Ѹǥե٥åȤ10ܤʸ <j> ϡ٤ȤƤϡ#308. Ѹκѱñꥹȡ ([2010-03-01-1]) ǤߤȤꡤ<z>, <q> ³ƺǤ롥ۤɤޤǤΩʤʸ⤽ΤϤȤΩƤĹ˿Ƥ400ǯȷФäƤʤΤ
<j> <i> ˤΤФĤƤǤʸǤ롥Ūˤ <j> ϥ夫¸ߤǽȤƤ <i> ȽʣƤꡤʸ <i> Ѱ۷ˤʤäĤޤꡤ<j> ΩʸǤȤƤϤߤʤƤʤäΤǤ롥Ѹ̤ơ<j> ŵŪˤϥˤ褦ˡ<i> Ϣ³ݤκǸ <i> Ѥ줿 (ex. iiij)
Ȥ1630--40ǯˡ<i> 첻Ȥơ<j> /ʤ/ бҲȤѤ븽δϤޤϤޤǡ <j> <i> ȶ̤Ωϰ̤櫓ǤϤʤˤϤ˻֤ä㤨С1755ǯ Johnson μǤ⡤"I is in English considered both as a vowel and consonant; though, since the vowel and consonant differ in their form as well as sound, they may be more properly accounted two letters" ȶ̤ƤϤ뤬ºݤˤ <i> ǻϤޤ <j> ǻϤޤ줬ƱФΤȤƤ롥Ĥޤꡤjar, jaw, jay, ice, idol, jealous, jerk, ill ʤɤνǸФȤƸΤǤ (Upward and Davidson 184--85) ʸ <J> <I> ζ̤Ϥ٤졤Ѥ19ޤ³ (Crystal 260) ʤ1828ǯ Webster μǤϡξʸϴ˶̤Ƥ롥
<j> /ʤ/ бҲȤѤ褦ˤʤäΤϡťեˤƤбäǤ롥ƥ iacere, iunctus iuvenis ʤɤθƬ <i> ȾҲ /j/ ɽ路ťե˻Ǥ /j/ ϲФơǽŪ˻ /ʤ/ ȤʤäΩ <i/j> = /ʤ/ бطѸˤܿ졤17ȾˡٰŪ˸ʬۤѤ褦ˤʤä (Upward and Davidson 133--34) ޤ15Υڥˤ첻 <i> ȻҲ <j> λȤʬδ⡤Ѹˤξʸʬ˴ؤäƤ롥ˤĤƤϡ<i>, <j> ξ (dot) ȤϢơ#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1]) ȡ˾ܤϡOED "J, n. ιȤ줿
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2003.
ε#1634. ֥ӥפ equation ([2013-10-17-1]) Ǽ夲 /-ʃən/ /-ʒən/ ȯˤĤơֻȤδϢʬۤĴ٤ƤߤŪˡ equation <-tion> /-ʃən/ б<-sion> /-ʃən/ 뤤 /-ʒən/ б褦˻פ뤬ºݤΤȤϤɤʤΤ
ɤܤĴΤϻ֤ϫϤפȻפΤǡɤǽΤˤĤƤϼ礿ȯΤߤȤȤäʬۤФˤȤɤ뤳ȤˤѤǡ١1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) Ǥ롥"SH AH0 N$" (/-ʃən/) "ZH AH0 N$" (/-ʒən/) ȯҥåȤֻ̤˥ޤϡ/-ʃən/ 줫鸫Ƥߤ褦
| -cean | 3 |
| -chen | 6 |
| -cian | 25 |
| -cion | 4 |
| -shane | 2 |
| -chian | 1 |
| -shion | 2 |
| -shan | 7 |
| -shen | 3 |
| -shon | 5 |
| -sian | 4 |
| -sion | 24 |
| -ssion | 46 |
| -szen | 1 |
| -tian | 16 |
| -tion | 974 |
| -xion | 2 |
| -sian | 10 |
| -sion | 73 |
| -ssion | 1 |
| -tion | 1 |
1. <-sion> = /-ʃən/ 24
apprehension, ascension, comprehension, compulsion, condescension, convulsion, dimension, dissension, emulsion, expansion, expulsion, extension, hypertension, hypotension, l'expansion, mansion, misapprehension, overexpansion, pension, pretension, propulsion, revulsion, suspension, tension
2. <-sion> = /-ʒən/ 73
abrasion, activision, allusion, aversion, cablevision, circumcision, cohesion, collision, collusion, computervision, conclusion, confusion, contusion, conversion, coopervision, corrosion, decision, delusion, derision, diffusion, disillusion, dispersion, diversion, division, envision, erosion, evasion, excision, exclusion, excursion, explosion, extrusion, fusion, illusion, immersion, implosion, incision, inclusion, incursion, indecision, infusion, intrusion, invasion, inversion, lesion, macrovision, misprision, multivision, occasion, occlusion, persuasion, perversion, precision, profusion, provision, recision, rediffusion, reperfusion, reversion, revision, seclusion, suasion, subdivision, submersion, subversion, supervision, television, transfusion, univision, version, vision, worldvision, xyvision
