ʸؤεϥƥȤȤС鷺Ȥ줿 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340--1400) νʡʤ The Canterbury Tales Ǥ롥ʸػˤήʤΥƥȤɾϡʤ⤤ʸؤμ̤̾ȸ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Τ̵̾λͤνƥȤʸŪɾϹ⤤ʸػ˾ΰ֤Ť Chaucer 椷ƼŪǤ롥ϡSGGK ƥȤ˸ʤäȤ䡤ͤѤ줬Ѹή鳰줿ɸŪΤ륤ΤΤäȤؤäƤΤ褦ˡѸʸؤ˲餫ε̵ռΤǧƤ븽ιԤɼԤΤ Chaucer Gawain ͤФ븫ˤϡ¿ʬѤޤޤƤǽ롥
Horobin (106) ϡѤιԤơΥƥȤˤֻɤΤ褦˹Ȥ餫ˤ褦ȤHorobin ϡThe Canterbury Tales "The General Prologue" ͭ̾ƬʬˤĤơɸŪʹǤǤ Riverside Chaucer ΤΤȡǤ⸢Ҥܤ1 Hengwrt ܤΤΤȤ椷ơ˹Ԥܤˤäֻ˲ѤƤ뤫㤨Сܤ˸ <þ> ϹܤǤ <th> ֤ƤꡤξάۤΤŸƤꡤ⸽ɼԤ˼˸褦ղäƤ롥
SGGK ǤϡԤϼܥƥȤˤۤɲѤäƤʤ<þ> <ȝ> ϤΤޤݤƤꡤܤǤܤθɤȤϤ鷺Ȥʤ٤»ʤʤ褦ˤȤθȤ
Horobin (106) ϡξʤֻιˡΰ㤤ϸ幻ԤξʤФʸػ˾ɾȿǤΤǤȹͤƤ롥
The tendency for editors to remove the letter thorn in modern editions of Chaucer is quite different from the way other Middle English texts are treated. The poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, for instance, written by a contemporary of Chaucer's, is edited with its letters thorn and yogh left intact. This difference in editorial policy is perhaps a reflection of different attitudes to the two authors. Because Chaucer is seen as central to the English literary canon, there is a tendency to present his works as more 'modern', thereby accentuating the myth of an unbroken, linear tradition. The anonymous poet who wrote Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, using a western dialect and the old-fashioned alliterative metrical form, is further cut off from the literary canon by presenting his text in authentic Middle English spelling.
Τ褦ʸ幻Ԥˤϡä˰դϤʤ⤷ʤʤȤⲿ餫αʸػ˾ɾ˴ؤ٤ϤȤȤ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Samuel Johnson (1709--84) A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ϡѸ˾θäֻ˴ؤˤȤäƤ褤μȤʪԻԤˤĤƤϡ#1420. Johnson's Dictionary ħȳס ([2013-03-17-1])#1421. Johnson θѡ ([2013-03-18-1]) ۤjohnson εۤƤϡѸνˤȤä practice ̾ˤ practise ưˤΤ褦2ñ졦ֻζ̤ˤĤơJohnson ͿƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿
Horobin (148) ˤСѸǤ practice practise ߤ˸ǽʤΤȤѤƤJohnson μνǤˤ긽ζ̤ΩȤƤ롥Johnson ϸФȤ̾ˤ practice ưˤ practise ΩƤƤꡤռŪ˶̤ĤƤ롥ȤJohnson Ȥ̤ʬǤʻˤ餺 practice ֻפ롥㤨СTo Cipher Τʤ "To practice arithmetick" Ȥ뤷Coinage Ȥ "The act or practice of coining money" ߤ롥
Johnson Ƴ̤Τ⤦1ĤȤơcouncil counsel 롥2ϵŪˤϸ츻ŪʤĤʤϤʤơϥƥ concilium ʽˤ consilium ʽˤͳ褹롥ѸǤϰ̣Ūˤֻ⺮ƱƤꡤǽȤäƤ褫äȤ츻 Johnson ϡƥޤ̤äξԤ̤뤳Ȥ褷ȤΤǤ (Horobin 149)
ˤ⤦1ĴϢСѸǤʶ路2Ĥηƻ discreet ʻθΤˤ discrete ʬΥˤζ̤롥ξϸ츻ŪˤƱǤꡤ2Ÿ (doublet) 뤬ѸˤϤθˤƤ⡤ե discret ȿǤ discrete ֻΤ̤ۤäȤ16ޤǤ discreet ֻɤȴͥȤʤꡤȤ櫓ֻθפθˤƤϤηȤʤä2ĤηƻˤĤƤϡJohnson ľ˶̤ƳȤ櫓ǤϤʤä̤Ƥζ̤Ω뤳Ȥ˹Ϥ (Horobin 149)
Τ褦 Johnson ϸ츻Ūʥݥꥷ䴸ʤȯˤޤ³ʸΥڥĤƳ뤤夵̯ʤȤˡǤϤĤƤ̤ Johnson ǤΤˤ϶̤ƤʤȤդߤΤ#2440. flower flour (2) ([2016-01-01-1]) Ǽ夲Υڥ1ۤˤ⸽ licence ̾ˤ license ưˤζ̤˴ؤΤ롥Johnson Ϥ2ޤäʬƤ餺ʻˤ license ֻǸФΩƤƤ롥Johnson ȤŦƤ褦̾ϥե licence ˡưϥե licencier ͳ褹ȤȤǤС츻ŪˤϡʻǤ <c> ֻΤۤդ路ϤȻפ뤬Johnson ΤäΤϡʤդΤۤ <s> Ǥ (Horobin 148) Johnson ϡΤ褦̯ʤȤ롥ʤdefence Ȥ̾ξˤ⡤Johnson ϵƥ defensio Ǥ뤳ȤǧƤˤ⤫餺<c> ֻѤƤ뤫顤Ʊ褦̯Ǥ (Horobin 149) Johnson Ȥɤ⡤ͤλҤȤȤ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
[2016-01-11-1]ε³ԡεǤϡѸ <u> ԤȤ <o> ֤뷹ѻ뤳ȤˤĤơ"minim avoidance" ȤɸŪҲ𤷤Ѹֻˤ路 Scragg (44) ϡβ˲ŪǤ롥
Thus <o> replaced <u> in a large number of words with a short vowel, most of which now have RP /ʌ/ (e.g. come, some, Somerset, monk, son, tongue, wonder, honey, worry, above, dove, love), though some preserve the close vowel, RP /ʊ/ (wolf, woman). The use of <o> was valuable in distinguishing the vowel from a neighbouring consonant, particularly <v> (identical with <u> at this time . . .) and <w> (written <uu>, as the name of the letter suggests). The fact that the convention survives also in the neighbourhood of <n> and <m> has led many commentators to suggest that <o> was preferred to <u> to make reading easier, since the characters <u n m> all consisted in bookhand of a series of minims (or straight down-strokes), the series in <un ini iui uu iw im> etc. being in danger of being misdivided and of causing confusion. It is an argument that is hard to accept for the native language, since it is unlikely that English readers of the Middle Ages read letter by letter any more than modern readers do, but it is possible that such an explanation may hold for Latin, where <o> for <u> first appeared. In English, indeed, <o> for <u> also appeared occasionally in words in which there was no danger of minim confusion (cf. Mod. E borough, thorough), and the convention may have been established in part because of an English sound change whereby /ɒ/ became /u/ (now RP /ʌ/), e.g. among, money.
