the English Labouring Classes and the English Language, 1800--34." Insights into Late Modern English. 2nd ed. Ed. Marina Dossena and Charles Jones. Bern: Peter Lang, 2007. 265--82.
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

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2017-08-20 Sun

#3037. <ee>, <oo> ϤΤ <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ϤʤΤϤʤ [spelling][vowel][spelling][minim][sobokunagimon]

Ѹֻ feet, greet, meet, see, weed ʤ <ee> ѽФ뤷foot, look, mood, stood, took Τ褦 <oo> ̤˸롥٤ơaardvark, bazaar, naan Τ褦 <aa> ϵä <ii>, <uu> ۤȤɸʤȤäƤ褤Ĺ첻ɽ魯Τ첻ŤͤȤΤϡƼŪȯۤȻפ뤬ʤΤ褦ФäʬۤˤʤäƤΤ
űѸǤϡû첻Ȥ򿭤ФĹ첻̤ɸΤ̤ˡϤʤä"God" "good" бϤȤ god ֤줿witan û i ȯ "to know" ΰ̣θ졤Ĺ i ȯ "to look" ΰ̣θȤʤäѸˤʤȡΤ褦첻Ĺûζ̤Ĥ褦ȡĤˡԤ߽Ф줿ˡϤ褽Ѹ˻ĤäƤꡤ<ae>, <ei>, <eo>, <ie>, <oe> Τ褦˰ۤʤʣ첻Ȥ߹碌Τ⤢С<a .. e>, <i .. e>, <u .. e> ʤɱŪȤ߹碌ˡ⤢äľŪˡƱ첻Ťͤ <aa>, <ee>, <ii>, <oo>, <uu> ʤɤ⤢äñˤꡤ뤤ϤñΤäƤȯˤ˹ä𤬤ʤǡŵŪ֤ʤƤäƱ첻Ťͤ˴ؤƤϡ<ee>, <oo> Ĥääʤ
<ee> <oo> ݻ䤹üʻ𤬤äȤϡष <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ѤˤͳäȹͤۤǤ롥ȤΤϾ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ첻ŤͤȤϤȹͤ졤줬Ѥʤͳõۤưפ˻פ뤫
<ii> <uu> 򤱤줿Τ䤹ˤƤϡֻϤդʤ (minim) ΤߤǹƤꡤ줾 <ıı>, <ıııı> ֤줿Τ褦ʣν󤹤ȡտޤƤΤɤʸʤȤ߹碌ˤʤΤɤ߼ˤȤäʬˤʤ뤫㤨С<ıııı> Ȥֻ򸫤Ƥ⡤տޤƤΤ <iiii>, <ini>, <im>, <mi>, <nn>, <nu>, <un>, <wi> Τɽ魯ʸ̮򻲾ȤʤФ狼ʤϢơ#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤 ([2009-07-27-1])#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1])#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
<aa> ˤĤƤϡʤ줬ѤʤäΤ񤷤Ѹˤϡ<aa> ֤ñ⤤ĤäʤäCrystal (46) ϡ"aa never survived, probably because the 'silent' e spelling had more quickly established itself as the norm, as in name, tale, etc." ȹͤƤ뤬⤦ȤƤäϤΤߤȤ
ɡä˺꤬ʤʤޤĤäΤ <ee>, <oo> ȤȤϢơ#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1]) ӡ#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1]) 򻲾

Crystal, David. Spell It Out: The Singular Story of English Spelling. London: Profile Books, 2012.

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2017-08-20 Sun

#3037. <ee>, <oo> ϤΤ <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ϤʤΤϤʤ [spelling][vowel][spelling][minim][sobokunagimon]