<-sion> ľֻȯĴ٤Ƥߤȡ/-ʃən/ Ǥɬ n l ԤƤȤħ롥/-ʒən/ Ǥ첻ʻˤ r ԤƤ롥ʬۤŪˤĺޤäΤϾܤĴ٤Ƥߤʤʬʤ餯Ѹ /s/ /z/ ɤʬۤȤȤʤäƤȻפ롥
ؤä狼롪Ķ֥ʸŵ٤ȤʸˤäƤѤѤɤǤ顤֥ӥפιǡ֥ӥפȯͤ¿ȤΥȤˤܤˤȤޤäѸǤ exhibition /ˌɛksɪˈbɪʃən/ ʤΤǡ֥פȯǼѤ줿Ϥե奢Ȥʤɤθ鵻ϳΤ˻ФʤΤʤΤǡvision /ˈvɪʒən/ ǡ֥פȯ줿줿ꤹ뤳Ȥ¿ʤäΤǼˤСӥ13ӥ7ҥåȤ
ǥαñ <exhibition> Ȥ뵬ŪԤǤСѸ <-tion> /-ʃən/ ˸̩б/-ʒən/ б뤳ȤϤʤΤǡ// ȵ뤫⤷ʤ§ȤƤϤ̤ʤΤѸˤ <-tion> = /ʒən/ б㤬1Ĥ롥equation /ɪˈkweɪʒən/ Ǥ롥
ΤˤСequation ˤ /ɪˈkweɪʒən/ /ɪˈkweɪʃən/ ξȯΤֻȯε§æԤΤۤŪˤ褯Ȥ롥LPD ˤȡꥫѸǤ90% /ɪˈkweɪʒən/ ȯȤ

ξȯɤǤ롥ѸǤϡˤ /-ʃən/ /-ʒən/ Ȥɤ줬ѻ줬ʤʤǤ롥㤨Сconversion, dispersion, version, Asian ʡ#919. Asia ȯפε[2011-11-02-1]ȡ, Persian ʤɤɤ줬롥դ٤ϡɤθֻϡ<-sion> <-sian> Τ褦 <s> ĤΤۤȤɤǤꡤequation Τ褦 <-tion> ĤΤϤʤȤäƤ褤<s> 餳 /ʃ/ /ʒ/ ΤɤΤǤäơ<t> Ǥϸ§Ȥ̵ /ʃ/ ǸΤϤֻȯε§ȤСֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) ΰϤˤ equation /ɪˈkweɪʒən/ ήԤȤȤϹͤˤºݤ˸ͥǤȤȤϡֻȯε§Ϳʾˡ<-sion> ɽ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ ɤΤۤ˶ޤƤޤäꤹΤ겼ˤϡequation ޤȯɤˤĤơɤȯȤθʬۤʤɤ̻ŪĴɬפ롥
ӡ֥ץɤˤȤäƤϻǰʤȤˡѸ exhibition ˤϤޤ */ˌɛksɪˈbɪʒən/ ȯϸƤʤ̾⤸äåХ ExhiVision ϼºߤ롥
¤̳ˡؤä狼롪Ķ֥ʸŵ١PHPPHPʸˡӡ2012ǯ.
Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Ѹֻ줢뤤¿ˤĤƤϡme_dialect spelling εʤɤǸڤƤֻɸಽϲƤ븽δФ餹ȿʤȤѸνɤϤDzȤäƤΤǤ롥ѸƥȤ˸礦θԤˤȤäƤϡºݾǺޤȤ¿#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1]) ǽҤ٤Ȥ֤
ѸΥƥȤɤͤϡǤΤˡϿƤֻĤƤʤФʤʤƥȤ˸ֻΤޤޤǼϿƤݾڤϤʤǤ롥٤ԺɡϿƤʤΤ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤ롥ˤϡѼԤɸֻƤˤ⤫餺ºݤֻˤɸʤȤޤޤ꤬롥
θŪ褹٤ MED (Middle English Dictionary) ˻Ȥȡ#1178. MED Spelling Search ([2012-07-18-1]) ǰֻɽǽˤʤɡؤƤ櫓Ǥ롥
Ѹ¿ֻͤؤΤϡ˸θԤʤΤѸνɤ⡤Ƥ졤ϤؤϴƤΤǤϤʤ餳٤ФʤǤϤ뤬ˤֻɸಽܻؤ줿ΤǤϤʤֻɸಽˤĤƤ spelling standardisation γƵȡˡ
Crystal (227) ˤȡѸüԤϤؤƤȤ⤷롥15 Wycliffe οΥʱѸ˾ΥˤԤԤäե٥åȽˤ餶ʤä̵̾ԻԤϡֻηǤŪʤΤǤϤʤȤɼԤǤäƤɬפäΤǤ롥ʲϡ1425ǯ East Midland ΥƥȤǡBritish Library MS Royal 17.B ff. 5a--b Kuhn ι (272) Ѥ褦
Sumtyme þe same word & þe self þat is writen of sum man in oo manere is writen of a-noþir man in a-noþir manere. . . . Þese diuerse maneris of writyng ben to be considerid in þis concordaunce. ffor per chaunse, aftir my manere of writyng, sum word stondiþ in sum place, which same word, aftir þi maner of writying, shulde stonde in anoþir place. If it plese to ony man to write þis concordaunce, & him þenkiþ þat summe wordis ben not set in ordre aftir his conseit & his manere of writyng, it is not hard, if he take keep wiþ good avisement in his owne writyng, to sette suche wordis in such an ordre as his owne conseit acordiþ wel to.
ˤʤä顤ɼԤϼʬǥʤȸФθĴΤ褦˸Ҥ٤ʤФʤʤääΤ
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Kuhn, Sherman M. "The Preface to a Fifteenth-Century Concordance." Speculum 43 (1968): 258--73.