Scragg ϡषѸμ̻ˤ뤳Ѥطʤˤϡƥɤ߽ˤصʤꡤбѸȯѲʤ꤬äΤǤϤʤȤͤScragg ϡp. 44 ǡʬŪˤƱ֤۵ξ ("homographic clash") ŪǤѤäΤǤϤʤȤƤФƤ롥
Though <o> for /ʌ/ is a widespread convention in current English spelling, it should perhaps be observed that a great many words survive with <u>, e.g. hunt, under, humble, thumb. The use of <o>/<u> to avoid homophones becoming homographs as well is also worth noting: some, sum; son, sun; ton, tun. Similarly <u> is perhaps preserved in nut to avoid confusion with not.
Ҥ٤褦ˡѤطʤˤϡʣװƯƤ뤳 (multiple causation) Ȥɬפꤽʤ"homographic clash" βȤܤ¾λˤĤƤϡ#1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]) ȡ
Scragg, D. G. A History of English Spelling. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
Ѹֻˤˤơ<u> <o> Ѥ뽬ˤĤƤϡ#223. woman ȯֻ ([2009-12-06-1])#1094. <o> ֻ /u/ 첻ɽ魯 ([2012-04-25-1]) Ǿ줿ɸŪʸˤȡ첻ɽ <u> ϥåΤǤϽ (minim) 2ܤ¤٤ <<ıı>> Τ褦˽줿Ʊ鹽 <m>, <n>, <u>, <v>, <w> ʤɤʸ¤־ˤϡʸɤζ̤ʤ롥Ѥ路뤿ˡѸμ̻첻ɽ <u> <o> ִơ<sume> <some> ء<sun> ©ҡˤ <son> ء<luue> <loue> ؤִ졤줬ɸಽΤȤJespersen (88--89) ΰʲΰѤŵͿƤ롥
In ME texts of a more recent date (Chaucer, etc.) we find o used still more extensively for /u/, namely in the neighbourhood of any of the letters m, n, and u (v, w). The reason is that the strokes of these letters were identical, and that a multiplication of these strokes, especially at a time when no dot or stroke was written over i, rendered the reading extremely ambiguous and difficult (five strokes might be read as uni, nui, uui (uni or wi), iuu (ivu or iw), mii, imi, etc.). This accounts for the present spelling of won, wonder, worry, woman, monk, monkey, sponge, ton, tongue, some, Somerset, honey, cover, above, love (ME loue for luue) and many others.
Carney (148) ˤСߤɸŪֻˤơ츻Ū <u> ԤȤǡ<m> <n> ֤ˤ <o> ȤƸñϳΤ¿ (ex. become, come, comfort, company, compass, somersault; conjure, front, frontier, ironmonger, Monday, money, mongrel, monk, monkey, month, son, sponge, ton, tongue, wonder) ޤѸ <<uu>> ֤줿 <w> θ֤ <u> ĶˤƤ⡤ֻϤҤɤɤߤˤʤ顤Ѹ wolf <uuulf> <uuolf> ֤뤳ȤˤʤäΤΤǤ롥ʤűѸǤ <<uu>> <ƿ> Ѥ줿Τǽ <ƿulf> ֤줿Upward and Davidson (59) ˤ wolf ֻ˴ؤ뤳ϡΤϤäƤ롥
. . . the U [is] replaced by O in ƿulf 'wolf' and by OO in ƿul 'wool', ƿudu 'wood'. The purpose of this change from U to O was not to reflect any change in pronunciation, but to clarify scribal writing in ME . . . . OE, like ModE, used four distinct letters to spell ƿulf 'wolf', but when in ME the letter wyn (ƿ) was replaced by UU (the early form of W), the effect was that such a word would have appeared as uuulf, with U three times in succession. When, furthermore, one takes into account that the 'Gothic' style of scribal writing reduced many non-capital letters more or less to short vertical strokes ('minims'), one can see how difficult the reading of uuulf could be. If, on the other hand, the vowel is respelt O, then the form uuolf is less likely to confuse readers.