Ѹֻ feet, greet, meet, see, weed ʤ <ee> ѽФ뤷foot, look, mood, stood, took Τ褦 <oo> ̤˸롥٤ơaardvark, bazaar, naan Τ褦 <aa> ϵä <ii>, <uu> ۤȤɸʤȤäƤ褤Ĺ첻ɽ魯Τ첻ŤͤȤΤϡƼŪȯۤȻפ뤬ʤΤ褦ФäʬۤˤʤäƤΤ
űѸǤϡû첻Ȥ򿭤ФĹ첻̤ɸΤ̤ˡϤʤä"God" "good" бϤȤ god ֤줿witan û i ȯ "to know" ΰ̣θ졤Ĺ i ȯ "to look" ΰ̣θȤʤäѸˤʤȡΤ褦첻Ĺûζ̤Ĥ褦ȡĤˡԤ߽Ф줿ˡϤ褽Ѹ˻ĤäƤꡤ<ae>, <ei>, <eo>, <ie>, <oe> Τ褦˰ۤʤʣ첻Ȥ߹碌Τ⤢С<a .. e>, <i .. e>, <u .. e> ʤɱŪȤ߹碌ˡ⤢äľŪˡƱ첻Ťͤ <aa>, <ee>, <ii>, <oo>, <uu> ʤɤ⤢äñˤꡤ뤤ϤñΤäƤȯˤ˹ä𤬤ʤǡŵŪ֤ʤƤäƱ첻Ťͤ˴ؤƤϡ<ee>, <oo> Ĥääʤ
<ee> <oo> ݻ䤹üʻ𤬤äȤϡष <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ѤˤͳäȹͤۤǤ롥ȤΤϾ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡ첻ŤͤȤϤȹͤ졤줬Ѥʤͳõۤưפ˻פ뤫
<ii> <uu> 򤱤줿Τ䤹ˤƤϡֻϤդʤ (minim) ΤߤǹƤꡤ줾 <ıı>, <ıııı> ֤줿Τ褦ʣν󤹤ȡտޤƤΤɤʸʤȤ߹碌ˤʤΤɤ߼ˤȤäʬˤʤ뤫㤨С<ıııı> Ȥֻ򸫤Ƥ⡤տޤƤΤ <iiii>, <ini>, <im>, <mi>, <nn>, <nu>, <un>, <wi> Τɽ魯ʸ̮򻲾ȤʤФ狼ʤϢơ#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ񤯤 ([2009-07-27-1])#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1])#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1])#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
<aa> ˤĤƤϡʤ줬ѤʤäΤ񤷤Ѹˤϡ<aa> ֤ñ⤤ĤäʤäCrystal (46) ϡ"aa never survived, probably because the 'silent' e spelling had more quickly established itself as the norm, as in name, tale, etc." ȹͤƤ뤬⤦ȤƤäϤΤߤȤ
ɡä˺꤬ʤʤޤĤäΤ <ee>, <oo> ȤȤϢơ#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1]) ӡ#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1]) 򻲾

Crystal, David. Spell It Out: The Singular Story of English Spelling. London: Profile Books, 2012.

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2017-08-05 Sat

#3022. sneeze θ츻 (2) [spelling][onomatopoeia][edd][etymology]

#1152. sneeze θ츻 ([2012-06-22-1]) ˴ϢơɲŪ󶡤Horobin (60) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦ɾƤ롥

. . . Old English had a number of words that began with the consonant cluster <fn>, pronounced with initial /fn/. This combination is no longer found at the beginning of any Modern English word. What has happened to these words? In the case of the verb fneosan, the initial /f/ ceased to be pronounced in the Middle English period, giving an alternative spelling nese, alongside fnese. Because it was no longer pronounced, the <f> began to be confused with the long-s of medieval handwriting and this gave rise to the modern form sneeze, which ultimately replaced fnese entirely. The OED suggests that sneeze may have replaced fnese because of its 'phonetic appropriateness', that is to say, because it was felt to resemble the sound of sneezing more closely. This is a tempting theory, but one that is hard to substantiate.


ޤǤˤϡƬ໤ҲΤߤʤ neese neeze η֤ĤäƤ뤳ȤդEDD Online NEEZE, v. sb. ˤСʲ̤ neese, neease, neesh-, neze ʤɤΰֻǧ롥



long <s> ˤĤƤϡ#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#1732. Shakespeare ֤ (2) ([2014-01-23-1])#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-10-07-1]

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2017-07-30 Sun

#3016. colonel ֻȯ [spelling][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][dissimilation][silent_letter][folk_etymology][l][r]