ε#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬۡ ([2013-03-30-1]) ǸűѸˤĤƳѤKentish ɸѸ˱ƶͿƤʲǽΤ2ĤۤɤߤƤߤɸ2˴ޤޤ첻 e Ǥ롥
ǤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1]) #563. Chaucer merry ([2010-11-11-1]) #570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1]) ǸںѤߤǤΤǡ첻ʻˤˤĤƤˤϤȤ줿ĤޤǤСűѸˤ West-Saxon y Anglian Ǥ i ˡKentish Ǥ e бȤ첻㤬äʬۤϤ褽Ѹؤۤ졤Ǥ <u> ֻ /y/ ȯԤʤ졤Ǥ <i> /ɪ/ Ǥ <e> /ɛ/ Ԥʤ줿ѸѸˤƤäȿʤֻɸಽ˺ݤƤϡɤ첻ʻˤ̤ȤФ줿ñˤäưۤʤäƤꡤֻȯδ֤Ǥפʤ⸽ƤޤäǤֻȯδطƤ busy bury ʤɤ㤬
嵭ɸಽβǡűѸ Kentish Ѹͳ褹첻ʻ<e> /ɛ/ Ѥ줿ϾʤΤΡ#570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1]) ǵ褦 merry (West-Saxon myrig) knell (West-Saxon cnyllan) 롥Ǥϼ䤷Τǡɸ2äƤߤ
leftʺˤϴܸ졦ٸˤȸ츻 lift ʻ夲ˤƱǤ롥ΤȤ뤳ȤֵʼˡפȤĤʤΤǤϤʤȤWest-Saxon Ǥ lyftʶˤȤƸ뤬ֺפθϤäƤʤνФ1200ѸΤȤǤ롥MED Ǥϡlift (adj.) ȤƸФΩäƤ롥
̤ˤС#329. αȺ ([2010-03-22-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡleftʺˤϰĸǡּ夤פȤ캬̤ꡤleprosyʥϥ¡ˤʤɤƱȤʤ롥West-Saxon lyftādl (paralysis) 1ǤȤƴޤޤƤ뤳ȤФиڤ롥
θ츻Τˤ衤űѸ Kentish ͳ첻ʻˤѤƸɸѸ夷Ǥ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
⤦1Ĥϡhemlockʥɥ˥ˤǤ롥ƥ˻餷ȿƤ롥West-Saxon Ǥ hymlic(e) ȤƸѸǤϡMED hemlok(e (n.) ȤƸФΩäƤ뤬ºݤˤϼ첻ʻˤdzǧ롥
Ƥ Kentish ɸѸǴΤƤȤäǤ
#13. ѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷 ([2009-05-11-2]) ǡye ye 괧 the Ѥ뵼ŪֻˤĤƿ줿
þ (thorn) y Ȥλˤ뺮ƱѸ鸫줿κ𤬤дΤ þ षƤǤ롥þ ѤƤäΤϡ#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-16-1]) #1330. Ѹˤ eth, thorn, <th> ([2012-12-17-1]) dzǧ褦ˡHelsinki Corpus λʬˤME4 (1420--1500) ʹߤǤ롥˸ƱơŪ괧 ye ϶ѸäƤ٤ƤOED Ȥȡye λѤѸ줫17ˤơȤ롥
ǤϡѸ줫ѸˤơŪˤɤ ye Ѥ줿ΤĴ٤뤿 PPCME2, PPCEME, PPCMBE POSե뷲 "ye/D" ƤߤME1ΤߡEModE1259㡤LModE5㤬äƥѥϤ褽130졤180졤100줫ʤ뤬ͤȤ⡤ȤƤ롥Ѹǵ˸쵤˿ȤȤǤ롥PPCEME 1259Τ975ϡThe Journal of George Fox (1673--74) Ȥ1ʤǤ롥ۤˤ10ʾ帽ƥȤ4ĤΤߤǡĤ20ƥȤ˾㤺ĻФäƤˤʤȤʬۤǤϤ롥δˤȤϡ̣ήԤȤä
ɥˬ줿ݤˡ145 Fleet St Ϸޥѥ "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese" 42 Ludgate Hill "Ye Olde London" δĤƤƤǰʤ餳ǥդ뵡Ϥʤäɤ⡤̤Υѥ֤ǤϰաʤǤϤʤˤޤ

εǡ#1420. Johnson's Dictionary ħȳס ([2013-03-17-1]) Ҳ𤷤Samuel Johnson (1709--84) ϡѸ켭˾Τߤʤ餺Ѹ˾ǤפʿʪǤ롥λ (the Age of Reason) 18ϼο18Ҥʤ⡤ʴѼΩѸνաȤ櫓ֻˤɸಽ⤿餹Ȥ夬äΤǡJohnson ¿ʬŪʵϴѤΤȤϤäŪˤߤвơQХȤä碌ʸͤä
ʲǤϡThe Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language (1747) ڤ "The Preface to A Dictionary of the English Language" (1755) ΰѤˤꡤDr Johnson θѤΰüΤƤߤѤΥڡϡCrystal ˤ롥
Johnson ϡ2Ⱦˤ錄Ѹֻɸಽή˻¾νǤäʪȤߤƤ褤बѤˤϸ¼ŪʴѽŻϩä[2013-03-04-1]ε#1407. Ѹ3Ĥפ (2) ȡˡΰ٤ͺۤʪäƤ롥
When a question of orthography is dubious, that practice has, in my opinion, a claim to preference, which preserves the greatest number of radical letters, or seems most to comply with the general custom of our language. But the chief rule which I propose to follow, is to make no innovation, without a reason sufficient to balance the inconvenience of change; and such reasons I do not expect often to find. All change is of itself an evil, which ought not to be hazarded but for evidence advantage; and as inconstancy is in every case a mark of weakness, it will add nothing to the reputation of our tongue. ("Plan" 7)
ŪֻפԲǽäƤꡤǤãѤƤ뤫Τ褦Johnson ϡܼŪ˸ϼ˽ΤȤϡʹ֤δѤλʪǤȹͤƤ롥ΰѤǤϡQuintilian 礤˽Фơanomalist Ω餫ˤƤ[2012-12-03-1]ε#1316. analogist and anomalist controversy (2)פȡˡ
To our language may be with great justness applied the observation of Quintilian, that speech was not formed by an analogy sent from heaven. It did not descend to us in a state of uniformity and perfection, but was produced by necessity and enlarged by accident, and is therefore composed of dissimilar parts, thrown together by negligence, by affectation, by learning, or by ignorance. ("Plan" 11)
Johnson "Plan" (1747) "Preface" (1755) ޤǤδ֤ˡꤹ뤳ȤԲǽäȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥κȤ̤ơ겺ʴѼطФƤäΤǤ롥ʸϤϡJohnson Ѳ褯սȤơФʸ˰ѤƤ롥