Τ褦 <u> <o> ˤִ˴ؤ "minim avoidance" βϤ٤ϤäƤ褦˸뤬ǡ<o> ִ줺Ԥ <u> Τޤ <m> <n> ֤˸ñ¤Ͼʤʤ (ex. drum, jump, lumber, mumble, mumps, munch, mundane, number, pump, slum, sum, thump, trumpet; fun, fund, gun, hundred, hunt, lunch, punch, run, sun) ˡϢ³뤿Ȥͳ˵뤳ȤΤǤʤ <u> <o> ִ⤢ (ex. brother, colour, colander, thorough, borough, other, dozen) äơ"minim avoidance" ϡִΰȤʤäƤǽǧˤ衤줬٤ƤǤϤʤȤդɬפ롥βˤĤƤ "multiple causation" Ȥۤ褤
Ϣơ"minim avoidance" ˤĤƤϡ#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1])#870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1])#91. ʤ;ñ̾ I ʸǽ ([2009-07-27-1]) ⻲ȡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ǯޤ2016ǯ hellog ³ޤǯΰȯܤϡˤ#183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1]) Ǽ夲ǤϤޤ
2Ĥñϡε褦ˡȤ1ĤθΤʤ2Ĥΰۤʤä餯Υ줹Ƥޤäˡ¿ȤƤǤϤʤƱ۵Ȥǧ褦ˤʤꡤʤȤֻ϶̤Τդ路ȴ褦ˤʤäΤѸˤ֤ʬ뷹Ƥ
ơθ줬ֲ֡פΰ̣ǥե줫Ѥ줿Τ13ƬΤȤǤ롥MED flour (n.(1)) ˤС"c1230(?a1200) *Ancr. (Corp-C 402) 92a: & te treou .. bringeð forð misliche flures .. uertuz beoð .. swote i godes nease, smeallinde flures." Ǥ롥Ϣ־ʴʡʴΤʤκǤΡֲڡסˡפΰ̣Ǥ13ȾФˤϱѸǽ㤬Ƥ롥MED flour (n.(2)) ˤС" a1325(c1250) Gen. & Ex. (Corp-C 444) 1013: Kalues fleis and flures bred..hem ðo sondes bed." ȤʤäƤ롥ФֻʸֻФ狼褦ˡϤθˤƤ <flour> <flur> ̤ä
θ塤ѸǤξδطƤȤʤꡤֲ֡פ־ʴפʬơѸΥޥʡʰֻǤä <flower> Ѥ褦ˤʤäֻʬϰճ٤18ΤȤäθ19ޤǤϡ־ʴפ <flower> ֤ʤɤκѤߤ줿֤ʬ뤫ݤϡĿͤˤäƤۤʤäƤ褦ǡShakespeare Cruden Concordance to the Bible (1738) ǤϸߤΤ褦ʶ̤դƤJohnson μǤϡޤ flower Ȥ1ĤθФΤȤξƤ롥OED flour, n. θ츻Ǥ "Johnson 1755 does not separate the words, nor does he recognize the spelling flour." ȽҤ٤Ƥ뤬Horobin (150) ŦƤ褦 Johnson μ biscotin ΤʤǤ "A confection made of flour, sugar, marmalade, eggs. Etc." Τ褦 <flour> ѤƤ롥֤ʬ夹ˤϡ٤λ֤äȤȤɸֻ塤ˡγΩϡ⿴ʤʲǤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
Ѹֻ˴ؤ#2235. 3ʸ§ ([2015-06-10-1]) εạֻ̇̄ <ax> 뤤 <axe> ˿줿ѱѼȡLongman Advanced American Dictionary, 2nd ed. ʤɤΥꥫϤǤϸФ "ax, axe" νǵƤꡤLongman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 5th ed. ʤɤΥꥹϤǤ "axe (also ax American English)" νǵƤ롥Τ褦˸ߤǤֻαƺʤڥȤäƤ褤19ȾˤϡꥹѸǤ2ʸ <ax> Τۤ侩Ƥ褦Ǥ롥Horobin (167) ˸ڤƤ롥
The various factors involved in the adoption of a particular spelling as the OED headword is apparent from a comparison of the treatment of axe in the first and second editions. The first edition (published in 1885) employed the spelling ax for its headword, noting that this spelling is 'better on every ground, of etymology, phonology, and analogy, than axe, which has of late become prevalent'. But, despite its continued support for the spelling ax, the second edition of 1989 adopted axe for its headword, noting that, despite its many advantages, ax had by this time fallen out of use entirely.
ꥹѸˤƴѤȤ <axe> Ѥ褦ˤʤäΤǡOED ȤƤ⤽ѤȤҤʤ <axe> Ѥ褦ˤʤäΤȤˤĤƤϿƤʤǡ3ʸ§ξʤȤǤȤȤϼĥǤǤ롥ꥹѸˤ <ax> ٤ȤʤäƤϡ餫㳰 ox ΤߤȤʤ롥
ʤOED Online ˤС츻εҤ2Ǥ龯ѹƤꡤ"The spelling ax is better on every ground, of etymology, phonology, and analogy, than axe, which became prevalent during the 19th century; but it is now disused in Britain." ȤʤäƤ뤳ȤդäƤ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ֻȯߺѤˤĤơ#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1]) #2407. margarine ȯ ([2015-11-29-1]) ǿƤƱߺѤδ顤adviser advisor κ۲ä McDavid ˤ뵭ߤĤΤǾҲ𤷤
adviser advisor ϡ#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1]) 㼨褦ˡۤʤټ (agentive suffix, subject suffix) ĥڥǤ롥̣ϡadviser ŪʽԤؤΤФơadvisor ä˥ꥫѸؤλƳؤξۤʤȤϤäƤ⡤ֻΤߤǤꡤȯˤƤ̾襤 /ədˈvaɪzɚ/ Ȥʤ롥ʲ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡMcDavid ͤȯɽ1942ǯȤʳǤϡadvisor Ф /ədˈvaɪzˌɔɚ/ Τ褦ȯʹ줿餷
McDavid ϡadvisor ֻȯȯãΤ褦ʬϤƤ롥ޤŪʰ̣Ǥ adviser Τߤ¸ߤƤȤˡؤˤֻƳפ̣ΤȤ <advisor> ʤֻ߽Ф줿ϡadjustor, auditor, chancellor, editor, mortgagor, sailor, settlor, tailor ʤɡ-or ĸ¿Ū俦Ȥɽ路Ƥˡ˾褸ƽκ۲߽ФȤ̤ޤadvisory supervisor Τ褦ֻؤäƤ⤷ʤΤ褦ֻζ̤߽Ф줿Ȥˡadvisor ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) θˤꡤǽ /ɔɚ/ ȯ褦ˤʤä
Ĥޤꡤadvisor Ϥޤ줿̣Ȥ̿ơֻˤƿ˺Ф졤ƺǸȯѷȤˤäơ adviser ΩǤȤΩȤȤˤʤ롥θϾҤ̤ adviser ƱȯؤȲƤäΤǤꡤߤǤ advisor ϻŪΩ (cf. #2432. Bolinger λŪǡ ([2015-12-24-1])) ȤƵǽƤȲ᤹٤
McDavid, Raven I., Jr. "Adviser and Advisor: Orthography and Semantic Differentiation." Studies in Linguistics 1 (1942).