Φ纴̣ colonel ϡֻ /ˈkəːnəl/ ȯ롥̤ñ kernel ʳ˿ˤƱȯǤ롥l ۻ (silent_letter) ǤФ꤫첻⡤ȯȤбΤʤΤ狼ʤۤɤԵ§Ǥ롥Ϥʤ
ñαѸǤνФ1548ǯΤȤǤꡤΤȤֻ coronell äl ǤϤʤ r ƤΤǤ롥бե󥹸줫μѸǡ coronnel, coronel, couronnel ʤɤ֤ƤΤ褽ΤޤޱѸäƤȤˤʤ롥Υեñ켫Τϥꥢ줫μѤǡꥢǤ colonnello, colonello Τ褦֤ƤĤޤꡤꥢ줫ե󥹸ϤäȤˡǽή l r ؤؤ줿ΤǤ롥ϥޥ󥹽ǤϤ褯۲ (dissimilation) κѤη̤Ǥ (cf. Sp. coronel) l 2ٸ뤳ȤäƤβѲʱѸ˴ؤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
˸츻̤Хƥ columnam ʱˤ˹Ԥ夭ʼΤʥ꡼ˡפۤɤΰ̣Ѥ褦ˤʤäե󥹸Ѳ coronnel ֻˤĤƤСָ̱츻 (folk_etymology) ˤ corona, couronne "crown" ȴطŤݤ줿ե󥹸Ǥ16Ⱦˤ l ֻᤵ졤colonnel ȤƸߤ˻롥
ѸǤϡֻ˴Ť l ǤϤʤ r ȯθѤ³ֻ˴ؤƤ᤯16Ⱦ˸ֻ򻲾Ȥ l ᤵ뤳Ȥˤʤäե󥹸ˤ l Ʊ˻ȤΤȻפ롥18ȾޤǤϸŤ coronel ¸³Ƥ˾äƤߤ colonel ֻͣȤʤäȯϸŤΤ˿졤ֻѲ椨ˡߤˤޤ³ֻȯΥåפƤޤäȤ櫓
ºݤηаޤϡǽҤ٤ۤñǤϤʤä褦ֻ l ᤵ줿Τ˸ƱȯǤ l ᤵ줿ȳǧϤꡤ/ˌkɔləˈnɛl/ ʤɤȯ19ޤѤƤȤȯ벻ˤĤƤ̻ŪѲߤ졤3ä17ȾФ2Ȥȯ㤬졤19ޤǤˤϤ줬̲ĤĤä
<colonel> = /ˈkəːnəl/ ϡֻȯδطʣˤФơŪԵ§˸ǤޤäƤλ1ĤǤ롥

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2017-07-12 Wed

#2998. 18ޤǰȼ񤭤ֻϰۤʤˤä [spelling][orthography][writing][printing][lmode][johnson]

ε#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1]) κǸ˿줿褦ˡʬ˸Ѹ˶ᤤȴ18ǤʤʬŪ19Ǥˡȼ񤭤ϡʸֻεϤ˴ؤơ2ĤΰۤʤƤȤäƤ褤С2Ĥˡ¸ߤƤʤ⡤ơϸŪʰ̣Ǥοϳ餵̶ǤʵϤȤ櫓ǤϤʤäˡϤ褽ָפǤꡤ񤭤ϡֻפǤ뤫顤ˡϸǻȤʬ٤ŴȤʤäƤΤǤ롥
κۤǤŪ˸ΤϡJohnson μǤֻȡJohnson λŪʤǤֻǤ롥㤨СJohnson ϼǤֻȤϰۤʤꡤʤǤ companiable, enervaiting, Fryday, obviateing, occurences, peny, pouns, stiched, chappel, diner, dos (= does) ֻ񤤤Ƥ (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 42) Τ褦ʾ¾κȤˤĤƤƱͤ˸뤳Ȥ顤Johnson ֤겼äȤ̷򵯤ƤʤɤȤˤϤʤʤषŪʰȻŪʼ񤭤Ȥǰۤʤֻδबꡤ줬뤵ƤȤȤǤ롥
Τ褦ʾϡβ桹ˤȤäƤ򤷤ˤ⤷ʤֻθͤƤߤмΤȤǤ롥Ѹˤֻζʽ¿Ǥ줿ϻҶ˰줿ƥȤɤ褦ˤ뤿ζʽǤꡤҶֻ񤯤Ȥ붵ʽǤϤʤäƥȤֻϡȼԤˤäƴŪ줿ˡȿǤƤꡤҶϤηŪֻɤ׷ֽ񤯡׷ä˼ƤʤäΤ褦ʻҶ񤭤ǽʤǧʤˤϡʤƥȤɽ蘆Ƥˡ§ä֤뤳ȤϤǤʤȤäñޤä֤ʤȤȤˤϤʤʤʤμ˸򤵤뤳ȤۤȤɤʤ
ơξϡֻؤǤҶΤߤʤ餺ʸɤ߽񤭤ͤˤ̤ƤϤޤäȼ񤭤ΩϡΩΤߤʤ餺ֻɤǽϤȽǽϤΩǤ⤢äΤ

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-12-06-1]