Those who have been persuaded to think well of my design, require that it should fix our language, and put a stop to those alterations which time and chance have hitherto been suffered to make in it without oppositions. With this consequence I will confess that I flattered myself for a while; but now begin to fear that I have indulged expectation which neither reason nor experience can justify. When we see men grow old and die at a certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a thousand years; and with equal justice may the lexicographer be derided, who being able to produce no example of a nation that has preserved their words and phrases from mutability, shall imagine that his dictionary can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption and decay, that it is in his power to change sublunary nature, and clear the world at once from folly, vanity, and affectation. ("Preface" 37--38)
ʴѼȤϡθ경ȤۤФԤǰ˶ᤤȤ롥
If the changes that we fear be thus irresistible, what remains but to acquiesce with silence, as in the other insurmountable distresses of humanity? it remains that we retard what we cannot repel, that we palliate what we cannot cure. Life may be lengthened by care, though death cannot be ultimately defeated: tongues, like governments, have a natural tendency to degeneration; we have long preserved our constitution, let us make some struggles for our language. ("Preface" 40)
ͥοʸԤθ˽ä뤳Ȥˤäơܤ䤹Ѹ경Ȥ˾ϡ18ŪǤ롥Johnson ˤ⸽Ƥ뤳θѤ뤤ϸѲѤϡ19ӸؤȤȤˡޤۤʤä֤Ƥ椯褦ˤʤ롥
Johnson ϡѸˤΤߤʤ餺ػ˾1ʪä
Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. Selected, Edited and with an Introduction by David Crystal. London: Penguin, 2005.
ε#1414. shew show (1) ([2013-03-12-1]) ³ԡ Helsinki Corpus ѤƽѸޤǤ shew show ʬۤĴϸѸˤʬۤ PPCMBE (Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English; see [2010-03-03-1]) ˤäƴñĴ
PPCMBE ϡ1700ǯ1914ǯޤǤ948,895ΥѥǤ롥70ǯĤ3ʬФ첽줿 pos ե뷲оݤ˸뤳Ȥ shew show token 夲̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ
| shew | show | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1700--1769 | 80 | 25 | 298,764 |
| 1770--1839 | 79 | 86 | 368,804 |
| 1840--1914 | 17 | 162 | 281,327 |
This word is frequently written shew; but since it is always pronounced and often written show, which is favoured likewise by the Dutch schowen, I have adjusted the orthography to the pronunciation.
Ĥޤꡤspelling_pronunciation ʤ pronunciation_spelling ȤȤˤʤΤshow ۤɤιٸǤΤ褦ʰŪʲѤȤΤԻĤˤפ뤬Ѹ衤ȤϤ show ϹԤʤƤȤ¤طʤˤäȤϡΤ˸Ƥ
ư show ˤϸŤ֤ shew 롥ˡΧʸʤɤˤϸΤΡߤǤϰŪˤϤޤꤪܤˤʤshew 18ޤֻͥǤꡤ19ȾޤǸȤƳƤ20ȾǤܤˤ뤳ȤäOED "show, v." θ츻εҤȤ褦
The spelling shew, prevalent in the 18th cent. and not uncommon in the first half of the 19th cent., is now obsolete exc. in legal documents. It represents the obsolete pronunciation (indicated by rhymes like view, true down to c1700) normally descending from the Old English scéaw- with falling diphthong. The present pronunciation, to which the present spelling corresponds, represents an Old English (? dialectal) sceāw- with a rising diphthong.
ΰ֤ͳϡűѸ scéawian (to look) η֤ͳ褹롥촴2첻Ĺ첻ؤȳ경 (smoothing) ݤˡȤȲĴ2첻Ǥкǽ첻Ӥ ē Ȥʤꡤ徺Ĵ2첻ǤкǸ첻ӡ̤Ȥ ō Ȥʤäshew ϢʤԤηǤϡ§Ūʲȯãˤꡤ/ʃjuː/ ϤϤshow ϢʤԤηȯ /ʃoʊ/ ִ뤳ȤˤʤäȾޤǤֻȤƤ shew ͥǤʤ顤ȯȤƤ show ̲ƤȤȤˤʤ롥ʤsew /soʊ/ ⡤ʿŪȯãη̤Ǥ롥
OED 츻ǤϡޤǤ shew ͥäȤȤä show ˨Ѹ줫ǧ (cf. MED "sheuen (v.(1))") Helsinki Corpus ˤꡤѸ줫ѸޤǤ shew vs show ̻ŪʬۤѤƤߤ褦ʥǡե "shew" and "show" in Helsinki Corpus ȡ
| shew | show | |
|---|---|---|
| M1 | 12 | 0 |
| M2 | 36 | 2 |
| M3 | 185 | 0 |
| M4 | 207 | 7 |
| E1 | 198 | 13 |
| E2 | 113 | 15 |
| E3 | 71 | 4 |
#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1]) άҤ褦ˡѸֻηϤ礭ħϡ logographic ȤȤǤֻɽ魯ȤܻؤƤꡤˤɽ¿쾯ʤ쵾ˤƤ롥ħȤϴˤ䤫ʷȸƤ֤٤Τ⤷ʤŪΤʵҤǤ롥Brengelman (346) ϡħʤ극ʤŪΤɽƤ롥
The specific characteristics of the theory of English spelling which finally emerged were the following: Each morpheme ought to have a consistent, preferably etymological spelling. Each morpheme ought to be spelled phonemically according to its most fully stressed and fully articulated pronunciation (thus n in autumn and damn, d in advance and adventure), and the etymology ought to be indicated in conventional ways (by ch, ps, ph, etc. in Greek words; by writing complexion---not complection---because the word comes from Latin complexus).