ε#2431. դμΩ˴ؤ Bolinger ε ([2015-12-23-1]) ǡBolinger λŪ (visual morpheme) ȤѸФˤȡΰˤϡ𤷤ʤľŪɽ㤬ȤBolinger (335--38) ϸѸˡֻȤơĤμʬƻҲ𤷤Ƥ롥¾䤤ʤ⤷褦
(1) Ʊָ (homonyms) 㤨С"Sea is an ocean and si is a tone, as you can readily see." ȤͷӤ˸褦Ǥʸ̮ΥҥȤͿƤ뤬3줬ñΤȯж̤ĤʤˤƤ3ԤΤ˶̤롥äơܤ˸Ƕ̤ǤȸƤǤ褤⤷ȤǤϡ"The big clock tolled (told) the hour." "The danger is safely passed (past)." Τ褦ˡñФλȤʬۤȤɰ̣ΰ㤤˷ӤĤʤ褦⤢롥
(2) ֻΰ̣ȯã (semantic evolution of spellings) ŪˤƱñֻۤʤ餻뤳Ȥˤꡤ̣ǽ㴳㤨륱롥let us let'sgood and good ʤɤǤ롥gray grey ǤϡԤ She has lovely gray eyes. ʤɤΤ褦˹ŪѤ뷹ΤФơԤ It was a grey, gloomy day. ʤɤΤ褦ŪѤȤ롥check/cheque, controller/comptroller, compliment/complement ʤɤȤȤ館뤫⤷ʤʤHall (17) ϡ (2) μֻ "semantic representation" ȸƤǤꡤʸإȤƤ fantasy ȸۤȤƤ phantasy ΰ㤤䡤Ye Olde Gifte Shoppe ʤɤˤ;Ū final_e θ̤ܤƤ (cf. #13. ѹΥѥ֤ ye äƤ椷 ([2009-05-11-2])#1428. ye = the ([2013-03-25-1])) (1) (2) ΰ㤤ϡԤ homonymy ǡԤ polysemy бȹͤФ褤
(3) (constellations) ֻĸ췲˶̣ͭĤȤֻỌ̇̄ӤĤ褦ʾ롥㤨Сټ (agentive suffix, subject suffix) -or ϡadjustor, auditor, chancellor, editor, mortgagor, sailor, settlor, tailor ʤɤ˼褦ˡ-er ٤ҿι⤵ްդ褦Ǥ (see #1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])) ޤ -y -ie ǤϡԤΤۤؾ (diminutive) ȤƤʤ褦˴롥Τ褦ʻ㤫顤ˤ phonaesthesia νǤȤ "graphaesthesia" ʤѸäƤ褤ΤǤϤʤ
(4) Ūʳݻ (visual paronomasia) ŪϸȤơ˰Ƥ City Haul ǤȤտŪʸֻȤƸŤᤫ The Compleat Military Expert ʤɡֳ±ʣ <z> ([2011-07-05-1]) #825. "pronunciation spelling" ([2011-07-31-1]) ⻲ȡ
(5) ֻǤϤʤ (punctuation) ѤΤ⤢롥the dog's masters the dogs' masters ϸߤ˰ۤʤ̣ɽ魯the longest undiscovered vein the longest-undiscovered vein ۤʤ롥#1772. greengrocer's apostrophe ([2014-03-04-1]) ⡤μ˿
ʾ "visual morpheme" ϡˤΤͿƤ뵡ǽǤ롥
Bolinger. "Visual Morphemes." Language 22 (1946): 333--40.
Hall, Robert A., Jr. "A Theory of Graphemics." Acta Linguistica 8 (1960): 13--20.
ε ([2015-12-15-1]) ˰³ƤꡥѸŻ (digraph) 뤤ʣʸ (compound grapheme) Τ<ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> Τ褦2ĤʸǤ <h> ǤΤϾʤʤ٤ƤˤƤϤޤ櫓ǤϤʤŪˤäơ <h> εǽϡ1ʸǤɽ魯ŵŪʻҲǤΤIJ餫ħ (distinctive feature) ѲȤΤ岽˻ꡤꡤꡤꡤ̵ѲΤϰꤷƤʤ1ʸǤб벻Ǥˤ֤ǽäƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥Ǥ겼Υ٥ħƯ뵡ǽäƤȤ̣ˤƤϡ<h> ϵǽŪˤΩʸȤȯʹ (diacritical mark; cf. #870. diacritical mark ([2011-09-14-1]) ˶ᤤΤ褦˵ǽȤƤŪǤʤ顤κۤȤƤΩʸ <h> ٤äƤȤʤɤʤ
ܸβ̾դȯǤͤ褦ᥤʸǡ֤פαˡۤΩʤ褦äȡ֤פȤʤ롥ϡͭˤȤħƯƤꡤǽȤƤϾҤ <h> Ƥ롥Ʊͤˡեˡˤ <é>, <è>, <ê> ʤɤΥ⡤ᥤȤʤʸ <e> ŪղäơĤĴ䳫ĴĹĴʤɤɸ뤳Ȥ롥Ĥޤꡤᥤβμ̤ˤäȤѤäȤŪʵǽ̤Ƥ롥ܸեΥϡΤ褦ˡǽŪǤΤƱͤˡɤˤƤ⤢ޤŪǡޤΤǤ롥
Ȥʣʸ <th> ˤ <h> ϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥<h> ϡñȤǤʸǤȤƵǽ롥<h> ϥᥤ⥵֤̳ΤФ䥢ñȤǥᥤ̳뤳ȤϤǤʤСܸեǤϡ֤ܤŰȯȤ٥ñ̤¸ߤ뤬ѸǤϤ줬¸ߤޤǻŪΩ <h> Ȥ1ʸǽŪˤϥᥤΤߤʤ餺֤ˤѤȤȤǤ롥˰³ƶĴ뤬Τ褦˱ѸˡǤϡǽŪ˥٥ΰۤʤΤ̤ʤѤƤȤʤΤǤ롥
ʤ2Ĥΰۤʤ٥ʬȤơ (ligature) 롥<ae>, <oe> 2ĤñʸǤ¤Ӥ <æ>, <œ> 1ĤʣʸǤб롥䡤ξ硤ϤǤʣʸǤǤ뤳ȤơñʸǤˤʤäƤȸ٤ (see #2418. ꥷƥѸˤ <oe> ([2015-12-10-1])#2419. ꥷƥѸˤ <ae> ([2015-12-11-1]))
Ѹˤ <ai>, <ea>, <ie>, <oo>, <ou>, <ch>, <gh>, <ph>, <qu>, <sh>, <th>, <wh> 2ʸǤ1ñ̤ȤʤäβǤɽ魯Ż (digraph) ¸ߤ롥#2049. <sh> Ȥΰֻˡ ([2014-12-06-1])#2418. ꥷƥѸˤ <oe> ([2015-12-10-1])#2419. ꥷƥѸˤ <ae> ([2015-12-11-1]) ۤεǼ夲ƤϤΤ褦 digraph ˤĤbeautiful ˤ <eau> ʤɤλŻ (trigraph) 䤽ʾȤ߹碌⤢뤬ǽҤ٤ digraph ε trigraph ʤɤˤƤϤޤϤǤ롥
⤽⡤ƥΤˡ̤Хꥷ䥻ϤθΤȯãƤ alphabet ȤϲŪˤ礭ۤʤǤѸˡΤޤޤޤŬѤȤȤϡ褦ʤޥե٥åȤƼ줿űѸꡤǤοʸοϰפʤäΤǤ롥ǤΤۤ¿äΤǡ̤ʸɽ褦ȤСɤƤʣʸȤ߹碌1ĤβǤбȤ褦ˡɬפȤʤ롥㤨 /æːa/, /ʤ/, /ʃ/ ϳơ <ea>, <cg>, <sc> digraph ɽ줿 (see #17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1])) ĤޤꡤѸ줬ޥե٥åȤǽɽ뤳Ȥˤʤäǽʳ顤digraph Τ褦ʸȤ߹碌뤳ȤϡȾԲäȹͤ롥Ѹ쥢ե٥åȤϡ餫ѤĤġ¿ͤʲѤäʤѸ졤Ѹ졤ѸؤȯŸƤä
"digraph" ȤѸˤĤƤǤ롥θƾΤϤɤ餫ȤʸǤ2Ȥ߹蘆äȤŪ¦̤˾ƤƤ뤬2Ĥ1ĤβǤбȤǽŪ¦̤Ĵ硤"compound grapheme" (Robert 14) ȤѸ줬ŬڤRobert (14) ˼褦
We term ai in French faire or th in English thither, compound graphemes, because they function as units in representing single phonemes, but are further divisible into units (a, i, t, h) which are significant within their respective graphemic systems.