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2017-07-11 Tue

#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> [spelling][graphemics][grammatology][alphabet][printing][lmode][writing][orthography]

18ΰܤΥƥȤɤǤȡ³ <s> ΰۻ (allograph) Ǥ <<ʃ>> ޤˤ˸뤳Ȥ˵ŤλΤ "long <s>" ȸƤФƤꡤޤǤѤƤޤäΤΡѸˤĹˤ錄äƳƤۻΤäTieken-Boon van Ostade (40) ˰Ƥ롡ECCO ʸˤꡤ<<ʃ>> λȤ򸫤Ƥߤ褦

. . . WHEREIN / THE CHAPTERS are ʃumm'd up in Contents; the Sacred Text inʃerted at large, in Paragraphs, or Verʃes; and each Paragraph, or Verʃe, reduc'd to its proper Heads; the Senʃe given, and largely illuʃtrated, / WITH / Practical Remarks and Obʃervations


Ƥ狼̤ꡤ٤Ƥ <s> <<ʃ>> ǰƤ櫓ǤϤʤŪˤϸƬ <s> <<ʃ>> ǰ졤Ǥ̾ <<s>> ʤޤƬǤʸξˤ <<S>> Ѥ롥ۤˡIdleneʃs Busineʃs Τ褦ˡ<ss> δĶǤ1ʸܤ long <s> Ȥʤ롥
long <s> 䤬Ѥ˵뤳ȤȤʤäˤƤ18˾äƤäȤŦƤ롥

Long <s> disappeared as a printing device towards the end of the eighteenth century, and its presence or absence is today used by antiquarians to date books that lack a publication date as dating from either before or after 1800. (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 40)


դ٤ϡ1800ǯ򶭤 long <s> äΤϰȤΤˤƤǤꡤ (handwriting) ˤƤϡ⤦Ф餯 long <s> Ѥ³ȤȤǤ롥#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ񤭤Ǥ1850ǯޤǻȤ³ȼ񤭤ȤǻʬۤۤʤäƤȤ long <s> ˸¤餺¾ΰۻΤֻˤƤϤޤ롥δФǤϡˤ񤭤ˤ衤1Ĥζ̤ˡȹͤΤʤȤ1800ǯޤǤϡΤ褦ʴФϵäȤߤʤ٤Ǥ롥
long <s> ˤĤơ#1152. sneeze θ츻 ([2012-06-22-1])#1732. Shakespeare ֤ (2) ([2014-01-23-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. An Introduction to Late Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009.

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2017-05-18 Thu

#2943. Ѹȯ֤꤬פʤͳϡָɡפȡס [notice][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][etymological_respelling][link]

ֱѸȯֻЪΥפˤĤơDMMѲå֥˥󥿥ӥ塼ƤˤƤ餤ޤεåץɤ줿ΤǡϤҲ𤬤Ƥ顤Ϣ hellog ؤΥ󥯤ĥäƤޤΥȥϡФְŪʢѸȯ֤꤬פʤͳȤʹ˹Ԥä顤ȿͤˤƤΡָɡפȡפäפǤɤ
¤ʬ䤹ܻؤäȤȤޤǴάޤά뤢ޤꡤ٤ǤΡ뤤ϸ­餺ʤȤ⤢Ȼפޤ¿αѸؽԤ˴ؿ⤿ФơѸˤδɤΤ褦ΤѸŪʸָƤ館褦ˡȤλפǤݤ߼äƤ館ФȻפޤ??ɤǡʢפ̣äƤ
ơܥ֥ǤϡֱѸȯֻЪΥˤĤơspelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εƤޤΥ󥿥ӥ塼Ǥϡdebt ˤʤȯʤ <b> ΤȤä츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȤƼ夲ޤ󥿥ӥ塼˸ڤΤŪʻȤδطǤϡä˰ʲε

debt <b> 桧#116. 츻֤֤ --- etymological respelling ([2009-08-21-1])
Ѹ through ֻ˸뺮𡧡#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
15 through ֻμ«#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
ȯֻ̡äƤ#2292. ֻȯϥפǤĤʤ줿2ۤΥܡȡ ([2015-08-06-1])
Ե§ԹݤĤȤ˰̣롪#1482. ʤ go β went ˤʤ뤫 (2) ([2013-05-18-1])

1֤ۤɤΥ󥿥ӥ塼ǾäԤ褦ʥơޤǤϤޤǤɼԤΤߤʤ󤬤ˡޤѸˤȤʬ˴ؿȤʤСȤƤŪãǤ

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