פˡǥ٥ǤϼȤƸ츻ȤưӤɽܻؤǥ٥Ǥ (1) ƤȯбȤˤȡ(2) 츻餫ˤ뤿δ˽Ȥˡ˱äɽܻؤȤȤǤ롥ḽֻηϤħ褯Ȥ館ǤϤʤ
̣ȤˡˤǤ褯ȿǤƤΤϡĹƷ줷ѸǤ롥դˤСѸ˥ƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸ줬äȤطʤä餳ħȯƤȤȤ⤷ʤ˴ϢơBrengelman 2ĤεҤɤǤߤ褦
Of all the improvements on English spelling made by the seventeenth-century orthographers, none was more important than their decision to spell the English words of Latin origin in a consistent way. Schoolmasters explained the process as showing the historical derivation of the words, but it did more than this: it showed their morphology. It is this development which makes possible a curious fact about English spelling: the longer and more bookish a word is, the easier it is to spell. No rules would lead a foreigner to spellings such as build or one, but he should easily spell verification or multiplicity. (350)
[E]nglish spelling began to be increasingly ideographic as early as the fourteenth century, and by the sixteenth, when the majority of readers and writers knew Latin, understanding was actually enhanced by Latinate spellings . . . . (351)
Ū˥ƥϱѸ¿¿ͤʱƶͿƤޤ1ġѸֻɸಽβˤƤ礭ʱƶͿƤȤȤ狼
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
ε#1384. ֻɸಽ˹Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1]) ޤ ##297,871,1312,1384 γƵǡȼԤֻɸಽ˹Ȥ뽾ؤȿƱͤˡɤˤǽΰȼ William Caxton (c1422--91) ֻɸಽ˹ʤäȹͤ٤Brengelman (337--39) ˵Ĥġ
(1) Caxton ϡȤư˱ơľε²ΤߤоݤȤư˲ʤ100ĶȯԤȤϤʤ
(2) Caxton ϼ餬¿Խ꤬ȤͤƤ⡤ȤΤΤô뵡Ϥۤ¿ʤäϤǤ롥
(3) Caxton ʤֻϰӤƤ餺եֻζƶƤ롥Malory Morte d'Arthur ǤСCaxton ϤषֻֻǰƤ롥
(4) Caxton ˤƽФñǤ顤ɸֻȤϰۤʤֻǰƤ롥ŪˤϡCaxton ˽ФΥޥϼѸ1384Τ170줬ߤˤޤǻĤäƤ뤬Caxton ֻȸߤɸֻȤפΤϡ170줦57ΤߤǤ롥פʤȾֻˤĤƤ⡤17˵ʲ줿ֻ§ӤơϢ³ʤ
(5) Caxton Ʊ塤ƱμܤֻӤƤߤȡξԤΤ variation ʬۤ礭ʰ㤤ʤ
κʤ顤Brengelman (339) ϡ"[I]t can hardly be true that Caxton had a major direct role in standardizing (not to mention regularizing) English spelling" ȷƤ롥
ʲդäBrengelman (336, fn 9) ǤϡϥɥĸˤƤȼԤդȯŸä˹櫓ǤϤʤȤ븦椬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥ȼԤϡ̤αƶˤäȯãս§äʽή̤ȤǽʳˤƹˤŪϤޤǴŪʤΤǤȤƤ롥
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
Ѹ16--17ֻɸಽưȯ衤Ĭήطʤˤ15ȾΰѤƳäȤƤȤǯθˤȡѤƳľŪˤֻɸಽ˴ͿʤäΤǤϤʤȤǽ夬äƤε˴ؤƤϡ#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1]) #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1]) #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1]) Ǽ夲
Brengelman (333, 336) ˤȡȼԤֻɸಽ˹Ȥϡ餯20Ƭ George Philip Krapp ̤ꡤʹߤ¿θԤ˻ٻƤBrengelman ϡƱѶŪ˻ٻ뺬˳ष17ؼԤȶդϤˤȤ礭ȤơϤΤŸƤ롥ĹѤ褦 (Brengelman 354)
It thus seems clear that the extensive rationalization of English spelling which took place during the seventeenth century was the result of efforts by theoretical linguists and schoolmasters. There is no evidence at all that during the years when English spelling was being standardized the printing industry made any significant contribution to the process. The actual contribution of the printers to the evolution of English spelling seems to have been the following:
1. The elimination of most ligatures, abbreviatory symbols, and complementarily distributed letters. These spelling variants were eliminated in order to reduce the number of different sorts [type characters] constituting a particular alphabet.
2. Making possible the very wide distribution of texts exemplifying a particular selection of spellings. The English Bibles and Book of Common Prayer as well as certain school books issued by a very few publishing houses (a privilege granted by the King or Queen) may possibly have had an impact on the ultimate preference for certain spellings.
3. The reinforcement of modernizing, standardizing tendencies through the practice of bringing reprints and new editions into line with current spelling practice.
Thus English printers are seen to have played only an indirect role in the process of spelling rationalization that took place during the seventeenth century. In contrast, practically all of the spelling reforms urged by orthoepists and schoolmasters early in the century were adopted by authors during the middle years of the century. It is their effort which resulted in the vastly more rational spelling system that had become standard by the end of the century.