compound grapheme ʣʸǡˤϢ³2ʸǤɬפʤ"[d]iscontinuous compound grapheme" Ϣ³ʣʸǡˤ⤢ꤦ롥ѸΡ#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1]) Ǥꡤ<name> <site> ˤơ<a .. e> <i .. e> Ϣ³Ȥ߹碌ˤ2첻 /eɪ/ /aɪ/ ɽ蘆Ƥ롥
ʣʸǤˡϡˤ롥Robert ΰѤǼƤ褦ˡ<th> ȤʣʸǤϡñʸ <t> <h> Ȥ߹蘆äκۤƤʤ顤ñʸǤ뵡ǽ̤ƤȤ¤롥<t> <h> ñΤʸǤȤ1Ǥɽ魯ǽͭ뤬ƱˡΤˤϡͽۤ2ǤǤϤʤ̤1ǤˤбΤλŦϡʣʸǤȤϡΤΤΤ褦ʹ뤫⤷ʤǶĴΤϡʸ˥եåȤɽ븽ԤαѸˤƤϡ<th> ȤʸȤˡ(1) 2Ĥñʸ <t>, <h> ̤λʤǤν¤ΤʤΤ뤤 (2) 1Ĥʣʸ <th> ƤΤȽǤǤʤȤȤ(1) (2) ʸΥ٥뤬ۤʤäƤꡤ餫νʬäƤ褵ʤΤեåȤ th ɽ롥㤨С<catham> <catholic> ˤơƱɤ <th> ǤԤ (1)Ԥ (2) ȤƵǽƤ롥(*)<cat-ham>, *<ca(th)olic> ʤɤȡǫ˶̤ˡäƤ褵ŪˤϹԤƤʤʤɤʬɤϡʸŪȽǤˡǤζڤ꤬ɤǤ뤫ȤȽǡ뤤ϸȤƤǧΤ˺ѤޤƤΤǤ롥СѸ켰ʣʸǤλѤϡʬŪǤ졤ֻɽäƤ뤳ȤξںǤ롥
ΡʣʸǤפϤۤˤ櫓ǤʤŪˤϤ礭ǤϤʤ⤷ʤκۤƱ <th> ˸ʤ⡤2Ĥΰۤʤ٥ǵǽƤǽȤȤϡʸαդ٤Ǥ뤳ȤǧʤФʤʤǽŪ˥٥ΰۤʤΤ̤ʤ˥եåȤ¤٤ȤפǤ롥
Hall, Robert A., Jr. "A Theory of Graphemics." Acta Linguistica 8 (1960): 13--20.
ε#2418. ꥷƥѸˤ <oe> ([2015-12-10-1]) ˰³ <ae> ֻˤĤơUpward and Davidson (219--20) ȤĤļ夲롥
ꥷ <oi> ŵƥޤǤ <oe> ȤƼ褦ˤʤäƤΤƱͤˡꥷ <ai> ϥƥؤ <ae> ȤƼ줿 (ex. G aigis > L aegis) Ż (digraph) ɽ蘆줿2첻ϸŵʹߤΥƥdz경ᡤֻ <ae> <e> ñΤɽ蘆褦ˤʤääơѸǤϡŵʹߤΥƥեʤɤäˤƤ <e> ŵƥľܻȤƤμѸ֤ľˤƤ <ae> 褦ˤʤäñˤäƤϡꥷΥꥸʥ <oi> ȹ碌ơ3ֻβǽˤĤäƤ㤬 (ex. daimon, daemon, demon; cainozoic, caenozoic, cenozoic)
ѸǤ <ae> ֤뤳Ȥ⤢ä <e> ؤñ㲽夷⾯ʤʤ(a)enigma, (a)ether, h(a)eresy, hy(a)ena, ph(a)enomenon, sph(a)ere ʤɤǤ롥ޤ˺ <ae> ݻƤΤϡꥹֻˤäǤ롥aegis, aeon, aesthetic, aetiology, anaemia, archaeology, gynaecology, haemorrhage, orthopaedic, palaeography, paediatrics ʤɤȤʤ뤬ꥫֻǤ <e> ñ㲽뤳Ȥ¿Michael Ȥ̾⡤<ae> ݼ餷Ƥ롥
ʤ20ޤǤϡ<oe> (ligature) <œ> Ȥư뤳Ȥ̤äΤƱͤˡ<ae> ̾ <æ> ȤưƤޤaerial <æ> ñ <e> ֤뤳ȤʤΤϡ줬ꥷ aerios ̤ΤǤꡤ2Ż <ai> ͳ褹ΤǤϤʤޤǸʸȤ߹碌 <a> + <e> ͳ褹ΤǤ롥
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Ѹ <amoeba>, <Oedipus>, <onomatopoeia> ʤɤֻ˸Ż () ηˤ꽾 <e> <oe> Ѥ줿ꡤԤƤѤȤʤʤɡñˤäƤɤ줬ä褦㤨 Phoebus, Phoenician, phoenix ʤɤϸ츻ŪֻȿǤƤꡤޤ夷Ƥ뤬<comoedy>, <tragoedy> ʤɤ夷ʤä
Ѹֻ <oe> κѤưŤʹߤ˼Ѥ줿ƥꥷä츻ŪֻηˤȤСʤ줬μθäФäƴѻ뤫롥ޤ<oe> ϡŵͳ褹ͭ̾ŵŪ˸롥Oedipus, Euboea, Phoebe तꥷޤθŵλʪǰɽ魯⡤ <oe> ݻ䤹 (ex. oecist, poecile) ʳѸʤɤä⡤<oe> ڤŵŪʸǤ (ex. amoeba, oenothera, oestrus dioecious, diarrhoea, homoeostasis, pharmacopoeia, onomatopoeic)
ʤ<oe> 16ʹߤΰˤơ (ligature) <œ> Ȥɽ뤳Ȥ̤ä<oe> ȯˤĤƤϡꥹѸǤ /iː/ бꥫѸǤ /i/ 뤤ϵ /ɛ/ б뤳ȤŦƤޤϾʤեѸͳ褹 <oe> ⤢뤳ȤźƤ (ex. oeil-de-boeuf, oeillade, oeuvre)
ʾ OED o ιफεҤ Upward and Davidson (221--22) ȤƼɮ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Ѹֻ John Hart (c. 1501--74) ˤĤơ#1994. John Hart ˤ츻ŪֻؤȽ ([2014-10-12-1])#1942. 츻Ūֻνᤰäơ ([2014-08-21-1])#1940. 16ֻԤη ([2014-08-19-1])#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])#1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1])#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) εǸڤƤ
Hart ϡɽΩˤֻפε˯Ǥꡤ1ʸ1פۤؤʤƤ³ William Bullokar (fl. 1586) ȤȤˡޤƤŪäˡο͡ˤޤȤ˼夲뤳ȤϤʤäǤ⡤Hart ƤΤʤǡ˷̤Ȥɸֻ˺Ѥ줿פʹܤ2Ĥ롥<u> <v> ʬ <i> <j> ʬǤ롥줾ʬγפˤĤƤϡ#373. <u> <v> ʬ (1) ([2010-05-05-1])#374. <u> <v> ʬ (2) ([2010-05-06-1])#1650. ʸǤȤƤ j Ω ([2013-11-02-1]) ǿ줿̤տŪ˶ʤ褦Ȥʪ Hart οͤäHorobin (120--21) ϡ Hart ιˤĤơΤ褦ɾƤ롥
In many ways Hart's is a sensible, if slightly over-idealized, view of the spelling system. Some of the reforms introduced by him have in fact been adopted. Before Hart the letter <j> was not a separate letter in its own right; in origin it is simply a variant form of the Roman letter <I>. In Middle English it was used exclusively as a variant of the letter <i> where instances appear written together, as in lijf 'life', and is common in Roman numerals, such as iiij for the number 4. . . . Hart advocated using the letter <j> as a separate consonant to represent the sound /dʒ/, as we still do today. A similar situation surrounds the letters <u> and <v>, which have their origins in the single Roman letter <V>. In the Middle English period they were positional variants, so that <v> appeared at the beginning of words and <u> in the middle of words, irrespective of whether they represented the vowel or consonant sound. Thus we find Middle English spellings like vntil, very, loue, and much. Hart's innovation was to make <u> the vowel and <v> the consonant, so that their appearance was dependent upon use, rather than position in the word.
ˡˤĤʤ2ФʸǤʬˤĤơHart ΤߤιǤ櫓ˤϤʤΥǥƤΤ٤Ƥˢ˵櫓ǤϤʤäȤȤõƤ褤
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
ɸñϡ֥ޡפ̣뤬̾ȯ /ˌmɑːʤəˈriːn/ Ǥ롥<a> ֤ <g> /g/ ȯȤֻ̤§˽äơ2Ҳ /g/ Ȥȯ⳧̵ǤϤʤŪˤԵ§ /ʤ/ ȯ롥ˤޤֻȯбϡ<gaol> = /ʤeɪl/ ˤߤ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#94. gaol jail ([2009-07-30-1]) Dz⤷̤Ǥ롥Ǥϡ<margarine> = /ˌmɑːʤəˈriːn/ ˤϡɤͳΤ
θϡޥ륬ꥻɤȤʪɽ魯Ѹ margarin /ˈmɑːʤərɪn/ ͳ褹롥οˤʤǡꥷ márgaron (pearl) θ촴Ѥե margarine ѸȤ ѸǤ margarin(e) η֤1821ǯѤ褦ˤʤä٤Ƥϥޥ륬ޤȤ顤1873ǯˡѷ margarine Ȥ֤ˤꡤˤʤ߿ޡؤ褦ˤʤä
ñˤĤƤ⡤OED ν (1905) ˤе§̤ /g/ äƤȤ1931ǯϱѸȤ /g/ ä Maggie Ann Ȥ˥å͡ǤƤФ褦ˤʤä20ᤤʳ顤 /ʤ/ ȯ⸽Ƥ1913ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Phonetic Dict. Eng. Lang. (Ed. H. Michaelis and D. Jones) ˤȡǤ˥ޥʡȯȤ /ʤ/ ԤƤ褦Ǥ롥ޤ1922ǯˤϡά marge /ʤ/ ȤѤ줿Ȥθڤ⤢롥θ20Ⱦˤϡ /g/ ϤޤȤʤꡤ/ʤ/ ŪȤʤä
/g/ /ʤ/ ִطʤˤϡ餯͡װؤäƤ롥رѸ츻ŵ٤Ǥ margin ʤɤȤϢۤȤʤ顤ͤȤ Margaret -- Margery, Margie ʤɤΰη˴Ϣ /g/ /ʤ/ θؤˤڤǤ롥餯ȲΤߺѤƯθĤβǺƱΤȻפ롥ơǽŪˤդƤߤ顤<g(a)> /ʤ/ бȤ̤ȤʤäƤȤȤȲߺѤȤˤĤƤϡ#894. shortening ʬ (2) ([2011-10-08-1]) ȡ
ѸˤֻȯЪΥˤĤƤϡspelling_pronunciation_gap ¿εǼ夲ƤȤ櫓ŪװˤĤƤϡ#62. ʤ֤ȯЪΥƤ椯Τ ([2009-06-28-2]) ǤޤȤϱѸֻˤĤƸԵ§μȡ줬ŪװܤƴϢվƹϡϢ뵭Υˤ夨롥
Ե§ظˤ
(1) ե٥åȤɽʸηϤɸ֤Ƥʾ1ʸ1פ٤ (see #1024)
(2) ֻ§㳰٤餺 (see #503)
(3) 1ĤñФ1Ĥηޤäֻ٤Ȥˡ (orthographyˤȯ (see ##53,54,194)
Ե§μ ]
(1) 1ĤʸˤФʣβ: <o> ɽ蘆벻ϡ<gh> ɽ蘆벻ϡ (see ##210,1195)
(2) 1ĤβФʣʸ: /iː/ ɽ魯ʸˤϡ/k/ ɽ魯ʸˤϡ (see #2205)
(3) ۻ (silent_letter): climb, indict, doubt, imbroglio, high, hour, marijuana, know, half, autumn, receipt, island, listen, isthmus, liquor, answer, plateaux, randezvous
(4) ֲθ: city/cities, swim/swimming, die/dying (see #1284)
(5) ֻΥꥨ: color/colour, center/centre, realize/realise, jail/gaol (see #94)
Ե§Ūװ ]