ֻɸಽΤϡȼԤΤ褦ʼ¶ȲȤäΤؼԤΤ褦ȤäΤ뤤ϡȼ路դǤϤ˸ȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
[2012-02-13-1]ε#1022. ѸγƲǤ١פdzǧǤ褦ˡ/ʊ/ ϱѸû첻ǤΤʤǺǤ٤㤤ΤǤ롥ֻȤƤϡŵŪ <oo> <u> ɽ蘆벻ǤԤ /uː/Ԥ /ʌ/ ȤƼ¸뤳Ȥ¿ΤǡºݤˤϤۤɸʤŪˤϤɤΤ餤Τ
#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ǡ/ʊ/ + ҲפǽñäƤߤ "^[^AEIOU]*(?<!Y )UH[012]? [^AEIOUHWY]+$" Ƥߤȼ159줬ä
bloor, book, book's, booked, books, books', boor, boord, boors, bourque, brook, brook's, brooke, brooke's, brookes, brooks, brooks's, bruehl, bull, bull's, bulls, bulls', cook, cook's, cooke, cooked, cooks, could, crook, crooke, crooks, duerr, duerst, flook, fluhr, fooks, foor, foot, foote, foote's, foots, fuhr, fuld, full, full's, fulp, fults, fultz, gloor, good, good's, goode, goods, gook, hood, hoods, hoofed, hoofs, hook, hook's, hooke, hooked, hooks, hooves, joong, jure, kook, kooks, koors, kuehl, kuhrt, look, looked, looks, loong, luehrs, luhr, luhrs, lure, lured, lures, mook, moor, moore, moore's, moored, moores, moors, muhr, nook, nooks, poor, poor's, poore, poors, pull, pulled, pulls, puls, pultz, put, puts, rook, rooke, rooks, routes, ruehl, ruhr, schnooks, schnoor, schoof, schook, schultz, schulz, schulze, schuur, shook, should, shultz, shure, snook, snooks, soot, soots, spoor, spoor's, stood, stroock, stuhr, suire, sure, took, tooke, tookes, tour, tour's, toured, tours, ture, uhr, wolf, wolf's, wolfe, wolfe's, wolff, wolves, wood, wood's, woods, wool, woolf, wools, woong, would, wuertz, wulf, wulff, zook, zuehlke
ǡбĹ첻 /uː/ 첻 /ʌ/ ñϡƱͤξ︡ "^[^AEIOU]*(?<!Y )UW[012]? [^AEIOUHWY]+$" "^[^AEIOU]*(?<!Y )AH[012]? [^AEIOUHWY]+$" ˤС줾596졤966줬ҥåȤꤵ줿ĶˤĴǤϤ뤬Ū /ʊ/ ñ줬ʤȤ狼롥
171Τ<oo> = /ʊ/ δطΤ95줢롥ֻȯδططʤˤϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) ӡ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) ǽҤ٤̤ꡤĹ첻û첻ȤѲä
βѲϲΤΤǤϤ뤬;ȤϸǤ⾯θˤƻȯŪ˸롥㤨Сȯɤΰ ([2010-08-28-1]) dzǧǤ¤ꡤroom, bedroom, broom ȯϡĹ첻û첻δ֤ɤLPD Preference polls ˤСɤʬۤϰʲ̤ꡥ
| BrE /ruːm/ | BrE /rʊm/ | AmE /ruːm/ | AmE /rʊm/ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| room | 81% | 19 | 93 | 7 |
| bedroom | 63 | 37 | - | - |
| broom | 92 | 8 | - | - |
ޤƤǤȤޤ̦ǯǤǯ hellog ꤤޤ
ǯǽεϡ줿μˤĤơread βȯʤ /rɛd/ ʤΤѸˤδɤΤ
ɸѸ read γѤϡֻѤȯǤ /riːd/ -- /rɛd/ -- /rɛd/ Ȥʤ롥ΤˡδԵ§ζˤߤΤ褦˸롥ŪˤߤС§Ūȸڤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤΡȤäԵ§ζˤߤȤʤȯ˴ؤƤ㤬뤷ֻˤĤƤ⤢٤Ϳ롥
ȯֻ̡˹ͤƤޤϡȯ顥ư read θűѸ West-Saxon ˤ rǣdan Ǥꡤ촴ˤĹ첻ޤޤƤAnglian Kentish Ǥϡ첻 ē ɽ蘆⤤֤첻äˤűѸˤĹ첻ޤޤƤȤפǤ롥ơưϥޥĸʳǤ϶ѲVII°ƤűѸޤǤˤϼѲƤꡤWest-Saxon Ǥϲ rǣddeʬ gerǣd(e)d ڤƤ롥ǡ촴 d d ȤʣƤ뤳ȤݥȤǤ롥ȤΤϡѸˤơνŻҲľĹ첻ûȤѲǤ³æŻҲˡơѸǤϡ촴첻β /æ/, /ɛ/, /a/ ʤ첻δ֤ɤƤ줪Ӹ߷θ촴ǤĹ첻Ӳʬθ촴Ǥû첻Ȥʬۤ줿Ĺ첻ϸ첻ϤȤʤꡤɸѸ /iː/ ؤϢʤꡤû첻 /ɛ/ ؤϢʤä
첻бֻϤɤΤ褦ȯŸƤѸ˸줿 <ea> ֻϡȸ߷θ촴첻 /ɛː/ бƤȹͤ롥û첻Ȳʬθ촴첻ɽ魯֤ȤƤ <e> դ꤬Ǥդ路äΤ<red> Ǥϡ֡פɽ魯Ʊ֤۵ȾͤƤޤ줬ä餫̲뤳ȤϤʤä "homographic clash" ȤǤƤ֤٤ϡOED "read, v." θ츻ͿƤΤǤ롥
The present-day spelling of the past tense and past participle forms is analogous to the present tense; the spelling red for past tense and past participle is found only in isolated instances in the modern period and was perhaps avoided because it coincided with the standard spelling of RED adj.
"homographic clash" 1ĤβǽȤƤϹθ̤ͤƻ褦㤬Τޤ/ɛ/ = <ea> бΤΤ bread, dead, head, lead (n.), spread, stead, thread ʤɤ˸졤ɬǤϤʤ
˽Ҥ٤Ƥ OED εҤ绨ĤˤޤȤΤɸѸȯֻδط夯ޤǤˡʤ餫ˤ뤳ȡˤʣǤ롥MED ΰ֤ΰͤС䤳Ǥ
ʤlead (v.) read Ʊͤˤɤäֻȯ̩ܤʴطݤ³ɸѸǤ lead -- led -- led ؤ夤Ƥ롥ޤѸǤ eat spread ⸽߷Ĺ첻û첻ä (Dobson 503) ΤǡλޤǤȯȯã read ʿԤäȤˤʤ롥
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Ѹˤˤǽפ1ĤȤơfinal -e 롥ܥ֥Ǥ⡤#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1]) #1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) ʤɤǰäƤĿŪʴؿ椨ˤҤܤˡֺǽספȸƤǤʤǤϤʤ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) ȤѸˤĬήҤƤϰˤĬήθȤ final -e Τİյ礭final -e ϡȯǤ⤢ֻǤ⤢롥final -e ϡűѸ졦ѸǤ⤢ꡤѸ졦ѸǤ⤢롥ϡǯκǸȤƤդ路Ȼפ final -e ˤѤƤߤ褦ѤȤäƤϰǤϺѤޤʤȤCaon ʸ˽äơ̵롥
űѸޤǤϡ˸͡첻ϸߤ˲ֻ̤ƤȤűѸˤʤȡʤδĶǤ -a, -o, -u -e ؤͻ礷Ƥ椯첻ʻˤοʿ (levelling) ȸƤФ븽ݤǤ롥ŪˤΤ˶̤Ƥ첻ϡޤ schwa /ə/ ؤۣ沽˾ü (e.g., sune > sunə > sun) -e ϡֻϤä٤ޤݤ줿
final -e æϼΤ褦ʾ˺줿 (Caon 297)
- from North to South in all dialects in turn;
- first from written disyllabic forms with short stem vowel and then from those with a long stem vowel. In the latter forms, -e was generally retained to indicate that the previous vowel was long e.g. name;
- first from nouns and verbs and then from adjectives . . . .
final -e λ¸ϼΤ褦ʾ˺줿 (Caon 297)
- the kind of text: the ending occurred more frequently in poetry than in prose, in that it provided the poet with an extra syllable whenever he needed it;
- the presence of the ending in the dialect: if the writer spoke a southern dialect he probably still pronounced --- and therefore wrote --- all his final -e's;
- the author of the text: conservative writers like Chaucer and Gower preserved final -e in their spelling.
15ޤǤˤϡȯȤƤ final -e ϤܾۤäƤȹͤ롥16, 17ˤϡؼԤֻԤˡ塤final -e 꼰ޤäǺǤƶϤäȤΤ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611; see [2010-07-12-1]) Ǥ롥Mulcaster ϡ The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤơ-ld, -nd, -st, -ss, -ff θ֡ͭ c g θ֡Ĺ촴첻ĸˤ final -e λѤ꼰ʤ16ΰ John Rastell (c. 1475--1536) Mulcaster 첻Ĺɸ final -e εǽȯãƤȤ⤤ˡ18˺ʬϤ졤Ǹ˵ǽΤߤɸಽ
Caon, Louisella. "Final -e and Spelling Habits in the Fifteenth-Century Versions of the Wife of Bath's Prologue." English Studies (2002): 296--310.
ѸˤֻȯЪΥˤĤƤ spelling_pronunciation_gap ε濴¿εǿƤޤڤƿƤ⤷ʤJespersen (3) ɤǤơϤäȤ줿
In the Middle Ages the general tendency was towards representing the same sound in the same way, wherever it was found, while the same word was not always spelt in the same manner. Nowadays greater importance is attached to representing the same word always in the same manner, while the same sound may be differently written in different words.