(1) ѸϡηϤΰۤʤƥɽΤ˺Ŭ줿ޥե٥åȤȤʸηϤڤꤿ (see ##423,1329,2092)
(2) Ѹϡ줫äȤȤֻηϤޤǼѤ (see #2162)
(3) ֻɸ礯Ѹֻ; (see ##562,1341,1812)
(4) ƻν̤νռʸˡ (graphotactics) (see ##91,223,446,1094,2227,2235)
(5) 츻Ūֻ (see etymological_respelling)
(6) ɽɽؤή (see ##1332,1386,1760,2043,2058,2059,2097,2312,2344)
(7) ϤҤѲ뤬ʸݼŪ (see ##15,2292)
(8) ֻɸಽδ֤ΰ (see ##1902,297,871,312)
(9) Ѽֻ֤֡ꥨ (see #ame_bre spelling)
(10) ֻפ (see spelling_reform)
ɬ
(1) ե٥åɽʸηϤñɽ뤿ˤȤ߹碌ñ̤ǤֻɽŪǤ
(2) 1ĤñФ1Ĥηޤäֻ٤Ȥˡȯۤϡ¿θˤƶʹߤħŪʹͤǤ (see #2392)
(3) ֻ§ˤ㳰¿ġ㳰¿Ū
̾ ϡرѸʸ֤ꡦȯΤߡ١ҡ2014ǯ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
#2018. <nacio(u)n> <nation> ֻѲ ([2014-11-05-1]) ˰³Ƥꡥnation Ȥ1ñˤȤɤޤ餺̤˥ƥ -tiō ̤ĸäֻѸ -<cion> Ѹ -<tion> ؤѲܤ롥
εǼ褦ˡ <c> <t> Ѳϸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) ȹͤ롥츻Ūֻϡ٤ǤΤΡƤϤĤθˤñȯŪΤǤꡤηŪʸݤǤϤʤΤʤǤƥ -tiō Ȥ <c> <t> ѲϤ褽§Ū褦Ǥꡤ٤ˤưռŪäȤ롥§ŪǰռŪäȤȤϡˤФѲֻ (spelling_reform) ̤äȸʤʤѸֻפˤˤơ¿ʤȤߤ Noah Webster ΤΤ餤ʤʤȤƤޤʬŪˤȸ뤬Ѹ <c> <t> Ϥ⤦1Ĥ㳰ŪȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Venezky (38) ϡ-<tion> Τߤʤ餺 -<tial> ޤơѲˤĤưʲΤ褦˿Ƥ롥
. . . a number of graphemic substitutions, introduced mostly between the times of Chaucer and Shakespeare, must be treated separately. One of these is the substitution of t for c in suffixes like tion and tial, e.g., nation, essential (cf. ME, nacion, essenciall). Early Modern English scribes, instilled with the fervor of classical learning, brought about in these substitutions one of the few true spelling reforms in English orthographic history.
Venezky, Richard L. The Structure of English Orthography. The Hague: Mouton, 1970.
νפ̾εϡإ֥饤ǡפ̣ māshīaχ (> PDE Messiah) ˤ롥ꥷѤΡС֤ʤפꥷ Khrīstós (cf. khríein (v.)) Ǥ뤳ƥ Chrīstus ͳơѸ䤽¾θäŹϥɥĸǤ <crist>, <krist> Τۤ <christ> ⤢äűѸǤ <crist> ֻǸ졤ѸǤ <ch-> ֻϤۤȤɸʤꥷʸϤơ<xpist>, <xps> ʤɤɽϤꤨ
OED ˤȡ"This word and its derivatives and cognates (including CHRISM n. and its derivatives) were very rarely (and perhaps only accidentally) spelt with ch- in Middle English, but this has been the regular fashion since 1500; in French it began in the preceding century." Ȥ롥
ޤرѸ츻ŵ٤ˤȡ<ch> ֻ1500ǯʹߤɸಽȤꡤƬʸѤ̤ˤʤΤ17ᤫǤȤʤűѸˤ첻 /iː/ ȯϡɷ붵դαƶˤΤȤ̣Ҥ⤢ä
15--16 <ch-> 줿ȤȡޤեǤϤ꾯ƱֻԤƤȤȤϡѸˤĬήͤˡͥȤħŪʸ츻Ūֻ (etymological_respelling) Τ⤦1ĤȹͤΤޤOED θڤƤ褦Ѹ "accidentally" ˤǤϤ졤<ch-> ȤΤ⤪⤷ȤΤϡͥȷӤĤ䤹츻Ūֻ¿㤬¤ѸʳǤȯŪƤȤ¤뤫ˤƤ⡤<Christ> ŵŪʸ츻ŪֻȸƤ֤ȤǤ
EEBO (Early English Books Online) μƥȥǡ١ʰƤߤȤ15ȾǤ <c-> ΤߤҥåȤ<ch-> ϸʤäȤ16Ⱦˤʤȡ100ǽ <c-> 60٤ѤƤΤФơ <ch-> 234Ƥ롥16ȾˤʤȡֻϤۤѤȤʤäΤȤơ16ˡֻȯŪǿĥȤ롥
ε#2391. ɽư ([2015-11-13-1]) ǡˡĸѸȡˡδˤܸ˿줿ˡ (orthography) ȤϡŪˤϸνɽε§Ǥ롥ѸǤи֤ΤȤˤʤꡤܸǤлѴ¡겾̾̾Ʊۻɽʤɤ꤬ط롥ܸˡˤĤդι䷱ˤäơܰ¡פ֤ɤפϤȤϤϤϤʤæΤ¨ְִ㤤פˤʤ櫓ǤʤȤǤϡϤ긽ѸˡȤϰۤʤꡤˤΤȸʤʤܸΤ˴ؤƤϡˡˡΤʤܸ٤ȡˡ
⤽ܸϴʿ̾Ҳ̾Ȥ4ĤʸηϤǽɽȤǤ롥ѸǤϤưʪ̾ɽΤˡΡʸʸʤɤζ̵̤뤹С<cat> ֤ʳϤʤܸǤ <ǭ> Τۤ<ͤ> <ͥ>ޤˤäƤ <neko> ǤƤ졤ְ㤤ȤϤʤܸɽˤƤϡ֤Ƥʸ̡̮εʬˤꡤɽȽǤ;Ϥ롥ǤŤܸ٤СܸˤϤ٤Ρܰ¡פ֤ɤפΤ¤ǤꡤˡޤäʤȸȤǤʤ
μפʸ˴ؤƤСζḽˤϡ٤κϤɸಽȵϲˤȤ롥ܵؤ䥢ǥߡͿˡꤹեΤ褦ʹ⤢СƲΤ夲ˡΩꥹΤ褦ʹ⤢롥ܤǤϡʹߡܤƻؿˤƤ¿θϤβǤ褽ָˡΩƤܸˡϡȤˤޤǡִˤ֤ˤȤɤޤäƤ롥
Τ褦˹ȡ줴ȤˡΩˤϰۤʤäƤ뤬ΰ㤤ͳ褹Τ䤦Ȥ̵̣ҲʸˤȤäҲŪװϤͿΤۤʬŪˤǤ졤ɽоݤθηϤѤƤηϤΤΤͳ褹װδͿꤹ뤳ȤϤǤʤϡƸɽηϤεϲˤĤƤ˳ƻˤɽηϤεŪʸ椬ʤʤФʤʤ
ˡΤʤܸ١ȽŹ2013ǯ
ܸɴŵ (p. 310) ˵Ƥɽưβפꤹޤ˶̣Ҥ줿ʲˡۤ¤˺Ƹ褦
ɽηϨ ʸ̡̮
ɽΨ
ɽ樢 ɽʨ
ɽ ɽ ɽ
˰³ƤꡥCaon (297) ˤСԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> ǽƤΤϡҤ٤褦ˡ16Ⱦʹߤ Mulcaster ƱֻԤǤȿƤSalmon Ȥ Caon (297) ˤС¤ϤȾ̤ۤ16Ⱦ John Rastell ʤʪˤäƤƤȤ
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries linguists and spelling reformers attempted to set down rules for the use of final -e. Richard Mulcaster is believed to have been the one who first formulated the modern rule for the use of the ending. In The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) he proposed to add final -e in certain environments, that is, after -ld; -nd; -st; -ss; -ff; voiced -c, and -g, and also in words where it signalled a long stem vowel (Scragg 1974:79--80, Brengelman 1980:348). His proposals were reanalysed later and in the eighteenth century only the latter function was standardised (see Modern English hop--hope; bit--bite). However. according to Salmon (1989:294). Mulcaster was not the first one to recommend such a use of final -e; in fact, the sixteenth-century printer John Rastell (c. 1475--1536) had already suggested it in The Boke of the New Cardys (1530). In this book of which only some fragments have survived, Rastell formulated several rules for the correct spelling of English words, recommending the use of final -e to 'prolong' the sound of the preceding vowel.
® Salmon ʸꤷɤǤߤJohn Rastell (c. 1475--1536) ϡˡΧȡȡۼԡԻԡڰȡ̱ϤοʼԤʤɤͤ¿ͤʿʪä褦ǡɤ߽ˡˤؿƤȤξҤ The boke of the new cardys wh<ich> pleyeng at cards one may lerne to know hys lett<ers,> spel [etc.] Ȥ̾ǽƤꡤ褽1530ǯ Rastell ˤʤơ餯ˤ줿ȹͤƤ롥¸ΤҤΤߤͿս Salmon ʸ (pp. 300--01) ˺ƸƤ롥
Rastell ֻؤδؿϡΰüɬҲȤʤäƤطʤ̵ǤϤʤRastell ϡȤȤơɤߤ䤹ֻɬפƤꡤThe boke ˤֻߤΤRastell ϡMulcaster ʤɤơ16ȾȤᤤˡǤˡ (orthography) ȤȯۤäƤΤǤ롥
Rastell 첻ҲɽˤĤƤĤƤԤäƤ뤬ɸȴϢơSalmon (294) μλŦפǤ롥"[A]nother proposal which was taken up by his successors was the employment of final <e> (Chapter viii) to 'perform' or 'prolong' the sound of the preceding vowel, a device with which Mulcaster is usually credited (cf. Scragg 1974: 79)."
ᤤˡ˴ؿƤΤ Rastell ǤʤäƱ Thomas Poyntz ʤ륤ɾͤ첻ĹȤ diacritic <e> ƤƤ롥Poyntz ƤΤϡRastell Mulcaster ƤȤϰۤʤꡤ첻ľ <e> ³Ȥˡäʤ<saey>, <maey>, <daeys>, <moer>, <coers> ǡǤ (Salmon 294--95) Poyntz ˡϸˤʤäˤ16ȾˡؼԤǤϤʤ¶ȲȤƳDZѸˡΩưϤƤȤϡõƤƤ褤
Caon, Louisella. "Final -e and Spelling Habits in the Fifteenth-Century Versions of the Wife of Bath's Prologue." English Studies (2002): 296--310.
Salmon, Vivian. "John Rastell and the Normalization of Early Sixteenth-Century Orthography." Essays on English Language in Honour of Bertil Sundby. Ed. L. E. Breivik, A. Hille, and S. Johansson. Oslo: Novus, 1989. 289--301.
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