˽ΰѤǤޤȤСѸֻηϤεȶѸΤȤδ֤ܼŪʺϡԤɽŪ (phonographic) ǤΤФơԤϤɽŪ (logographic) ǤפȤȤˤʤ롥ѸƱ (homophony) ¿¤ˡѸֻηϤϥե٥åȤѤƤʤ¤ logographic ǤȤĥϤФʹ뤬ʸδ̻ŪʻȤ߹碌СѸֻηϤѲϡΤˤΤ褦ˤޤȤ褦˻פ롥Jespersen "tendency" Ȳ䤫ʸոƤȤꡤޤdzƻαѸֻηϤƤŦƤˤʤ̯
ѸֻηϤϡɽ魯ΤȼĥƤ뤵¸줿¿¿ͤ绨ĤǤ롥ѸֻηϤϡŬɽ碌Ф褤Ȥ¸ϸʤޤäƤ롥̤ʸȯŸˤˤɽդɽ줫ɽظή줬ǧ뤬ѸˤˤƤϤεդȤ⤤ɽɽؤή줬ѻȤΤ϶̣
Ϣơ#422. ʸμ ([2010-06-23-1]) ⻲ȡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
ε[2012-12-16-1]ǡHelsinki Corpus Ѥơ#1329. Ѹˤˤ eth, thorn, <th> פѤդˤȡ<þ> <ð> ΤĹΤϡM1 (1150--1250) M2 (1250--1350) ˤƤλǤꡤλˤĤƾܺ٤Ĵˤ LAEME äƤĤǤ롥ˤ뺹ۤʤɤǧǤȹͤ®绨ĤĴƤߤ绨ĤȤΤϡ㤨С1ĤθΤʤ <þ> 2ʾ帽줿ȤƤ1ȿʤɡưԹ礬뤿Ǥ롥
ʲϡ̡Ⱦñ̡ˤ̤ʬۤդǤʿͥǡϡHTMLȡˡʤͿˤĤƤϡ[2012-03-19-1]ε#1057. LAEME Index of Sources θġ Ver. 2פǿ줿褦ˡΤΤǤ롥COUNTY DIALECT βбɽȡ


LAEME ˤ̤Ĵ̤ϡ Helsinki Corpus ˤĴ̤礹롥C13a C13b δ֤ <ð> θ <þ> äѻ롥ʹߡǯ֤ <ð> λȤäƤ褤̤ˤߤȳ <þ> ŪNWM ˤƤ <ð> ⤢٤ϷƮƤ뤳Ȥ狼롥̤ʬۤϡܺ٤Ĵɬפ⤷ʤ
űѸѸǤϡѸ <th> /θ, ð/ ʸȤơ<þ> "thorn" <ð> "eth" or "edh" ˤѤ줿Ѹʹߤ <th> ξԤ֤Ƥ椯Ȥˤʤä롼ʸͳ褹Ԥϡ[2012-01-28-1]ε#1006. 롼ʸѼפȡˡѸ桤Ȥ櫓Ǥ֤ȤĤä17ΰܤ˸뤳Ȥ餢äȤ (Schmitt and Marsden 159)
Ǥϡ<þ>, <ð>, <th> ˴ؤεҤϡHelsinki Corpus ˤäդܤλʬCOCOA <C ɽ part of corpusˤˤƤޤ٤ƻΨǥղͥǡϡHTMLȡޤʬˤĤƤޥ˥奢ȡ

ѸǤ <þ> λѤ Helsinki Corpus ǤϳǧǤʤäΤΡ˳Ѥ3ʸǤϤ褽դ줿ȤäƤ褤űѸ줫 M2 (1250--1350) ˤơ<ð> Ҥ鸺ǡ<þ> ʬۤƤĺĤδ֡λʹߡ<þ> <th> ˵®֤Ƥ椯
ѸǤϤȤ櫓 <þ> ³ȤǧȤHelsinki Corpus Ѥ¾ĴȤƤϡ#381. oft often ʬ̻ۤŪѲ ([2010-05-13-1]) ⻲ȡ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
#184. two /w/ ȯʤΤϤʤ ([2009-10-28-1]) ǡtwo ȯ˴ޤޤȾ첻 /w/ ĤɤΤ褦æˤĤƴñ˿줿15?16æȤ뤬ֻdzǧ¤ǤϡˤäƤϤäѸæƤȤڵ롥
ޤѸˤĤơLALME Dot Map 548--57 two ΰ֤ʬۤƤ롥פʰ֤ˤĤƳ⤹Сtwa (Dot Map 548) ˸ꤵƤΤФơǤ̤ two (Dot Map 550) ޤ।ˤޤ٤ʤڤ롥 <w> ֻޤޤʤ to(o) (Dot Map 557) ϡ˸졤Ȥ櫓 East Anglia South-West Midland ǻʬۤƤ롥Τ褦ˡѸǤϡǤ w ֤ȾʤäȤ狼롥
ǤϡѸǤϤɤäLAEME Ĵ٤ƤߤTO 뤤 TO- ֻ "two" Ф̡̤ȰʲΤ褦ˤʤä
| C12b | C13a | C13b | C14a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1 | |||
| NEM | 1 | |||
| NWM | ||||
| SEM | 28 | 6 | ||
| SWM | 1 | 1 | ||
| SW | 4 | 20 | ||
| SE |
ε#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1]) ȴϢơֻɸಽȰѤδطˤĤƺƹͤ#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1]) ȡ#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1]) εǡξԤؤ餫ˤˤĤơSchmitt and Marsden (160--61) ϰѤιٻոФƿҤ٤Ƥ롥
[A]lthough the new technology offered the opportunity for rapid standardization of orthography, in practice there is little evidence during the first hundred years of its use that printers were much concerned with such matters. As his own translations and the prefaces to his works show, Caxton himself was wildly inconsistent in his spellings. Within a few sentences in his prologue to Caton (c. 1484), for instance, we find boke, booke, and book, and lytel, lytell, and lytyl (and from another contemporary work of his we may add lityl and lityll). . . . The formative period of English spelling in fact lasted some 200 years; not until 1700 was the standard that we recognize today, with all its familiar conventions, just about in place.
Salmon (24) ƱͤˡCaxton ˻ϤޤꡤWynkyn de Worde, Robert Pynson, Robert Copland ʤɤΰؤȰѤ줿ѤνλˤϡӤֻؤδؿäȤƤ롥
In general . . . printers of the early sixteenth century demonstrate little obvious interest in working towards a standardised orthography. Their lack of concern has been well illustrated in a comparison . . . of five editions of Reynard the fox (1481, 1489, 1500, 1515 and 1550) in which it is difficult to discern any consistent progress towards a standard orthography . . . .
16ϡؤβϴǤ롥λͭ1ĤȤֻɸಽؤΤ⤬꤬ǧƤ⤬ǡƤȤäΤ⤷ʤǽŪβ1755ǯԤʤФʤʤä1ˤƤ⤽⤦100ǯۤɡ17ȾФޤԤʤФʤʤäΤǤ롥
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Salmon, Vivian. "Orthography and Punctuation." The Cambridge History of the English Language: Vol. 3 1476--1776. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 13--55.
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